El 038 VOL. 2 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT [SEA] ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN REFORMS AND MUNICIPAL SERVICES PROJECT (APURMSP) DRAFT COPY DEPARTMENT OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT ANDHRA PRADESH i ACRONYMS APHB Andhra Pradesh Housing Board APIIC - Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructural Corporation APL - Above Poverty Line APPCB - Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board APRLP - Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihood Project APRPRP - Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Programme APSHCL - Andhra Pradesh State Housing Corporation Limited APSHP - Andhra Pradesh State Highways Project APTIP - Andhra Pradesh Third Irrigation Project APTRANSCO - Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation Limited APUFIDC Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation APURMSP - Andhra Pradesh Urban Reform and Municipal Services Project APUSP - Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor ASI - Archeological Survey of India BCCFC - Backward Classes Cooperative Finance Corporation BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand BPL - Below Poverty Line BW - Banking Window (APUFIDC) C1 - Component 1 (APUSP) C2 - Component 2 (APUSP) C3 - Component 3 (APUSP) CBO - Community Based Organizations CBP - Capacity Building Plan CC - Cement Concrete CDS - Community Development Society CDMA - Commissioniorate and Directorate of Municipal Administration CGWB - Central Ground Water Board CIF - Community Investment Fund ClIP - Critical Infrastructure Investment Plan CMAPP - Comprehensive Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction CMEY - Chief Minister's Empowerment of Youth CO - Carbon Monoxide CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board CQSC - Central Quality and Screening Committee (APUFIDC) CRZ - Coastal Regulation Zone CS - Communication Strategy CSO - Civil Society Organization DC - District Collector DEE - Deputy Executive Engineer DFID - Department For International Development DISCOM - Distribution Companies (AP TRANSCO) DMA - Directorate of Municipal Administration DoE - Department of Environment DOMUA - Development Of Minorities in Urban Areas DPAP - Drought Prone Area Programme DPR - Detailed Project Report ACRONYMS DTCP - Directorate of Town and Country Planning DWACUA - Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas EA - Environmental Assessment EC - Electrical Conductivity EE - Executive Engineer EIA - Environment Impact Protection EIUS - Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums EMF - Electro Magnetic Fields EMI - Employment Market Information EMP - Environmental Management Plan EO - Environmental Officer ESMC - Environmental and Social Management Cell (ULB) ESMC - Environmental and Social Management Unit ETP - Effluent Treatment Plant FCI - Food Corporation of India FGD - Focus Group Discussions FIAP - Financial (Revenue) Improvement Action Plan FSI - Floor Space Index GIS - Geographical Information Systems GO - Government Order GoAP - Government of Andhra Pradesh GoI - Government of India GRC - Grievance Redressal Cell GSDP - Gross State Domestic Product GTP - General Town Plan HMWS&SB - Hyderabad Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board HRD - Human Resource Development HTL - High Tide Line HUDA - Hyderabad Urban Development Authority HUDCO - Housing and Urban Development Corporation ICDS - Integrated Child Development Services ICS - Information and Consultation Strategy IDA - Infrastructure Development Act IDAP - Institutional Development Action Plan IDSMT - Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns ILCS - Integrated Low Cost Sanitation INTACH - Indian National Trust for Art Culture and Heritage IPA - Infrastructure Promotion Authority IRC - Indian Road Congress ITDA - Integrated Tribal Development Agency ITI - Industrial Training Institute LA - Land Acquisition M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation MADA - Marginal Area Development Agency MAPP - Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction MAUD - Municipal Administration and Urban Development MC - Municipal Council ACRONYMS MCH - Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad MCM - Million Cubic Meters MD - Managing Director ME - Municipal Engineer Mg/m3 - Micro Gram per Cubic Meter MHD - Medical and Health Department MIAP - Municipal Infrastructure Action Plan MLA - Member of Legislative Assembly MLD - Million Liters per Day MoEF - Ministry of Environment and Forests MoU - Memorandum of Understanding MP - Member of Parliament MRAP - Municipal Reform Action Plan MRC - Municipal Reforms Committee MRSW - Municipal Reforms Support Window (APUFIDC) MTF - Municipal Task Force NAC - Neighbourhood Action Committees NBCFDC - National Backward Classes Finance Development Corporation NGO - Non Governmental Organization NGT - Noble Gas Temperature NHC - Neighbourhood Committees NHG - Neighbourhood Committees NIO - National Institute for Oceanography N02 - Nitrous Oxide NRCP - National River Conversation Plan NRY - Nehru Rozgar Yojana NSS - National Sample Survey NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit O&MP - Operation and Maintenance Plan OD - Operational Directives (World Bank) OP - Operation Policies (World Bank) PAP - Project Affected Person PDW - Project Development Window (APUFIDC) PH - Public Health PHED - Public Health and Engineering Department PIA - Project Implementing Agencies PMIUPEP - Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme PPP - Private Public Partnership PPS - Population Proportional to Size R&B - Roads and Buildings Department R&R - Resettlement and Rehabilitation RAP - Resettlement Action Plan RCL - Rice Credit Line RCV - Resident Community Volunteers RD - Revenue Department RDMA - Regional Directorate of Municipal Administration RRAC - Resettlement and Rehabilitation Advisory Committee ACRONYMS RSPM - Respireable Suspended Particulate Matter S&E - Social and Environmental SC - Scheduled Castes SCCS - Social Consultation and Communication Strategy SDAP - Social Development Action Plan SDO - Social Development Officer SE - Superintending Engineer SEA - Social and Environmental Assessment SEAMF - Social and Environmental Assessment Management Framework SEAP - State Environment Action Programme SECAP - Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan SEMS - Social and Environmental Management Unit SHASU - Scheme for Housing and Shelter Upgradation SHG - Self Help Group SHG - Self Help Group SJSRY - Swama Jayanthi Shahari Rozgar Yojana S02 - Sulphur Dioxide SPCB - State Pollution Control Board SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SRBCP - Sriram Right Bank Canal Project SSP - Social Safeguard Policy ST - Scheduled Tribes STP - Sewerage Treatment Plant SUME - Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises SUWE - Scheme for Urban Wage Employment T&C - Thrift and Credit TDR - Tradable Development Right TDS - Total Dissolved Solids TSPM - Total Suspended Particulate Matter UA - Urban Agglomeration UBSP - Urban Basic Services for Poor UDA - Urban Development Authority ULB - Urban Local Body ULCRA - Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act UPA - Urban Poverty Alleviation URIF - Urban Reforms incentive Fund USEP - Urban Self Employment Programme UWEP - Urban Self Employment Programme VAMBAY - Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana WG - Working Groups WSHS - Weaker Section Housing Scheme CONTENTS Page Number EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER - 1: PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND SCOPE OF WORK 1.1 Introduction and Context 1 1.2 Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework 2 1.3 Structure of the Report 3 1.4 Urban Reforms in Andhra Pradesh 5 1.5 Urban Infrastructure Investment Component of the Project 7 1.6 Scope of the Work 8 1.7 Components of Social and Environmental Assessment 8 1.8 Study Methodology 9 1.9 Research Tools and Tasks 18 CHAPTER- 2: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO OF URBAN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.1 Profile of Andhra Pradesh 19 2.2 Environmental Status in Andhra Pradesh 22 2.3 Urbanization Trends in Andhra Pradesh 26 2.4 Critical Urban and Civic Infrastructure 44 CHAPTER- 3: REVIEW OF POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Social Section 52 3.3 Environmental Section 77 3.4 Analysis Matrix of Policy Legal and Administrative Framework - 94 Social Section 3.5 Applicability of Acts/Regulations/Rules/Policy to APURMSP - 106 Environmental Section CHAPTER -4: INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR URBAN SUB-PROJECTS 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Institutions Under Municipal Administration and Urban Development 115 4.3 Sub-project Cycle 129 4.4 Social and Environmental Tasks in a Sub-project Cycle 137 4.5 The CMAPP Process 138 4.6 Proposed Institutional Arrangements for APURMSP 141 4.7 The Institutional Analysis Matrix 145 CONTENTS Page Number CHAPTER- 5: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 5.1 The Household Perception Survey 155 5.2 Consultations and Focus Group Discussions for Sub-project Assessment 167 5.3 Public Consultations 183 CHAPTER- 6: REFORMS 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Review of Reforms 190 6.3 Urban Reforms: Social and Environmental-Enhancement Mitigation 204 Measures CHAPTER -7: IDENTIFICATION IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 7.1 Social Impacts 213 7.2 Generic Environmental Impacts 217 CHAPTER- 8: PLANS AND STRATEGIES 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan 221 8.3 Institutional Arrangements for Project Implementation and Grievance 233 Redressal 8.4 Information and Consultation Strategy 235 8.5 Monitoring and Management Plans 242 8.6 Social Monitoring Plan 242 8.8 Social Management Plan 247 8.7 Environment Management Plan - Generic Impacts 253 8.8 Environmental Monitoring Plan 266 ANNEXURES Page Number 1 Urban Social and Environmental Town Profile 1 2 APURMSP - Social and Environmental Household Schedule 30 3 Interview Schedule for the Departments 39 4 Checklist for Sub-Project assessment (Social and Environmental Sections) 40 5 Checklist for Public Consultations 44 6 Sample Distribution 46 7 Amenities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 47 8 Medical Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 50 9 Educational Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 53 10 Water Supply Facilities in Municipalities during 1999-2000 in Andhra 56 Pradesh 11 Length of different types of roads in the Municipalities 59 12 Sanitation Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 62 13 Number of Street lights in the Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 65 14 Marketing Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 69 15 Recreation and Entertainment Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 73 16 Area and Density of Population in the Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 76 17 Understanding the process of Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction 80 (MAPP) 18 List of Participants at the Public Consultations 84 19 Minutes of the Public Consultations Conducted at the Towns 94 LIST OF TABLES Page Number Table 1.1 Towns selected for the study 15 Table 1.2 Research techniques with the tasks identified 18 Table 2.1 Land Utilization Particulars in Andhra Pradesh (in Hectares) 20 Table 2.2 Ambient Air Quality in few urban centers of Andhra Pradesh 22 Table 2.3 Registered vehicles in use in A.P. (Vehicles in numbers) 22 Table 2.4 Primary water quality criteria for designated best use practice 23 Table 2.5 Comparative water quality status of Andhra Pradesh: Rivers, Lakes 24 and Tanks (1998 - 2001) Table 2.6 Trends in urbanization in Andhra Pradesh 1901 - 2001 27 Table 2.7 Pace of urbanization (% of urban population to total population) 27 for India and Andhra Pradesh 1901-2001 Table 2.8 Classification of urban agglomerations/cities/towns according to 28 size-class in Andhra Pradesh Table 2.9 Distribution of population by size class of towns in Andhra 28 Pradesh 1901-2001 (No. in lakhs) Table 2.10 Employment opportunities created under the CMEY programme 30 Table 2.11 Population below poverty line, No. of slums & slum population 31 Table 2.12 Composition of population below poverty line 32 Table 2.13 Number of Beneficiaries covered BCCFC 38 Table 2.14 Ashram Schools in Andhra Pradesh 40 Table 2.15 Scheduled Tribe Hostels in Andhra Pradesh 40 Table 2.16 Sectoral contributions in gross state domestic product (at constant 43 1993-94 prices) Andhra Pradesh 1993-2001 Table 2.17 Status of water supply in urban towns of Andhra Pradesh 1991-99 45 Table 2.18 Deficiency of water supply in towns 45 Table 2.19 Status of solid waste management infrastructure in urban local 46 bodies of Andhra Pradesh Table 2.20 Existing Road Network in Andhra Pradesh 48 Table 3.1 Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and 51 programmes - Social Section Table 3.2 Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and 51 programmes - Environment Section Table 3.3 Achievement of Nehru Rozgar Yojana 63 Table 3.4 Achievement of PMIUPEP 64 Table 3.5 Achievements of SJSRY 65 Table 3.6 The schedules in the A.P.M. Act which envisage various functions 68 of the Municipalities Table 4.1 Involvement of institutions in a sub-project cycle under various 134 types of projects Table 4.2 Social and Environmental Tasks in a Typical Sub-project Cycle 137 Table 5.1 Number of Literates 157 LIST OF TABLES Page Number Table 5.2 Family Size 157 Table 5.3 Basic Occupation of the Households 158 Table 5.4 Annual Income of the Family 158 Table 5.5 Main Sources of Water Supply 161 Table 5.6 Latrine Facility Usage 162 Table 5.7 Quality of Sewerage Services 162 Table 5.8 Type of Storm Water Drains 163 Table 5.9 Disposal of Solid Waste 164 Table 5.10 Reasons for Falling Sick for Lack of Municipal Facilities 165 Table 5.11 Satisfaction on the Quality of Educational Facility Provided 166 Table 5.12 Availability of Leisure Facilities 166 Table 5.13 Satisfaction on the Quality and Service of Leisure Facilities 167 Provided Table 5.14 List of Sub-projects Selected for Sub-project Assessment 169 Table 6.1 Levy of Property Taxes 193 Table 6.2 Recommendations for property Tax 196 Table 6.3 Operating Performance of Urban Local Bodies 199 Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Impacts 217 Table 7.2 Generic Environmental Impacts Across Various Sub-projects 218 LIST OF BOXES Page Number Box 2.1 Levels of Pollution in River Krishna 21 Box 2.2 Cases of ground water contamination 25 Box 2.3 Indian National Trust for Art, Culture and Heritage (INTACH) 25 Box 3.1 The principles of the R&R (APSHP) 59 Box 3.2 Key principles of Social Safeguard Policy of AP TRANSCO 59 Box 3.3 Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Land Acquisition Provisions 61 in the Draft National Slum Policy Box 3.4 Provision of Facilities Under The Andhra Pradesh Town Planning 71 Act, 1920 Box 3.5 Land Acquisition and Compensations Under Hyderabad 73 Municipal Corporations Act Box 3.6 Salient Features of The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act 75 1976 Box 3.7 Features of The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act of 1984 75 Box 3.8 Major Features of The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 76 Box 3.9 The 12th Schedule (Article 243 W) 76 Box 3.10 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 84 Box 3.11 The Indian Forest Act, 1927 88 Box 3.12 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 88 Box 3.13 CRZ-I 89 Box 3.14 CRZ-II 90 Box 3.15 CRZ-III 90 Box 5.1 A Case of Loss of Income 171 Box 5.2 A Case of Loss of Livelihood 172 Box 5.3 Problems with Cultural Property Management 172 Box 5.4 Lack of Planning and Loss of Shelter 174 Box 5.5 Lack of Proper Consultation Strategy 177 Box 5.6 Displacement and Resettlement in the Project 178 Box 5.7 R&R Issues not Addressed 179 Box 5.8 A Case Example of Loss of Shelter 181 Box 5.9 A Case of Rehabilitation 182 Box 6.1 Recommendations for ULCRA 192 Box 6.2 Recommendations for computerization of Registration of 198 Documents Box 6.3 Case Example of User Charges 199 Box 6.4 Recommendations for Levy of User Charges 199 Box 6.5 Recommendations for Municipal Financial Management System 200 Box 6.6 Recommendations for establishing benchmarking and monitoring 201 system LIST OF FIGURES Page Number Figure 1.1 Flow chart of phase-wise, stage-wise activities of the SEA study 10 Figure 1.2 Tasks and outputs of stage-I - Study inception 11 Figure 1.3 Outputs of stage-2 - Literature review 12 Figure 1.4 Tasks and outputs of stage-3 - Identification of survey towns and 13 creation of database (Preliminary visits) Figure 1.5 Tasks and outputs of stage-4 - Field Work 16 Figure 1.6 Outputs of stage 5 and 6 - Preparation of SEA and SEAMF 17 Figure 2.1 Andhra Pradesh 19 Figure 2.2 Forest Cover in Andhra Pradesh 20 Figure 4.1 Organizational Chart of ULB (Deliberative Wing) 118 Figure 4.2 Organizational Chart of ULB (Executive Wing) 119 Figure 4.3 Organizational Structure of the PHED 122 Figure 4.4 Typical Sub-project Cycle 133 Figure 4.5 Sub-project Cycle of Various Infrastructure Projects and Role of 136 Institutions Figure 4.6 Flow Chart of CMAPP Process 140 Figure 4.7 Institutional Arrangements at the ULB 143 Figure 4.8 Institutional Arrangements for APURMSP 144 Figure 5.1 Slum Profile Across Towns 156 Figure 5.2 Religion 156 Figure 5.3 Social Group 157 Figure 5.4 Number of People Working In the Family 158 Figure 5.5 Type of Road Facility in Towns 159 Figure 5.6 Vehicular Access 159 Figure 5.7 Satisfaction on the Quality of Roads and Services Provided 159 Figure 5.8 Street Light Facility in Towns 160 Figure 5.9 Service of Local Street Lights 160 Figure 5.10 Satisfaction on the Quality of Street Lights Provided 160 Figure 5.11 Satisfaction on the Quality of Municipal Water Supply and 161 Service Provided Figure 5.12 Availability of Sewerage Connection 162 Figure 5.13 Storm Water Drain Facility 163 Figure 5.14 Satisfaction on the Quality of Storm Water Drain Facility 163 Figure 5.15 Satisfaction on the Quality of Solid Waste Facility 164 Figure 5.16 Availability of Health Facility in the Towns 165 Figure 5.17 Availability of Municipal School Facilities in the Towns 165 Figure 6.1 Organizational Structure of APUFIDC 202 Figure 6.2 Financial Management Flow Chart of APUFIDC 203 Figure 8.1 Organizational Structure of Environmental and Social 233 Management Unit at the Corporation/ULB Level Figure 8.2 Grievance Redressal Mechanism 233 Figure 8.3 Schematic Representation of Monitoring System 242 I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Pir Social and Envirorrnerital Assessment Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. THE PROJECT 1.1 With a view to address the problems of urban areas through the introduction of municipal reforms and sustainable infrastructural investments the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) of the Government of Andhra Pradesh is in the process of preparing the Andhra Pradesh Urban Reform and Municipal Services Project (APURMSP). The project development objective is to support urban reforms to improve city management and upgrade and expand municipal services through provision of physical infrastructure with particular focus on reducing urban poverty. 1.2 The project has two major components, the first deals with state level urban reforms and the second with urban investments at the ULB level. The project includes urban reforms like reform of various Acts, reform of property taxes, introduction of computerised processes for registration of documents, levy of reasonable user charges for urban services, reform of municipal financial management system, establishing benchmarking and monitoring system, improving urban land planning and management and strengthening of the Andhra Pradesh Urban Development and Infrastructure Finance Corporation (APUDIFC). 1.3 On the other hand, the investment component includes area upgrading including on-site water supply and on-plot sanitation, secondary and tertiary roads, storm water drainage, water supply and sewerage disposal, sanitation, footpaths, solid waste management including disposal, street lighting, parks and green spaces, serviced areas and informal and formal urban markets, bus stops, off-site infrastructure linking slums to city networks, subject to adequate bulk capacity where required, and critical city-wide infrastructure. 1.4 In view of this, the Government of Andhra Pradesh initiated a Social and Environment Assessment study which is intended to identify the key social and environmental issues that are relevant to the project, i.e., those that arise as a result of its objectives and design and/or affect the achievement of its objectives/implementation of its design. The assessment becomes important because, the majority of stakeholders who would be affected by projects are the poor and the weaker sections of the society and a meaningful intervention of the government would be desirable to see that this reform and the investment process is successfully implemented in the future without any adverse impact on the people. 1.5 The Social and Environmental assessment includes collection of the statewide social and environmental baseline data from the available secondary sources, social and environmental assessment through primary field surveys in select municipalities and towns in the state, an assessment of the institutional capacity of the municipal staff for handling the social and environmental responsibilities, a study of the policy, legal and the administrative framework for municipal administration and urban development and i Andlira Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mu1nicipal Services Project Social and Environmnental Assessment Report finally, the preparation of various strategies and plans for better implementation and execution of the APURMSP. In view of this, the SEA study constitutes various outputs, namely: Analysis of social and environmental baseline data The Policy, Legal and the Administrative Framework An Assessment of institutional arrangements for project implementation The Socio-economic analysis from the primary survey Analysis of reforms Identification of social and environmental impacts and analysis of alternatives Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan (SECAP) Information and Consultation Strategy (ICS) Social and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans 2. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO OF URBAN ANDHRA PRADESH 1.6 The report presents a detailed analysis of the baseline social and environmental scenario in Andhra Pradesh and reveals the following: The proportion of population living in urban areas in the state stood at 27.08% compared to 27.78 % for the country. Higher urbanisation and concentration of population are bound to be associated with more problems in the cities and towns, especially congestion and shortage of civic services and infrastructure. The total percentage of BPL population in these towns is around 19.87 with Class-III towns having the highest BPL population with 37.05% followed by Class-II towns (24.77%). The percentage of BPL population in the Class-I towns (17.82%). Backward classes constitute a little over 37% of the State population of 746 lakhs (1998). The total tribal population of Andhra Pradesh according to 1991 Census is 41.99 lakhs, constituting about 6.30% of the total population of the State. There are 33 Scheduled Tribal Communities living in the State. The SCs constitute around 16% of the total population, according to the 1991 Census. The population of disabled persons (excluding Mentally Disabled) in the state was estimated at 12.72 lakhs accounting for 3% of the total population of the state. The total number of applicants on the live register of employment exchanges in the State at the end of October 2000 stood at 31.32 lakhs. The educated unemployed in the State during this period were 27.72 lakhs and the rest 3.60 lakhs were unskilled. The literacy rate for Andhra Pradesh as per the provisional population works out to 61.11% in 2001 as against 44.09% in 1991. The literacy rate among SCs is only 31.56% while that amongst the tribals is 17.16%. With the falling forest cover and the decrease in area under cultivation, the pressures are increasing on land usage pattern. ii Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforrns and MLnicipal Services Project Social a3nd Erivironmeital Assessment Report > The assault on rivers from population growth, agricultural modernisation, urbanisation and industrialisation is enormous and is growing day by day. > The estimated ground water potential of the state is 35,290 MCM. Out of this, 15% of the total ground water potential is used for drinking and industrial purposes. Due to the exploitation of ground water by the deep bore-wells the ground water level has gone down drastically in some areas. Groundwater in the state is also highly susceptible to contamination because of human activity and through the leaching of surface materials. > The ambient air quality in a few urban centres of the state, like Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, and Vijayawada has been deteriorating over the past few years due to various factors like emissions from vehicles, thermal plants, and industries. > Due to urbanisation and industrialisation, large volumes of solid waste and sewerage are discharged on the land without any treatment. Most of the towns are not provided with sewerage systems and pollution of the water bodies through untreated sewage is a common sight. > Most of the urban local bodies have to upgrade their existing infrastructure in order to comply with the rules and require substantial capital investment. 1.7 Although AP has taken many initiatives to address these issues, appropriate polices are required to minimise and effectively manage the social and environmental impacts that are associated with greater urbanization. These include regulation and management of urban growth, investments in civic infrastructure, focused programmes and schemes aimed at the vulnerable sections such as the urban poor, ST/SC population, women and children and better municipal management. 3. THE POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 1.8 The policies, legal provisions and the administrative frameworks provide the context within which the urban development projects need to be implemented considering their social and environmental importance. The programmes, policies and Acts reviewed in the SEA report is given in the table below: Table - A: Reviewed Policies, Legal and Administrative Framework and Programmes Policies Legal and Administrative Framework Programmes Social Section _ The Five Year Plans > Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965 > Andhra Pradesh Urb n > Vision 2020 of Government > Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 Services for P or of Andhra Pradesh > The Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act, 1994 (APUSP) > Vision 2021 of Government > The Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955 > Environmental of India > The Andhra Pradesh Urban Areas (Development) Act, Improvement of Urb an R&R policy of Andhra 1975 Slums (EIUS) Pradesh for Andhra Pradesh > The Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development-Enabling > Nehru Rozgar Yoja na State Highways Project Act, 2001 (NRY) (APSHP) > Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 > Prime Ministe -'s Social Safeguard Policy of > Land Acquisition Act, 1894 as amended in 1984 Integrated Urban Pove ty Andhra Pradesh > The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Eradication Prograr ne Transmission Corporation > The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution (Article 243W) (PMIUPEP) Limited > Swama Jayanti Shah ri R&R Policy of Andhra Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) Pradesh Third Irrigation > Integrated Developme nt Project (APTIP) _ for Small and Medit m 5111 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - . r Social and Envirornmlental Assessment Report Table - A: Reviewed Policies, Legal and Administrative Framework and Pr grammes Policies Legal and Administrative Framework Programmes World Bank Operational Towns (IDSMT) Policy 4.12 on involuntary > Integrated Low Cost Resettlement Sanitation (ILCS) World Bank Operational > Urban Basis Services for Directive 4.20 on Indigenous the Poor (UBSP) people Draft National R&R Policy > Draft National Slum Policy Environmental Section World Bank Operational > The Environment Protection Act, 1986 > State Environmental Policy Note 11.03 on > The national environment appellate Act, 1997 Action Programme Cultural property > Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, > State of Environment World Bank Operational 1977, including Rules (SoE), Andhra Pradesh. Policy 4.36 (Forests) > Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as > World Bank Operational amended in 1978 and 1988 Policy 4.09 (Pest > Water, Land and Tree Act 2002 Management) > The Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1991. > Environmental policy of > Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980- as amended in 1988 TRANSCO > Wildlife Protection Act-as amended in 1972 > Operational Policy > Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 4.01(Environmental > The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Assessment of projects) Rules, 2000 Policy statement for > The Bio Medical Waste management abatement of pollution - > The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, MoEF 1992 1989 and 2003 amendment (inclusion of list of municipal > National Conservation solid wastes to hazardous wastes) Strategy And Policy > The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Statement On Environment > The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution (Article 243W) and Development, 1992 4. INSTITUTIONAL & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR URBAN SUB-PROJECTS 1.9 A number of institutions are involved for effective management and delivery of services in the urban sector which are also responsible for carrying out the implementation of various schemes, projects and drives initiated by the government. For effective planning, implementation, management and monitoring of the projects in the urban sector, the following institutions play an important role. They will also play a critical role in the APURMS project. > Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) > Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (APUFIDC) > Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) > Directorate Town and Country Planning (DTCP) > Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) > Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) > Roads and Buildings Department (R&B) > Andhra Pradesh State Housing Corporation Limited and Andhra Pradesh Housing Board (ASHCL and APHB) > Urban Development Authorities (UDA) iv Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmient Report > Department of Revenue Headed by the District Collector (DC) > Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) > Medical and Health Department (MHD) > Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP) Project 1.10 The CMAPP process will form the basis for identification of sub-projects under APURMSP. CMAPP is a participatory process involving the Council, representatives of CBOs like NACs and SHGs, and CSOs like Bar Associations, Trade and Industry, Academic Institutions, NGOs, media, municipal officials. 1.11 The proposed institutional arrangements for the implementation of APURMSP have been finalized after deliberations and discussions with the concerned departments under MAUD. > At the top level, the Department of Municipal Administration will MAUD have overall responsibility of the project. > Under the MAUD, the DMA will be responsible for coordinating all the activities between all the municipalities and take the responsibility of project implementation at the ULB level, coordinate reform activities and capacity building and review general matters of management. The APUFIDC would be the agency responsible for appraisal, screening, financing and fund flow management. > At the bottom level, the ULBs would implement the project in the concerned municipalities. To address the social and environmental problems while implementation, an Environmental and Social Management Cell (ESMC) would be set up in each ULB. 5. FINDINGS FROM STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 1.12 Consultations and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with the stakeholders and administering the household and town questionnaires in selected towns were undertaken by the study team. The key issues that emerged from these stakeholder consultations are highlighted below: Social Issues > Sound consultation mechanisms must be put in place for greater involvement of people in project planning and implementation. > Coordination of the Municipal authorities with other departments must be enhanced. > A proper grievance redressal mechanism in the municipality is required to address the queries of the people affected by any project. > Another important social issue is the issue of resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) of displaced persons as a result of any development infrastructure project. Lack of proper policy and action plan in this regard is hampering efforts at the ULB level to do justice to the affected persons. v Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrimenital Assessment Report > Special attention to the urban poor, women and other vulnerable groups must be given. Environmental Issues > The ULBs do not have proper information and communication/consultation strategies during the identification and design of the sub-projects, particularly to address environmental issues. > There is need to develop a mechanism of periodical monitoring of baseline environmental information of the town and the sub-project investment areas. > A mechanism of identification of investments, one that addresses the most severe and sensitive environmental problems, must be put in place. > The ULBs also lack proper capacities to address environmental issues during the sub-project intervention. They do not have skilled environmental professionals to address these issues. 6. REVIEW OF REFORMS 1.13 The study made an in-depth analysis of the proposed urban reform initiatives. The following reform activities have been highlighted for consideration. > Repeal of Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act, 1976 > Property Tax Reforms > Computerised Processes for Registration of Documents > Levy of User Charges > Municipal Financial Management System > Benchmarking and Monitoring System > Strengthening institutions like APUFIDC, DMA and the ULBs 7. IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS 1.14 Identification of social / environmental impacts and analysis of the alternatives for the perceived impacts forms an important component of the study. 1.15 Sub-projects undertaken for development purposes may have negative social fallout on families and individuals in the form of loss of land, loss of structures, loss of livelihood/income, loss of crops/trees and loss of community infrastructure and public utility lines. Further, issues related to vulnerable groups such as the urban poor, women, socially and historically disadvantaged groups such as SCs/STs and indigenous people form another component of social problems. 1.16 At the same time, environmental impacts may be observed on various environmental components such as air, water and land and on surrounding eco-system (flora and fauna). Since the stakeholders are directly dependent on these components, a vi Andhra Prade-sh Urban Reforms and Municipal Ser-vices Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report sub-project may affect these components both positively and negatively, directly and indirectly. The possible generic impacts due to infrastructure investments on various environmental components are like change in land use, adverse affects on flora and fauna, change in air quality, change in water quality, etc. 8. PLANS AND STRATEGIES 1.18 Clear strategies and plans are needed for better management of social and environmental issues during the implementation of projects in the urban areas. In view of this, three plans have been suggested for the better implementation of projects considering their sustainability, both socially and environmentally. > Social and Environmental Capacity Building Action Plan (SECAP): This includes an institutional plan to build capacities for social and environmental management and monitoring of sub-projects, based on findings of the institutional assessment and the analysis of issues that might need to be addressed. The plan covers relevant agencies, staffing requirements, roles and responsibilities of key staff, and training. > Information and Consultation Strategy (ICS): Information and Consultation Strategy represents a module for carrying out consultations and generating and managing information for the purpose of successful implementation of the projects in line with the social and environmental considerations that may arise in a project cycle. It identifies the roles of the institutions and involvement of various stakeholders in enhancing the consultation mechanisms within the APURMSP. > Monitoring and Management Plans: An important component of the project management system is monitoring and management of the social and environmental dimensions of the project. The Social Monitoring & Management Plan proposes various mitigation and other measures to overcome adverse social impacts. The mitigation or other measures are proposed in detail to each and every identified social issue along with the monitoring strategy and the probable contingency measures that can be taken up. The Environmental Management Plan, as part of overall project management strategy, includes the management of environmental issues incorporated in the project cycle that covers all the stages of a sub-project investment from identification of an investment till the completion of the sub-project and post completion/monitoring/ operational phases of the investment. The proposed monitoring plan is based on a set of indicators, which outline the state of environment and about the project activities. vii I i Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND SCOPE OF WORK 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT 1.1 Sustainable development is a key concept that has gained increasing international acceptance during the last two decades. A key milestone in the process is the 'Brundtland Report', which defines 'sustainable development as the development that meets the needs of today's generation without comprising those of the future generations'. The question of sustainable development has emerged due to overexploitation of resources. It is also clearly emerging that urban challenges like population growth, water scarcity, biodiversity, energy crisis, and industrial production are major concerns for today's planning. About half of the world's population is living in cities and towns consuming large amount of resources and generating huge quantities of waste, and thus becoming leading sources of social and environmental problems. 1.2 There is thus a need for urban planning on a more sustainable basis to avoid environmental and social crises. The range of problems varies according to income levels and spatial level of the impact. These problems are inextricably linked to poverty and productivity as well as the other macro-economic parameters. Major urban sector issues like disproportionate number of urban poor, increase in the numbers of the urban poor, inadequate urban services, weak urban governance and management, lack of conducive infrastructure financing systems, perverse incentives created by intergovernmental fiscal system for Urban Local Bodies (ULB) and ineffective land management have been the issues of contention for most of the state governments in the developing world, more so in India and, especially, in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Recognizing the poor performance of the urban systems and the nature and magnitude of urban poverty the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) identified poverty reduction as an overarching objective. As a step towards implementing this strategic vision, the GoAP is working towards the development of an Urban Development and Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy for the state. 1.3 In view of this, the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) of the Government of Andhra Pradesh is in the process of preparing the Andhra Pradesh Urban Reform and Municipal Services Project (APURMSP). The project development objective is to reduce urban poverty in cities and towns that participate in the project within the context of a programme of state and municipal urban policy reform. The project through its reforms, also aims at improved quality of life for the urban dwellers, improving the service delivery of the urban agencies in providing and managing urban services and good quality and timeliness of municipal performance. The project has two main components. . State Level and Local Level Reform 4 Urban Infrastructure Investments 1.4 The project target area is urban Andhra Pradesh. All interested ULBs would be assisted to achieve improved financial and managerial performance under the reform component. Only those ULBs that achieve predetermined levels of performance against specified eligibility criteria would be permitted to participate in the Urban Investment 1 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report component. Eligibility criteria currently include a measure of the severity of urban poverty of the ULB, a benchmarked collection level of Property Tax for both current demand and some proportion of arrears, adoption of a financial operating plan (positive cash inflow), a commitment to maintain an operating ratio of less than 1 and a debt ratio of less than 30 percent (including proposed investments) and satisfactory implementation of the priority urban reforms. 1.5 The overall responsibility for urban reforms and municipal services in Andhra Pradesh rests with the MAUD. The key agency for implementation of the project is identified as the Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (APUFIDC) supported by the other agencies in MAUD like the Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) and Regional Directorate of Municipal Administration (RDMA), Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED), the Directorate of Town and Country Planning (DTCP), the Urban Development Authorities (UDA) etc. The responsibility of managing and monitoring the project will be handled by the APUFIDC and the general administration will be undertaken by the DMA and the RDMA. However the social and environmental management at the ULB level will be managed by the institutional arrangements at the municipalities. The Implementation of specific sub- projects under the urban investment component will be done by the participating ULBs. 1.6 To achieve the goals of 'sustainability', it is widely accepted that all the proposed projects, plans and programmes have to go through comprehensive impact assessment exercises so that the negative impacts can be minimised and that positive impacts can be best trapped effectively and used to the maximum benefit. The social and environmental assessment exercise is an attempt in that direction. 1.2 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 1.7 The Social and Environmental Assessment (SEA) is intended to identify the key social and environmental issues that are relevant to the project i.e. issues that arise as a result of its objectives and design and/or affect the achievement of its objectives/implementation of its design. The social and the environmental assessment and a framework for its implementation becomes important because, majority of the stakeholders who would be affected by projects generally constitute the poor and the weaker sections of the society and a meaningful intervention of the government would be desirable to ensure that this reform and investment process is successfully implemented without any adverse impacts on the people. The poor and the slum dwellers, families belonging to the Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Backward Castes (BC), women-headed households etc., would specifically be adversely affected and the most vulnerable among them are the women and the economically poor. These issues will be described and quantified to the extent possible for the urban Andhra Pradesh as a whole, for individual towns studied, and/or for 'groups' of towns (classes, regional groupings, etc., as appropriate). The assessment would therefore be based on, though not limited to: 4 A review of the relevant urban data and existing studies/reports; - Analysis of current 'general' or relevant sectoral/ sub-sectoral urban policies and programs and of the institutions intended to implement them; 2 Andhra Pradesh lJrban Reforms and Munlicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report v Consultations with key stakeholders in a carefully selected set of towns on the proposed reforms and process for investments under the project; 4 An understanding of the applicable World Bank Operational Policies and a review of the relevant guidelines and implementation experience of Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP) Project. 1.8 The two principle components of APURMSP being 'reforms' and 'investments' in the urban sector, which are targeted to achieve an enhanced quality of life in the urban scenario, are not purely technical issues but have wider socio-economic, cultural and environmental implications in the overall development of the society. Although they can affect people from various walks of life directly or indirectly dependent on the urban environment, there could be probable adverse impacts on certain communities and environment. Reforms like repeal of urban land ceiling and regulation, reform of rent control laws, reform of property tax etc., and infrastructure investments like storm water drains, secondary and tertiary roads, footpaths, street lighting and bus stops etc., are some of the significant issues that are being examined under the APURMSP and may have impact on the people residing in the urban areas and on the immediate environment. The reception of the proposed measures by public and its socio-economic and environmental implications would need to be analyzed and incorporated into the individual design to achieve viability and ensure sustainability. 1.9 The study also envisaged an assessment that would result in recommendations for developing suitable institutional arrangements, Information and Consultation Strategies (ICS) and Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan (SECAP). The study additionally involves developing a Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework (SEAMF) intended to ensure that urban investment sub-projects being considered for financing are socially and environmentally sound and sustainable. Identifying adverse impacts of the reform process and infrastructure development and preparing a social safeguard policy and environmental management frameworks are also a part of the study. The study also examined the available alternatives to reduce the impact of the projects and also suitable mitigation and management measures for better implementation of the project. 1.10 The present study was also intended to review public perceptions, establish baseline information, institutional assessment, sub-project assessments etc., to facilitate the preparation of a social and environmental framework and an implementable manual for social and environmental components under the project. The social and environmental safeguard policies and monitoring and management plans are also part of the framework to minimize the adverse impacts of the urban investments and reforms that would be undertaken. 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 1.11 The report is organized along the following lines. The next section gives an overview of the urban reforms and investments in Andhra Pradesh that are being considered under the project purview and places the APURMSP within this context. It highlights the role of the SEA study and the scope of work it entails. Subsequently, the study methodology is detailed. This constitutes Chapter - I. 3 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reformns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 1.12 Chapter - II of the report presents the social and environmental baseline data of Andhra Pradesh which contains basic demographic information, environmental pollution, urbanization trends, key social indicators, poverty in urban Andhra Pradesh, etc. 1.13 The legal, policy and administrative framework is presented in Chapter - III, which provides an outline of the existing laws, legislations, policies programmes, constitutional provisions etc., within which the urban projects will be implemented considering the social and environmental concems and issues that may be encountered. 1.14 Chapter - IV presents the findings of the institutional assessments conducted in the selected towns for the purpose of the study. It presents the institutional set up in urban Andhra Pradesh and examines their present role in the implementation of the typical project/sub project cycle involved in urban development projects. The assessment also includes the study of present capacities of the institutions to include the proposed social and environmental components of a sub project investment under APURMS project effectively. This would inform and help to develop a capacity building mechanism across various institutions involved in the sub project implementation, to handle the social and environmental issues. 1.15 The findings from the perception survey conducted, the sub-project assessments and the public consultations organized for the study in the selected towns for developing the SEA and the SEAMF is discussed in Chapter - V. Observations from the household survey conducted in six selected towns provide a glimpse into the present level of services provided by municipalities and the level of satisfaction among the public. On the other hand, findings of the sub-project assessments and the public consultations discussed in this chapter have been useful in identifying various social and environmental issues and help in preparing the SEA and the SEAMF reports. 1.16 Highlighting the urban reforms, which forms an important component of the study, has been discussed in the Chapter VI. This chapter draws inferences from a general analysis of reforms and outlines general recommendations relevant to further action required in each of the reform areas. Specific direct and indirect social and environmental impacts have been analyzed to formulate action plans and necessary guidelines for the reforms processes so as to achieve the objectives of the study. 1.17 The report, thereafter, leads to Chapter - VII which highlights the key social and environmental impacts that may arise due to the implementation of urban development projects and suggests measures to mitigate these impacts. This chapter also discusses the analysis of alternatives that are viable to avoid and minimize social and environmental impacts. 1.18 Flowing out of the discussions in the previous seven chapters and also from the findings of the perception survey, sub-project assessment, public consultation and institutional review, Chapter - VIII discusses the monitoring and management plans, Information and Consultation Strategies and the Social and Environmental Capacity- building Action Plan. 4 Andhra Pradesh Urban Refornis and Municipal Services rl -. Social and Environmental Assessment Report 1.4 URBAN REFORMS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 1.19 The APURMSP has two components namely, reforms and the investment component. The urban reform agenda to be pursued under the project and motivated in part by Government of India's (Gol) Urban Reform Incentive Fund (URIF) was discussed and agreed with GoAP. The reform measures are: 1.4.1 REPEAL OF THE URBAN LAND CEILING AND REGULATION ACT 1.20 The ULCRA has only ever been applied in the five largest towns in AP, including the agglomeration around Hyderabad. The repeal of the Act has not been implemented in AP because Hyderabad has succeeded in promoting significant real estate development on land restricted under the Act through sales to developers. It can also be said that land undeveloped because of the Act has led to the growth of slums by encroachers. The repeal of the Act to free up land for development and to symbolize that the restriction on the holding of land leads to corruption and in general is unacceptable, would be desirable. An analysis of impact of measures taken by AP to address the negative effects of the Act and discussions of further steps including repeal to free up land markets and minimize corruption is required. 1.4.2 REFORM OF RENT CONTROL LAWS 1.21 This action is required to assure that rents eam a sufficient return for landlords, buildings are maintained and housing supply is generally responsive to demands. The initial measure will be to insure that all new buildings constructed after April 1, 2002 will not come under the ambit of Rent Control or tenancy protection. 1.4.3 REFORM OF PROPERTY TAX 1.22 Property Tax remains the single largest source of revenue for ULBs. Nevertheless, its potential has not yet been realized because of policies, which link revenue to below- market assessment of rents of immovable property. The strategy for improving property tax revenue is to adopt objective methods and transparent procedures of property assessment such as the unit area method or the capital value method and self-assessment by property owners. GoAP began introducing property tax reforms in 1993, which became effective in 2002, with dramatic increases of revenue from a low base. Measures are required to ensure the buoyancy of the tax over time and a consideration of moving to capital value assessments. 1.4.4 INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTERIZED PROCESSES FOR REGISTRATION OF DOCUMENTS 1.23 GoAP is well advanced with the introduction of e-SEVA centers around the State. 5 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services l : Social and Environmental Assessment Report 1.4.5 LEVY OF REASONABLE USER CHARGES FOR URBAN SERVICES 1.24 ULBs will broaden their revenue net by bringing services not charged for or inadequately charged for into the revenue base. The ultimate objective would be to achieve full cost recovery of operation and maintenance by the end of the 10th Plan period. 1.4.6 REFORM THE MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1.25 The objective of this reform is to promote devolution of authorities and responsibilities that can in turn, contribute to a much greater degree of decentralization of fiscal responsibility to ULBs for the expenditures they make and any debts they incur. The GoAP agreed to pursue the recommendations made by the study of State Finances that will improve accountability and transparency of the flow of resources to ULBs. This would include specifying conditions under which ULBs would be found to be potentially credit worthy; identifying which state level policies have significant implications for the financial circumstances of ULBs and undertaking measures to improve their operating environment so that ULBs are able to act as responsible, autonomous financial units before they are permitted to issue debt. Gains would be realized by municipalities which operated with more transparent tax and budgeting processes, and less proscriptive regulatory controls created by policies which prevent or constrain accountable decentralized decision-making. 1.4.7 ESTABLISHING BENCHMARKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM 1.26 The system would allow progress by ULBs and the state government to be assessed against agreed benchmark targets of performance that can be identified and measured. At the state level, this would include a calculation of the effects of various policies on the financial health of ULBs and an agreement that measures that cause ULBs to become insolvent would be matched by either providing resources or sufficient local autonomy to offset these measures. For ULBs, a set of performance indicators that shows enhanced performance on service provision, particularly to the poor, and on financial and fiscal responsibility and accountability would be agreed to and periodically reported upon. GoAP has introduced a system of performance budget monitoring on a monthly basis. Outputs are measured and compared with previous year's performance and managers are rated accordingly. 1.4.8 IMPROVING URBAN LAND PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 1.27 Procedures for land use planning are complex and inefficient, requiring, in most cases, 52 "file movements" before a land use plan is approved, and each movement offering an opportunity for rent seeking. After an analysis of land use regulations and the set of development controls that affect capital investment and residential development throughout the state, including Town Planning Ordinances, the Government has decided to provide a time bound program for introducing reforms. It will also consider the Hyderabad experience with reforms in this area and make recommendations as to the generalizability of the reforms enacted there to other municipalities. Critical issues of land 6 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services r - Social and Environmental Assessment Report management remain to be resolved. These include lack of procedures for de-notification of slums after upgrading, thereby denying ULBs of the revenue residents of the upgraded area ought to pay for urban services received. Streamlined mechanisms for granting of enhanced security of tenure are required to promote self-help improvement of the housing stock. Market transactions need to be made more transparent through the rationalization of tax policies and registration procedures. 1.4.9 STRENGTHEN THE ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN FINANCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (APUFIDC) 1.28 The objective of this reform is to make APUDIFC the premier advisor to the State on urban affairs and a skilled coordinator of Sate-funded urban development activities. APUDIFC currently acts as a channel to direct funds from central and state run programs and devolutions to urban local bodies. GoAP wants to enhance the role of the Corporation to include capacities for appraising Sate-funded urban projects and programs and monitoring their implementation. APUDIFC would also provide advice and assistance to municipalities on urban affairs. 1.5 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT COMPONENT OF THE PROJECT 1.29 The second component of the Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services project is the urban investment component wherein the project aims to provide physical infrastructure in various ULBs in the state that have undergone the process of preparing the Municipal Action Plans for Poverty Reduction (MAPP) under the APUSP project and also those ULBs that would in the future join or participate in the project. The physical infrastructure investments that would be undertaken in the present project would include: v Area upgrading, including on-site water supply and on-plot sanitation + Secondary and tertiary roads + Storm water drainage + Water supply and sewerage disposal 4 Sanitation 4 Footpaths 4 Solid waste management including disposal 4 Street lighting j Parks and green spaces 4 Serviced areas and informal and formal urban markets 4 Bus stops v Off-site infrastructure linking slums to city networks, subject to adequate bulk capacity where required, and 4 Critical city-wide infrastructure 1.30 In view of the above reform and the investment components of the project, this study aims to understand the social and environment impacts that may result due to these development interventions and, thus, how best adverse impacts can be mitigated or managed. 7 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessienit Report 1.6 SCOPE OF WORK 1.31 The scope of the assignment includes the following: * To conduct a Social and Environmental Assessment (SEA) for the Project as a whole, including an institutional assessment that would result in recommendations for the institutional arrangements and a Social and Environmental Capacity- building Action Plan (SECAP); 4 Based on the SEA (and on-going processes in APUSP), develop an Information and Consultation Strategy and Action Plan (ICS) to ensure full information to all stakeholders at all stages of the project and to consult and obtain feedback from them on the reform and investment components of the Project; * To develop a Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework (SEAMF) for the sub-projects to be prepared and financed under the Urban Investment component of the Project; and v To assess sub-projects being prepared for implementation during the first year of the Project using the SEAM Framework developed and ensure that they are socially and environmentally sound 1.32 Based on the objectives and scope of the work Social and Environmental Assessment report should present the following. 1.7 COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1.33 There are three important components of the SEA study. 1.7.1 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) 4 SEA will broadly present the socio-economic and environmental analysis of the service delivery in the towns selected for the study and also the perceptions of the people on the reforms and investment component along with the present status of the towns selected 4 Data compilation and analysis of social and environmental data on urban areas, socio-economic data on urban population and urban/civic infrastructure in relation to social and environmental issues 4 The policy and legal framework where a review of the existing framework with respect to state and wherever relevant national policies, laws and regulations 4 Institutional framework and its assessment with regard to urban areas in analysing how social responsibilities and environmental concerns are distributed among public/private institutions and their capacity to administer these tasks 4 Management and Training plan for improving social and environmental management in urban development will be prepared for recommending training of existing staff, hiring of additional staff, reorganization of units or agencies, or redefinition of roles and responsibilities 4 Analysis of impacts, suggesting mitigation Measures and Analysis of alternatives under the social and environmental components of the project 4 Identifying issues and prepare the Social and Environmental Capacity Building Action Plan and the Information and Consultation Strategy 8 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 1.7.2 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (SEAMF) | Preparation of a framework that will contain a discussion of how the proposed project could affect the people and environment or any sub-group and influence the people positively; negatively; directly and/or indirectly * Analysis of alternatives and alternative investment options in each of the key social and environmental sectors to which the reform and investment components of the project may apply 4 Mitigation Measures will draw on analysis of policy, legal and institutional aspects as well as of impacts and alternatives to identify the potential negative social and environmental impacts of the project. It will provide recommendations and appropriate measures to mitigate concerned problems that may arise at state/municipal and/or sectoral/ sub-project levels 4 Through consultations with concerned stakeholders a strategy and action plan will be prepared which will include proposed actions to increase information and awareness of the program among target communities and key municipal bodies, officials, etc., in the formulation/implementation of sub-projects 4 Consultations will be held during the project on important issues relating to the state and municipal level reforms; project processes and progress; and establish mechanisms for grievance redressal 1.7.3 ASSESSMENTS 4 The assessments will test the SEAM framework on pilot projects, i.e., selected first year sub-projects of APURMSP. Each project will go through all the components of the SEAMF such as screening; consultation and management plan to ensure that it is socially and environmentally viable. 4 The entire assessment procedure and outcomes and all problematic areas will be documented to address specific issues that need modification for practical viability of the framework. 1.34 Based on the Social and Environmental Assessment, the Social and Environmental Assessment Management Framework (SEAMF) will act as a guide to improve the decision-making, planning, execution, monitoring and operation of the projects and also see that the selected projects and subprojects are socially and environmentally sustainable. 1.8 STUDY METHODOLOGY 1.35 The Figure 1.1 below depicts the various phase wise, stage wise activities involved in the study. The inputs and outputs of each activity are also indicated (red and blue lines). 1.36 The study was conducted in five phases. The detailed methodology involved in various stages involved in each of the phases and the tasks taken up in each of the stages are elaborated in the following section. 9 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mlunicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Figure: 1.1 - Flow chart of Phase-wise, staqe - wise activities of the SEA study STA|GE - I I si .: PCD and Study Inception I ToR l _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~__ ______ cn Secondary STAGE-II ,,, - 7lU Sources Rpvipw nf lit-r . . -- STAGE - III * .-ra 9 1 I Identification of survey towns I-,- and creation of database I : (Preliminary Field visits) )rF.1dl a i. If T,. Public consultations . : .,.L,l and ai .,r.,,rrr -i- - _ Institulional interaclions STAGE - .w Field WorkIn , __. _ _ C/i | Available baseline data c case-study Towns 'I Iiuiri.i rc aw ZSub-r,ro,ecl a~ssessmer,ls I ,____ S u IbI -14 p r oj e 5,:e 5:mm:en, 'i. r-1 Houehold survev data _ *n STAGE-V S&E !2c.qrt,r,rn- P.an ! .LJ Draft Social and Environmental Assessment * , E .1e -,rii P'ari (SEA) Report preparation . idC-S - 'I__ STAGE-VI : Draft Social and Environmental Assessment U In Management Framework (SEAMF) > r STAGE-VII I STAGE-VIIIl STAGE-IX uj ] ' Assessment of First-Year Preparation of Final SEA, SEAMF, cn vz I sub-projects using Guidebooks (Manuals) Manuals and <: | SEAMF and Public for Project managers and I Assessments reports of consultations project Implementers j A sub-projects ...... Line indicates the flow of inputs and Line indicates the flow of outputs 10 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforrns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Asscssment Report 1.8.1 PHASE-I: FAMILIARIZATION, LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONSULTATION 1.8.1.1 STAGE - I 1.37 This phase was instrumental to identify, collect and review the available literature and to scope the activities required for achieving the objectives of the study. It aimed at establishing a basic understanding of the study requirements and to develop a realistic perspective of the prevailing situation in the present context of the study. The activities in this phase intended to familiarize with the concerned and key stakeholders to identify and collect the available literature and to scope the activities. It also contained consultations with various agencies and experts in urban reforms and investments. A rapid preliminary field survey was taken up following this activity, mainly with the primary stakeholders to identify ground r realities with regard to delivery of urban _ services andt investments. This activity helped in testing the questionnaires prepared for the base line study and drafting Figure 1.2: Tasks and outputs of Stage-I- Study Inception checklists and interview schedules for the Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and key stakeholder consultations. These activities on the whole have enabled to deliver the inception report detailing the research methodology and a realistic work-plan. The outputs of this phase are shown in Figure 1.2. Identification of Research tools and Techniques: 1.38 This stage involved the preliminary design of tools and techniques needed for the study. The possible tools that can be used for this study were developed from the consultants' previous experience in similar studies and draft tools, which require testing and refined in the preliminary visits to the case study towns. The tools and techniques were designed to facilitate the expected outputs, namely, data generation and perception documentation. The checklists for interviews, FGDs and public consultations were designed to capture perceptions of the various stakeholders on areas of reform and investments, while the data requirements were listed in the form of scheduled questionnaires. Identification of Case study towns: 1.39 The Case study towns for the assessment were selected on basis of consistent distribution across the Socio-cultural regions of Andhra Pradesh. Two towns each from the three regions of Telangana, Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra were selected to represent the typical social and environmental characteristics - thus six towns were selected for the 11 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report study. These towns are Qutbullapur and Ramagundam from the Telangana region, Tirupati and Hindupur from the Rayalaseema region and Tenali and Kakinada from the Coastal Andhra region. These six Class I towns were selected as they also fall under the APUSP project. 1.8.1.2 STAGE -II Literature Review 1.40 As part of the secondary source literature review, the social and environmental profile of the state in general and documentation of various policies, programmes, and legislations relevant to urban issues such as urban development, urban sanitation, urban health, environmental resource protection and conservation etc., in specific were reviewed to establish an Understanding of understanding of the prospects prospects and limitation and limitations of the study of the study Understanding of scope and to appreciate their of appiicability of existing framework to upcoming applicability in the context of development (reforms & inivpStm ants) the upcoming reforms and investments in the urban Figure 1.3: Outputs of stage-2- Literature review sector. The applicable policies, programmes and legislation were examined on social and environmental dimensions and implications. Various cases were specifically studied to understand these aspects and then interpret them into the context of APURMSP. The literature review has been a continuous process and inputs from this activity have been included in all the chapters of the SEA report. Figure 1.3 shows the outputs of the review activity. As part of the literature review the following literature was reviewed from varied sources. 4 Socio economic history of the state 4 Urban Environmental Profile of the State 4 Policy, Legal and Administrative framework documents + World Bank policies and guidelines (OPs and ODs) 4 Similar studies and earlier SEA reports + Published academic literature 4 Project and Programme documents 4 Literature on Formal stakeholders (institutions) 1.8.1.3 STAGE - III Case Study Towns - Preliminary Visits 1.41 The preliminary visit helped in identifying general social and environmental risks prevalent in the case study towns and helped establish a better understanding of the urban social and environmental scenario of the towns and processes in the context of sub- projects in urban reforms and infrastructure investments and to form the research tools to focus on the identified risks. 12 Andhra Pradesh Urbarn Reformis and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessiment Report Stakeholder Consultations 1.42 As part of the i anor t g preliminary visits, consultations and interviews with various agencies and t . *. experts in the | area of urban piH:o 'naisma reforms and investments Figure 1.4 Tasks and outputs of Stage 3 - Identification of survey towns and creation of database were also (Preliminary visits) conducted. This step enabled to cross-verify the issues identified in the literature review and further scope the issues for investigation. This activity also helped drafting checklists and interview schedules for the FGDs and key stakeholder consultations. Figure 1.4 shows the tasks and outputs of this phase. Outputs of this phase 1.43 Two questionnaires were designed as part of the outputs of this phase and also various checklists for conducting the consultation for the purpose of generating qualitative information and also for the purpose of assessments. 4 A town questionnaire for gathering information at the town-level 4 Questionnaire for the household perceptional and satisfaction survey to derive information at household level 4 Checklist for Institutional reviews 4 Checklist for project/initiative assessment (social and environmental) 4 Strategy and checklist for public consultation 1.44 The above-mentioned questionnaires and Checklists are enclosed as Annexure - I, II, III, IV, and V. 1.8.2 PHASE-1I: PERCEPTION SURVEY, PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS, INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW AND SUB PROJECT ASSESSMENT 1.8.2.1 STAGE - IV Methodology 1.45 This phase contains four parallel yet interdependent activities, which aimed at gathering both qualitative as well as quantitative information for inputs into SEA and SEAMF. The activities undertaken are: 13 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report * The public consultations + Perception and satisfaction survey v Institutional reviews 4 Sub-Project Assessments 1.46 This phase formed the core activity for the research and provided inputs to the formulation of the social and environmental Assessment report. Information was gathered from the primary stakeholders identified for the assessment to identify and assess the adverse impacts. The survey consisted of both quantitative and qualitative information and specific qualitative inputs from the public consultations conducted were used to enhance the information gathered through the survey. Public Consultations 1.47 The first stage of public consultations was conducted in the case study towns. The first stage consultation concentrated on various groups such as civil bodies, community associations, citizens groups, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), slum dwellers, line institutions and other identified groups for enhancing the study qualitatively. The objectives of this consultation were: v To disseminate overall aim and objectives of fuiture GoAP interventions and facilitate them to participate in the pre-project preparation; 4 To create awareness on the importance of safeguarding social interests of the people and environmental conditions of urban area during design, construction and operation of urban infrastructure projects 4 To identify the projects and sub-projects to be considered for funding by GoAP in urban areas 4 To ascertain opinion on likely adverse social and environmental impacts and issues due to implementation of various urban infrastructure investments and projects in Andhra Pradesh 4 To examine institutional and procedural issues related to planning, financing, implementation and management of urban infrastructure projects. 1.48 The second stage consultations were conducted after the preparation of the Draft SEA and SEAMF to obtain a feed back of the opinions and suggestions of stakeholders. Accordingly, changes have been incorporated in the SEA report and the SEAMF. Perception and Satisfaction Survey 1.49 The survey provides a basic building block to understand the existing scenario and projecting a futuristic picture in the study area. The study observations provide a cross check to the inputs obtained from the institutional review and the public consultations. It involved rapid stakeholder survey among all categories across the six ULBs selected for the study. The survey also aimed at understanding the perceptions and satisfaction of the people with regard to the present municipal services provided to them in their municipalities. 14 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 1.50 A total of 2,400 samples were selected for the purpose of the household survey. The ULBs selected for the study are given below in Table 1.1. Table - 1.1: Towns selected for the study Sl.no Name of the ULB District Category of the town Geographical location _______ Qutbullapur Rangareddy Class - I Telangana 2 Ramagundam Karimnagar Class - I Telangana 3 Kakinada East Godavari Class - I Coastal Andhra 4 Tenali Guntur Class - I Coastal Andhra 5 Hindupur Ananthapur Class - I Rayalaseema 6 Tirupati Chittoor Class - I Rayalaseema Distribution of Sample 1.51 For each ULB, a sample of 400 was allocated, which would confirm to reporting for each ULB at 95% confidence level. A total of 2395 face-to-face interviews were conducted. A multi-level sampling methodology was employed for the study. Sampling was done at two levels, namely, 4 Sampling of the Wards, and 4 Sampling of the Households 1.52 The selection of the wards was done through a stratified random sampling method. In doing so the information available in the Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction (MAPP) documents prepared under the APUSP were referred. The wards in the towns were divided into three ward strata, namely: 4 Wards with high incidence of Below Poverty Line (BPL) population 4 Wards with medium incidence of BPL population 4 Wards with low incidence of BPL population 1.53 In each town, the number of wards within each strata selected were proportionate to the population within the ward strata and the wards were selected through the method of Probability Proportional to Size (PPS). Within each ward, 25 interviews were conducted around 5 starting points randomly identified. Annexure - VI gives the sampling methodology followed for conducting the field survey. Institutional Review 1.54 The focus of conducting institutional review of various identified agencies responsible for the urban reform and investment processes was to review and assess the social and environmental sensitivity and capacities and systems to cater to the respective concerns. Additionally, the roles of particular institutions in the project development and implementation cycle and the procedures to execute their roles have been identified to examine the position of the institutions and their significance. The institutional reviews were carried out to provide valuable inputs into informing the capacities in terms of relevant policies, technology, monitoring mechanisms, human resources, adequate exposure, etc., for the preparation of the ICS and SECAP. 15 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Sub-Project Assessment 1.55 The sub-project/initiative assessment was basically designed to understand the present methods followed by the ULBs and the municipalities in implementing the sub- projects. Through this assessment the sub-project study team was able to assess the sub- project cycle of a typical urban investment and review the process followed by the municipalities. This assessment was also helpful in identifying and analyzing the social and environmental impacts caused by developmental interventions in the urban areas. For this purpose a select number of I sub-projects in mm* each municipality were chosen and consultations with _ Methodology forPublic Understanding of the stakeholders Water supply Consultations S&e and roles i.e. both the sub- Sanitation and Drainage - Scope of delegation of project Storm Water Drainage responsibilities for Solid waste Stakeholder Matrix S and E I ; n - implementing ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and inpui ..,E- implementing ~~~~Air pollution authorities and Roads the beneficiaries Transportation to understand the resettlement and Figure 1.5 Tasks and Outputs of Stage .4 Fieldwork rehabilitation measures undertaken and whether the sub-project process followed is socially and environmentally sustainable. The assessments gave important inputs to understand the present institutional arrangements and propose new arrangements for sub-project implementation and also in preparation the ICS and SECAP. The tasks and outputs of this phase are shown in the Figure 1.5. 1.8.3. PHASE-Ill: PREPARATION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT (SEA) 1.8.3.1 STAGE - V 1.56 The SEA report is aimed at providing a detailed insight into the environmental risks in the study areas and will aid in providing direction to evolve a Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework. The various requirements of each region along with the environmental implications of project implementation were studied to document the inherent social and environmental considerations that strengthen/ weaken the purpose of it. The inputs from the baseline data, household survey, institutional reviews, public consultations and sub-project assessments have been integrated to feed conclusions and inferences into the SEA Report. Apart from the assessment of impacts on the social and environmental parameters, the SEA report includes management plans with mitigation measures and monitoring plans. The report also contains the ICS and SECAP. 1.57 The SEA report was presented to the department and other representative stakeholder groups to obtain their feedback to incorporate relevant feedback in the preparation of the SEAMF and to strengthen the SEA report. 16 Andltra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 1.8.4 PHASE-IV: PREPARATION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 1.8.4.1 STAGE - VI 1.58 The SEAMF consists of guidelines prepared for social and environmental assessments based on the SEA report and for the formulation of social and environmental Management and Monitoring Plans for individual reforms and project initiatives. Since the SEAMF will be implemented in the selected ULBs dovetailed with the MAPP, a social and environmental screening framework has been prepared for sub-projects to identify the nature of social and environmental analysis and planning. This framework additionally provides guidelines to identify adverse social and environmental impacts that may arise due to the reforms and investment components as well as management plans/measures for the same. The document also contains important components of ICS and SECAP applicable at the sub-project level. Outputs of this phase are shown below in Figure 1.6. Identification of critical Guidelines devised _ S& E parameters, based on m*I*i'nIR.-R~**.111 IueMmI.n'en*screening categorization & Management Framework methodology and categorization criteria Social & Environmental Screening Methodology L Management, Monitoring and Evaluation Guidelines Social and Environmental Policy Statement Institutional arrangements and Capacity Building Plan - Definition for Social & Environmental Safeguards improved environmental management and Definition of S& E L Guidelines for preparation of- accountability criterion to be Indigenous Peoples' Development Plans cincuedrion su be Rehabilitation Action Plan included in sub. project design Cultural Property Management Plan Urban Resettlement Environment Management Plan and Rehabilitation Policy (URRP) Urban Environment management Policy (UEMP) Figure 1.6: Outputs of Stage-5 &6- Preparation of SEA and SEAMF 1.8.5 PHASE-V: KEY STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ON THE SEA, SEAMF AND FIRST YEAR SUB-PROJECTS 1.8.5.1 STAGE - VII 1.59 Key stakeholder consultations and discussions were conducted on the prepared Draft SEA, SEAMF and the Sub-projects assessments. This was done to ensure that the sub-project compliance is achieved with the national and the state policies and World Bank guidelines, but more importantly to foster a participative approach and build ownership. The consultations attempted to record the opinions and reactions of various key stakeholders at various stages of the sub-project-cycle. The constraints, issues, inadequacies and the advantages specific to the Social and Environmental responsive capabilities of the stakeholders were captured. This stage provided critical inputs for 17 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report drafting the final SEA and SEAMF reports and assessment reports of the first-year sub- projects, which are the final outcomes of this study. 1.8.5.2 STAGE - VIII 1.60 For effective implementation, management and monitoring of the project, basic understanding and knowledge of the various social and environmental components is necessary. For this purpose, manuals for project managers and project implementers have being prepared. The manuals detail all the social and environmental tasks at various stages the sub-projects, screening and categorization of sub-projects, the process of social & environmental assessment, etc. The manuals also contain guidelines and relevant information on accomplishing these social end environmental tasks. 1.8.5.3 STAGE -IX 1.61 The stage IX involved the preparation of the final SEA, SEAMF, Sub-project Assessments and the Manuals based on the inputs from all the previous stages which involve consultations, discussions, and meetings with the community, the municipal staff and key stakeholders. 1.9 RESEARCH TOOLS AND TASKS 1.62 Table 1.2 below encapsulates the different research techniques used for different tasks involved in the study. -____ Table -1.2: Research techniques with the tasks identified Number - Tasks '- -- . - , . , Rese,arch Tools I To assess the current social and environmental issues in * Literature review Urban Andhra Pradesh * Baseline survey * Case studies * Consultations/FGDs 2 To assess the policies, acts, operational procedures to * Literature review address, mitigate and manage the social and environmental * Survey issues in urban settings * FGDs * Case studies * Discussions * Stakeholder consultations 3 To assess the people's perception on various urban * Literature review services and on the proposed urban reforms and investment * Secondary information review (Analysis of data) * Case studies * Analysis of Rapid survey data * FGDs * Stakeholder Consultations 4 To assess and recommend on the existing institutional * Literature review arrangements in the urban sector in managing and * Stakeholder Consultations mitigating social and environmental issues * FGDs * Survey data analysis 5 To evolve a social and environmental framework to mitigate * Literature review adverse/negative impacts * Review of SEA report Stakeholder consultations 18 Andhra Pradesh Urban Rcforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessinent Report SOC'IAL AND ENNVIRONNIENTAL SC'ENARIO OF LIRBAN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.1 To understand the context of the study, assessing the current social and environmental scenario with respect to the urban sector in Andhra Pradesh is a prerequisite. This chapter aims to highlight social and environmental issues that are typical to the urban sector in the state as a whole. This chapter is predominantly based on the literature review and information drawn from available secondary sources. 2.1 PROFILE OF ANDHRA PRADESH 2.2 Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India, both in terms of area as well as population. The total area of the state is over 2,75,000 square kilometers, while FIG -2.1: ANDHRA PRADESH the population is 66.3 million. Andhra Pradesh State (Figure 2.1) is bounded by Madhya Pradesh and Orissa on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the east, Tamilnadu and Karnataka on the south and Maharashtra on the west. The . i. northeastern area of Andhra Pradesh state is mountainous. Three main geomorphic provinces characterize the Physiography of Andhra Pradesh - namely, the coastal plains, blessed with _ pleasant weather and rich alluvial plains, the eastern ghats, which consist of exotic , forest and rivers running through rocky L hills and the coal beds, gneisses, granites and basaltic lava that constitute the peninsular plateau. Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India, both in terms of area as well as population. The total area of the state is over 2, 75, 000 square kilometers, while the population is 75,727,541, as per the 2001 census. 2.1.1 URBAN ENVIRONMENT 2.1.1.1 CLIMATE 2.3 The state has a tropical climate and is mostly hot and humid. Annual average temperature is 31.5o c. The state is principally fed by the southwest monsoon while the northeast monsoon contributes about a third of the rainfall. The east coast region has been prone to disastrous cyclonic storms, which have destroyed much life and the livelihood of the villages in this area. 2.1.1.2 LAND UTILIZATION PATTERNS 2.4 The falling forest cover and the decrease in area under cultivation are glaring pointers to the fact, that something is amiss in Andhra Pradesh environmental management policies. The trend needs to be checked through new approaches towards handling of 19 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmnental Assessmnent Report village ecosystems in a sustainable manner. The productivity of all components of the village ecosystems, policies need to be worked out specifically for each village. Community Land management is doing wonders in the field of land utilization. 2.5 Land being a prime commodity today; pressures are increasing on its usability. Similarly rocks and geological formations are being ruthlessly tampered with for various reasons. Rocks are being quarried heavily for metal and mineral resources. Forests are under pressure for both wood and land to be diverted for more conspicuous purposes. Though the sown area is increasing, it is getting either degraded or totally wasted. Diversion for urbanization from agricultural use is also increasing. Table 2.1 shows the land utilization particulars in Andhra Pradesh. Table - 2.1: Land utilization particulars in Andhra Pradesh (in Hectares) N cn '0 CD I co 0 0 E C o aC P 9 - N~O 0) 0) 0) 0) 0- co 0) 0 0N 0) 0) 0) 0) 0 0) 0 0) 1 Forest 62.81 62.81 62.46 62.45 61.48 61.38 61.99 61.99 61.99 61.99 2 Barren & 20.73 20.58 20.9 20.7 21.45 21.48 21.09 21.09 21.07 21 3 Land put to non 23.53 24.27 24.74 25 24.32 24.35 24.96 24.97 25.11 25.19 agricultural uses 4 Permanent pastures & other 8.31 8.2 7.79 7.63 7.48 7.09 6.93 6.86 6.82 6.75 grazing lands 5 Cultivable 7.66 7.74 7.94 7.79 7.84 7.89 7.52 7.74 7.81 7.28 wastes I _ _ _ __ _ _ _I__ _ Source: Director Of economics And Statistics 2.1.1.3 FORESTS 2.6 One of the important natural resources is area that is covered under the forests. The total forest cover in Andhra Pradesh is around 68,814 -; square kilometers and the total length of the forest covers in the state accounts for 79, 311 kilometers. Out of the total forest cover in the state the dense forests constitute 23,084 square kilometers, the open forests constitute 19, 859 square kilometers and the mangroves account for around 338 square kilometers. The forest cover has The Percentage of forest cover of the state is around 23.20% and the per capita forest area is = - 0.096 hectares. The forest cover of the state is gradually being reduced over the past one decade. The natural grazing landscapes have been reduced Figure - 2.2: Forest cover in Andhra considerably from 1991-2001. The land use shift from landscapes and forests to urbanization could be noticed in the state. Figure 2.2 shows the forest cover in Andhra Pradesh. 20 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 2.1.1.4 WATER RESOURCES Surface Water 2.7 The state is blessed with one of the major river systems of India comprising three major river valleys viz. Godavari, Krishna and Pennar and about 37 medium and minor river systems which carry about 38.45 million hectare meters of water into the Bay of Bengal. The drainage area of the rivers Krishna and Godavari within the state is 1,47,722 sq. Km, which is nearly 64% of the geographical area of the state. Andhra Pradesh comprises several major and minor lake systems, important being the Kolleru lake, which is identified as the largest fresh water lake system in Asia. Lake Pulicat is one of the major salt-water lakes in the state. This lake is located in Nellore district. 2.8 Water being the world's most fluid Box-2.1: Levels of pollution in River Krishna element, it has the extraordinary ability to Krishna River has an annual consumption of 7.491 carry away all the dirt and filth of human tonnes of pesticides in ihe nasin. agncultural run off adds 120mgA of nitrogen, 26 mg/I phosphorous, and society. Indian rivers, especially the smaller 31mg/l potassium to the rivers. The total domestic ones have all turned into toxic streams with pollution loads in Krishna basin is 1,433,084 kg/day. Of the total BOD load generated, Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh being no exception. The alone accounts for 40.6%. Urban BOD load is 707.82 assault on rivers from population growth, a tonne per day of which domestic is 77.6% and industrial is 22.4%. The load of industrial waste is agricultural modernization, urbanization and quite high in the river with several industrial units industrialization is enormous and growing along its stretch. In Andhra Pradesh state, one such iron and steel unit discharges 22,866 cum of treated day by day. River Godavari and river effluents per day into the river. The major industrial Krishna are the two major rivers flowing loads come from the industrial complex at Rangareddy district and distilleries in Vijayawada on through the state. They are the major source the banks of river Krishna. of drinking water as well as water for irrigation. Ground Water 2.9 The estimated ground water potential in Andhra Pradesh state is 35,290 MCM. Out of this, 15% of the total ground water potential is used for drinking and industrial purposes. The balance utilizable ground water resources available for irrigation are in the order of 30,000 MCM out of which 53% is available in command areas. The development of ground water in the state is mainly through 12.20 lakh open wells and 3.16 lakh bore/tube wells. During the last two decades there is a two-fold increase in well population tol6 lakhs in 1995-96. In recent years the shallow open dug wells are being replaced by deep bore wells. The number of groundwater water area prone to water logged shown a six-fold increase in the last two decades from about 0.5 lakhs to over 3.0 lakhs. 2.10 Due to the exploitation of ground water by the deep bore wells the ground water level has gone down drastically in some areas. The department of ground water has established about 2,700 wells all over the state to monitor ground water levels and chemical quality of water. Monitoring the levels helps in identifying the areas where the levels are showing a declining trend and remedial measures can be taken. The scarcity of water in Andhra Pradesh can be attributed to the various reasons like, fall in groundwater levels, conversion of surface water bodies, and dependence on high cost solutions to bring water from far off places and towns and reduction in net annual precipitation. 21 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.2.1 AIR QUALITY 2.11 The quality of the ambient air quality in a few urban centers of Andhra Pradesh, (Table - 2.2) like Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and some others, has been deteriorating over the past few years due to various factors like emissions from vehicles, thermal plants and industries. Table - 2.2: Ambient Air Quality in few urban centers of Andhra Pradesh Name of the So2 Nox Rspm Spm Tspm Co peak station (Mg/m3) (Mg/m3) (Mg1m3) (Mg/m3) (Mg/m3) (Mg/m3) Hyderabad 4.09 18.2 108.8 N.a. 355.17 16.2 Rajamundry N.a. N.a. 39 N.a. 171 N.a. Kumool N.a. N.a. 66 125 190 N.a. Vijayawada 4 60 126 N.a. 339 N.a. Tirupati N.a. N.a. 52 1 92 144 N.a. Standards: 80 (So2 & Nox), 100 (Rspm & Tspm); Source: EPTRI, Hyderabad; From Monitoring Stations (May 2002) 2.2.1.1 AIR POLLUTION 2.12 The level of pollution in most of Andhra Pradesh cities is still within the permissible limits. However, there are exceptions. Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and Tirupati where there is very high automobile pollution, are showing a dangerous trend with the levels of carbon monoxide and SPM increasing perilously. It is clear that the major source of air pollution in Andhra Pradesh cities is automobile pollution. The total vehicular pollution load in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and in other urban areas is increasing with the population. Table 2.3 shows the number of vehicles in use in Andhra Pradesh, which is considered to be one of the important sources of air pollution. Table - 2.3: Registered vehicles in use in A.P. (Vehicles in numbers) Transport Vehicles Three wheeler passengers 68,188 Light commercial vehicles 50,949 Taxies 20,719 Buses 27,377 Trucks 119,474 Non Transport Vehicles Two wheelers _ _ _ 2,232,593 Cars 140,124 Jeeps 38,961 Tractors and Trailers 84,904 Others 17,416 Total number of vehicles 2,800,699 Source: motor transport statistics of India, 1997, a publication issued by ministry of surface transport, government of India, New Delhi; (Information as on 31st march, 1997. The vehicles included in the category of cars and tractors include 11, 706 government vehicles. 2.2.2 WATER QUALITY 2.2.2.1 WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF RIVERS 2.13 To monitor the quality of water systems regularly the 'Central Pollution Control Board' (CPCB) has initiated two programmes, 'global environmental monitoring systems' 22 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mlunicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report (gems) and 'monitoring of Indian national aquatic resources' (minars) in Andhra Pradesh state. The objective of the programmes is to strengthen the existing system of water monitoring and improve the validity and compatibility of water quality data. Under gems programme five surface water stations and four ground water stations in the Godavari and Krishna basin have been identified. Under minars programme 19 monitoring stations have been established on rivers Godavari, Krishna, Pennar and their tributaries. 2.14 Some of the findings of the minars programme reveal that there is presence of TDS in the entire Godavari and Krishna river belts. High Electrical conductivity of 740 us/cm is observed upstream of Godavari at Mancherial and about 512 us/cm is observed at Vijayawada in Krishna River. The ph range is 6.5 to 8.5 for all classes of water and 6.0 to 9.0 for 'c' class water as per water quality criteria standards. The observation ranges from 7.2 to 8.5 along Godavari and Krishna belts. Hence the water is slightly alkaline in nature. Alkalinity values are higher upstream of the Godavari river. Osmotic pressure in all monitoring stations of Godavari and Krishna rivers is satisfactory. 2.15 In India there are certain norms and water quality criterion that that may be considered for maintaining the quality of water resources. Table 2.4 shows the primary water quality criteria for designated best usage. Table 2.4: Primary water quality criteria for designated best use practice Designated-best-use Class of Criteria water Drinking water source without * Total coliforms organism mpnl100mI shall be 50 or less conventional trealment but after A * Ph between 6.5 and 8.5 disinfecbon * Dissolved oxygen 6mg/i or more * Biochemical oxygen demand 5 days 20OC 2mg/I or less Outdoor bathing (organized) * Total coliforms organism mpn/100mi shall be 500 or less B * Ph between 6.5 and 8.5 * Dissolved oxygen 5mg/i or more * Biochemical oxygen demand 5 days 20oc 3mg/i or less Drinking water source after * Total coliforms organism mpn/100ml shall be 5000 or less conventional treatment and * Ph between 6 to 9 Disinfection * Dissolved oxygen 4mg/l or more * Biochemical oxygen demand 5 days 20oc 3mg/I or less Propagation of wild life and * Ph between 6.5 to 8.5 fisheres D * Dissolved oxygen 4mg/I or more * Free ammonia (as n) 1.2 mg/A or less Irrgation, industrial cooling, * Ph between 6.0 to 8.5 controlled waste disposal E * Electrical conductivity at 25oc micro mhos/cm max. 2250 * Sodium absorption ratio max 26 * Boron max. 2mg-I 2.16 Table - 2.5 shows the comparative water quality status of rivers, lakes and tanks in Andhra Pradesh. The high values of turbidity indicate heavy soil erosion in the catchment's areas. The world health organization guidelines for potable waters in terms of turbidity are five NTU as permissible and 25 NTU as excessive. In all the nrvers in Andhra Pradesh at almost all the monitoring stations, the turbidity value exceeds permissible limits. During rainy season it exceeds the excessive limits. The values are within the satisfactory limits in other seasons. 23 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services: , r Social and Environmental Assessment Report Table - 2.5: Comparative water quality status of Andhra Pradesh Rivers, Lakes and Tanks (1998- 2001) I T ~~~~ater W atrq~ly Water Si Location Desired status in quality Water quality Sl1 . Desired qualityv Water quality qultv | Wae ult no Locabonclassonstatus i 2000* status in status in 2001# _ | Locaticlass statusin~1998** _ 2000# Godavari River 1 Mancherial C D B B B 2 Polavaram C B D D D 3 Rajahmundry u/s C C D D C 4 Rajahmundry d/s C D D C D Manjeera River 5 | Ralpally C D | B | C | C 6 Shivampet c I C Manair 7 | Somanpally C D B | C | C Krishna River 8 Thangadi C C C 9 Gadwal C B C C 10 Srisailam C D D C B 11 Wadapally C D B C C 12 Vedadri C C B 13 Keesara C C B C C 14 Jaggaiahpet C C C C C 15 Amaravathi C C B 16 Vijayawada C C C B 17 Hamsaladeevi C D C D Thungabhadra 18 Manthralayam C - C c 19 Bavapuram A B D D C Musi River 20 | Musi u/s E D B C C 21 Musi d/s E E E E D Pennar River 22 Unganoor C D D D C 23 Pushpagiri E E D D C 24 Siddavatam C D C D C 25 Somasila CD _ D C 0 ___ C C Nagavali River 26 1 Nagavali I C I B I D I C J C Lakes & Tanks 27 Tummalacheruvu C D B - C C 28 Dharmasagar C 0D D C 29 Bibinagar tank C E D D 30 Hussain sagar lake C - D D D 31 Himayathsagar C - - C 32 Saoomagar lake C - D D 0 33 Pulicat lake C - D | C 34 Kistareddypet tank C D - * | 35 Gandigudem tank C - - * D Note: * Data insufficient for water quality Assessment: As per CPCB annual report - Status not available # As per APPCB water quality assessment. 2.2.2.2 ACTION PLAN FOR RIVERS: NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP) 2.17 Those stretches of rivers that are badly polluted were included in the NRCP. NRCP, more than being a river-cleaning programme, is a long-term plan that would eventually lead to conservation of rivers. The project is entirely funded by the central government. 2.18 NRCP essentially addresses pollution load from sewer systems of town and cities and works towards intercepting and diverting sewage, setting up Sewerage Treatment 24 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Plants (STP), electric crematoria, low-cost sanitation, river front development, afforestation and solid waste management. 2.19 As per the pollution load from industries flowing into rivers, the responsibility for ensuring that industries - whether large scale or small scale - meet pollution standards is that of the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) and not that of NRCP. NRCP can, however, ask heavily polluting industries to either install Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) or shut down, although it makes no financial provision for setting up ETPs. 2.20 A perusal of funds released so far indicates that most funds have been released for river front development, crematoria, and low cost sanitation. Land acquisition, interception and diversion schemes have not taken off at the same rate due to land disputes. 2.21 According to the 'citizens' report', "changes in the sanitation technology have not been considered in the NRCP. These omissions are serious if the plan is to become the backbone of the country's sanitation for the next quarter-to-half century. The present sanitation technology ignores the possibility of using urban wastes as agricultural inputs, such as manure and wastewater for irrigation, even as it becomes a major source of river pollution. As a result, schemes under NRCP may only perpetuate wasteful technologies. 2.2.2.3 WATER POLLUTION Ground water pollution Box - 2.2: Cases of ground water contamination A study conducted by Central Ground Water Board in 2.22 Ground water is highly cHyderabad revealed that, the bulk drug producing and 2.22 Ground water is highly chemical industries located in and around L B Nagar, susceptible to contamination because of Uppal, Bolaram, Jeedimetla, Sanathnagar and Balanagar human activity. The leaching of surface areas are causing adverconstituents of ground water from materials also pollutes the ground water. the surrounding areas of the chemical industries is Due t urbaizatin andindusrialiation generally beyond desirable limits. In a similar study Due to urbanization and industrialization conducted by CGWB in Visakhapatnam it was found that large volumes of solid wastes and the industrial effluents released on ground have the sewerageare discarged onthe land greatest potential of polluting ground water. The study sewerage are discharged on the land shows that the effluents travel downward till they reach without any treatment. They seep into water table and move laterally. Due to heavy rainfall the ground, leading to pollution. This is matter is further washed down to reach the water table. indicated mostly by the high concentration of EC, nitrates, and chlorides in the ground water. 2.2.3 CULTURAL PROPERTY Box - 2.3: Indian National Trust for Art, Culture and Heritage (INTACH) 2.23 There are 32 State INTACH, a wholly autonomous non-Govemmental 2.23 There are 32 State Organization was set up in 1984 has been working in the Archeological Department recognized urban areas to create awareness among the public for the and 2 Archaeological Survey of India preservation of heritage, by acting as a pressure group 9 ~~~~~~whenever any part of it is threatened by damage or (ASI) recognized Heritage structures in destruction arising out of private acts or public policy. Along Prades. Whie therecogition with the help of Hyderabad Urban Development Authority Andhra Pradesh. While the recognition (HUDA) this NGO is listing of monuments has been criterion for both these organizations is undertaken in Hyderabad and other Districts. INTACH has in consistent principle of 1996 introduced the heritage awards scheme with a view to gulded by a consistent priciple of encourage the maintenance of heritage buildings. INTACH conserving built heritage, the has been organizing workshops and video presentations on difference lies in the monument cultural heritaae issues. referring to importance in the national heritage or regional heritage. Some efforts for 25 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrnental Assessrnerit Report conserving heritage in Andhra Pradesh have been made by other individual organizations like Indian National Trust for Art Culture and Heritage (INTACH) and Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) such as the listing the heritage structures in Hyderabad and introduction of INTACH Heritage Awards. 2.24 With regard to the cultural heritage and cultural property management the following steps been observed for consideration for better management of these issues. 4 There is a significant lack of follow-up and funding for the effective functioning of the various GOs in favour of heritage conservation 4 Accountability is an issue with no diminishing stakeholders. 4 One of the major issues that have adversely affected the agenda of the archaeology department is the shifting of its mantle from the higher education department to that of tourism & culture. v Repudiation of the urban arts commission into planning considerations resulting in unilateralism of the government v Lack of appropriate ownership 4 Sensitivity or identification of the general public with the culture of the region is not nurtured/ addressed 4 Incentive approach to heritage conservation not considered 4 Regulations and orders lack appropriate administrative framework. 2.25 Urban local bodies being more powerful and resourceful, from the administration point of view should be given the ownership of heritage structures so that any proposed development will also be in conjunction with conservation requirements. 2.3 URBANIZATION TRENDS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.26 The State of Andhra Pradesh came into existence in 1956, as a result of reorganization the states Act of 1956. The state with an area of 275, 068 sq. Km and is the fifth largest in the Indian union both in terms of area and population and ranks tenth in terms of its urban population. Since independence, considerable attention has been paid to the development of large, medium and small-scale industries in the districts of the state. This has resulted in the tremendous growth of urban population over the years. 2.3.1 URBAN POPULATION TRENDS 2.27 As per 2001 census data, the population of India is estimated 102.70 crores. Out of this 27.78 per cent, namely 28.53 crores lived in urban areas. With regard to Andhra Pradesh, the total population in 2001 is estimated at around 7.57 crores, with 2.05 crores - 27.08 per cent living in cities and towns. When observed across India the three most urbanized states are Goa, Mizoram and Tamilnadu, with 49.77 percent, 79.50 percent and 43.86 percent of their population living in urban areas respectively. Among the southern states, Tamilnadu is the most urbanized, followed by Karnataka (33.98%), Andhra Pradesh 27.08% and Kerala 25.97%. 2.28 At the time of the 1901 census, 9.65 of the total population in Andhra Pradesh lived in cities and towns as against 10.84% for India. The pace of urbanization in the Andhra Pradesh between 1901 and 2001 has more or less followed the pattern for the 26 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Servicos Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report country as a whole. At the 2001 census the proportion of population living in urban areas in the state stood at 27.08 % compared to 27.78 % for the country. Table 2.6 shows the trends in urbanization in Andhra Pradesh for the period 1901-2001. Table - 2.6: Trends in urbanization In Andhra Pradesh 1901 - 2001 Census Total number of Total Total urban Percent of urban Growth in urban year UAs/towns population population population population (%) 1901 116 19065921 1839750 9.65 1911 133 21447412 2165095 10.09 17.68 1921 153 21420448 2187317 10.21 1.03 1931 176 24203573 2694147 11.13 23.17 1941 212 27289340 3665928 13.43 36.07 1951 291 31115259 5420325 17.42 47.86 1961 223 35983447 6274508 17.44 15.76 1971 224 (4UAs) 43502708 8402527 19.31 33.92 1981 252 (4UAs) 53549673 12487576 23.32 48.62 1991 264 (15UAs) 66508008 17887126 26.89 43.24 2001 210 (37UAs) 75727541 20503597 27.08 14.63 Source: census of India, series-29 Andhra Pradesh - provisional population totals, paper-2 of 2001. 2.29 Table 2.7 shows the comparative pace of urbanization for Andhra Pradesh and India for 1901-2001. It can be seen from the table that, the pace of urbanization in Andhra Pradesh when compared to that of the total country does not show much difference and the pace is more or less similar to that of at the national level. Table - 2.7: Pace of urbanization (% of urban population to total population) for India and Andhra Pradesh 1901-2001 Census year India Andhra Pradesh 1901 10.84 9.65 1911 10.29 10.09 1921 11.18 10.211 1931 11.99 11.13 1941 13.86 13.43 1951 17.29 17.42 1961 17.97 17.44 1971 19.91 19.31 1981 23.34 23.32 1991 25.71 26.89 2001 27 78 27 08 Source census of India, series-29 Andhra Pradesh - provisional populaion tolals, paper-2 of 2001 2.30 The urban areas in Andhra Pradesh include municipal corporations, municipalities, Nagar Panchayat, cantonment boards, etc. In addition to these "statutory towns", two more urban units are recognized by the census organization, one known as census towns and outgrowths respectively. The villages satisfying the following criteria are treated as census towns: 4 It should contain a minimum population of 5000 4 At least 75 per cent of the male working population should be engaged in non- agricultural pursuits; and 4 Density of population should be 400 persons per square kilometers 2.31 An outgrowth is a village or a part thereof, which is immediately adjacent to a town and has urban characteristics but does not qualify to be a census town. A continuous urban spread consisting of a core statutory town and adjoining outgrowths or two or more physically contiguous towns together with their outgrowth, if any is called an Urban Agglomeration (UA). Table 2.8 shows the number of UAs and towns in Andhra Pradesh in 2001 grouped into different size classes. 27 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Table - 2.8: Classification of urban agglomerations/cities/towns according to size-class in Andhra Pradesh Class Population range No. of UAs and towns Class I 100000 and above 28 UAs and 11 towns Class II 50000 - 99999 8 UAs and 35 lowns Class III 20000 - 49999 1 UAs ana 45 towns Class IV 10000 - 19999 23 lowns Class V 5000 - 9999 20 towns Class VI Less than 5000 2 towns All classes 37 UAs and 136 lowns Source- census of India. seres-29 Andhra Pradesh - prov,sional populabon lolals. paper-2 of 2001 2.32 Table 2.9 shows the distribution of population by size class of UAs and towns for the period 1901-2001. It reflects the increasing concentration of population in agglomerations with more than 1 lakh population. Table - 2.9: Distribution of population by size class of towns in Andhra Pradesh 1901-2001 (No. in lakhs) Census year Class I Class II Class IlIl Class IV Class V Class VI 1901 4.48 0 4.22 5.51 4.17 0 1911 5.02 1.12 4.32 5.93 5.10 0.13 1921 4.05 1.71 4.54 5.71 5.26 0.57 1931 4.66 5.09 3.57 7.34 5.47 0.78 1941 7.39 7.39 5.67 7.26 8.83 0.09 1951 18.07 7.43 8.69 10.54 8.21 12.40 1961 27.63 5.93 14.23 9.49 5.42 0.02 1971 41.50 11.59 17.67 10.34 2.74 0.15 1981 70.09 20.08 24.24 8.75 1.53 0.14 1991 119.81 22.46 29.47 5.88 1.13 0.08 2001 154.40 28.59 17.11 3.46 1.38 0.07 Source: census of India, seres-29 Andhra Pradesh - provisional population totals, paper-2 of 2001. 2.33 The data on the pattern of urbanization in Andhra Pradesh suggests that the state is not a highly urbanized state. Empirical evidence suggests that the rate of urbanization goes up significantly as the threshold level of 25-30 percent is reached. Higher urbanization and concentration of population are bound to be associated with more problems in the cities and town, especially congestion and shortage of civic services and infrastructure. These call for proper planning and building of capacity for managing growth and civic service delivery. 2.34 Other Demographic details to the latest could not be detailed due to unavailability but details of the 1991 census are presented. Out of the total population of 66.5 millions as per 1991 census in the State, the population of children 0-14 age group was 36.02 per cent of the total population. The Population of age groups 60 and above according to the census was 6.80. The dependency ratio is generally defined as the ratio of persons in dependent ages (0-14 and 60+) to the persons in economically productive age groups (15- 59). In the State as a whole the dependency ratio was worked out to be 0.75 in 1991 Census. 2.35 More than any other demographic factor, the composition of the working force can convey a picture of the way of life of the people and their economic and social Organization. But from the demographic, point of view, the composition of the working force of a population is of major importance, for several economic and social characteristics of a population are more or less dependent on it. Apart from this is provides an index of economic development. 28 Andhra Pradeshi Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and EnvironrnEmtal Assessrment Report 2.36 The working population in 1991 was 299.63 lakhs forming 45.05 per cent of the total population. The percentage of male working population was 55.48 per cent in 1991 as against 57.68 in 1981. The work participation rate in the State (45.05) is far ahead of the work participation rate of All India (38.03). The proportion of cultivators among total main workers has declined from 32.72 per cent in 1981 to 27.74 percent in 1991. The 5 per cent decrease in the proportion of cultivators has almost been made up by 4 per cent in the proportion of agricultural labourers, which has increased from 36.79 per cent to 40.86 per cent. 2.3.2 EMPLOYMENT SITUATION 2.37 Under the Employment Market Information (EMI) Scheme, information is collected form Public Sector establishments and non-agricultural establishments employing 10 or more workers in the Primary Sector. Whereas data from all the establishments in the primary sector employing 25 or more persons were obtained statutorily under the provisions of the Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959. The data from non-agricultural establishments engaging 10 to 24 persons in the primary sector are collected on a voluntary basis. The Employment Market Information Scheme does not cover defence establishments, self-employed persons and establishments in the Private Sector employing less than 10 employees. 2.38 According to the EMI data, there were 20,195 establishments in the organized sector in Andhra Pradesh at the end of March 2000 employing 20.72 lakhs persons. Out of these establishments 13651 establishments were in the Public Sector and 6544 Establishments were in the Private Sector. The total employment in the organized sector in Andhra Pradesh under EMI Scheme increased from 20.50 lakhs at the end of March 1999 to 20.72 lakhs at the end of March 2000. Out of the total employment in the organized sector at the end of March 2000, Public Sector accounted for 15.03 lakhs and the remaining 5.69 lakh were employed in private sector. 2.39 During the period January to October 2000, a total no. of 3,10,315 candidates have enrolled their names at the employment exchanges in the state. During this period 9682 vacancies were notified to the employment exchanges, of which 4610 placements were effected accounting for 47.6 percent of the notification of vacancies. The total number of applicants on the live register of employment exchanges in the State as at the end of October 2000 stood at 31.32 lakhs. The educated unemployed in the State during this period were 27.72 lakhs and the rest 3.60 lakhs unskilled. 2.3.2.1 EMPLOYMENT ASSURANCE SCHEME 2.40 This scheme is also implemented on cost sharing basis between Centre and state Governments in the ratio of 75:25. The primary objective of the scheme is to provide gainful employment during the lean agricultural season in manual work to all able-bodied adults in rural areas who are in need and who are desirous of work but cannot find any. The secondary objective is the creation of economic infrastructure and Community assets for sustained employment and development. During the year 1999-2000 an amount of Rs.14595.07 lakhs was incurred (up to March'2000). 29 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report 2.3.2.2 CHIEF MINISTER'S EMPOWERMENT OF YOUTH 2.41 Chief Minister's Empowerment of Youth (CMEY) Programme an important sub- scheme of Youth Policy, containing various welfare measures for the youth of the State launched with effect from December 1,1996, has been initially taken up for implementation in two villages per mandal covering all the rural mandals of the State. Considering the over-whelming response received from the youth of the State and taking into account the demand from several youth associations of all other villages and urban areas of the State, the CMEY programme had been extended to all the rural as well as urban areas in the State. Table 2.10-:Emnp ment opportunities created under the CMEY programme Year Youth Associations Employment opportunities (in . __ _ ____ ______ _ _ __ _ .. i~~~~~~akh youth)_ _ 1996-1997 7122 0.57 1997-1998 ___ ___ 1999_2000 _ __ _ . _ _ _ _ __17743 1.42 2000-2001 16560 1.32 2.42 Based on the experience gained in the implementation of the CMEY during the years 1996-2000 and in view of the periodical survey report, it has been decided to launch Yuva Shakthi programme from 2000-2001 with amendments and improvements to the erstwhile CMEY programme throughout the state. Table 2.10 shows the employment opportunities created under CMEY programme. 2.3.3 LITERACY 2.43 One of the most important characteristics of population is literacy, which is a prerequisite for the overall development of the country, both socially and economically. The literacy rate for Andhra Pradesh as per the provisional population works out to 61.11 percent in 2001 as against 44.09 percent in 1991. The corresponding all India figures are 65.38 for 2001 and 52.21 in 1991. Among the males the literacy rate is around 70.85 as against 51.17 among females. When looking at the literacy rates in the urban areas the literacy rate among urban males is 83.21 as against 69.34 among urban females. What needs to be observed is that the literacy rate of Andhra Pradesh is lower than the all India literacy rate and the difference in the literacy rate in the rural and the urban between the male and female is very wide. 2.44 With regard to the literacy rates in the municipal corporations Warangal Municipal Corporation ranks first with a literacy rate of 81.63 percent followed by Vijayawada with 80.68%. Among the municipalities the least literacy rate has been recorded the least (72.4 1%) in the Kumool municipality. 2.45 The number of Primary schools in the state increased from 32556 in 1959-60 to 555398 in 1990-2000, while the Upper Primary schools increased from 817 in 1959-60 to 9530 in 1999-2000 and High Schools from 994 in 1959-60 to 9659 in 1999-2000. The enrolment of children in primary schools increased from 28.06 lakhs inl959-60 to 91.12 lakhs in 1999-2000, in Upper Primary Schools from 2.69 lakhs in 1959-60 to 19.62 lakhs in 1999-2000 and in the High schools from 2.21 lakhs in 1959.60 to 18.95 lakhs in 1999- 2000. The Gross enrolment ratio in primary schools in the state has increased from 64.12 in 1959.60 to 96.89 in 1998-99. As regards the dropouts it is more than 40 per cent. 30 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mlunicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 2.46 The number of teachers in the primary schools increased from 0.77 lakhs in 1959- 60 to 1.37 lakhs in 1999-2000. Whereas in upper primary schools, it has increased from 7737 in 1959-60 to 69117 in 1999-2000 and in High Schools from 22193 to 1.23 lakhs respectively. 2.3.4 URBANIZATION AND POVERTY 2.47 Urbanization brings in its wake, a multitude of problems affecting the quality of life of people living in the urban areas. Relatively speaking, though the quality of life is better in urban areas when compared to rural areas, there is much to be desired on various parameters. More importantly, urbanization puts extreme pressure on urban local bodies both in terms of governance as well as provision of services including basic needs like housing, water, sanitation, education, health etc., which affect the quality of life of the urban people. One major problem reflecting in the urban area is poverty because of scarcity of land or because of non-availability of developed land or because of excessive land costs. The migrants settle down on whatever land is available either belonging to the government or private agencies, leading to formation of slums and blighted areas. Though not all those living in these slums are poor, a majority of them can be categorized as poor while some of them are extremely poor. 2.48 Levels of poverty are compounded based on the caloric requirements of the rural and urban people. Based on this, the planning commission estimated in 1987-88 that about 25 percent of the urban people in Andhra Pradesh live below the poverty line. However, the expert group under the chairmanship of Prof. Lakadawala, constituted by the planning commission, government of India, however, estimated that about 42 percent of the urban people in Andhra Pradesh are living below the poverty line. 2.3.5 VULNERABLE GROUPS 2.49 In a BPL survey conducted by the Directorate of Municipal Administration in 1997-1998, in Andhra Pradesh, when observed across the towns and municipal corporations, indicates that around 35,39,292 people are living under the poverty line compared to the total population of around 1,78,79,067. The total percentage of BPL population in these towns is around 19.87 with Class - III towns having the highest BPL population with 37.05 percent followed by Class - 11 (24.77%). The percentage of BPL population in the Class - I towns (17.82%) and the Municipal Corporations (17.01) is more or less equal. With regard to the number of alums in the tows and the corporations it is seen that the highest number of slums are in the Class - I towns (1739), followed by Municipal Corporations (1527), Class - 11 (1447) and Class - III towns (639) and the slum population is the highest in the Municipal Corporations (20,63,806). Table 2.11 gives the details of BPL and slum population status in Andhra Pradesh. Table - 2.11: Population Below Poverty Line, No. of slums & slum population Category Population Population below % of BPL No. of slums Slum population 2001 poverty line 1997 population 1998 Class-I 6647108 1184415 17.82 1739 1625781 Class - II 3142115 778365 24.77 1447 1209800 Class- lil 1059032 392411 37.05 639 467362 31 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services ',- l Social and Enviror,nmenital Assessment Report Table - 2.11: Population Below Poverty Line, No. of slums & slum population Category Population Population below % of BPL No. of slums E Slum population 2001 poverty line 1997 population 1998 M. Corporation 6960812 1184101 17.01 1527 2063806 Total 17809067 3539292 19.87 5352 5366749 Source: Directorate of Municipal Administration; BPL survey 1998; Census, 2001 Note: Since the provisional 2001 Census does not provide the slum population and the BPL population, the most recently available data has been shown in this table. 2.50 Table - 2.12 gives the details of the other vulnerable groups in the urban areas. Of the total population of the people below poverty line the total population of women is around 23.57 percent. The total Scheduled Caste (9.71%), Scheduled Tribe (2.67%) and Disabled persons (1.89%) population when compared to women is very low. When observed across the towns and municipal corporations the population of women and the Scheduled castes who fall below the poverty line does not vary much. The Scheduled Tribe population however is considerable high in the Class - 1 (3.15%), Class - 11 (5.12%) and Class - III (4.23%) towns when compared to the municipal corporations (0.01%). The population of disabled persons in higher (4.22%) in the Class - II towns when compared to other categories listed in the table. Table - 2.12: Composition of population below poverty line Category Population below poverty line No. anI percentage of popula ion below poverty Iine 1997 Women SC ST Disabled No. % No. % No. % No. % Class - I 1184415 372080 31.41 175601 14.82 37272 3.15 30640 2.59 Class - II 778365 283734 36.45 112133 14.41 40567 5.21 32865 4.22 Class - IlIl 392411 132760 33.83 53151 13.54 16613 4.23 3063 0.78 M. Corporation 1184101 45743 3.86 2628 0.22 150 0.01 468 0.04 Total 3539292 834317 1 23.57 343513 9.71 94602 2.67 67036 1.89 Source: Directorate of Municipal Administration, BPL survey, 1997 Note: Since the provisional 2001 census does not provide the slum population and the BPL population, the most recently available data has been shown in this table. 2.3.5.1 WOMEN IN URBAN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.51 Gender equality is an ideal being actively promoted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Recognition of the need to improve the status of women and to promote their potential role in development is an issue of human rights and social justice. Investment in women is now recognized as crucial to achieving sustainable development. Economic analyses recognize that low levels of education and training, poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources not only depress the quality of life of a woman, but also limit productivity, and hinder the efficiency and growth of the economy as a whole. In view of this, an attempt is made to review some of the initiatives undertaken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Vision 2020 2.52 Vision 2020 is the guiding policy document for the Government of Andhra Pradesh. It states that empowering women is critical to achieving the transition to development. Therefore, empowering women, by building awareness of gender issues and providing them with education, health and employment opportunities, is central to the achievement of the Vision 2020 goals. However, Vision 2020 does not give many details of how initiatives for empowering women are to be implemented. The only initiative that 32 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessrment Report receives some attention is the reproductive health of women and girls The activities suggested to improve women's health are the setting up of mobile health units and have visiting female gynaecologists provide for those women who cannot visit either the primary health centres or referral hospitals. Other issues, such as education and employment, are not addressed. Integrated Child Development Services 2.53 In Andhra Pradesh the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme addresses the nutritional needs of the pre-school child and the pregnant and nursing mother and some pre-school education needs. In poor areas, committees have been established of mothers and caters - that is nursery nurses or kindergarten teachers - to identify the needs of mother and child in that area and to supervise the use of resources offered to the community. The World Bank has supported the programme and the programme now covers approximately nearly half of the potential target population. This intervention is generally acclaimed as a success. Girl Child 2.54 To improve the female / male ratio the Department has a range of interventions to support the girl child's right to life, education and livelihood opportunities. These interventions include the Girl Protection Scheme, the Girl Safety and Development Programme, the Adolescent Girl Safety and Development Programme. The interventions offer, inter alia, financial support to girls in the BPL population at key stages in their lives and skills training opportunities. Mobilization - Women's Agency 2.55 A manifestation of the increasing focus by government on women is the increase in the number of development schemes aimed specifically at women. These include different kinds of skills training, credit programmes, and employment schemes - referred to as income generating schemes when they are for women. 2.56 The Constitution 74th (Amendment) Act, 1992 envisages a critical role for elected municipal governments in the provision of basic services to the residents. The Act incorporates a 12th Schedule containing an illustrative list of municipal functions. Slum improvement, slum up-gradation and urban poverty alleviation are considered as legitimate functions of the municipal authorities. The Government of India has taken up a large number of programs in the urban and rural sector and launched Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) in 1997 to cover the urban poor. 2.57 SJSRY had specific guidelines for identifying beneficiaries for specific loan assistance for income generation under the scheme and its main focus was economic empowerment. It prescribed the appointment of a Community Organizer (CO) for every 2000 families, and a Project Officer (PO) in charge of an Urban Poverty Eradication Cell to be set up in every municipality. Community Structures were first set up under the Urban Basic Services Program (UBSP) inl992, but the SJSRY made it mandatory for every municipality to set up an elaborate community structure starting at the slum level and ending in the formation of an apex body at town level called the Community Development 33 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Society (CDS). The CDS is a formal association of the Neighbourhood Committees (NHGs) in a town. The conveners of the NHG committees must be women Resident Community Volunteers (RCVs) from BPL families. The CDS may set themselves up as Thrift and Credit societies to encourage community savings, as also other group activities. However, they may also be set up separate from the CDS as well. 2.58 The CDS as it is structured in Andhra Pradesh at present, engages in mobilizing women into the thrift and credit program and there are a large number of these groups in the towns today. The T&C program is envisaged to offer large numbers of women an opportunity to forge an identity for themselves, and to provide a platform for them to interface with officials of the government and municipalities in towns. A mandated sum of Rs. 30/- is supposed to be saved by the members every month and the savings have to be deposited in a bank. They receive revolving fund from the government and the money is lent to members for various purposes. This program is designed with the concept of "self-help" where women are self-reliant without being dependent on the moneylenders for personal and productive loans. DWACUA 2.59 This scheme is distinguished by the special incentive extended to urban poor women who decide to set up self-employment ventures in a group as opposed to individual effort. Groups of urban poor women take up an economic activity suited to their skill, training, aptitude, and local conditions. Besides generation of income, this group strategy shall strive to empower the urban poor women by making them independent, while providing a facilitating atmosphere for self-employment. To be eligible for subsidy under this scheme, the DWCUA group should consist of a minimum of 10 urban poor women. Before starting income generating activity the group members get to know each other well, understand the group strategy, and also recognize the strength and potential of each member of the group. The group selects an organizer from amongst the members. The group also selects its own activity. As far as possible, activities are selected out of an identified shelf of projects for that area maintained by the town Urban Poverty Eradication Cell. Issues for Discussion 2.60 The review of the gender literature undertaken for this section suggests that the discussion on gender has not transcended beyond women as consumers of programs and agents for implementing programs. There is a tendency, even though the term gender is commonly substituted for 'women,' for organizations professing to have a gender perspective, to be organizations working with women, but without clearly articulated goals to address gender relations or to work towards long term institutional or social change in women's interests. Focusing on working with women also tends to lead to a homogenization of women's interests across religion, caste, class and other differences. Some mainstream programs and projects are attempting to improve their gender sensitivity by increasing the proportion of women beneficiaries rather than by rethinking existing programs. 2.61 Empowerment is seen as possible through social mobilization of women into self- help groups (SHGs). Empowerment is envisaged as a collective process where women 34 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforns and Minicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report mobilize themselves into self-help groups and strengthen their 'livelihoods' and 'capacities.' Major development programmes in Andhra - Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Project (APRLP), Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Program (APRPRP) focus on social 'mobilization,' that is, mobilizing women through self-help groups. The notion of self-help started with the success of SEWA in Ahmedabad and it has spread rapidly. Today, most of the development programs work with SHGs, whether it is for the allotment of Community Investment Funds (CIF) by APRPRP, or Watershed contract works to SHGs in Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), or for the allotment of infrastructure works in the urban programmes to CDS members in APUSP, and for the Rice Credit Line (RCL- APRPRP). A strategy for women must ensure that the involvement of women is leading to their empowerment and it is not merely adding to the double burden of work within and outside home. Situational Analysis of Women in Andhra Pradesh 2.62 In the earlier studies conducted under APUSP with communities, especially in towns like Adoni, Tenali and Vijayanagaram it is found that most women, from poor communities were found engaged in low productive and wage earning occupations as house maids, rag pickers, sanitation workers, beedi/agarbatti workers and other home- based labour, and as vegetable, flower, and fruit vendors. These occupations are characterized by long work hours and poor conditions, often detrimental to the health of the workers. Self-employed workers lack managerial and negotiating skills, and confidence in the market place. The meagre earnings and savings of these women are rarely adequate for productive investments and only address the immediate needs of the family. The following were the findings, which also throw light on the access to various facilities to women in urban areas. 2.63 It is well established that poverty has a differential impact on men and women. Both poor men and women are denied access to education, health services, skills, employment opportunities, and most often own no assets like housing and land. However, women suffer additionally from social insecurity in domestic and public spheres, and the double burden of productive and reproductive labour. It is evident from the field survey that women from disadvantaged groups, such as dalits, tribals and muslims, are the worst affected by poverty. In order to understand women's issues in any given context it is necessary to look at a) productive labour b) access to resources c) security d) reproductive labour and e) mobilization. Access to Resources 2.64 Increasing access to human resources such as health, education and skills; tangible resources such as money and assets; and intangible resources, such as information, contacts and solidarity, is an essential element of any anti-poverty strategy. Health 2.65 Lack of health care is a major issue of concern for poor women. Urban Health Centres are focused on primary and maternal health and childcare. Discussions with women doctors, NGOs, and women from the communities showed that the needs of adolescent girls and the general health of women of all ages are not addressed by the 35 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrmnent Report health care system. The doctors also pointed out that anaemia and gynaecological infections have become endemic. Literacy and Education 2.66 Discussions with the women in the community, CDS, and women councilors revealed the necessity for adult literacy programmes. The tradition of taking girls out of school after puberty still continues and is also an issue that needs attention. 2.67 There is a marked change in the community's thinking regarding children's education. This is evident from the field survey where several women expressed their desire for good quality education for children. In some instances women talked about the poor standards of education in municipal schools and their inability to send children to 'good' private schools. It was evident from the discussions that when people earn better wages one of their first investment priorities is their children's education. Municipal schools cater to the education needs of children from poor families, but lack basic facilities like toilets and drinking water. There is a shortage of teachers in the schools. The municipal school in Adoni, for example, has only one teacher for 120 children. Skills 2.68 Skill acquirement through training had been possible for a selected few, but in most cases there has been no follow up. Interviewees considered that training programmes are never taken to their logical conclusions. Potential beneficiaries are informed of the various schemes but do not know how they actually function. Often, the problem with schemes seems to be the limited number of places available. Credit 2.69 In almost all the towns visited women talked about their inability to access credit for productive purposes. With a few exceptions, the DWACUA groups reported unsuccessful attempts at getting credit from banks. This was despite the support and recommendation of Government officials and politicians. Security 2.70 Discussions with women revealed that social insecurity of single women is high. Domestic violence is a major concern for women in all the towns. According to the Municipal Standing Council of Adoni, 70% of poor women are victims of domestic violence. The incidence of domestic violence was reported across class and caste in several interviews. 2.71 Women face both economic and social insecurity. In the absence of stable wage employment, women often shoulder the burden of providing for and managing households. The incidence of women-managed households is estimated at 25 to 30 per cent. The reasons for women slipping into poverty and remaining in poverty are varied and include desertion, migration, death of husband, and, in many instances, male unemployment. Their vulnerability increases with ill health, domestic violence and lack of access to support systems. Sexual harassment was an issue that could not be openly 36 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report discussed and in a few instances, the discussion on sexual harassment revealed the problems experienced by single women. Mobilization 2.72 Mobilization of poor women in urban areas started with the introduction of the UBSP programme in 1992 in 16 towns in Andhra Pradesh. The programme opened up a space for women in slums to mobilize and articulate the need for community resources like water and sanitation. As part of UBSP, aniyatara vidya kendras were established for adult education, enabling women to express their needs in the community. Under UBSP, the issue of community participation acquired a new dimension. Participation of women in the ward sabhas increased to 50 to 70 per cent (Source: Personal interview: Municipal Standing Counsel, Adoni -APUSP). The community's awareness of various government schemes has increased. The programmes enhanced the level of confidence in women and helped them enter into the public sphere. Poor women appeared before the government functionaries to express their needs, something that had never happened before. Today poor women interface with officials of various line departments. The interaction ranges from availing widow's pensions, registering thrift and credit groups, to participating in government programs like janmabhoomi, pulse polio, neerumiru, akshara vijayam, clean and green. 2.73 Women were also mobilized and given training in agarbathi making, cane furniture making, embroidery, tailoring, mirror work etc. However, there is dissatisfaction expressed in several towns regarding lack of follow up and efforts to provide credit links and market support. As a result, many of those who received the training remain unengaged in income earning activities. As part of the programme, community centres were constructed, which played a crucial role in bringing women together and getting them involved in activities. The women of Santhi Nagar slum in Vijayanagaram still carry the spirit of the programme. 2.74 The study also indicates that in the six towns visited under the study there are 5,590 T&C groups and 120 DWACUA groups formed by women. Discussions with women in the towns revealed that women from dalit and tribal settlements still remain largely outside the programme. They are too poor to save consistently to be part of the T&C groups. For the functioning groups, access to subsidies of a thousand rupees per member in the form of a revolving fund provides an opportunity for accessing schemes such as gas connections. The T&C groups are successful in providing small personal loans for consumption and during times of illness. Though the T&C groups seem to have given an identity for women in the community, they have not yet succeeded in getting the groups on to better positions of assertion and organization. 2.3.5.2 BACKWARD CLASSES 2.75 In Andhra Pradesh, backward classes constitute a little over 37 per cent of the State population of 746 lakhs (projected to 1998). More importantly a near 66 percent of the BC population or 187 lakhs fall under 63 Communities pursing traditional activities as cattle and sheep rearing, toddy tapping, earth works, fishing, weaving, goldsmiths, black smithy, brass smith, carpentry, stone carving, laundry, pottery, oil pressing, basketry, hair dressing, tailoring and dyeing etc. 37 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Pro,ect Social and Environmental Assessment Report Access to Education 2.76 To enable better educational facilities to the backward classes the state government has opened various hostel and boarding facilities in the urban areas and the rural areas. BC hostels are opened for providing free boarding and lodging to enable BC students to pursue their studies. They are also paid scholarships and specific steps have been taken to girl children. All these hostels have a combination of 76 percent BC Classes, 10 percent SC, 5 percent ST, 3 percent Minorities and 65 other castes for the purpose of social integration. 2.77 The Andhra Pradesh Table - 2.13: Number of Beneficiaries covered BCCFC Backward Classes Co-operative Year No. of beneficiaries covered Finance Corporation (BCCFC) 1995-96 30407 implements economic support 1996-97 36236 schemes for the upliftment of poor 1997-98 66986 BCs who are living below poverty 199899 17403 line. Margin money loan Up to 20 51999-9 5482 per cent of the unit cost is 99I sanctioned to beneficiaries in the schemes tie up with Bank loans. The performance during the last five years is as follows. (Table - 2.13) 2.78 The corporation is also implementing the economic support schemes with term loan assistance of National Backward Classes Finance Development Corporation (NBCFDC), New Delhi. The progress during the last five years is as follows. 2.3.5.3 MINORITY WELFARE 2.79 India is a vast nation with the fabric of its society being inter-woven with many cultures, religions and ways of life. As a secular country, it has always been the effort of the government to carry out its entire people on the path of progress. The Government of Andhra Pradesh has always laid emphasis on the progress and empowerment of minorities. Many schemes and policies have been put in place to ensure this under the aegis of the Minorities Finance Corporation. The intricately woven cobweb of poverty, ignorance and diffidence will have to be overcome. The advancement of the minorities would require attention from various angles. The various components that would necessarily usher in confidence among the minorities would include economic development, education eradicating a sense of discrimination promotion and development of their peculiar cultures and language such as Urdu, protection and development of properties such as Wakf and Church's social and cultural development and very particularly thrust on minority women development. 2.80 The state has set-up Moulana Azad Urdu University and has made Urdu as the Official language in 12 districts. 11 per cent of the population, as per the 1991 Census, belongs to the Minorities. A large segment of them are living below the poverty line. The share of minorities in different economic support schemes has been very low as against the population proportion. The Minorities in general and the women counterparts in particular have been highly backward, both educationally and economically. In order to give 38 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report exclusive attention to their problems and to find solution, in a coordinative manner, the Government announced its policies for advancement of minorities as early as in February 1996. They are as given below: - Government has issued orders for 10 percent representation for minorities in Housing. The District Collectors will allot houses to minorities. Orders issued for 10 percent representation for minorities in Economic Support Schemes. v Urdu has been declared as second official language in 8 districts of the State and representations are under consideration for Urdu as second official language in the remaining districts v Three I.T.I.s have been established for the minority students of which 30 percent seats reserved for girls v Three Polytechnics haven been established for the minority students 4 A scheme called DOMUA on the lines of DWACRA is implemented for the development of minorities in urban areas 4 Construction of Shadikhanas is in progress in a phased manner duly providing sufficient funds for execution of work at Mandal and District level through A.P.I.I.C., R&B Departments * The work of reconciliation if Wakf and revenue records are in progress. The matter has been discussed in the District Collectors Conference for early completion of works. The Government have decided to nominate minorities to various posts to all discretionary appointments 4 The Draft bill for providing statutory status to A.P. minorities Commission has received the assent of the Honorable President of India. A Legislative Committee on welfare of minorities has been constituted to oversee the implementation of programs for the welfare of minorities. 4 A new demand for the budget exclusively for Minorities Welfare Department has been opened 2.3.5.4 TRIBAL WELFARE 2.81 The total Tribal population of Andhra Pradesh according to 1991 Census is 41.99 lakhs constituting about 6.30 percent of the total population of the State. The Scheduled Areas extend over 31,485.34 sq.kms, which is about 11 percent of total area of the State 5936 villages distributed in Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Adilabad and Mahaboobnagar districts. There are no scheduled areas in the other districts. 2.82 There are 33 Scheduled Tribal Communities living in the State. Of the 41.99 lakhs Tribal population, 26.05 lakhs are found in the above-mentioned 9 districts. The remaining tribal population of 15.94 lakhs is distributed in the other districts. It is important to note that the tribal population in the urban areas is very minimal and most of them are in the rural towns and rural areas that are nearer to the areas protected for the tribal communities. Most of the areas inhabited by primitive tribal groups and the remote areas, institutions like ITDA and MADA are by and large lacking in necessary infrastructural facilities required for a minimum standard of living. 2.83 The availability of infrastructure facilities in the tribal areas is far below the State and National average. As against the General Literacy rate of 44.09, the literacy rate 39 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report amongst the tribal is 17.16 and amongst Tribal women it is 8.68 as per 1991 census. The poor infrastructural facilities, the overall backwardness of these areas coupled with poor literacy rate has also resulted in increased exploitation of the tribals. Govemment accord high priority to the accelerated development of tribals by implementing the welfare and developmental programs, which help the tribals lead a better, qualify of life in terms of health, nutrition, education and employment etc. 2.84 Education is a pre-requisite for development of any society and is therefore, given highest importance. The programmes under this sector envisage provision of incentives to students by way of free boarding and lodging for hostlers and package of incentives like supply of text-books, note-books, dresses etc. It is proposed to continue efforts of Government to improve access of tribal children to schools, measures for retaining them in the schools and to reduce drop out rates. Particular attention is being paid for providing greater access to girl children and also for encouraging higher education among girls and primitive tribals. As envisioned 912 ongoing community schools were maintained besides establishing 411 Community Schools. So far 256 schools were provided with additional accommodation and 3058 schools were provided with teaching, learning material and additional teaching, learning material. Nearly 28401 children were additionally enrolled to the schools. Further 2373 habitations were covered by enrolment drive/Kalajathas and Midday Meal Programme has covered 2360 schools. 2.85 The habitation pattern in the Table 2.14: Ashram Schools in Andhra Pradesh tribal areas has necessitated opening of Year No. of Ashram Schools Strength (Number) Ashram schools. In sparsely populated 1997-98 451 74,627 areas, clusters of hamlets and villages --1998-99 451 74,627 are identified and ashram schools are 1999-2000 501 79,627 opened. The details of number of - Source: Commissioner of Tribal Welfare, Government of A.P. ashram schools and strength are as . .. follows. (Table - 2.14) Table 2.15: Scheduled Tribe Hostels in Andhra Pradesh 2.86 There are 505 hostels Year No of Hostels Strength (number) providing residential facilities for 1996-97 505 65,202 ST student during 1999-2000 with 1997-98 505 66,443 strength of 71493 boarders. The 1998-99 505 66,443 details of hostels maintained and 1999-2000 505 71,443 the strength of students are given Source: Commissioner of Tribal Welfare, Govemment of Andhra below. (Table - 2.15) Pradesh, Hyderabad 2.87 There are approximately 10 lakhs Scheduled Tribes families in Andhra Pradesh. Out of them about 5 lakh ST families live in 12403 habitations in the 9 ITDAs i.e., Seethampeta, Parvathipuram, Paderu, R.C.Varam, K.R.Puram, Bhadrachalam, Euturunagaram, Utnoor, and Srisailam. The state Government has proposed to assist 2.5 Scheduled Tribes families under various social and economic upliftment programs to be known as Chaitanyam. 40 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mlunicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrnent Report 2.3.5.5 SCHEDULED CASTES 2.88 In Andhra Pradesh, the SCs constitute around 16percent of the total population, according to the 1991 census. Due to their poor economic status most of them migrate to the urban areas and a large number of the SC populations is fund in the slums in the urban areas. Most of the SCs in the towns are involved in petty works and manual labour and most of them lack access to various facilities and benefits. To overcome this, the government is addressing their problems through the Social Welfare Department. Education 2.89 As per 1991 Census the literacy rate among SCs is only 31.56 per cent against the State generally literacy rate of 44 per cent. Even though a large number of school age children among SCs are being enrolled in schools, the dropout rate of SC children in schools at primary level during 1998-99 is 51.48 per cent. Unless all the school age children are enrolled and the dropout rate is arrested, it would not be possible to improve the literacy rate on par with the general categories. The school age children from poor SC families are not being sent to school because of the tendency of some of the parents to utilize the services of their children at their tender age, in order to augment their family income. 2.90 At present there are 2210 hostels (Boys 1677 and Girls 533) in the state with sanctioned strength of 2.46 lakhs at the rate of 100 per each hostel. There has been considerable improvement in the result of 10th class in social welfare hostels. During March 2000 it was 51.89 per cent as against the state average of 54.48 per cent. This improvement could be possible due to the efforts made by the district functionaries and also due to organizing special hostels by providing special coaching in English, mathematics and science through experienced and dedicated teachers and supply of study material like work book, book banks and study magazines like "Patasala" etc. 2.91 The Government sanctioned a pilot project of the Back to School Programme for SC working children who have either never attended the school or have been dropouts and to prepare them for admission into schools depending on their age, their capacity to learn and reach the required academic standards. During 1998-99 this programme was organized in 1061 centers and coaching was given to 1,20,626 children of which 1,00,894 were admitted in schools out of which 49,872, children were provided admission in S.W/S.T./B.C.W Hotels. Since inception of the scheme 3,19,980 children were retained in schools out of 4,10,471 children admitted in schools. Housing 2.92 The scheme of acquisition of private land for providing house sites to SC, ST, BC and other poor people free of cost has been one of the important welfare measures undertaken by the government. So fare 10,09,723 beneficiaries have been distributed house site pattas. 41 Andhra Pradesh Urban Refornis and Municipal Services 'l r Social and Environrnental Assessrnent Report Pensions 2.93 Destitute widows whose annual income is less than Rs. 1800/- and who are below 65 years of age are eligible for widow pensions. They are sanctioned Rs.50/- per month towards pension. 2.3.5.6 DISABLED WELFARE 2.94 According to 1991 Sample Survey conducted by N.S.S the population of the disabled persons (excluding Mentally Disabled) in the state was estimated at 12.72 lakhs accounting for 3 percent of total population of the state. 2.95 The Disabled Welfare Department of the Government which came into being in 1983 has been implementing schemes for the welfare, development, education and technical skills of the persons with disabilities such as orthapaedically disabled, visually disabled, hearing impaired, mentally disabled and leprosy cured persons. Education being the main concern around 41 homes and hostels, 11 residential schools are being run by the Department. 2.96 Government of Andhra Pradesh has released two policy documents for disabled people viz. Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Cheyutha 1998-2000) and State Action Plan for Persons with Disabilities on Welfare of Disabled covering all provision made in the persons with Disabilities Act, 1995. Under special recruitment drives launched in the year 1992 in order to fill up 3 per cent vacancies reserved for disabled, as many as 694 posts in different cadres have been filled up with persons with disabilities. 2.97 For the first time in the country, the State of Andhra Pradesh has introduced welfare programmes for disabled persons "Cheyutha" on mass scale in 7th and 13th round of Janmabhoomi programmes and assets worth Rs, 21.42 crores were distributed towards supply of aids and appliances, marriage incentive awards, unemployment allowance, scholarships, Economic Rehabilitation Scheme besides conducting surgical corrections. 2.98 At present 41 homes and hostels and 11 residential schools are functioning in the state with a sanctioned strength of 3050 boarders / inmates. Free boarding and lodging facilities are provided to the boarders and inmates. They are also provided with various facilities from books to other required facilities with scholarships. 2.3.6 STRUCTURE OF ECONOMY 2.99 Table 2.16 shows the percentage contribution of various sectors to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in Andhra Pradesh. As may be seen the share of agriculture and allied activities in GSDP is gradually decreasing while that for the tertiary sector is on a rising trend. Judging by international experiences, employment is bound to shift from agriculture to manufacturing and service sectors as the inevitable structural transformation of the economy takes place. The implication is that as time proceeds with the shift in the location of economic activities, especially the concentration of services in the urban areas, there will be a shift of population from rural areas to cities and towns. The capacity of planners and policy-makers to deal with this inevitable structural transformation ought to be a matter of concern. 42 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report Table - 2.16: Sectoral contributions in gross state do-mestic product (at constant 1993-94 prices) Andhra Pradesh 1993-2001 Si. No Industry classification 1993-94 1995-96 1997-98 1999-2000 2001-2002 1 2 3 5 7 11 1 Primary sector 1. _ giutre 24.62 r 2.7 116 17.79 17.15 1.2 Livestock 5.49 6.04 5.94 6.27 7.09 1.3 Forestry & loaaina 1.16 1.07 0.98 0.93 0.87 1.4 Fishin_ 2.03 1.97 2.08 2.32 2.47 1.5 Minng & quarying 2.44 2.26 2.52 2.62 2.79 Sub total: primary (1.1 to 1.5) 35.73 33.32 28.68 29.94 30.37 2 Secondary-sector 2.1 _ M nufacturing - __ _ 2.2 Registered 9.82 10.36 11.00 9.85 8.93 2.3 Un-registered 4.65 5.33 5.52 5.00 4.93 ElBectricity, gas & water 2.49 2.69 2.84 2.92 2.67 2.4 supply _ ___ _ ____._ _ __ _ 2.5 Construction - 4.96 5.17 5.66 5.71 5.96 Sub total: secondary (2.1 to 2.5) ~~~~~~~~21.92 i 23.55 25.02 -~ 23.48 22.49 31 Tertiary sector 3.1__ Trade, hotel & restaurants 13.07 - 13.59 13.59 13.42 12.98 Transport, storage & 3-- 2_communications_ Railways 1.55 1.58 1.74 1.58 1.58 Transport by other means & 3.88 3.93 4.05 3.84 3.85 3.4 storage__ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3.5 Communications 1.08 1.23 1.73 2.07 2.53 Financing, insurance, real 3.6 estate & business service 3.7 Banking_& nsurance 3.53 3.89 4.84 5.06 1 4.82 38 Real estate, ownership of 66 .1 67 .568 3.8 dwellings & business service 6.61 6.41 6.75 6_65 6_81 3.9 Community, social & personal services 3.10 Public administration 4.32 4.32 4.63 4.83 5.05 3.11 Other services 8.30 8.19 8.97 9.13 9.51 Sub total: tertiary (3.1 to 42.35 43.14 46.30 46.58 47.14 R: revise estimates Q: quick estimates Source: State Domestic Product of Andhra Pradesh (1993-94 to 2001-2002), Directorate of Economics & Statistics, and Govemment of Andhra Pradesh, 2003. 2.3.7 AGGLOMERATION & CONGESTION 2.100 It is generally agreed that the proximity of firms, individuals and institutions, made possible by urbanization, gives rise to agglomeration economies. These economies play an important role in reducing the costs of new firms as they enter the manufacturing and service worlds. Urban economists distinguish between two types of agglomeration economies: localization and urbanization. Localization economies arise from the co- location of firms in the same industry or local concentration of a particular activity. They are external to firms but internal to the industry concerned. Urbanization economies occur from the increased scale of the entire urban economy. They are external to both firms and industry. 2.101 Localization economies in urban areas result from the backward and forward linkages between economic activities. When the scale of an activity expands, the production of many intermediate services: financial, legal, consultancy, repairs and parts, advertising, etc., which feed on such activity, become profitable. Activities like banking and insurance are known for economies of scale. One obvious agglomeration advantage is 43 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report the reduction in transportation and communication costs due to geographical proximity. There are many other important economies associated with urbanization. For example, the concentration of workers with a variety of special skills may lead to labour market economies through a reduction in recruitment and training costs to firms. 2.102 Urbanization economies result due to the concentration of population leading to larger, nearer and more diverse markets, enabling greater division of labour. These economies occur to all firms located in an urban area and not limited to any particular group. A large concentration of firms and individuals results in the reduction of goods delivery and transaction costs, benefits of face-to-face contact, sharing of risks and access to wider choices. Larger urban areas often provide better matching of skills to jobs and reduce the job search costs. The provision of urban infrastructure and services: water supply, sewerage, transport, solid waste management etc. involves economies of scale and these facilities become financially viable only if the tax-sharing population exceeds a certain threshold. Cities offer retums to scale, scope and sharing. 2.103 The economies from urbanization are, however, not without limitations. The disadvantages of agglomeration - known as congestion diseconomies - include shortage and high cost of housing, overcrowding, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, deterioration in civic services, poverty, crime, social unrest, etc. Appropriate polices are required to minimize and effectively manage these congestion diseconomies. These may include effective urban population control, regulation and management of urban growth, deconcentration and decongestion programmes and better municipal management. 2.104 The presence of external economies of agglomeration and external diseconomies of congestion suggest a need for internalizing the benefits and costs of urbanization though planned development. The process of urbanization cannot be stopped and any attempt to control the same is bound to fail as seen from international experience. Given this fact, building the capacity of urban institutions to plan for and manage growth is important. The main planks of urban policy perhaps should be the exploitation of agglomeration economies, augmentation and sustaining of the high productivity of cities, minimization of congestion diseconomies and effective management of the problems of urban growth, environment and poverty, which accompany urbanization. The forces of agglomeration do contain hidden resources to meet the demands of economic growth and population concentration. Urbanization poses both challenges and opportunities. 2.105 The problem of urbanization can be viewed as one of management. In this regard, the role of integrated regional and urban planning, strategy to facilitate housing and infrastructure development, effective service delivery with participatory municipal management, environmental protection and urban poverty alleviation are of critical importance. 2.4 CRITICAL URBAN AND CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE 2.106 The growing pace of urbanization has brought in its wake an increasing demand for all types of Urban Infrastructure services. Various external funding agencies and agencies like HUDCO are significant contributors to the urban infrastructure sector. In view of this the Government of Andhra Pradesh was embarked upon works like road widening programme on important traffic corridors and "Clean and Green Programme" all 44 Anclhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mujnicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report over the State and also Since the municipal existence depends on maintaining a functioning environment of air, water, drainage, waste disposal, energy resources, transportation and communication and keeping in tune with the programs of Government of Andhra Pradesh, the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad and other municipalities have successfully addressed this problem by utilizing the present capacities and newly introduced programmes like the APUSP etc. The following paragraphs will give a brief insight into the infrastructure in the urban areas. 2.4.1 WATER SUPPLY 2.107 In urban areas the responsibility of providing water supply and sanitation facilities is that of respective local bodies. However in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad the responsibility lies with Hyderabad metro water supply and sewerage board (HMWS&SB). The board is in charge of water supply and sewerage systems of 169 kms of metropolitan area of Hyderabad. With the introduction of modem methods and systems the HMWS&SB, Hyderabad is in a position to undertake and implement water supply and sewerage schemes efficiently. 2.108 During 1999 in the state as whole 109 municipalities and 6 municipal corporations were covered under water supply schemes. Table - 2.17 gives the state of water supply schemes in urban towns of Andhra Pradesh from 1991 to 1999. Table -2.17: Status of water supply in urban towns of Andhra Pradesh 1991-99 No. Of Population Tota quatit S. Year mno.paite Ofr as9 Schemes Bore wells (hand pumps) Ttlqatt 1 1991 1 113 10092723 1913.028 1132.82 19230 311.52 1444.34 2 1992 113 10092723 1913.028 1209.56 19759 376.00 1585.56 3 1993 113 10092723 1913.028 1228.79 19786 401.23 1630.02 4 1994 108/4 10058428 1967.77 1210.60 20476 486.02 1696.62 5 1995 108/4 10058428 1967.77 1289.35 24881 408.55 1697.60 6 1996 108/4 10058428 1967.77 1290.37 25255 381.81 1672.18 7 1997 100/4 9130950 1848.70 1411.76 21845 332.87 1744.63 8 1998 111/4 11328624 1920.35 1284.60 27503 382.68 2152.42 9 1999 109/6 11828624 1989.41 1369.55 27256 519.89 2223.48 Source: http://www.apinfrastructure.com/urbanwatersupply.htmI 2.109 The present per capita water supply in the State is 18.79 gallons per day as against 22/30 per capita water supply as per national standards. Thus, there is a deficiency of water supply in the State, which is presented, in the Table - 2.18. Table - 2.18: Deficiency of water supply in towns Level of deficiency (%) No. Of towns 75 to 100 11 50 to 75 14 25 to 50 42 Less than 25 33 No deficiency 15 Total_ Source: http://www.apinfrastructure.com/urbanwatersupply.html 2.110 In order to improve the water supply in municipal towns, 53 water supply improvement schemes costing Rs.46990 crores have been taken up. HUDCO has recently sanctioned loan assistance for 13 water supply projects. Out of the 53 schemes about 37 have already been commissioned. 45 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 2.4.2 SANITATION 2.4.2.1 MUNICIPAL SEWAGE 2.1 11 With the exception of major towns like Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and Tirupati, most of the towns are not provided with sewerage and pollution of the water bodies and the ground through untreated sewage is a common sight. In fact even, major towns like Hyderabad, and Secunderabad do not have total coverage of sewer and only 1/3 of sewage water is treated while the remaining water flows into Musi River causing heavy pollution. The total length of the sewerage in the Hyderabad city is about 1629 kms. The present sewage system covers about 70% of the jurisdiction of MCH and a small portion of L.B. Nagar municipality. The remaining eight municipalities do not have any ground sewage system. 2.112 The main sewage treatment plant for Hyderabad is at Amberpet, which is designed for an average flow of 115 MLD (25 mgd peak flow). Another STP is installed beside the Hussainsagar with a maximum capacity of 30 MLD. The STP at Amberpet is also being upgraded for better sewerage treatment. 2.4.3 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 2.113 Another area under the urban local bodies is the solid waste management. The present status of solid waste management infrastructure in all urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh is presented in the Table - 2.19. Table - 2.19: Status of solid waste management infrastructure in urban local bodies of Andhra Pradesh No urban local bodies 110 municipalities and 7 municipal corporations Area under jurisdiction 3100 sq.km 1991 population 175 lakhs Present estimated population (30% over 1991 pop.) 227.5 lakhs Garbage generation /day (0.5kg/capita/day) 11755 m.t. Garbage lifted/day 10460 m.t. Existing traditional garbage containers 26,138 No. Of garbage collection vehicles available 889 no's No. Of urban local bodies having dump yards 51 No. Of urban local bodies with inadequate dump yards 31 No. Of urban local bodies having no dump yards 36 No. Of urban local bodies having compost plant 1 corporation (Vijayawada) No. Of urban local bodies having no compost plants 115 No. Of urban local bodies having transfer-transport facility 1 (MCH) No. Of urban local bodies having waste to energy plants 1 (MCH) Source: http://www.apinfrastructure.com/urbansolidwaste.html 2.114 Most of the urban local bodies have to up-grade their existing infrastructure in order to comply with the rules and require substantial capital investment, which is very difficult to be met from intemal resources. Hence additional resources have to be made available to all the urban local bodies to enable them to modernize solid waste management in all municipalities and municipal corporations to improve the over all sanitation and hygiene and also to reduce adverse environmental impact. Plan of action for improvement of municipal solid waste to ensure compliance of legal obligations by the municipal local authorities and to facilitate the achievement of "healthy Cities", the following areas are to be modernized. 46 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrnental Assessment Report 2.115 The waste collection and storage lies at the very hub of municipal waste management and hence the bins must be appropriately designed with features like metallic containers with lid, and to have large capacity to accommodate 20% more than the expected waste generation in the area, with design for mechanical loading and un-loading, placement at appropriate locations etc. 2.116 The collection and transportation constitutes 80 to 95% of total budget of solid waste management, hence it forms key component in determining the economics of whole waste management. Besides other factors like collection and transportation time, routing, the design and carrying capacity of vehicles, types of bins will have bearing effect on the efficient waste management system. It is preferable to use vehicles having mechanical loading system and with closed system of having no dust/smell nuisance during the transportation. The relay centers are to be adopted in the municipalities where the distance between collection and disposal facility is more than 6 to 8 kilometers for economic efficiency. This process is aimed at minimization of waste for disposal and conservation of exhaustible natural resources. Lots of waste material like paper, metals, glass bottles, thick plastics, textiles is recycled through informal system of rag pickers. This can be more strengthened by following systematic waste management procedures and private sector participation. All organic/biodegradable wastes are first to be composted by microbial and / or vermi-composting for stabilization of waste and also minimization for final disposal. 2.117 In municipal solid waste management, regardless of the method of processing, the final process, the final disposal called "land fill" is mandatory. Many of the wastes are directly disposed on land, the open dumping and burning of such dumps contribute to release of green house gases, water and air pollution and provide food, harborage and breeding ground for vector insects and rodents. Therefore, an acceptable alternative to the present poor practices of land disposal has been the "sanitary land fill" which is an engineered method of disposing the waste in thin layers, compacting them to the smallest particle volume, and covering them with soil each working day in manner that protects the environment. 2.4.4 URBAN ROADS 2.118 Andhra Pradesh is the fourth largest state of India in terms of area and the fifth largest in terms of population. Roads form an important component of physical infrastructure to promote development and growth. An efficient transportation system is the lifeline of the economy. The status of roads therefore constitutes a significant index of the economic well being of the society. 2.119 The road density in Andhra Pradesh is 0.70 kms per one square kilometer and 293 kms per one lakh population against the all India average of 1.00 kms per one square kilometer and 389 kms per lakh population (as per 1991 census, population of Andhra Pradesh is 66.355 millions and India is around 844.324 millions). While the foregoing figures show that the density and coverage of road network is marginally lower than the national average, however intemationally, it is very low compared to the developed countries of the west and developing countries in South East Asia. This indicates that the road network in Andhra Pradesh needs to be expanded and improved substantially to bring it on par with the best national and international levels. 47 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmrental Assessment Report 2.120 The share of road transportation in the total goods has increased from 22% in 1956 to more than 81% in 2000 and the passenger traffic has increased from 28% in 1956 to more than 88% in 2000 and is expected to go up further by 2020. The number of vehicles on road has also registered a phenomenal growth. There has been an annual growth rate of 9 percent to 16 percent per year, which is one of the highest in the country. From a level of 24,500 in 1956, the number of vehicles has risen to 35,97,351 in 2000 and is expected to reach 83,00,000 by 2020. Against this proliferation of vehicular growth, the road network has increased from 26,762 kms in 1956 to 1,91,175 kms in 2000. As a result of the heavy growth in vehicles and non-corresponding increase in roads, there is a tremendous pressure for expanding and developing the road network of the state. 2.121 The state has different categories and classification of roads. The national highways are maintained and developed by Government of India. Roads and Buildings Department of Government of Andhra Pradesh maintain the state highways, major district roads and other district roads. The Panchayati Raj department of the state government maintains the important rural roads. Internal roads in villages, towns and municipalities are maintained by the Urban Local Bodies. There are also certain roads, which are specific to projects and are maintained by the respective project agencies. The road network length in the state has grown from 26,762 kms in 1956 to 2,30,000 in 1999. The total length of existing road network covered in the state is indicated in the Table - 2.20. The state has an excellent rail and road network providing linkage to the various parts of the country with 5050 kms of rail route and 1,79,000 kms of roadways. In addition it has 51,000 kms of internal roads in villages, towns and cities, totaling to 2,30,000 kms. With regard to the urban roads the total length of road network maintained by the municipalities and the municipal corporation in the state for 10,595 and 7,160 respectively. Table - 2.20: Existing road network in Andhra Pradesh S.no. Type of roads Length in kms R & B roads I National highways 3,967 2 State highways 8,763 3 Major district roads 26,482 4 Z.P. Taken over village roads 28,488 Total road length under R&B 67,700 5 Rural or village roads maintained by Panchayati Raj department. 86,109 6 Internal roads in villages and towns 51,000 7 Urban roads maintained by municipalities. 10,595 8 Urban roads maintained by municipal corporations. 7,160 9 Project roads, others 7,436 Grand total road length in the state _ 2,30,000 kms 2.122 Apart from the above, government of India have launched a mega-city scheme to improve the civic infrastructure in six designated cities. As per the funding norm the of Government of India which is 25 percent, the state government is also providing 25 percent of the funds for such projects while the balance 50% has to be mobilized by the implementing civic agency. For the implementation of the Hyderabad mega-city scheme, the municipal corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) is working along with Hyderabad urban development authority (IHUDA) and Hyderabad metro water supply and sewerage board (HMWS&SB). The government of Andhra Pradesh has also launched upon a massive road-widening programme for important high-density corridors. One of the key 48 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report programmes is the decongestion of the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad which includes road widening, development of link roads, improvement of road junctions, installation of traffic signals, proper street lighting, etc. 2.4.5 URBAN TRANSPORT 2.123 The population boom has put a premium on all facilities available in cities. Transport is no exception. The urban shift has only compounded the problem. With cities becoming centers of all major activity, be it in the industry or service sectors, there is an unprecedented demand on the transport sector. Both public and private transport has grown tremendously in the last few decades. The outcome is the higher transport densities moving to and from centralized pockets for employment and education. As public transport falls woefully short of the demand, private transport is thought to be the answer. This is reflected in the increase in private vehicles on the road - motorcycles, scooters and jeeps have registered a steep increase in their numbers among all categories of vehicles. 2.124 In the absence of better rail and mass transit facilities, these individual transport media slow down per-person kilometers traveled. They also add large quantities of un- bumt hydrocarbons, lead particulate and smaller quantities of carbon monoxide to the city- air. This happens due to the leaded petrol as also adulterated fuel-use mostly through two- stroke engines in three-wheelers. This polluted air gets into Andhra Pradesh lungs and is supposed to be a major cause of many respiratory problems. 2.125 Andhra Pradesh state has a large number of vehicles, both transport and non- transport vehicles. In the coastal Andhra region, Krishna district tops the list in the total number of transport vehicles and motorcars on road. About 28.38 percent of the total vehicles in Andhra region are found in Krishna district. One third of the total cars also run in Krishna district. Vizianagaram accounts for the least number of vehicles at 2919 transport vehicles and in motorcars, Srikakulam has the least number with just 417 motorcars on roll and road as on march 31, 1997. 2.126 In the Rayalaseema region, Chittoor has the largest number of transport vehicles and Kumool the largest number of motorcars. Cuddapah has the least in both the categories. In Telangana, Hyderabad tops the list of vehicles of both categories at 52 percent for transport vehicles and 79 percent of motorcars, followed by Rangareddy district at 7.79 percent and 8.73 percent. The least number of transport cars are found in Adilabad district (1.77%) which also has the least number of motor cars (0.31 %) followed by Mahaboobnagar at 2.82 percent Nalgonda district also has the least number of motor cars at 0.55 percent only. 2.4.6 HOUSING 2.127 Andhra Pradesh ranks first in the country in construction of the houses for the poor. A.P. State Housing Corporation Ltd. (APSHCL) was established in 1979 to formulate, promote and execute housing schemes for the Weaker Sections of the society in the State of A.P. The decision to construct permanent houses in the place of hutments scheme implemented under 'sites and services' programme in 1983 is an important milestone in Weaker Sections Housing Scheme (WSHS) in Andhra Pradesh. With the humble beginning of construction of 1.54 lakhs houses in 1983 the Corporation reached a 49 Andhra Pradesh Urbani Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report significant level of 3.75 lakhs units during 1998-99. The Corporation has constructed a total of 52.31 lakhs houses within a limited span of 12 years. 2.128 There are various other facilities that are provided in the urban areas for the development and emancipation of the people. These facilities become important as the urban poor mostly access them. The facilities include the basic amenities like, guesthouses, community halls in the localities, marriage halls etc. Other infrastructure includes burial grounds, reading rooms and libraries, compost yards etc. With regard to the health facilities, the urban authorities are responsible for the provision of health facilities through government health hospitals and clinics and municipal dispensaries and other health facilities maintained by them. Similarly the municipalities and corporations are also vested with provision of educational facilities like municipal and government schools, which are important for the development of the people in the urban areas. The tables with data on basic amenities, health facilities, educational facilities, water supply, roads, sanitation, street lighting, markets, recreation and area density are annexed as Annexure - VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV and XVI respectively. 50 Andhra Pradesh Urbarn Reforms and Municipal Services m I f Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3 REVIEW OF POLICI ADMtINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRANIEWN'ORK 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1 The policies, legal provisions and the administrative frameworks provide the context within which the urban development projects need to be implemented. The social development programmes and projects implemented in the urban areas and legislations pertaining to urban issues such as urban planning, urban development, municipal services, acquisitions of land, resettlement and rehabilitation etc., were reviewed to establish an understanding of the prospects and limitations of the prevailing policy and regulatory environment and to link them with the upcoming reforms and investments in the urban sector. The review included secondary literature on urban issues, laws and legislations passed by the state and central governments, reports and documents provided by various departments in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Other precedent and ongoing project documents like the MAPPs under APUSP and other Social and Environmental Studies like Gujarat Sectoral Social and Environmental Assessment and Social and Environmental Management Framework Study, reports of Tamilnadu Urban Development Project etc., were also reviewed. Table 3.1 gives the policies, acts and programmes included under review for social section: Table - 3.1: Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and programmes-Social section Policies Legal and Administrative Programmes Frameworks Social Section > The Five Year Plans > Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, > Andhra Pradesh Urban > Vision 2020 of Government of Andhra 1965 Services for Poor Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh Town Planning (APUSP) > Vision 2021 of Government of India Act, 1920 > Environmental > R&R policy of Andhra Pradesh for > The Andhra Pradesh Municipal Improvement of Urban Andhra Pradesh State Highways Corporations Act, 1994 Slums (EIUS) Project (APSHP) > The Hyderabad Municipal > Nehru Rozgar Yojana > Social Safeguard Policy of Andhra Corporations Act, 1955 (NRY) Pradesh Transmission Corporation > The Andhra Pradesh Urban Areas > Prime Minister's Integrated Limited (AP TRANSCO) (Development) Act, 1975 Urban Poverty Eradication > R&R Policy of Andhra Pradesh Third > The Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Programme (PMIUPEP) Irrigation Project (APTIP) Development-Enabling Act, 2001 > Swarna Jayanti Shahari > World Bank Operational Policy 4.12 > Urban Land (Ceiling and RozgarYojana (SJSRY) on involuntary Resettlement Regulation) Act, 1976 > Integrated Development > World Bank Operational Directive 4.20 > Land Acquisition Act, 1894 as for Small and Medium on Indigenous people amended in 1984 Towns (IDSMT) > Draft National R&R Policy > The 74th Constitutional Amendment > Integrated Low Cost > Draft National Slum Policy Act Sanitation (ILCS) > The Twelfth Schedule of the > Urban Basis Services for Constitution (Article 243W) the Poor (UBSP) 3.2 The Table 3.2 gives the policies, acts and programmes included under review for the environmental section: Table - 3.2: Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and programmes-Environmental Section Policies Legal and Administrative Frameworks Programmes Environment Section I > World Bank > The Environment Protection Act, 1986 > State Operational Policy > The national environment appellate Act, 1997 Environmental Note 11.03 (Cultural > Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, Action property) including Rules Programme > Environmental > Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as policy of TRANSCO amended in 1978 and 1988l > World Bank > Water, Land and Tree Act 2002l 5 1 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrnent Report Table - 3.2: Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and programmes-Environmental Section Policies Legal and Administrative Frameworks Programmes Operational Policy > The Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1991. 4.01(Environmental > Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Assessment of > Wildlife Protection Act-as amended in 1972 projects) > Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 > World Bank > The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Operational Policy Rules, 2000 4.36 (Forests) > The Bio Medical Waste management > World Bank > The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, Operational Policy 1989 4.09 (Pest > The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Management) The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution (Article 243W) 3.2 SOCIAL SECTION 3.2.1 POLICIES 3.2.1.1 URBAN SECTOR AND THE NATIONAL FIVE-YEAR PLANS 3.3 National Policies provides the directions and form the basis for formulation of programmes. The urban sector has, however, not been provided with any National Policy but the national five-year plans reflect the general directions being followed by the central and state governments. An appraisal of the programmes and occasional policy statements in the five-year plans deserve an analysis for the study. First and Second Five Year Plans 3.4 The first and second five-year plans were for the most part dominated by the problems of agricultural and industrial development, and urbanization by and large does not appear as a problem worthy of attention. Nevertheless, the first two plans did witness the establishment of institutions for the study of urban problems at the national level and also for the training of manpower in this area. 3.5 In the first plan, there is no reference to urban policy. However, the plan did recognize the acute shortage of housing and the rapidly rising land prices in metropolitan areas. It recommended a model act for controlling land prices in urban areas, on which no action was ever taken. On the positive side, the first plan period (1951-56) saw massive house construction and land development activity, particularly in Delhi, where several refugee resettlement colonies were established. The response to the refugee problem underlined government policy towards urban housing and land development. 3.6 By the end of the first five-year plan several institutional set-ups were introduced. A new Ministry of Works and Housing was first established and later renamed as the Ministry of Urban Affairs. The National Buildings Organization was established to design low cost housing. The School of Planning and Architecture in Delhi and a regional and town-planning department at the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur were established to train personnel in town and country planning. The Town and Country Planning Organization was also established in 1957 to provide advice and policy guidance to the central and state governments on urban problems. 3.7 The second plan recognized the need for planned development of cities and towns and also for an integrated approach to rural and urban planning in a regional framework. 52 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services l : Social and Environmental Assessment Report However, despite the grandiloquent statement, nothing concrete was contemplated or suggested. The Delhi Master Plan was prepared towards the end of the second plan, being the first of its kind in India. The Delhi Development Authority was set up to implement the master plan by an act of Parliament. This, of course, was a major step in initiating city planning and its implementation in India, which later stimulated similar action in some states. Third and Fourth Five Year Plans 3.8 Urban policy appears to have received major attention in the third and fourth five year plans. The most important contribution of planning at this stage was the diffusion of the idea of town planning from the center to the states. A model state town planning act was prepared by the Town and Country Planning Organization in Delhi and this led to the enactment of laws in all states. As a result, most states established town-planning departments to cope with the problems of urbanization within the state. 3.9 The third plan specifically recognized the role of industrialization in urban development. It advocated a policy aimed at the establishment of new industries away from big cities but establishing in industrially backward districts and in the smaller cities and towns, which had no industry at all. A variety of incentives, in the form of lower taxation, subsidies for infrastructure, assistance in land acquisition, provision of electricity, roads and so on, were offered. All this, in a small way, contributed to the dispersal of industries towards the cities with one lakh population. 3.10 The third five-year plan made financial provisions for the preparation of master plans for cities and towns in the states. Nearly 400 master plans were prepared as a result of this step. Apart from this, the third plan also made massive contributions to the building of state capitals, necessitated by the reorganization of states in 1956; thus, Gandhinagar in Gujarat, Bhubaneshwar in Orissa, Dispur in Assam, and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh received specific grants for the construction of new townships. The third plan also initiated urban community development schemes in selected cities on experimental basis to solve social and human problems associated with urban slums. This marked a major departure from the earlier approach of slum clearance or slum Improvement. 3.11 The fourth plan, while discontinuing the aid given to the states for the preparation of master plans, recognized the problem of financing urban development schemes. Towards this end, it established an agency Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) to provide the funds for metropolitan authorities, state housing boards and other urban institutions to finance schemes for the construction of houses in urban areas. Direct grants were also given to cities with acute problems, such as Kolkatta. 3.12 The fourth plan also laid considerable stress on the improvement of the administrative structure in cities and towns. It advised the state governments to create planning and development authorities for the larger cities and directed them to give more funds to the municipal bodies. Apart from this, it also made a plea for an urban land policy at the state level. According to the plan document the land policy should aim at: 53 Andhra Pradesth Urban Reforins and Mllunicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report 1. Optimum use of the land 2. Making land available for weaker sections 3. Reducing or preventing the concentration of land ownership, rising land values, and speculation on land, and 4. Allowing land to be used as a resource for financing the implementation of city development plans. Fifth and Sixth Five-Year Plans 3.13 Fifth and sixth plans have shown increasing recognition for urban problems and the urban poor and have offered more financial incentives to the states for solving the problems of the under-privileged. The fifth plan, for the first time, had the most detailed statement on urban problems and laid down the objectives of its urbanization policy: 1. To augment civic services in urban centers 2. To tackle the problems of metropolitan cities on a regional basis 3. To promote the development of small towns and new urban centers 4. To assist interstate projects or metropolitan projects, and 5. To support industrial townships under govemment undertakings. 3.14 The major objectives mentioned in the plan appeared contradictory. While small towns were to be encouraged, the plan also wanted to develop metropolitan cities and the major share of the funds was actually allocated to a few metropolitan cities. The fifth plan also suggested steps to achieve the objectives set out in its policy statement. These included: 1. Differential taxes on urban land depending on various uses; higher taxes on vacant land to discourage speculation; higher taxes on land under non-conforming uses to encourage redevelopment; 2. Taxes for mopping up unearned increments in the value of land by means of a recurring tax on capital value of land and property, enhanced stamp duty on sale and transfer of property; conversion tax on change in land-use; and betterment levy on private land owners for indirect benefits accruing to them from development schemes. 3.15 However, not all the suggestions listed above found favour with the state legislatures. For example, the Urban Land (Ceilings and Legislation) Act 1976 aims at a ceiling on the ownership of vacant land in urban agglomerations, but it has numerous loopholes, which make it impractical to implement. 3.16 The sixth plan for the first time took note of regional variations in the levels of urban development. In particular, it noted the low levels of urbanization in the states of Bihar, Orissa and Assam and the high levels of urbanization in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. It did not, however, suggest how the problems of regional disparity were to be tackled. The sixth plan emphasized the role of the small towns in promoting rural development through their function as growth centers. It advocated that the thrust of urbanization policy during the decade should be the provision of adequate infrastructural and other facilities to the small, medium and intermediate towns. Towards this end, a number of schemes were outlined. Two hundred towns were to be identified for integrated 54 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report development in various states. Grants were to be provided for the development of water supply schemes in 550 towns in the country and sewage projects were to be financed in 110 towns. The plan noted that out of the 3,119 towns, only 118 had sewage facilities, while 1,029 towns did not have a piped water supply system. The plan thus recognized the basic problems of towns and cities and the unsatisfactory conditions existing in them. Seventh Five-Year Plan 3.17 The seventh plan stressed the need for the integrated development of small and medium towns and the need for slowing down the growth of metropolitan cities. Towards this end, the plan envisaged greater private industrial investment in small and medium towns to draw the population away from the larger cities. 3.18 The second major thrust in the seventh plan is the strengthening of municipal administration and municipal tax laws. The plan, while noting the poor state of municipal administration, advises the state governments to give more funds to municipalities. Further, it suggests for land acquisition in concentric rings around cities for urban uses and resale at appropriate times for generating finance, and also to prevent a rapid rise in land values. In addition, the plan would like the city planners to alter the norms and standards for physical planning, keeping in view the social realities of India and in particular the needs of the poor. It also emphasizes the need to look into the problems of the minorities, reflecting the growing concern about communal riots in a number of cities. 3.19 The one major contribution of the seventh plan is the creation of the National Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation, to provide capital for the development of infrastructure in small and medium towns. The seventh plan policy statements on urban development are liberal on advice to the state governments and the private sector, but deficient in terms of allocation of financial resources for urban development. The plan, however, makes it clear that rural development should get priority over urban problems. 3.20 In the following five-year plans there have been various steps that have been taken by the governments to concentrate on the urban sector. In the light of growing infrastructure gaps, especially in the small and medium towns, the Eighth Five Year Plan, laid emphasis for a sizeable outlay for urban development programs, which could take care of growing problems of large, medium and small towns. The Government commenced several schemes for urban poor such as EIUS, UCD, UBS, UBSP and NRY schemes. However, given the large size of the target population these programmes could have a limited reach. The Ninth Five Year Plan emphasises on initiatives to be taken for better provision of basic urban services and improved urban management. Several new schemes were introduced to address the problems of urban infrastructure, to strengthen urban planning efforts, poverty reduction programmes and capacity building of urban local governments. Information Technology related programmes received a significant thrust. Based on the suggestive measures to develop the urban areas the Andhra Pradesh state government has taken steps like Supply of potable drinking water for all the households and provision of sanitation facilities. The approach in the 10th plan for Andhra Pradesh is also to cover the existing gaps and the need for capacity upgradation during the next five years to meet the increasing demands. An urgent need to critically review the existing policies and procedures to make them investor friendly, as it is crucial to public-private 55 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Serviccs Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report collaboration in infrastructure development is also discussed. Suitable policy and regulatory framework for providing transparency and accountability is also a prime concentration. Governance reforms have been considered as a critical element in the development strategy of the state in the approach paper to the Tenth Five Year Plan. Performance Monitoring and Evaluation System at all levels in the government with clear- cut goals and targets based on Vision 2020 have been devised for the urban areas. 3.21 Participation of the people has also received considerable importance in the 10th plan for the state for the successful implementation of our plan schemes and programmes. The participation of the stakeholders through their self help groups in our state has been quite successful in reducing leakages in the delivery system while creating a sense of ownership among the people benefiting from such development schemes and programmes. DWCUA, CMEY etc., are some of the programmes that have been organized for employment generation. Plans for strengthening the local bodies in the urban areas with suitable devolution of functions, functionaries and finances is also proposed and is under implementation in Andhra Pradesh. Critique of the Plans 3.22 Urban sector has been given low priority in the five-year plans. Even when its importance is admitted, the resources allocated and programmes undertaken did not commensurate with the requirement. The plans have not given adequate importance to reform the inefficient municipal administration. The need for regulating urban land values receives strong support in the fifth plan, but there is very little follow-up in the subsequent plans. However, certain aspects of the urban economy have received greater attention in the five-year plans. These are: 1. Finance for housing 2. Slum clearance and improvement 3. Town water supply and sewerage 4. Urban transportation, and 5. Preparation of city master plans and the related problems. 3.23 In all these areas, the funds allocated are indeed meagre, and even here; the major share is allocated to a few major projects in some states, while the other parts of the country hardly receive any funds. Small towns and the weaker sections received scant support, though being identified as the areas to address. The five-year plan programmes do not exhibit any comprehensive appreciation of India's urban problems, nor do they provide a coherent framework for dealing with the increasing tempo of metropolization and the stagnation of small towns particularly in the less urbanized states. Much of the confusion on urbanization policy has. to do with centre-state relations. It is high time that the states took direct initiative in this area. 3.2.1.2 VISION 2020 OF GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH 3.24 The Andhra Pradesh Vision 2020 envisages that the state by the year 2020 will have well planned, economically productive, socially just, environmentally sustainable, culturally vibrant, friendly and safe cities and towns. The development will be planned and balanced with a focus on infrastructure and environmental management. High quality 56 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environme,ntal Assessment Report services, such as water supply, sanitation, waste management, street lighting, housing and public transport will be available to all. Participatory, responsive and people-oriented local governments will govern urban areas in the future. The salient features of the Vision 2020 in relation to urban development are as follows. - Balanced distribution of urban population 4 Healthy and environment friendly cities (with indicators on health etc) 4 Efficiency and economy in city planning i.e. lowest cost per thousand population for roads, transportation system, communication, water sewerage etc 4 Achieving maximum possible transportation 4 Pollution levels to be well below permissible standards - Protection of all urban lakes, rivers and other ecologically sensitive areas 4 Urban unemployment to be minimized 4 Housing shortage in urban areas to be wiped out e Full computerization with Geographical Information System (GIS) of all urban data on land use, transportation network, land ownership, geographical attributes, incidence of taxes and full cross-integration of each aspect. ; Restructuring of local body administration as prescribed under 74th Constitution Amendment. 4 Maximum participation of private investment in banking the capital infrastructure as well as maintenance of urban services 4 Use of land as a resource for urban infrastructure 4 Recovery of service costs through user charges 4 Development of new township 4 Simplification of procedures and regulations 3.2.1.3 URBAN VISION 2021 OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 3.25 The vision of Urban India in 2021 is that of making every urban settlement of India safe, healthy, productive and sustainable place in which every family has adequate shelter and basic services and every individual has a socially desirable minimum quality of life, with adequate employment opportunities and income. The strategy to achieve this vision will be based on principles of enablement and participation. The National and local Government will establish institutional, legislative and financial instrumentality's that will enable the civic society to participate in achieving this vision. 3.26 A National Seminar on future cities, Urban Vision 2021 organized at New Delhi highlighted the need to develop an appropriate legal agenda to meet the challenges of urban growth the need to simplify and modernize the existing laws, which are old and outdated. These include the following: + Municipal Act 4 Town Planning Acts 4 Zoning and Building regulation, including multi-storied building regulations 4 Apartment Ownership Act 4 Rent Control Act 4 Local Authorities Loans Act 4 Registration Acts 4 Stamps Act 57 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4 Loan relating Land Records 4 Succession Laws 4 Fare closure laws 4 Urban Development Authority Act 4 Laws relating to Housing 4 Slum Clearance Acts etc., 3.27 It was felt that new laws are needed to promote public - private participation and privatization in land development and urban infrastructure, regulation of activities of private builders and regulation of urban utility service tariffs/resolution of disputes etc. A general consensus reached at the seminar was to use urban land including Floor Space Index (FSI) as a major resource to finance urban infrastructure especially in large cities. The national seminar made specific recommendations regarding adoption of development charges, Tradable Development Right (TDR) and Purchasable Development Right and introduction of charges for the instruction/conversion of land use (if such conversion is considered necessary). Follow up action taken by Andhra Pradesh on the recommendations of national seminar on vision 2021 3.28 Various amendments have been initiated by the Andhra Pradesh State Government to include the recommendations suggested by Government of India. Some of the important highlights are as following: 4 Amendments to Section 8, Section 18, and Section 34 of AP Town Planning Act, 1920 to enable local authorities to prepare schemes for any area to regulate the development, to empower that any development coming in Master Plan Area treated as Encroachments and to give time for acquisition up to 10 years instead of 3 years have been proposed. Areas falling under Arterial Roads treated as No Development Zones. 4 Further, amendment to Section 340 of AP Municipalities Act, 1965, is under consideration, to enable the Municipality to collect higher rates of penal amount and to curb unauthorized constructions. 4 Amendment to layout rules to empower local bodies that roads and open spaces automatically stands transferred free of cost to Municipal council 4 Collection of 30% of actual cost as betterment charges to provide amenities outside layout areas 4 Conservation of rain water as there is indiscriminate exploitation of ground water 3.2.1.4 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY OF ANDHRA PRADESH (ANDHRA PRADESH STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT) 3.29 The Resettlement Policy of Government of Andhra Pradesh in respect of APSHP covers all the components of that may arise in the construction of road network under the State Highways component. The principles of this policy are given in Box - 3.1. The main objectives of the government Resettlement Policy are outlined below: 58 Andhra Pradesh Urban Peforins and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report + Families directly and severely affected by the project shall improve or at least retain their previous standard of living, eaming capacity and production levels. Affected persons will be assisted in their efforts to improve these matters. * Where displacement or loss of income is unavoidable, resettlement shall minimize dependency, and be sustainable socially, economically and institutionally. * It shall be ensured that, where there is any disturbance and or displacement, social and cultural values will be maintained. + Particular support shall be given to most vulnerable groups of the society. Box - 3.1: The principles of the R&R (APSHP) > Provision for resettlement for families loosing private land > Provisions for families loosing access to common property resources > Baseline survey of the Project affected persons > Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) > Provision of assistance and compensations to the families affected > Provision of relocation sites wherever necessary for the displaced people > Development of adequate civic infrastructure in resettlement sites > Preparation of a Tribal Development Plan to address issues pertaining to tribal populations 3.2.1.5 SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICY OF AP TRANSCO 3.30 The objective of 'Social Safeguard Policy (SSP)' of AP Transco is to resettle and rehabilitate the affected persons on account of its transmission projects in a manner that they do not suffer from adverse impacts and enable them to improve or at the minimum retain their previous standard of living, eaming capacity and production levels. It is also the endeavor of AP Transco that the resettlement shall minimize dependency and be sustainable socially, economically and institutionally. The Policy also ensures that the tribal population are not disadvantaged by these development interventions and enable them to participate in the design and implementation of the programmes and also ensures the benefits intended to them are culturally compatible. The following are the key principles of AP Transco's Policy statement. (Box - 3.2) Box - 3.2: Key principles of Social Safeguard Policy of AP TRANSCO > Avoid socially sensitive areas and areas of cultural significance > Avoided involuntary resettlement by exploring all viable alternatives > Persons losing private land and other properties will be compensated under the provisions of Land Acquisition Act and additional assistance will be provided to top up at replacement cost. Those who do not have title to the land will not be compensated for land but will be assisted at replacement cost for their lost structures. > All adversely affected persons including those without title to land will be assisted to improve or regain their living standards to the pre-project levels. > Special attention for the improvement of living standards of marginalized and vulnerable groups. > Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in close consultation with the affected families to ensure their acceptability as well as timely delivery of entitlements and assistance. > The entitlements will have options to enable the affected persons to choose the most suitable and least risk one. > If any person's remaining land holding becomes operationally non viable, the entire holding will be acquired and compensated accordingly, if the PAP desires. > A separate Tribal Development Plan will be prepared if there are tribal population in the project area, expected either to be impacted with adverse impacts or considered to be among the intended beneficiaries. > Participation of the affected community will be ensured at every stage of the planning, implementing and monitoring of R&R programs by effectively using the existing social and cultural institutions. > Suitable arrangements will be made to deal with grievances of the affected persons. > Adequate institutional support and financial and physical resources will be provided to implement resettlement program in most efficient and timely manner. 3.2.1.6 SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICY OF ANDHRA PRADESH (THIRD IRRIGATION PROJECT) 3.31 The AP III Irrigation Project was taken up with the financial assistance of the World Bank to provide new irrigation under the Srisailam Right Bank Canal Project 59 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforrms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrnental Assessmerit Report (SRBC). For the persons displaced under this project, a detailed R&R policy has been prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the World Bank and the same has been fully implemented. This policy can give important inputs to the present project while drafting the R&R policy for the Municipal Administration and Urban Development. 3.32 With a view to mitigate the hardships caused by the involuntary displacement under the project, including loss of income, the objective of the government has been to avoid or to minimize wherever feasible, involuntary displacement and also to explore viable alternatives for restoring the economic situation of the people. 3.2.1.7 DRAFT NATIONAL RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY 3.33 India lacks a national policy or law on rehabilitation and resettlement. Steps have been taken in this direction for fifteen years but the final policy is yet to be promulgated. A Draft National R&R policy was formulated in the year 1993 by the Ministry for Rural Development and revised in the year 1994. After a review of the draft there were many reactions from various departments of the government and also from other institutions outside the government. In view of this though the 1994 draft was revised in the year 1998 a concrete decision was not taken to consider various provisions suggested in the draft. Since for most of the departments, especially all urban governing bodies are depending on the LA Act alone to address the issues of acquisitions and compensations and there is no other document of reference on similar issues, it is suggested that the Draft R&R policy can offer inputs for the preparation of an R&R policy for the state or any specific department in the future. 3.2.1.8 DRAFT NATIONAL SLUM POLICY 3.34 The main objectives of the draft national slum policy enlist the following. f To integrate slum settlements and the communities residing within them into the urban area as a whole by creating awareness amongst the public and in Government of the underlying principles that guide the process of slum development and improvement and the options that are available for bringing about the integration. 4 To strengthen the legal and policy framework to facilitate the process of slum development and improvement on a sustainable basis. v To establish a framework for involving all stakeholders for the efficient and smooth implementation of Policy objectives. 3.35 The policy tries to cover various social and environmental issues that have to be considered when designing projects and programmes, especially the slum dwellers who constitute the most vulnerable sections in the urban areas. It highlights various issues relating to land acquisition and compensations, social and environmental safeguards, Resettlement and rehabilitation, Environmental improvement, physical infrastructure developments etc., while planning projects for the urban areas and also considering the impact on the vulnerable sections that dwell in the urban slums. The R&R provisions and Land Acquisition features are given in the Box - 3.3 below. 60 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrnent Report Box - 3.3: Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Land Acquisition Provisions in the Draft National Slum Policy Land Acquisition While referring to granting of tenure and acquiring land for development of slums the policy lists that, > Tenure shall be granted to all residents on tenable sites owned or acquired by government. This may include: group tenure, collective tenure, co-operative tenure etc. > On lands occupied by Slums/Informal Settlements and owned by Central, State and Local government bodies, Municipal Authorities are to be designated as nodal agencies for initiating the process of resolution of disputes. > To streamline and simplify the procedure to ensure the speedy acquisition of land for slums on private land categorized as Tenable. > The acquisition of land from private parties should be undertaken on a negotiated basis. All the stakeholders (residents, urban local bodies, public agencies, others) may be invited to participate in the negotiation to promote transparency and equity. Compensation may include monetary contributions, sharing of land, lease of land, allocation of an alternate site etc. Resettlement and Rehabilitation The policy states that all States/ULBs must draw up comprehensive resettlement and relocation guidelines for urban dwellers, which should ensure that: > Alternatives to resettlement should be fully explored before any decision is taken to move people. > Relocation distances should be minimized to reduce the impact on livelihoods. > Resident dwellers must be provided with some choice of alternative sites and where feasible, an alternative rehabilitation package. > All resettlement sites should be adequately serviced and provision should be made for public transportation prior to settlement. > The livelihoods of affected people must be sufficiently compensated within a fixed period. > Participation of primary stakeholders, particularly women, in planning and decision-making is a pre-requisite for any resettlement process. > Women's particular needs and constraints must be specifically addressed. > Any urban development project that leads to the involuntary resettlement of communities must make provision to cover the costs of R & R. > All stages of the resettlement process including the transition and follow-up perods should be closely monitored and supervised by the ULB with community representatives. 3.2.1.9 SAFEGUARD POLICIES OF THE WORLD BANK- SOCIAL SECTOR 3.36 There are various policies that guide the World Bank in implementing development project, which are referred to as the Operational Policies. These provide important guidelines on various issues that are needed to implement a project on a sustainable basis and ease the project processes. In the present context the Operation Policies listed below play an important role drafting policies with regard to resettlement and rehabilitation and also management of cultural property management. Operational Policy 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) 3.37 The objectives of this policy are: 4 Involuntary resettlement should be avoided, where feasible/minimized & exploring all viable project designs. - Where not feasible to avoid resettlement, sustainable development programmes, providing sufficient investment resources to enable displaced people to share the project benefits & be consulted & have opportunities to participate in planning & implementation of resettlement programmes. - Displaced people are to be assisted to improve their livelihoods & at least to restore them to pre-displacement levels. Operational Directive 4.20 (Indigenous People) 3.38 The Directive defines Indigenous People, which may differ according to different country's constitution, statute & legislation. Otherwise the characteristics are: 61 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmerit Report 4 Close attachment to ancestral territories & to natural resources 4 Self-identification & identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group 4 Indigenous language, often different from national language v Presence of customary social & political institutions 4 Primarily subsistence oriented production 3.39 It ensures that development process fosters full respect for indigenous people's dignity, human rights & cultural uniqueness. This may not trigger, as the tribal living in urban areas do not have characteristics prescribed under this operational directive. 3.2.2 PROGRAMMES 3.2.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN SLUMS (EIUS) 3.40 This is an important programme undertaken in the Municipalities of the State for environmental improvement of urban slums. The scheme intends to secure healthy and orderly growth of slums in terms of improved communication, better drainage, adequate street lighting and sufficient water supply to weaker sections of the population such as Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Backward Classes (BC) who basically migrate to urban areas to eke out their livelihood. This programme also includes the 20- point programme and the scheme is being implemented in all the Municipalities from 1974-75. Special Component Plan for Scheduled Castes under EIUS 3.41 Under this programme, slums having more than 50 percent of scheduled Castes population are being taken up for development under EIUS from 1987-88. Status and Achievements 3.42 From the beginning to its end under the EIUS programme the government has released an amount of Rs.4566.75 lakhs of which an amount of Rs.4526.25 lakhs was utilized leaving a balance of Rs.40.50 lakhs. Till date due to the programme around 15,05,435 slum dwellers have been benefited as against the target of 15,13,157. During the year 1997-98 an amount of Rs.50.00 lakhs has been provided in the Budget for the benefit of 9524 slum population. The programme is still being implemented in the urban slums. 3.2.2.2 NEHRU ROZGAR YOJANA (NRY) 3.43 The Nehru Rozgar Yojana is a centrally sponsored scheme being implemented from the year 1989-90 in all municipalities (excluding PMIUPEP towns from 1995-96) in the state for alleviation of poverty in urban areas. The principal aim of the programme is to provide the living conditions of the poor with special emphasis on women, Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) through providing employment opportunities to the unemployed and underemployed in the urban poor. The NRY consists of three components namely, 62 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmnental Assessment Report 1. Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises (SUME) which is implemented in all ULB to encourage the underemployed and the unemployed urban poor for setting up small micro enterprises relating to servicing and manufacturing for which there is great scope and potentiality in towns and cities. The scheme also provides training to the beneficiaries in the trades that are taken up for self-employment. 2. Scheme for Urban Wage Employment (SUWE) in the urban areas, which have a population of 20 thousand to 1 lakh. This scheme provides wage employment to poor beneficiaries by utilizing their labour for creation of socially and economically useful public assets. 3. Scheme for Housing And Shelter Upgradation (SHASU), which is applicable to all urban areas with 1 lakh to 20-lakh population. The households belonging to the economically weaker sections with emphasis on households below the poverty line. Status and Achievements 3.44 The Swama Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) has replaced this programme in the year 1997. The achievements of this project implemented in Andhra Pradesh are given in the table 3.3. Table - 3.3: Achievement of Nehru Rozgar Yojana Name of the Component Funds Released in Funds utilized in Achievement Scheme lakhs lakhs SUME 3114.79 2063.32 1rounded Training and Infrastructure NRY under (SUME and 514.07 321.35 15,146 persons Trained SHASHU) SUWE 2631.67 2338.839 generated Source: Departmental manual, Municipal administration, Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP 3.2.2.3 PRIME MINISTER'S INTEGRATED URBAN POVERTY ERADICATION PROGRAMME (PMIUPEP) 3.45 This programme is intended to cover 34 Class I towns (Population being between 50,000 and 1,00,000) in Andhra Pradesh, with emphasis on improving the living conditions of the urban poor by providing them basic services like drinking water, sanitation and health, besides providing self employment opportunities. The programme also lays emphasis on strengthening the community based organization such as neighbourhood committees giving due importance to the women in urban slums. The scheme was started in Andhra Pradesh in 1995-96. The various components under the scheme are: civic infrastructure, water supply and sanitation, self-employment, shelter upgradation, skill development etc. Status and Achievement 3.46 As in the case of NRY, the PMIUPEP has also been replaced by the SJSRY scheme introduced in the year 1997. Table 3.4 below gives the achievements of the programme implemented in the State. 63 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services _ r Social and Environmental Assessment Report Table - 3.4: Achievement of PMIUPEP Name of Component Funds release in Funds utilized in Achievement Scheme lakhs lakhs Civic infrastructure 658.22 855.10 235 works completed Low Cost Sanitation 268.25 147.22 41 units Revolving Fund 10.14 4.13 11 84 Thrift Groups formed PMIUPEP Self Employment 617.00 54.00 684 units Shelter upgradation 171.17 6.57 85 units grounded Skill Development 180.16 118.80 4757 persons trained Water Supply 484.90 484.90 59 works completed I Basic Social 83.88 20.31 10252 Committees formed Source: Departmental manual, Municipal administration, Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP 3.2.2.4 URBAN BASIC SERVICES FOR POOR (UBSP) 3.47 The main objective of UBSP is to enable the urban poor in slums to have access to basic social services such as non-formal education, immunization, health care, nutrition supplementation assistance to needy sections of society and also to promote communal harmony, national integration and civic consciousness. The scheme was started in 1991- 92 and was implemented in 19 Municipal towns including 1 Municipal Corporation. Status and Achievement 3.48 UBSP is replaced with SJSRY, which was introduced in 1997. The programme has achieved considerable success in certain areas. Out of the total fund of Rs. 1692.81 lakhs released under this scheme around Rs. 1562.81 lakhs have been utilized for the following activities that have been undertaken. + Mother and Child Health * Water, environmental sanitation and community facilities * Education * Special assistance to aged, handicapped and juvenile delinquents women development - Sports, cultural and scientific activities * Promotion of pluralistic culture - Communal harmony, National integration and civic consciousness 3.2.2.5 SWARNA JAYANTI SHAHARI ROZGAR YOJANA (SJSRY) 3.49 The SJSRY was introduced as a replacement and improvement over the programmes like the NRY, UBSP and PMIUPEP etc. The SJSRY is working on the framework and structures of the UBSP. It aims at developing community structures for the implementation of urban schemes. Community organizations like NHGS, NHCS and CDS shall be set up in the target areas based on the UBSP pattern. The SJSRY consists essentially of three components, namely: 1. The Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP) 2. The Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) 3. Community development by participatory Management The Urban Self-employment Programme (USEP) 64 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3.50 USEP have three distinct parts namely assistance to individual Urban Poor Beneficiaries and groups of Urban Poor Women for setting up gainful self employment ventures. The programme to women is called "The Scheme for Development of Women and Children in the Urban Areas (DWCUA). Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) 3.51 The UWEP seek to provide wage employment to the beneficiaries living below poverty line within the jurisdiction of the Urban Local Bodies (ULB) by utilizing the labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets. This programme applies to ULBs with 5-lakh population. Status and achievement 3.52 Table 3.5 gives the details of the assistance made by the Government of India and Government of Andhra Pradesh under various components of SJSRY Scheme for the year 1997-98 and 1998-99. The scheme is still being continued in the urban areas and one of the important programmes, which has achieved considerable success. Table - 3.5: Achievements of SJSRY Si. No Name of the component 1978-1998 1998-1999 Total funds to be allocation allocation released 1 Community Structures 49.80 - 49.80 2 Urban Wage Employment (UWEP) 353.56 725.87 1079.43 3 Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP) a) Subsidy 580.62 596.29 1176.91 b) Training 54.02 54.01 108.03 c) Infrastructure 5.44 108.16 113.60 4 Development of Women &Children in Urban Areas (DWCUA) a) Subsidy 55.21 216.69 271.90 b) Thrift & Credit Societies 20.86 108.17 129.03 TOTAL 1119.54 1809.19 2928.73 Source: Departmental manual, Municipal administration, Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP 3.2.2.6 ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN SERVICES FOR POOR (APUSP) 3.53 The Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP) Project is a state level project with a comprehensive agenda to improve the urban poor's accessibility to sustainable services in 32 Class 1 towns. The estimated benefits of the project are to reach around 2.2 million slum dwellers across urban Andhra Pradesh. The project aims to increase participation by primary and secondary stakeholders, integration with other governmental programmes, and building the capacity of beneficiaries, service providers and planners. The seven-year project began in mid 1999. Under the APUSP programmes preparation of the Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction (MAPP) was initiated to be prepared by the municipalities which included comprehensive institutional, social, environmental and reform development plans. Based on the MAPP documents prepared the implementation of the programme is being carried out in the selected towns. Annexure - XVII discusses the preparation of the MAPP process. The project has three important components. 65 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3.54 Component one focuses on municipal reforms, especially improving financial planning and implementation capacity, to enable municipalities to become more efficient and responsive to the needs of people, especially the poor. 3.55 Component two aims to supply improved environmental infrastructure - water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, drainage, roads/footpaths, and street lighting - to the poor on a sustainable basis. It targets the slums for these services and excludes town-wide services. 3.56 Component three aims to identify and undertake other poverty reduction measures with the active participation of the poor and civil society. Under this project each municipality will prepare a MAPP to define how to achieve these objectives. The plans are to be prepared in a transparent and objective manner with extensive community involvement. Micro planning exercises will be undertaken in poor settlements. 3.2.2.7 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM TOWNS (IDSMT) 3.58 Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) was introduced in sixth five-year plan in 1979-80. The IDSMT scheme has been incorporated with the main objective of slowing down the migration from rural to the urban areas and larger cities, by providing infrastructure facilities in the selected small and medium towns. The towns have been categorized into five categories based on the population of the towns. The National Commission on Urbanization has identified and desired strengthening the urban growth by improving infrastructural facilities, decentralizing economic growth and employment opportunities, increasing the availability of serviced sites, integrating special and socio-economic planning and promoting resource generation. The Directorate of Town and Country Planning is coordinating the scheme and the Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited is providing institutional finance. The IDSMT Scheme is covering various areas like: * Sites and Services - Development of Bus/Truck terminals 4 Construction and Upgradation of Master Plans * Solid Waste Management * Development of City/Town Parks, Gardens, Playgrounds, Pay and Use toilets * Slaughter houses, Markets, Marriage halls etc. 3.2.2.8 INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION (ILCS) 3.59 Removal of manual scavenging has been the prime objective of the scheme. The elimination process involves conversion of dry latrines into water seal pour flush latrines. Rehabilitation of the scavenger by providing alternate employment after giving the requisite training. This programme is under implementation in Andhra Pradesh State since 1982-83. The programme comprises the following schemes: 4 Scavenging Elimination Programme + Vimukthi Programme * Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Programme Stage - I * Integrated Low cost Sanitation and Liberation of Scavengers Programme Stage - II 66 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report Scavenging Elimination Programme 3.60 The programme is assisted with central and state government funds. Fifty percent of the cost was given as grant-in-aid by Government of India and the remaining fifty per cent as interest free loan repayable in 25 installments by the State Government. This programme is under implementation in 12 Municipalities. Vimukthi Programme 3.61 This programme was launched in 1983-84. 72 Municipalities and two Cor- porations of Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam are covered under this programme: It consists of two stages: 4 Conversion of dry type latrines into sanitary type latrines of leach pit system 4 Provision of new latrines for all latrine-less households in Municipal towns including community latrines. Integrated Low Cost Sanitation and Liberation of Scavengers Programme Stage - I 3.62 The objective of the scheme is to totally eliminate manual scavenging by con- version of dry latrines into low cost sanitation units through sanitary two leach pit pour flush latrines with appropriate variations to suit local conditions. The beneficiary has to contribute for the construction of sanitary latrines depending upon his income group. Integrated Low cost Sanitation and Liberation of Scavengers Programme Stage - II 3.63 The programme envisages construction of new sanitary latrines in latrine-less households by adopting the low cost two-leach pit system. This was launched in 34 Municipalities. All households having no sanitary latrine facilities have to be covered under this programme. Status and Achievement 3.64 The status of the ILCS programme through its various components as on 1998 shows that the programme has been able to achieve considerable success. The details and achievement of each component of the ILCS programme is as follows: 4 Under the Scavenging Elimination Programme a total amount of 343.84 lacks was released by the central government along with the loan amount given by State government of Andhra Pradesh. Of the total targets of 63310 household latrines 48584 have been constructed. With regard to community latrines out of the total 1231 latrines to be constructed around 1183 physical targets has been achieved. 4 The Vimukthi programme has also under implementation and of the total 237167 household latrines to be constructed, around 1298 have been completed with the funds released under this programme. Around 708 community latrines have been constructed aiming a target of 1176. 4 The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation and Scavengers Elimination Programme Phase - I is being implemented in 22 municipalities across the state. Under the loan and 67 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report subsidy, around 6668 household latrines and around 67 community latrines have been constructed so far for a target of 13714 and 164 respectively. - The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation and Scavengers Elimination Programme Phase - II has been implemented in two stages and of the total funds under the scheme, which amounts to around 5528.79 lakhs around 1012.99 lakhs, have been utilized and around construction of 471 physical targets (Community latrines and household latrines) has been achieved. 3.2.3 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.2.3.1 ANDHRA PRADESH MUNICIPALITIES ACT 1965 3.65 Earlier the Municipalities in Andhra region were governed under Andhra Pradesh (Andhra area) District Municipalities Act, 1920 and the Municipalities in Telangana region were govemed under Andhra Pradesh (Telangana area) District municipalities Act, 1956. With a view to securing uniformity in the laws prevailing in both the regions, the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act 1965 was enacted. The new act came into effect in the year 1965 and both the earlier Acts were repealed. The APM Act, 1965 comprises of 390 sections dealing with all branches of Municipal Administration. Table 3.6 shows the various schedules that have been discussed in the APM Act, 1965. Table - 3.6: The schedules in the A.P.M.Act which envisage various functions of the municipalities Schedule-I Rules regarding proceedings of the Council Mode of transacting the business Schedule-Il Taxation and Finance rules Schedule-lIl Building Rules Schedule-IV Purposes for which premises may not be used without a licence Schedule-V List of Infectious Diseases Schedule-VI Ordinary Penalities Schedule-VII Penalties for continuing breaches Schedule-VIII List.of Municipalities in the Andhra Area and Telangana area continued prior to 1 st April, 1961 for which compensation towards loss of income from tolls or vehicles tax or both is payable and towards loss of income from tolls on animals, and vehicles is payable respectively. Schedule-IX Transitional provisions 3.66 Acquisition of land is important when new infrastructure projects are implemented in the urban areas. Such an action could have adverse social impact and the APM Act 1965 addresses this issue as follows: Land acquisition under the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act 1965 4 Any immovable property which any municipal authority is authorized by this act to acquire or may be acquired under the provisions of the LA Act, 1894 (Central Act 1 of 1894), and on payment of the compensation awarded under the said Act in respect of such property and of any other charges incurred in acquiring it, the said property shall vest in council. § Where a municipality proposes to acquire any immovable property otherwise than under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act of 1894, it shall obtain the previous approval of the District Collectors therefore, while according to his approval, the District Collector shall determine the value of which the property is to be acquired and every such acquisition shall be subject to the previous sanction of the government. 68 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social anid Environmental Assessment Report Andhra Pradesh Municipal Law Amendments, 1994 3.67 The Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act has been amended through Act No.1 7 of 1994 in conformity with the provisions of constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 and has come into force with effect from 1.6.1994. The key features of the amendments are as follows: Clause 12 of Section 2: State Election Commission constituted for panchayats will also deal with Municipal Elections and the Election Commissioner to specify the "Election Authority". Clause 15-a of Section2: Finance Commission constituted by Governor for panchayats will also be the Finance Commission for Municipalities Section 2(42-a) and Sec.2A: Constitution of the Nagar Panchayats for an area in transition from Rural to Urban as per the criteria to be specified. Section 3(1). Constitution of a Municipality for a smaller urban area as per criteria to be specified, Issue of notification for specification of an area as Industrial Township. Section 3(4): Continuance of existing Municipalities with same grade, Constitution of a Municipal Corporation for a larger Urban Area. Devolution of Functions to Urban Local Bodies 3.68 The 12th Schedule of the Constitution provides an illustrative list of municipal functions to be entrusted to Municipalities. They are 18 in number. Under the APM Act, 1965, the Municipalities are already performing the following 13 functions listed in this schedule. However the municipalities are not performing the following five functions: 1. Planning for economic and social development 2. Fire services 3. Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects 4. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded 5. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. 3.69 Government have constituted an Expert Committee to suggest amendments to the municipal laws to bring them in conformity with the Constitution 74th Amendment Act and the Expert Committee submitted its report to the Government. The committee suggested for endowing the following additional functions to the municipal bodies. 4 Planning for economic and social development 4 Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects 3.70 The above recommendations are under consideration of the Government. However, not withstanding the formal devolution of the above functions, the municipalities in Andhra Pradesh are fully involved in town planning and urban greening activities. The Committee further suggested constitution of District Planning Committees and Metropolitan Planning Committees. 69 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mlunicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessinent Report 3.2.3.2 ANDHRA PRADESH TOWN PLANNING ACT, 1920 3.71 The Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act of 1920 is an important act, which guides and regulates the planned development of towns and cities. It address various issues pertaining to town planning matters like laying and relaying out of land, construction, diversion, extension, alteration, improvement or closure of streets, roads and communications and construction, alteration and removal of buildings, bridges and other structures. It also addresses the issues relating to acquisition of land by purchase, exchange or any other method. It provides regulations for planned town development by laying down guidelines for disposal of land by sale, exchange or lease of land acquired or owned by the council, provision of transport facilities, water supply and drainage, lighting, construction of houses, preservation of objects and buildings of archaeological or historic importance or of natural beauty, imposition of conditions and restrictions on the character, number and architectural features of buildings etc. 3.72 Considering the importance of town planning in the planned growth of a town or a city the provisions of land acquisition and compensation under APM Act, 1920, and APTP Act, 1965, need examination of understand the its preparedness to address social impacts that may arise in the course of town planning. Both the APM Act, 1965 and the APTP Act, 1920, have provisions with regard to the acquisition of land, compensations and other social provisions. But there is a failure in the implemetation of these provisions in the towns. Achieving better implementation of the provisions of acts totally depends on the sensitivity of the town planning staff toward social issues and impacts that may arise out of land acquisition, especially while implementing the infrastrucutre projects in the urban areas. It is also noted that both the acts only consider legal land holders and fails to adress other issues pertaining to impacts on vulnerable sections like, women, aged, squatters, encroachers etc. Provision for Land Acquisition and Compensation under APTP Act 3.73 The following are the components of LA and compensation under the A.P.T.P. Act, 1920: + Immovable property required for the purposes of town planning scheme shall be acquired when it is needed for a public purpose through LA Act, 1894. - Immovable property in a town required may be acquired under the provisions of the LA Act of 1984. If the land is not acquired within three years of the notification it shall cease to have effect under the LA Act 1894 (Section 6). 4 Some of the sections in the LA Act 1894 (Sections 15, 23 and 24) with regard to land acquisition are superseded by the APTP Act, through the provision made in its Clause b of Section 33 of APTP Act 1920 (The Clause b of Section 33 of APTP Act states that the provisions in the LA Act of 1894 can be modified according to the convenience of the state government regulation). In these cases the compensations fixed by the court or the collector can be taken into consideration for payment of compensations or the market value of the land as on the date of publication of notice for acquisition. 4 Compensation would also include damage sustained by the person interested by reason by taking of any standing crops or trees, which may be on the land at the time of taking possession of land. 70 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Projcct Social and Environmental Assessment Report E Compensations on damages sustained by a person interested, at the time of taking possession of the land, by reason of severing such land from his other land or by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting his other property movable or immovable in any other manner or his earnings. E Compensation to be paid if, in consequence of the acquisition of the land the person interested is compelled to change his residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses (if any) incidental to such change. However the compensation will not be paid to offensive industries, which must be removed under the provisions of the town-planning scheme. E The APTP Act also created certain provisions for the Collector and the Courts to consider with regard to the compensation under the Section 33 clause 'b' of the APTP Act, 1920 when the affected person approaches the Court or the District Collector for compensations (Section 35 (3) Clause 'a' to 'f'). y In cases falling under clause 'b' under Section 33 of the APTP Act 1920, if the market value of any land or building is specially high by reason of the use thereof in a manner which could be restrained by any court, or is contrary to law or public policy or is detrimental to the health of the inmates of the building or to the public health, the amount of the increased value due to such use shall be disregarded in determining the amount of compensation. 3.74 The provision of various facilities to be provided under the A.P.T.P Act, 1920 is shown in Box - 3.4. These are the facilities that the municipalities have to provide in the concerned municipality for the service of the people. BOX - 3.4: Provision of Facilities under the Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 According to the APTP Act 1920 a town-planning scheme provides for the following matters listed under Section 4, from Clause 'a' to 'r' a. The laying out or relaying out of land, either vacant or already built up on as building sites or for any of the purposes for urban development. b. The construction, diversion, extension, alteration, improvement or closure of streets, roads and communications c. The construction, alteration, removal or demolition of buildings, bridges and other structures. d. The acquisition by purchase, exchange or otherwise of any land (or other immovable property) within the area included in the scheme whether required immediately or not e. The redistribution of boundaries and reconstitution of plots belonging to owners of property comprised in the scheme f. The disposal by sale, exchange, lease or otherwise of land acquired or owned by the council g. Provision of transport facilities h. Provision of water supply i. Provision of lighting j. Provision of drainage inclusive of sewerage and off-surface draining and disposal k. The allotment or reservation of land for streets, roads, squares, houses, buildings for religious and charitable purposes, open spaces, gardens, recreation grounds, schools, markets, shops, factories, hospitals, dispensaries, govemment and municipal buildings and public purposes of all kinds I. Construction of houses m. Preservation of objects and buildings of archeological or historic interests or of natural beauty or actually used for religious purposes or regarded by the public with special religious veneration n. The imposition of conditions and restrictions in regard to the character, number of architectural features, height of buildings allowed in specified areas and the purposes to which buildings or specified areas may or may not be appropriated and the provision and maintenance of sufficient open space about buildings o. Suspension (restriction or modification so far as may be necessary for the proper carrying out of the scheme of any provision in APTP Act, 1920, AP District Municipalities Act, 1920, AP District Boards Act, 1920 or in any rule by law or regulation made under the said acts and in force in the area included in the scheme. p. The suspension, restriction or modification so far as may be necessary for the proper carrying out of the scheme of any provision in Andhra Pradesh Estates Land Act, 1908 affecting the conversion of holdings or portions there of into building, land in the area included in the scheme q. The advance to the owners of the land or buildings comprised within the scheme upon such terms and conditions as may be provided by the scheme of the whole or part of the amount required for the erection of buildings or for the carrying out of the works, alterations or improvements in accordance with the scheme. r. Such other matters are not inconsistent with the objects of this act as may be prescribed. 71 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - i- , , Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3.2.3.3 HYDERABAD MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT, 1955 3.75 The Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act was enacted in the year 1955 with laws related to the governance for the municipal corporations of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. This Act gives the State Legislature the right to create a municipal body for the management of municiapl affairs. The Act is very wide in its terms and legislations and is also permissable to the State Legislature to confer powers upon a local authority, provided the power is for self-government. The powers conferred to the State Legislature through this act provide for election of the bodies which shall be in control of administration and appointment of authorities for local self government, provision of various services, construction and development along with other regulations and guidelines. The Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act is also an important act as it lays down the rules and regulations and provides legal standing to enact other Acts for municipal administration and municipal governance. The other Acts that were enacted based on the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955 are: Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act, 1979 3.76 This Act was established under Ordinance 7 of 1981 dated 6.6.1981. Section 7 of the Ordinance laid down that the provisions of the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955 are made applicable to the this Act. Vijayawada Municipal Corporation Act, 1981 3.77 This Act was also established under the Ordinance 7 of 1981 dated 6.6.1981. The Section 7 of the Ordinance laid down that the provisions of the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955 are made applicable to the this Act. The Act states that " All words and expressions used in this Act are not defined, but defined in the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955, shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Act ". 3.78 Some of the duties and powers of the corporations according to the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955 are as follows: 4 Demarking the alterations and limits of the city 4 Collection and removal, treatment and disposal of sewerage and solid waste * Construction of drains and drainage works 4 Maintenance and cleaning of the infrastructures 4 Regulation of dangerous and offensive trades or practices 4 Provision of lighting in the streets 4 Acquisition and maintenance of slaughter houses 4 Maintenance of open spaces, public monuments and other properties 4 Provision and maintenance of municipal water supply etc. 3.79 The Act provides for safeguards within the Act if there is any disturbance in the lives of the people due to the activities of the municipal corporations. The Act addresses issues pertaining to Land Acquisition and compensation in detail in the Sections 146 and 147 and Sections 648 and 649 respectively, which is shown in Box - 3.5. 72 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report BOX - 3.5: Land Acquisition and Compensations Under Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act > The corporation is vested with the powers to acquire land for a public purpose that is duly mentioned in the section 146 of the Act > If land is acquired from a private owner the commissioner should compensate for the loss. If the compensation exceeds Rs.5000 the corporation has to approve before any compensation amount is contracted > Prior written contract or agreement is necessary for acquiring the land for development between the owner and the corporation > No compensations will be paid to those who are dwelling or have constructed on a municipal land > If any land cannot be acquired by agreement as the case may be then the procedures mentioned in the LA Act of 1894 may be followed and the compensations and any allowances are also subject to the LA Act > There is no such power under the AP Municipalities Act, 1965 for land acquisition other than the provisions mentioned in the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955. > The Act also lays down that compensations have to be paid for the damages that may be sustained by the people by reason of the exercise of any of the powers vested in this Act. > In the event of dispute the Act also provides for the affected person to approach the court of law for redressal. 3.2.3.4 ANDHRA PRADESH MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT, 1994 3.80 The Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act was enacted on 4th of July, 1994. The Act is was basically enacted to provide for the establishment of municipal corporations in the State of Andhra Pradesh and for matters connected with the formation of corporations. The Act extends to the whole of Andhra Pradesh, except to the local areas covered by the Hyderabad, Visakhapatneam and Vijayawada Municipal Corporations. This Act details various specifications that need to demark a larges urban area, municipal authorities charged with carrying out the provisions of the act, reservation of seats in the administration, election and terms of office of various functionaries, the constitution and powers and functions of the ward committees and provisions of other Acts like the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965, Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955., etc that are applicable to it. 3.2.3.5 THE ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN AREAS (DEVELOPMENT) ACT, 1975 3.81 This Act came into action on 20th January 1975 and is applicable to all municipalities of Andhra Pradesh. This is "an Act to provide for development of urban areas in the Andhra Pradesh, according to plan and for matters pertaining to it". As per the Act the UDAs have few major functions to perform, to aid, control and regulate the development. The functions are: 1. Preparation of master plan and zonal development plan (chapter - III, section 6 of APUAD Act, 1975) consists of different land uses (zones) for the purpose of development at the town and zonal levels. 2. Objects of the urban Development authority (to promote and secure development) (chapter - II, Section 5.1) as per the plan authority includes, acquire land by purchase or otherwise the land required for master plan and zonal plans (as per land acquisition act, 1894), holding and managing the land, plan and develop the land, mortgage or dispose land and other property and to execute operations in areas of building, engineering and mining in connection with water supply, electricity, disposal of sewage, control of pollution and provision of amenities in its jurisdiction. 3. Constituting an Art commission in an Urban Development Authority (UDA) and its responsibilities, which (A committee constituted by UDA) (chapter - IX, section 39.2) include the restoration and conservation of the urban design, restoration and conservation of the environment, planning and development of the 73 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report urban design and environment, restoration and conservation of archeological and historical sites of high scenic beauty and provision of grants, concessions and other modes of compensation for purchase or acquisition of land with the support of the government. 4. Levy, assessment and recovery of development charges (Chapter - VII, sections 27.1 and 28.1) lists that the authority shall levy charges (development charges) on the institution of use or change of use of land or building or development of any land or building. The assessment is based on the use of the land or building for which development is required. 5. Performance and monitoring (chapter 11, section 5.2) provides for the authority to constitute any number of committees for monitoring to improve the performance of the authority. 3.2.3.6 THE ANDHRA PRADESH INFRASTRUCTURE ENABLING ACT, 2001 3.82 The Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure enabling Act passed by the Legislative Assemply of the state received the accent and came into being in the month of October, 2001. This act was enacted to enable and provide for the rapid development of physical and social infrastructure in the state and to attract private sector participation in the designing, financing, construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructure projects in the state and provide a comprehensive legislation for reducing administrative and procedural delays, identifying generic project risks, detailing various incentives, detailing the project delivery process, procedures for reconciliation of disputes and also to provide for other ancillary and incedental matters threto with a view to presenting bankable projects to the private sector for improving level of infrastructure in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Act is applicable and extends to the whole of Andhra Pradesh. It is applicable to all projects implemented through private and public partnership and is not aplicable to any venture in a joint collaboration between state and central governments. 3.2.3.7 URBAN LAND (CEILING AND REGULATION) ACT, 1976 3.83 The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation ) Act, 1976 was a central act on a state subject (entry 18 in List II of the Seventh Schedule). This Act was enacted under Article 252 (1) of the Constitution after the Legislatures of 11 States like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa etc., passed the necessary resolution authorising the Parliament to enact a law in this behalf. The Act was subsequently was adopted by 6 more states namely Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Rajasthan on various dates once the Act was repealed by the central government. 3.84 Other States did not adopt the Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1976, like the State of Tamil Nadu is has its own Act known as Tamil Nadu Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1978. The Act is now applicable to 12 states and 3 union territories which had towns with a population of more than 2 lakhs as per 1971 Census. The Act is presently applied to 64 urban agglomerations. The salient features of the Act are presented in Box - 3.6. 74 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmerit Report BOX- 3.6: Salient Features of The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act 1976 >, Imposition of a ceiling on both ownership and possession of vacant land in urban agglomerations, the ceiling being on a grades basis according to the classification of the urban agglomeration. > Acquisition of the excess vacant land by the state with powers to dispose of the vacant land for common good; > Payment of an amount for the acquisition of the excess vacant land, in cash and in bonds > Granting exemptions in respect of certain specific categories of vacant land; > Regulating the transfer of vacant land within the ceiling limit; > Regulating the transfer of urbanisable land or any building (constructed before or after the starting of the Act), for a period of 10 years from the commencement of the Act or construction of the building whichever is latter; > Restricting the plinth area for the construction of futrure residential buildings. 3.2.3.8 LAND ACQUISITION ACT, 1894 AS AMENDED IN 1984 3.85 The right to eminent domain (The power of the state to take property for public use without the consent of the owner) is the basis of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, which is directly and exclusively concerned with the acquisition of land by Central as well as the State government. The LA, Act 1894 was amended in the year 1984 by the central government to remove the various bottlenecks inherent in the original act and thereby increasing its applicable efficiency. There are a number of other Central as well as State laws, which permit the government to acquire land for specific purposes. However the state governments can make any amendments to the Act as long as they are opposed to the provisions in the act. The Central and State Governments can acquire land for public purposes and the purposes could include, declaration of reserved forests, planned development of industries, slum clearance, town planning, municipal housing schemes etc. The amendment of the LA, Act in 1984 addresses certain important issues that have aimed to reduce the unnecessary delays, which occurred during the entire process of land acquisition and also awarded compensations to the persons affected. The important features of the LA Act of 1984 are presented in Box - 3.7. BOX - 3.7: Features of The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act of 1984 The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 was drastically amended in 1984 by the Central Govemment. The following are the features of the revised act known as the Amendment Act of 1984. > Setting the time limit for the completion of all formalities from the issue of preliminary notice [Section 4(1)] to the intended land acquisition [Section 6(1)]. > Setting the time limit within which the collector must make his award (Section-1 1-A of the Act) > Payment of interest at 12 percent per annum for the period from the date of notice [Section 4(1)] to the date of award made by the collector [Section 28-A (I-A) of the Act]. > Payment of solatium (i.e. compensation for loss, suffering or injured feelings) at an increased rate of 30 percent of the market value of the acquired land [Section 23(2) of the Act]. Previously the interest rate was fixed at 15 percent of the market value. > The provision of an opportunity to those dissatisfied with the compensation to approach the court (Section 28-A of the LA Act). 3.2.3.9 CONSTITUTION (74TH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992 3.86 The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 prescribes a legal-institutional framework for effective local self-government. The Act envisages that elected municipal representatives remain at the helm of civic affairs and play a critical role in the planning and provision of civic infrastructure and services to the people. The major features of the 74th Amendment are as follows: 3.87 An important aspect which needs to be emphasized is that the Constitution (74th Amendment) Act 1992 envisages that the Municipalities undertake functions like urban planning including town planning, planning for economic and social development, urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects, safeguarding 75 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded, slum improvement and upgradation, urban poverty alleviation. 3.88 The mandatory provision of the Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 calls measures to create capacity of key institutions that are to serve as pillars of local-self government. The operationalisation of these institutions, endowing them with appropriate functional responsibilities, finances and autonomy, and making them function effectively remain as major challenges. The Constitutional vision of decentralization and effective and accountable delivery of urban public services cannot be attained unless these pillars of grassroots level democracy are in place and also are in a position to discharge their constitutionally mandated functions efficiently. The clarification of the functions of municipal bodies and other urban institutions vis-a-vis State and Central Governments and para-statals, assignment of finances commensurate with functions, establishment of a system of checks and balances or accountability, adoption of appropriate and cost- effective technologies, simplification of budgeting, accounting and auditing procedures, and institution and upgradation of capabilities at various levels constitute some important policy issues confronting municipal governance. The important features of the 74th Constitutional Amend Act are presented in Box - 3.8. BOX - 3.8: Major Features of The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act > Regular and fair conduct of municipal elections by statutorily constituted State Election Commissions to ensure the continuity of elected municipal govemments and civic affairs by directly elected representatives of the people > Limitation to State power to do away with democratically elected local governments; > Adequate representations to weaker sections and women in municipal bodies through reservation of seats; > Constitution of Wards Committees in Municipalities with a population of 3 lakhs or more, with no bar for such committees in cities having lesser population to ensure popular participation in civic affairs at the grass-roots level; > Specification by law by the State Legislatures of the powers and functional responsibilities to be entrusted to Municipalities and Wards Committees; > A framework for the earmarking of government functions for urban local bodies through the 12th Schedule of the Constitution; > Placing on a firm footing the relationship between the State Governments and urban local bodies with respect to local taxation powers and revenue-sharing between States and local authorities through statutory State Finance Commissions to be set up every five years; and > Critical role to directly elected representatives of the people in the preparation, implementation and monitoring of development plans at the district and metropolitan levels through Metropolitan and District Planning Committees. 3.2.3.10 THE TWELFTH SCHEDULE OF THE CONSTITUTION 3.89 The 74th Amendment Act adds the Twelfth Schedule to Part IX of the Constitution of India (Article 243W). This Schedule provides an illustrative list of municipal fuinctions (Box - 3.9) which includes: BOX - 3.9: The 12 th Schedule (Article 243 W) > Urban planning including town planning; > Regulation of land use and construction of buildings; > Planning for economic and social development; > Roads and bridges; > Water supply for domestc, industrial and commercial purposes; > Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management; > Fire services; > Urban forestry, protecton of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects; > Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded; > Slum improvement and up-gradation; > Urban poverty alleviation; > Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, and playgrounds; > Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects; > Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds, and electric crematoria; > Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals; > Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths; > Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences; > Regulation of slaughterhouses and tanneries. 76 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmrental Assessment Report 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 3.3.1 POLICIES 3.3.1.1 ANDHRA PRADESH INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY 3.90 The Policy would apply to all infrastructure projects implemented with Private Public Partnership (PPP) that enhances the environmental improvement. The Policy envisaged the need for a special legislation called Infrastructure Development Act (IDA). The IDA constitutes a special Infrastructure Promotion Authority (IPA) having quasi- judicial functions, while the Task Force would undertake the executive functions outlined in the IDA that is helpful for environment and Infrastructural development. 3.91 The infrastructure sectors covered by the policy, related to the urban environmental civic infrastructure, useful for the environmental up gradation are as follows: 1. Roads (Government Highways, Major District Roads, Other District Roads & Village roads, bridges and by passes. 2. Minor ports and Harbors. 3. Canals, Dams. 4. Industrial/Knowledge Parks and Townships. 5. Waste Management. 6. Sewerage, Drainage. 7. Inland Water Transport. 8. Tourism. 9. Education. 10. Public Markets. 11. Trade Fair, Convention, Exhibition and Cultural Centres. 12. Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution. 13. Metro Railroads and other Urban Transport Systems. 3.92 In addition to the above, it is mentioned in the policy document that it provides for the inclusion of other sectors to the ambit of the policy as and when required. The policy provides necessary support for the development of town wide infrastructure and encourages public participation that would enhance the environment. The policy is in conjunction with the environmental section of VISION 2020 document of the state. 3.3.1.2 VISION 2020 - CLEAN AND GREEN ANDHRA PRADESH 3.93 "By 2020 Andhra Pradesh will have clean air and water, hygienic, well planned, and pleasant villages and cities. The state will utilize its natural resources with a view to conserving them. Conservation of environment, in fact, be an integral part of its developmental planning, ensuring that economic development remains sustainable. By 2020, the state will proactively planning for and managing its environment, emphasizing positive linkages with development and carefully scrutinizing all development choices that may adversely effect the environment. It will use superior environmental management as a competitive advantage to attract investment in to the state." The important resolutions made in the document with respect to environment are, 77 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrnentai Assessmerit Report 4 Environmental resource planning study as an integral part of conserving and utilizing environmental resources of the entire state. v Internalizing environmental considerations in planning and policy making. 4 Local environmental standards with reference to the zonal carrying capacity. 4 Strategic SEA study mandate for all policies, plans, projects and programmes. 4 Reforms and other state's growth agenda to improve environmental conservation and up gradation. 3.94 The other sections of the vision document, related to the urban and infrastructure development i.e. "Managing Urban Growth and Infrastructure: creating basis for growth", also emphasize on the importance of protecting and upgrading the environment. Thus the vision document and the A.P. Infrastructure policy provide necessary support for urban infrastructure development with a bearing on the environmental component. 3.3.1.3 WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES - ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 3.95 In the present context the Operation Policies listed below play an important role for drafting policies with regard to Environmental Assessment of projects, resettlement and rehabilitation and also management of cultural property. Operational Policy 4.01(Environmental Assessment of projects) 3.96 The Operational Policy 4.01 outlines the methodology to be adopted for Environmental Assessment (EA) of Projects for funding. All projects of Category A, EA is mandatory irrespective of the project type, until and unless the project is of emergency recovery project and is exempted from EA study. For the category B projects, the scope of the EA study varies from project to project but it is narrower than category A EA, but the EA for the category B project shall examine the potential negative and positive environmental impacts and shall recommend any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For Projects of C category, no EA is required beyond screening. Operation Policy Note 11.03 (Cultural Property) 3.97 The United Nations term "cultural property" includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. Cultural property, therefore, encompasses both remains left by previous human inhabitants (for example, middens, shrines, and battlegrounds) and unique natural environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls. The rapid loss of cultural property in many countries is irreversible and often unnecessary. 3.98 The OP 11.03 detailed how background information on all aspects with regard to the management of cultural property. Important aspects of the policy are as follows: 4 To assist in preservation and to seek to avoid elimination of cultural properties 4 Avoid damage to non-replicable cultural property 4 Protection and enhancement of cultural properties 4 Relocation of sites and structures that can be preserved studied and restored on alternate sites 78 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report v Scientific study, selective salvage, and preservation - Include the training and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a nation's cultural patrimony Operation Policy 4.36 (Forests) 3.100 The management, conservation, and sustainable development of forest ecosystems and their associated resources are essential for lasting poverty reduction and sustainable development. The objective of this policy is to assist the governments to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. 3.101 Where forest restoration and plantation development are necessary to meet these objectives, the World Bank assists the state governments with forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The World Bank also assists the governments with the establishment and sustainable management of environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services. The scope of policy ensures and covers the following issues: 4 Impacts on the health and quality of forests - Affects on the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests, and 4 Changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. Operation Policy 4.09 (Pest Management) 3.102 This policy provides guidance to the governments to manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health. It is important to consider issues of pest management while planning sub-projects especially, in the class - II and the Class - III towns where the land under agriculture is more. A strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides is important to achieve environmental sustainability in the long run. The issues of pest management are to be addressed in the context of the project's environ-mental assessment. Hence capacity building towards better pest management is suggested in the policy. 3.103 The policy also provides for a criterion in selecting the pesticides to be used during the implementation of sub-projects especially, sub-projects associated with Public Health. According to the policy the following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in World Bank financed projects: + They must have negligible adverse human health effects 4 They must be shown to be effective against the target species 4 They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. 4 The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. 79 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4 Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them. b Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests 3.3.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF AP TRANSCO 3.104 AP Transco states its commitment to the protection and enhancement of the environment, and its endeavor in always seeking new ways to minimize the environmental impacts of their past, present and future activities. Transco is committed to maintaining the highest standard of environmental performance. To meet its commitments it has decided to: 4 Meet, and where appropriate, exceed the requirements of environmental legislation, policies, charters and other commitments to which it subscribes; * Prevent pollution, including the releases of oil and hazardous materials, wherever possible, but if an incident occurs respond effectively to minimize impact on human health and the environment; 4 Minimize and properly manage the waste generated, and reuse or recycle waste materials whenever economically feasible; 4 Help protect the environment for future generations by making their contribution to minimizing climate change; 4 Monitor Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) research developments and assess continually the implications for the way in which they operate; 4 Manage the risks associated with sites that have been contaminated from their past operations and improve these sites where appropriate; * Protect and improve, where appropriate, the environmental status of the land on which it operates; 9 Require their contractors to demonstrate the same level of commitment as NGT in the management of the environment; 9 Ensure that their employees have the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to contribute to their environmental commitments. 3.105 Transco promotes continual improvements in environmental performance. To do this they undertake the following: * Encourage open and constructive dialogue with employees, members of the public and other stakeholders to continually challenge their performance; * Identify and manage risks associated with their activities and deliver any improvements through effective environmental management systems; i Monitor their environmental performance, audit the effectiveness of their management systems, and report their performance to employees, shareholders, the public and other stakeholders. 80 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3.3.1.5 NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY AND POLICY STATEMENT ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, 1992: MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS 3.106 The National Conservation Strategy and the Policy Statement on Environment and Development are in response to the need for laying down the guidelines that will help to weave environmental considerations into the fabric of our national life and of our development process. It is an expression of our commitment for reorienting policies and action in unison with the environmental perspective. 4 The policy addresses the necessity to control population, emphasizing the link between poverty, population growth and the Environment. + It emphasizes the environmental assessment and environmental clearance of all investments before they are grounded, and the need for organizational restructuring and capacity building to address environmental issues. - The policy also states the conservation of cultural and heritage sites and structures. 3.107 According to the policy, Environmental problems in India can be classified into two broad categories: a. Those arising as negative effects of the very process of development; and b. Those arising from conditions of poverty and under-development. 3.108 The policy says, "Although technological progress will add to the capabilities for sustaining a large number of population, the need for a vigorous drive for population control can hardly be over emphasized in view of the linkage between poverty, population growth and the environment." It also states "The causes and effects are often interwoven in complex webs of social, technological and environmental factors." 3.109 The policy suggests the following measures under each head for the environmental improvement. Prevention and Control of Pollution 4 Water and air quality monitoring stations in selected areas. - Use-based zoning and classification of major rivers. 4 Rules for manufacture, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous substances. - On-site and off-site emergency plans for preparedness against chemical accidents. 4 Fiscal incentives for installation of pollution control devices. 4 Identification of critically polluted areas and of highly polluting industries. Environmental Impact Assessment 4 Formulation of Environmental guidelines for projects in various sectors. 81 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Nlunicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report The agenda for action in this regard will include the following - To ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of the present and future generations without causing damage to the environment; 4 To prevent and control future deterioration in land, water and air which constitute our life-support systems; 4 To take steps for restoration of ecologically degraded areas and for environmental improvement in our rural and urban settlements; 4 To prevent further damage to and conserve natural and man-made heritage; v To ensure that development projects are correctly sited so as to minimize their adverse environmental consequences; * To ensure that the environment and productivity of coastal areas and marine ecosystems are protected; 4 To protect the scenic landscapes, areas of geomorphologic significance, unique and representative biomes and ecosystems and wildlife habitats, heritage sites/structures and areas of cultural heritage importance. To address the above stated agenda, the instruments for action will include the following: 9 To carry out environmental impact assessment of all development projects right from the planning stage and integrate it with their cost-benefit considerations. Appropriate costs of environmental safeguards and regeneration would continue to form an integral part of the projects; * To ensure that all projects above a certain size and in certain ecologically sensitive areas should require compulsory prior environmental clearance; 9 To incorporate environmental safeguards and protection measures, in policies, planning, site selection, choice of technology and implementation of development projects like agriculture, water resource development, industry, mineral extraction and processing, energy, forestry, transport and human settlements; D To elicit and ensure participation of people in programmes for environmental improvement and for integrating the environmental concerns in planning and implementation of development programmes; D To create environmental consciousness through education and mass awareness programmes; * To develop appropriate organizational structures and a pool of professional manpower to serve as the cadre for environmental management service; and, * To effectively implement the various environmental laws and regulations for environmental protection through creation or strengthening of the requisite enforcement machinery. 3.3.2 PROGRAMMES 3.3.2.1 STATE OF ENVIRONMENT, PLANNING COMMISSION, INDIA 3.110 The Planning Commission of India, in the year 2000, has taken a decision to have state of Environment report prepared each year, for all the states and union territories. As per the decision, the Ministry of Environment and Forests has offered to four national host institutions, to prepare "the state of environment " reports for the states and union 82 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report territories of India. Under this program, In Andhra Pradesh, the SOE for the year 2001 has already been prepared and published by state pollution control board. The SOE for 2002 - 03 is towards completion. 3.111 The report is useful that contains the information about the sectoral environmental characteristics and parameters of a region of the state. The report informs the status of ambient air and water quality, urbanization, mining, solid waste management etc. and their impacts on environment of the state. This may be referred in understanding the base line and environmental characteristics of a region of the state, during the investment for the sub projects under the project APURMSP. 3.3.2.2 STATE ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMME (SEAP) 3.112 The State Environmental Action programme is devised in 1990's and implemented in the 1990's by the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB). The State Environmental Action Plan identified and ranked the most important urban environmental problems. Inadequate water availability, both in quality and quantity terms topped the list as first priority environmental problem. 3.113 In addition, the following problems emerged as the other most important problems to be addressed. 1. Lack of sanitation/toilet facilities 2. Inadequate and inefficient urban water supply systems 3. Indiscriminate disposal of waste water 4. Deteriorating urban air quality and 5. Inadequate solid waste management 3.114 In line with these action plans with commercialization of water supply systems, privatization of solid waste management, reduced vehicular pollution through economic disincentive schemes and introduction of measures to achieve reduction in travel demand are being developed. Strengthening monitoring environmental quality, public disclosure of information are other essential ingredients of the action plan. 3.115 The environmental action plan addresses the various issues pertaining to the environment in a holistic manner by using a top down approach. However by incorporating implementation and monitoring aspects it also follows a bottom approach for effective achievement of the concerned objectives. 3.116 The APPCB has outlined in detail the various fuinctions and activities it will be undertaking in order to assist the Government in effectively carrying forward its Environmental Action Plan. These various monitoring and support functions and activities of the task force are described. 3.117 As part of the Environmental Action Programme several innovative schemes such as "Clean and Green" programme had been launched to make every habitation in the State "Clean and Green" by 2020, so as to enable every man, woman and child in the State to lead a healthy life. 83 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Scrvices Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3.118 In order to tackle the pollution problems effectively the Board has created a Task Force cell in August 1995. The main objective of the Task Force is to respond to various complaints made by the public and to provide immediate relief besides effective monitoring of polluting industries located in hotspot areas of the State. 3.119 The goal of the Task Force is defined as "Prompt action on Public Complaints as well as on erring industries for Prevention and Control of Water and Air Pollution problems in the State to protect Public Health and Environment". The main objectives of the task force can be summarized as follows: 4 Initiate quick action on the complaints lodged on Pollution problems in the State. + To inspect hot-spot areas and prepare time bound action plans to mitigate pollution problems. * To recommend appropriate action against defaulting industries under the provisions of Water and Air Acts. 4 To ensure the implementation of directions issued by the Honorable Courts. 4 To under take Ambient Air Quality, Stack and Wastewater monitoring in critically polluted areas. 3.3.3 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.3.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 3.120 The Environment (Protection) Act was conceived as an "umbrella legislation" seeking to supplement the existing laws on the control of pollution (the water Act and the Air Act) by enacting a general legislation for environment protection and to fill the gaps in regulation of major environmental hazards. 3.121 The Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF), Government of India under the Act has passed notifications regulating citing of industries and operations. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is not required for infrastructure sub-projects covered under APURMSP, as they do not fall in the categories listed in Schedule - I of the EIA Notification, 1994. However, the Act includes a provision for projects costing above Rs. 60 Crores. Box: 3.10: The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Section 6 empowers Central govemment to make rules to regulate environmental pollution, such as- The standards of quality of air, water, soil for various areas and purposes The maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental pollutants (including noise), prohibition and restrictions on location of industries and carrying of process in various areas. The procedures and safe guards for the prevention of accidents, which may cause environmental pollution. Section 7 prohibits carrying out of any industry, operation or process which discharges or emits environmental pollution in excess of standards Section 8 of the act regulates handling of hazardous substances Section 9 states, the persons responsible for discharges, bound to prevent or mitigate environmental pollution and intimate the any accidents due to any occurrences. 3.3.3.2 NOTIFICATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS, 1994 3.122 The MoEF, Government of India has under the Environmental (protection) Act 1986 promulgated a notification on 27 January 1994 making environmental clearance mandatory for expansion or modernization of any activity or for setting up new projects 84 Andhra Pradeshi Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Proiect Social and Environmental Assessment Report listed in schedule I of the notification. Till 1994, EIA clearance was the administrative requirement for big projects undertaken by the Govemment or public sector undertakings. EIA clearance is required for 29 categories of industries from the central govemment, which can be broadly categorized under the following sectors: 4 Industries 4 Mining - Thermal power plants * River valley projects 4 Ports * Harbors and airports 4 Communication 4 Atomic energy 4 Transport (rail, road, highway) 4 Tourism (including hotels, beach resorts) 3.123 Evidently, the EIA notification does not cover the developmental projects in urban domain except for the Landfill site approval for Urban Solid waste management. This is also the basic rationale behind the detachment of the Pollution Control Board with the Environmental implications of urban infrastructure and management projects. 3.3.3.3 WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977 INCLUDING RULES 3.124 As per the Act, levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons, industries and local authorities shall be utilized to augment resources for the Pollution Control Boards. As per the provision of Section 3, all specified industries under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 are liable to pay cess in the prescribed rate made under the statute. It is provided under Section 5 that every specified industry or local authority is liable to fumish cess to respective authorities. Also all specified industries and local authorities for the purpose of measuring the quantity of water consumption should install suitable meters. 3.3.3.4 WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974 - AS AMENDED IN 1978 & 1988 3.125 The Act vests regulatory authority on the SPCB and empowers them to establish and enforce effluent standards for industries and local authorities discharging effluents. Some important provisions of the act are: 3.126 Section 24 of the Act prohibits the use of stream or well on land for disposal of polluting materials in accordance with the disposal standards laid down by the SPCB. 3.127 It further states that no person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any other matter, which may directly or indirectly impede the proper flow of water of the stream in a manner leading or likely leading to pollution. But the section permits constructing, improving or maintaining in or across on the bank or bed of any stream any building, bridge, weir, dam, sluice, dock, pier, drain or sewer. 85 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3.128 Section 25 restricts the operation or process, or any treatment and disposal system or an extension or additions thereto, which is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluent. It also restricts, bring into use of any new or altered outlets. The section further makes the consent necessary establishment of any operation or process or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or additions thereto. 3.129 According to Section 32 of the Act, in case of any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter is present in any stream or well or on land due to discharge of such matter due to any accident or any other unforeseen act, the state board shall take emergency measures such as prohibiting the discharge of any such matter. 3.130 Section 55 asserts that all local authorities shall render help and assistance and furnish information to the board as it may require for discharge of its functions, and shall make available to the board for inspection and examination such records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary. 3.3.3.5 ANDHRA PRADESH WATER, LAND AND TREES ACT, 2002 3.131 It was conceived as a comprehensive piece of legislation that would regulate the exploitation of ground and surface water resources, while providing for punishment to those violating the guidelines. It extends to the whole of the State of Andhra Pradesh. The provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002 in brief are: 3.132 Section 3 states that the Government through notification would constitute an authority called the Andhra Pradesh State Water, Land and Trees Authority to oversee the progress of efforts made to promote water conservation and increase tree cover. The Government, may in consultation with the State Authority, constitute by notification, authorities at District and Mandal levels with such composition and to perform such functions in such manner as may be prescribed. 3.133 Sections 8 to 19 give the various ground water protection measures to be followed in the State and various guidelines for the reference and implementation of these measures by the Authority constituted. Procedures for registration of wells, guidelines for prohibition of water pumping in certain areas temporarily, limitations to granting permission for well sinking near drinking water source, guidelines to declare a particular ground water basin as over exploited temporarily and protection of public drinking water sources are given in these sections. Provisions for closure of wells, compensations applicable are also spelled in these sections. 3.134 Sections 20 to 27 give the various surface water protection measures to be followed in the State and various guidelines for the reference and implementation of these measures by the Authority constituted. Guidelines are given for land use modifications based on water quality, to ensure that land and water use in watersheds shall be conducive for efficient utilization, to ensure optimum use of surface and ground water in irrigation command areas, notification of lakes, ponds and tanks as heritage bodies. These sections also empower the authority for imposing and implementing a ceiling on water usage by an industry or commercial unit and sand mining in environmentally sensitive areas. 86 Andhra Pradesli Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrnent Report 3.135 Sections 28 to 32 give the various guidelines for the Authority to direct the ULBs to take up responsibility for trees in their jurisdictional limits and procedures to make plantation and protection of trees and landscaping mandatory. Further these sections also give guidelines for the authority to encourage stall fed goat rearing and protection of the forests in the fringe areas. 3.136 Sections 33 to 47 consists of the miscellaneous provisions of the act which pronounce the guidelines for appeals by persons affected by the act, power of the authority to levy penalties, procedures for service of notices, compounding of offences and other similar clauses to aid in implementation of the act. The Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Tree Ordinance and the Andhra Pradesh Ground Water (Regulation for drinking water purposes) Act.1996 are repealed in these sections. 3.3.3.6 THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1991 3.137 An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for establishment, with view of carrying out the afore said purposes of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith. Important provisions in the Act are given below. Section 17 (g): To lay down standards for emissions. Section 17(h): To advice the state govemment on location of any industry Section 17(2): The central and State Boards may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the state board to perform its functions efficiently. Section 18: Powers to give directions to state boards by central pollution control board/ state government. Section 19: Power to declare air pollution control areas. Section 19(3): To prohibit the use of any fuel other than an approved fuel, in any air pollution control area or part thereof. Section 19(4): To prohibit the use of any appliance other than an approved appliance, in the premises situated in an air pollution area. State 19 (5): To prohibit burning of any material (not being fuel), which may cause air pollution in the air pollution control area. Section 20: Powers to give instructions for ensuring standards for emissions from automobiles. Section2l: Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants. Require consent to establish or operation of any plant from the board. Section22: Powers to give direction (closure, stoppage of electricity, water or any other service). Or for the discharge of any air pollutant into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a ship or an aircraft. . No person operating any industrial plant, in any air pollution control area shall discharge or cause or pernit to be discharged the emission of any air pollutant in excess of the standards laid down by the State Board under clause (g) of sub section (I) of section 17. Section 22 (a): Powers of board to make application to court for restraining persons from causing air pollution. The board shall make an application to a court not inferior to metropolitan magistrate or a judicial magistrate of the 1 st class. Rule 27 of A.P. Air (prevention and control of pollution) rules, 1982 states that this 87 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Servicos r -, - Social and Environmrental Assessment Report act shall be applicable to the entire state of Andhra Pradesh. Section 24. Power of entry and inspection. Section 24(4): If any person willfully delay and or obstructs any person empowered by the board in discharging duties shall be guilty of an offence under this act. Section 25: Power to obtain information Section 26: Power to take samples of air or emission and procedures to be followed in connection therewith. Section27: Reports of the results of analysis on samples taken under section 26 & procedures to be followed. Section 31 9(A): Powers to give direction (closure, stoppage of electricity, water or any other service.) 3.3.3.7 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - AS AMENDED IN 1988 3.138 The Central Government enacted The Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980 to stop large-scale diversion of forestland for non-forest use. 3.139 State Government or any authority shall not make, except with the prior approval of the Central Government any order directing: 4 Reserved forest or any portion there of shall cease to be reserved; 4 Any forest land or any portion there of may be used for any non-forest purpose; 4 Any forest land or any portion there of may be assigned by way of lease or otherwise to any private person to any authority corporation, agency or any other organization not owned, managed by Government; and - Any forest land or any portion there of may be cleared of trees, which have grown naturally in that land or portion for the purpose of using it for re-forestation. Box - 3.11: The Indian Forest Act, 1927 Section 5 states that after declaring the particular land as reserved forest, no fresh clearings for any purpose shall be made except in accordance with such rules made by state government Section 26 states the acts prohibited in such forest in addition to the section 5. Sections 30, 32 fumish power to the State government to regulate certain acts (clearing for cultivation, or building or any other purpose of any land etc, in such forests) specified in the section, in protected forests. Section 35 fumishes power to state government to prohibit certain acts (clearing of vegetation etc) in lands not being the property of government. Box- 3.12: The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Section 2 of the Act restricts the state government on the de-reservation of forests or use of forestland for non-forest purposes The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 Rule 4 states the procedure to make proposal by state government seeking prior approval to de-reserve the forest for non-forest purposes (section 2 of Forest Act, 1980), provided that all proposals involving clearing of naturally grown trees in forest land or portion or thereof for the purpose of using it for re-afforestation shall be sent in the form of working plan / management plan. The details of the project activates shall be given according to the form. 3.3.3.8 WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 3.140 An act to provide for the protection of wild animals birds and plants and for matters connected therewith. The provisions under this act are: - Section 9 of the Act mentions that no person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule I; 88 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report * The act prohibits picking, uprooting, daniaging. destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forestland; . It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife in a sanctuary; * No alteration of the boundaries of a National Park shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of State; and * Destruction or damaging of any wildlife property in national Park is prohibited. 3.3.3.9 NOTIFICATION ON COASTAL REGULATION ZONE, 1991 3.141 This is in exercise of the power conferred by Clause (d) of sub-rule (3) of Rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, and all other powers vesting in its behalf, the Central Government hereby declares that 3.142 All coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action up to 500 mts from the High Tide Line and the land between the Low Tide Line and the high tide line comes within the jurisdiction of Coastal Regulation Zone. (HTL is defined based on the spring tides). However, the distance from the HTL to which proposed regulations will apply in the case of rivers, creeks and backwaters may be modified on a case to case basis for reasons to be recorded while preparing Coastal Zone Management Plans by the competent authority. However, in this latter case, the distance from the HTL will not be less than 100 meters or width of the creek, river or back water, which ever is less. Classification of Coastal Regulation Zone 3.143 For regulation of developmental activities, the coastal stretches within 500m of HTL on the landward side are classified into four categories, namely Category I (CRZ -I), Category II (CRZ -II), Category III (CRZ -III) and Category IV (CRZ-IV). Category I (CRZ -I) 3.144 Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important, such as national parks/marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wild habitats, mangroves, corals/coral reefs, area close to breeding and spawning grounds of fish and other marine life, areas of outstanding natural beauty, historical and heritage areas, areas rich in genetic biodiversity, areas likely to be inundated due to rise in sea level consequent upon global warming and such areas as may be declared by the authorities. Areas between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line are also to be avoided under this Zone. Box-3.13: CRZ-I No new construction shall be permitted within 500 metres of the High Tide Line. No construction activity, except as listed under prohibited activities below will be permitted between the Low Tide Line and the High Tide Line. Category II (CRZ -II) 3.145 The areas that have already been developed up to or the shoreline. For this purpose, 'Developed area' is referred to as that area within the municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas which are already substantially built up and which have 89 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Nlunicipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report been provided with drainage and approach roads and other Infrastructural facilities, such as water supply and sewerage mains. Box - 3.14: CRZ-II * Construction is not permitted on the seaward side of the existing road (or roads proposed in the approved Coastal Zone Management Plan of the area) or on seaward side of existing authorized structures. Construction is permitted on the landward side but shall be subject to the existing local Town and Country Planning Regulations & FSI/FAR rules. * Reconstruction of the authorized buildings to be permitted subject to the existing FSI/FAR norms and without change in the existing use. * The design and construction of buildings shall be consistent with surrounding landscape and local architectural style. Category III (CRZ -III) 3.146 Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those, which do not belong to either Category I or II. These will include coastal zone in the areas (developed and undeveloped) and also areas within Municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are not, substantially built up. Box-3.15: CRZ-III 1. The area up to 200 metres from the HTL is to be earmarked as 'No Development Zone'. No construction shall be permitted within this zone except for repairs of existing authorized structures not exceeding existing FSI, existing plinth area and existing density. However, the following uses may be permissible in this zone-agriculture, horticulture, garden pastures, parks, play fields, forestry and salt manufacture from seawater. 2. Development of vacant plots between 200 and 500 metres of High Tide Line in designated areas of CRZ-111 with pror approval of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF) permitted for construction of hotels/beach resorts for temporary occupation of tourists/visitors subject to the conditions as stipulated in the guidelines. 3. Construction/reconstruction of dwelling units between 200 and 500 metres of the HTL permitted so long it is within the ambit of traditional rights and customary uses such as existing fishing villages and gaothans. Building permission for such construction/reconstruction will be subject to the conditions that the total number of dwelling unit shall not be more than twice the number of existing units, total Ocovered area on all floors shall not exceed 33 percent of the plot size; the overall height of construction shall not exceed 9 metres and construction shall not be more than 2 floors (ground floor plus one floor). 4. Reconstruction/alterations of an existing authorized building permitted subject to (i) to (iii) above. Category IV (CRZ -IV) 3.147 Coastal stretches in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and small islands, except those designated as CRZ I, CRZ II and CRZ III 3.3.3.9.6 Prohibited Activities under Coastal Regulation Zone 3.148 Setting up and expansion of new and existing industries, handling/ disposal of hazardous waste, fish processing, discharge of untreated and industrial effluents, dumping of town waste or land filling, mining, harvesting / drawing of ground water, construction activities (between the LTL and HTL except facilities for carrying treated effluents and waste water discharges into the sea). Those directly related to waterfront or directly needing foreshore facilities are not prohibited. Regulation of Permissible Activities 3.149 All other activities except those mentioned above will be regulated as under clearance for waterfront and foreshore activities only. 90 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3.3.3.10 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2000 3.150 Central Govemment notified in exercise of the Powers conferred by Section 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 with the objective of regulating the management and handling of the Municipal Solid Wastes. Applicability 3.151 Applies to all municipal authorities responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. 3.152 The responsibilities of a Municipal Authority as described in these rules are: 1. Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. 2. The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in Form-I, for grant of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills from the State Board or the Committee in order to comply with the implementation programme laid down in Schedule-I 3. The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation schedule laid down in Schedule-I. 4. The municipal authority shall fumish its annual report in Form-II. (a) To the Secretary-in charge of the Department of Urban Development of the concemed State or as the case may be of the Union Territory, in case of a metropolitan city; or (b) To the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concemed in case of all other town and cities, with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the 30th day of June every year. Management of Municipal Solid Wastes 1. Schedule-II of the rules gives guidelines for management and handling of municipal solid waste generated in a city or a town 2. Specifications and standards to be met for setting up the waste processing and disposal facilities by the municipal authority on their own or through an operator of a facility in accordance with the compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in (2) are specified in Schedule-III and Schedule-TV. 3.3.3.11 HAZARDOUS WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 1989 3.153 These rules aim at providing control for the generation, collection, treatment, transport, import, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes. These Rules are provided for making effective and proper inventory, control, handling and disposal of hazardous waste. The projects covered under APURMSP will not require handling of specified substances 91 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services -'. i Social and Environmenital Assessment Report 3.3.3.12 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES, 2000 3.154 The Ministry of Environment and Forests has issued a notification in July 1998, for the handling and management of Bio Medical Waste generated from hospitals, medical institutions, and biological labs and related. 3.155 It says it is the responsibility of the institution to safely manage and dispose the waste in conformity to the schedules provided in the notification. The G.O. contains six schedules of categorization, classification, transportation, color-coding, and incineration etc. for different categories of the waste. 3.157 The ULB may take the responsibility to see that the respective institutions handle the bio medical waste, so that it does not create any adverse social and environmental impacts in the region and the public. 3.3.3.13 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN INDIA 3.158 India is one of the first countries, which has provided for the protection and improvement of environment in its Constitution. Article 51-A (g) of the constitutions stipulates that" It shall be the duty of every Indian citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures". 4 This and other constitutional provisions are implemented through environmental protection Acts, Rules and Notifications, which are promulgated from time to time. 4 Under the above Acts/Rules, the Ministry of Environment and Forests issue various notifications from time to time. Organizational Framework 3.159 The MoEF is the nodal agency in the administrative structure. MoEF deals with: 4 Environmental Policy Planning 4 Survey and Conservation of Forests 4 Survey, conservation and utilization of resources. 4 Environmental impact assessment and clearance of developmental projects 4 Prevention and Control of pollution 4 Research, Education and Training 3.160 MoEF is assisted by the CPCB, a statutory authority at the central level in executing responsibilities of prevention and control of pollution. Some of the responsibilities of CPCB include: 4 Advise the Central Govt. on matters concerning pollution prevention and control. - Co-ordinate and provide technical assistance to State Pollution Control Boards. 4 Lay down, modify various pollutant emission/discharge standards. 4 Planning and execution of nation wide programs for prevention, control or abatement of Water and Air Pollution. 92 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mujnicipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report * Ensure compliance with provisions of Environmental (Protection) Act. 3.161 Implementation of relevant Acts and Rules and policy issues at the State level is overseen by the SPCB and the State Department of Environment (DoE). The broad functions of SPCB are: 4 Issue Consents/Permits to projects under various Acts/Rules such as Air Act, Water Act. * Ensure compliance with various Acts and initiate legal action against defaulters. * Advise State Government on prevention, control and abatement of pollution. * Information dissemination, training, awareness Environmental Clearance Framework 3.162 Depending on the type/nature/capital investment of the project/industry, permits are issued by SPCB and subsequently by MoEF. Only large projects above Rs. 50 crore investments, projects at sensitive locations such as in coastal regulation zone, reserved forests etc. and highly polluting projects such as pesticide, paints etc. need to obtain environmental clearance from central government (MoEF). Normally, a project requiring a clearance from MoEF has to follow the following path: 1. Submit Application for Consent to Establish to SPCB 2. Carry out EIA Study and submit Executive Summary to SPCB. 3. SPCB reviews the applications and Holds Public Hearing for the project 4. After satisfactory evaluation, SPCB issues Consent to Establish 4. Apply to MoEF, submit EIA report, Consent to Establish etc. 5. MoEF evaluates the applications, holds presentations by client/consultants and decides on project clearance. 6. Construction activities can start after obtaining MOEF clearance. 7. Application to be made to SPCB for obtaining "Consent to Operate" 9. Plant operation can start only after Consent to Operate is granted by SPCB. 1.163 The above procedure could vary and other Departments may be involved depending on the type of project, its location etc. For example sub-projects located in notified forest areas will require their application to be routed through State Forests Department. 93 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 3.4 ANALYSIS MATRIX OF POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK - SOCIAL SECTION Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework POLICIES Vision 2020 of > Balanced distribution of urban population The Vision 2020 document of Andhra Pradesh visualizes a Issues pertaining to Government of Andhra > Healthy and environment friendly cities path and suggests viable strategies for the balanced growth > Levy of user charges Pradesh > Efficiency and economy in city planning and development of urban areas in the state. Some of the > Streamlining urban land ceiling >Achieving maximum possible transportation important changes that the document foresees with regard to >Amending rent control laws > Pollution standards social issues are: > Revenue management > Protection ecologically sensitive areas > Provision of social infrastructure like community halls, > Issues of capacity building > Minimization of urban unemployment schools etc. and also concentration on employment > Issues for developing better > Housing in urban areas generation activities interaction with people in local > Full computerization with Geographical Information > Rational pricing of the services provided to the people governance System (GIS) of all urban data > Involvement of private sector investments through several > Safe guards for vulnerable > Restructuring Municipal Administration as prescribed in models like BOT (Built, Operate and Transfer) etc. groups and economically 74th Constitution Amendment > Ensuring local participation and accountability at weaker sections >Private investment in banking the capital infrastructure administrative, political and financial levels by constituting >Provision of services like water, as well as maintenance of urban services district planning committees, preparing ground rules for tax sanitation, health, housing etc. > Use of land as a resource for urban infrastructure resources, sharing revenues and including political > Recovery of service costs through user charges institutions in administrative work plans etc. > Development of new townships > Ensuring shelter and basic services for all and special > Simplification of procedures and regulations schemes for economically weaker sections of the society through provision of house sites, constructing housing etc. and others like water, sanitation etc. Vision 2021 of > Municipal Act Various amendments have been initiated by the Andhra Issues pertaining to Government of India >Town Planning Acts Pradesh State Govemment to include the recommendations >Various Acts and laws >Zoning and Building regulation, including multi-storied suggested by vision 2021 of Government of India. Some of the >Land use planning building regulations important highlights are as following. > Review of regulatory framework >Apartment Ownership Act >Amendments to Section 8, Section 18, and Section 34 of >Urban growth and development > Rent Control Act A.P. Town Planning Act, 1920 to enable local authorities to >Provision and maintenance of > Local Authorities Loans Act prepare schemes for any area to regulate the development, services > Registration Acts to empower that any development coming in Master Plan >Safe guards for vulnerable >Stamps Act Area treated as Encroachments and to give time for groups and economically >Loan relating Land Records acquisition up to 10 years instead of 3 years have been weaker sections > Succession Laws proposed. > Fare closure Laws >Further, amendment to Section 340 of A.P. Municipalities > Urban Development Authority Act Act, 1965 to enable the Municipality to collect higher rates > Laws relating to Housing of penal amount and to curb unauthorized constructions is > Slum Clearance Acts also under consideration. >Amendment to layout rules to empower local bodies that roads and open spaces automatically stands transferred free of cost to Municipal council, collection of 30% of actual 94 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework cost of betterment charges to provide amenities outside layout areas, conservation of rain water as there is indiscriminate exploitation of ground water are also under consideration. >Amendment to Section 18 of A.P. Town Planning Act, 1920 so as to empower that any development coming in Master Plan Area treated as Encroachments and areas falling under Arterial Roads treated as No development Zones. PROGRAMMES Environmental > Maintenance and Improvement of urban slums through The scheme intends to secure healthy and orderly growth of Issues pertaining to Improvement of Urban > Secure healthy and orderly growth of slums slums in terms of improved communication better drainage, >Lessons Learnt in the due Slums (EIUS) > Improved communication better drainage adequate street lighting and sufficient water supply to weaker process of implementing the > Adequate street lighting sections of the population such as SC, ST and BC programme can be very useful. > Sufficient water supply communities who basically migrate to urban areas. A special > Since the programme has special > Address problems of weaker sections in slums component of the scheme focuses on Schedule Castes component for the vulnerable > Includes the 20-point programme implemented by population and slums having more than 50 percent of groups the strategies adopted municipalities since 1974-75 scheduled Castes population have being taken up for can be made use development. Presently, the programme has been replaced > Process of consultations under by the SJSRY and the components of the scheme are being the programme for useful inputs addressed through it. for the development of ther Information and Consultatior-: Strategy Nehru Rozgar Yojana > Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises (SUME) There are three components of the programme namely: Issues pertaining to (NRY) > Scheme for Urban Wage Employment (SUWE) > Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises (SUME) which is > Lessons Learnt in the due > Scheme for Housing And Shelter Upgradation (SHASU) implemented in all Urban Local Bodies (ULB) to encourage process of implementing the the underemployed and the unemployed urban poor for project can be very useful. setting up small micro enterprises relating to servicing and > The programme has special manufacturing for which there is great scope and component for the vulnerable potentiality in towns and cities. The scheme also provides groups and covers issues training to the beneficiaries in the trades that are taken up pertaining to self-employment, for self-employment. wage employment and training > Scheme for Urban Wage Employment (SUWE) in the that can be reviewed when urban areas, which have a population of 20 thousand to 1 preparing the social safeguard lakh. This scheme provides wage employment to poor policy under the APURMSP. beneficiaries by utilizing their labour for creation of socially > Steps can be suggested under and economically useful public assets. the safeguards to encourage > Scheme for Housing and Shelter Upgradation (SHASU), self-employment and wage which is applicable to all urban areas with 1 lakh to 20-lakh employment. population. The households belonging to the economically > The process of consultations weaker sections with emphasis on households below the under the programme can also poverty line. give useful inputs for the >'The scheme also has been providing training for to the development of the Information beneficiaries in establishing micro enterprises and and Consultation Strategy managing the units. This programme has presently been 95 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework replaced by the centrally sponsored SJSRY scheme. Prime Minister's > Improving the living conditions of the urban poor This programme ha various components addressing the Issues pertaining to Integrated Urban > Providing them basic services like drinking water, following issues: > The components in this Poverty Eradication sanitation and health > Environmental improvement through Basic Physical programme address various Programme > Providing self employment opportunities Amenities: Under this component, works like water supply, issues helpful in formulating (PMIUPEP) > Strengthening the community based organization Low Cost Sanitation, drainage and solid wastage disposal, strategies > Importance to the women in urban slums parks, playgrounds, urban forestry, pay and use toilets etc., > Lessons Learnt in the due )> Skill development can be taken up for urban poor in slum areas. process of implementing the >Self employment through setting up of Micro project can be very useful. Enterprises: The unemployed and under employed urban > Training components and youth will be assisted under this programme to set up small capacity building enterprises relating to servicing, petty business and > Involvement of NGOs in the manufacturing with local skills and crafts. project implementation >Skill Development: Training is provided to the urban > Also inputs for the preparation unemployed in institutions like ITIS, Polytechnics, Shramik of the Information and Vidyapeeths, Engineering Colleges and HUDCO Building Consultation Strategy Centers etc. >Shelter Upgradation: Under this item, a loan of Rs.10, 000/- by Financial Institutions or commercial banks is given to the beneficiary, with a subsidy at 25% for upgrading the dwellings. > Basic Social Amenities: Emphasis under this component was on important social inputs like health care with special focus on mother and child care, education/literacy including pre school, non formal/adult education and welfare programmes especially for children in difficult circumstances including street children. > Involvement of NGO'S: The active NGO's in the municipal area are involved in the implementation of the scheme. There is provision for financial support to NGOs who are willing to promote development approach aimed at community self-reliance. This centrally sponsored programme was also replaced by the SJSRY programme. Urban Basic Services > Urban Poor to have access to basic social services The programme has successfully implemented and success Issues pertaining to for the Poor (UBSP) >Assistance to needy sections of society has been achieved under various components like: > Implementation experience of the > Promoting communal harmony, National Integration and > Mother and Child Health scheme civic consciousness > Water, environmental sanitation and community facilities > Provision of services > Foster neighbourhood development committees in slums > Education >Capacity building issues with > Ensuring effective participation of slum dwellers > Special assistance to aged, handicapped and juvenile regard to neighbourhood > Income generation activities delinquents women development committees > Physical infrastructure facilities in the slums > Sports, cultural and scientific activities > Participation and consultation > Promotion of pluralistic culture mechanisms > Communal harmony, National integration and civic 96 Andhira Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework consciousness The programme is currently not being implemented but the implementation practices followed during its implementation can be useful. Andhra Pradesh Urban >C1 components dealing with Municipal Reforms The programme is one of the most important urban Issues pertaining to Services for Poor > C2 components dealing with Infrastructural Investments programmes currently implemented by the Government of > Implementation experience of the (APUSP) > C3 component dealing with Capacity Building Andhra Pradesh. The Cl, C2 and C3 components of the scheme project handle various components which can be adopted by > Provision of services the APURMSP to enhance its functioning and also see that >Capacity building issues with similar procedures are adopted in the present project. The regard to neighbourhood components highlight the following points like; committees > Urban Reforms and urban infrastructure > Participation and consultation > Institutional development plans mechanisms > Capacity building plans > Employment and training > Infrastructure investment plans > Urban reforms and urban > Social development plans infrastructure components >Consultation mechanisms >Social and environmental > Community mobilization etc. development plans > Resettlement and rehabilitation > Information and consultation strategy >Capacity Building Action Plan Swarna Jayanti Shahari >The Urban Self Employment programme (USEP) The Government of India has introduced the SJSRY as an Issues pertaining to Rozgar Yojana >The Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) improvement over the existing programmes like the NRY, >Implementation experience of the (SJSRY) > Community development by participatory Management UBSP, PMIUPEP etc., and in time to replace these schemes scheme with SJSRY. The SJSRY in time has successfully replaced >Provision of services the earlier programmes that were implemented in the urban >Capacity building issues with areas. The SJSRY is completely working on the framework regard to neighbourhood and structures developed on the UBSP pattern, in all Urban committees Areas. It aims at developing community structures for the > Participation and consultation implementation of urban schemes. Community organizations mechanisms like Neighbourhood Groups (NHGS), Neighbourhood > Employment and training Committees (NHCS) and Community Development Societies (CDS) shall be set up in the target areas based on the UBSP pattem. The programme is being successfully implemented in the urban areas of Andhra Pradesh. Integrated > Sites and Services Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) Issues pertaining to Development for Small > Development of Bus/Truck terminals was introduced in sixth five-year plan from 1979-80. The >Implementation experience of the and Medium Towns > Construction and Upgradation of Master Plans IDSMT scheme has been incorporated with the main objective scheme (IDSMT) > Solid Waste Management of slowing down the migration from rural to the urban areas > Provision of services > Development of City/Town Parks, Gardens, and larger cities, by providing infrastructure facilities in the >Capacity building issues with Playgrounds, Pay and Use toilets selected small and medium towns. Out of the total 280 regard to neighbourhood > Slaughter houses, Markets, Marriage halls etc. schemes taken up, 115 schemes relate to shopping and office committees complexes and the balance relate to Slaughterhouses, Roads > Participation and consultation 97 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework etc. Importance has been given to the shopping complexes mechanisms and office complexes with a view to improve the financial > Employment and training position of the Municipalities so as to meet the additional > Inputs for developing responsibilities devolved on urban local bodies under 74th infrastructure facilities that are Constitution Amendment Act, 1992. The programme is under socially and environmentally implementation in various towns of Andhra Pradesh. sound and sustainable > Infrastructure Planning >Social safeguards while providing infrastructure Integrated Low Cost > Scavenging Elimination Programme Removal of manual scavenging has been the prime objective Issues pertaining to Sanitation (ILCS) >Vimukthi Programme of the Government of India in the Welfare and Urban >Implementation experience of the > Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Programme Stage - I Development Departments and the State Government with a scheme > Integrated Low cost Sanitation and Liberation of view to have an integrated approach and to eliminate manual > Provision of services Scavengers Programme Stage - II scavenging the programme has been linked with HUDCO. >Capacity building issues with This will hasten the progress of elimination, which was set at regard to neighbourhood the end of Eighth Five Year Plan. The Scheme of elimination committees process involves conversion of dry latnnes into water seal pour > Participation and consultation flush latrines-rehabilitation of the scavenger or the dependent mechanisms by providing alternate employment after giving the requisite > Employment and training training. The ILCS programme is still being implemented in > Inputs for developing the urban areas and has achieved considerable success. infrastructure facilities that are socially and environmentally sound and sustainable > Infrastructure Planning > Social safeguards while providing infrastructure LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK Andhra Pradesh > Rules regarding proceedings of the Council Mode of The Act has a very important role to play in the administration Issues pertaining to Municipalities Act, 1965 transacting the business of the municipalities. The Act details various issues pertaining > Planning of development >Taxation and Finance rules to municipal administrations, revenues, staffing, elections etc., activities in municipalities > Building Rules but there are no specific chapters or sections in the Act that > Provision of basic urban services > Purposes for which premises may not be used without a handle social and environmental issues. The Act is also > Land Acquisition and license lacking on the issues of compensations and acquisition of compensation > List of Infectious Diseases land. The Act specifies lands are to be acquired under the >Taxation and finance >Ordinary Penalties provisions of the LA Act of 1894. There are no special > Interface of departments >Penalties for continuing breaches provisions to address the issues that may arise out of >Town and land-use planning > List of Municipalities in the Andhra Area and Telangana development interventions with regard to the vulnerable > Rules and bylaws area continued prior to 1st April, 1961 for which groups. A comprehensive coverage of resettlement and > Inputs for Capacity building compensation towards loss of income from tolls or rehabilitation issues is absent in the Act. The Act is more or > Inputs for preparation of Social vehicles tax or both is payable and towards loss of less directs and steers the functioning of the municipalities. It safeguard policy income from tolls on animals, and vehicles is payable is also the only Act, which details the scope of activities and >Tribal development and their respectively. various duties of the functionaries of the municipalities. The safeguards >Transitional provisions detailing of the functions and duties of the municipalities in the Act provide good insight for preparation of policies that can be 98 Andhra Pradesh Urban Refornms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environnmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework socially and environmentally sustainable and acceptable. Andhra Pradesh Town > Guidelines and regulations for planned development of This act addresses various issues pertaining to town planning Issues pertaining to Planning Act, 1920 towns and cities matters like laying and relaying out of land, construction, >Urban Land use planning and >Town planning diversion, extension, alteration, improvement or closure of management > Laying and relaying out of land streets, roads and communications and construction alteration > Urban development and provision > Construction, diversion, extension, alteration, and removal of buildings, bridges and other structures. It also of services improvement of structures addresses the issues relating acquisition of land by purchase, > Inputs for reform component > Roads and communications exchange or any other method. It provides regulations for > Land Acquisition and > Construction alteration and removal of buildings, bridges planned town development by laying down guidelines on compensation and other structures disposal by sale, exchange or lease the land acquired or > Inputs for the preparation of the >Acquisition of land owned by the council, provision of transport facilities, water Tribal Development Plan >Laying down guidelines on disposal by sale, exchange supply and drainage, lighting, construction of houses, > Inputs for the preparation of the or lease the land preservation of objects and buildings of archaeological or social safeguard policy > Provision of transport facilities historic importance or of natural beauty, imposition of > Building rules and bylaws >Water supply and drainage conditions and restrictions on the character, number and > Inputs for capacity building and > Lighting architectural features of buildings etc. This act very clearly interface of various departments > Construction of houses details the various issues of town planning and land use etc. > Preservation of objects and buildings of archaeological management. It also clearly details the process of acquisition or historic importance or of natural beauty of land and to a large extent the Act provides for >Imposition of conditions and restrictions on the compensations and allowances to be given to the people character, number and architectural features of affected by development interventions. The field experience buildings etc. shows that though there have been provisions made for R&R the implementation is lacking. This Act is an important document that can give inputs for the preparation of safeguards for urban projects. Hyderabad Municipal > Demarking the alterations and limits of the city This Act gives the State Legislature the right to create a Issues pertaining to Corporations Act, 1955 >Collection and removal, treatment and disposal of municipal body for the management of municiapi affairs. The >Urban Land use planning and sewerage and solid waste Act is very wide in its terms and legislations and is also management > Construction of drains and drainage works permissable to the State Legislature to confer powers upon a > Urban development and provision > Maintenance and cleaning of the infrastructures local authority, provided the power is for self-govemment. of services > Regulation of dangerous and offensive trades or The powers conferred to the State Legislature through this act > Inputs for reform component practices provide for election of the bodies which shall be in control of > Land Acquisition and > Provision of lighting in the streets administration and appointment of authorities for local self compensation >Acquisition and maintenance of slaughter houses government, provision of various services, construction and > Inputs for the preparation of the >Maintenance of open spaces, public monuments and development along with other regulations and guidelines. The Tribal Development Plan other properties Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act is also an important act > Inputs for the preparation of the > Provision and maintenance of municipal water supply etc as it lays down the rules and regulations and provides legal social safeguard policy > Land Acquisition and Compensations standing to enact other Acts for municipal administration and > Inputs for capacity building and municipal governance. The other Acts that were enacted interface of various departments based on the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955 are etc. the Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act, 1979 and the Vijayawada Municipal Corporation Act, 1981. The act also covers various issues pertaining to land acquisitions and compensations and safeguards that need attention for 99 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and MuLnicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework implementation of urban projects in municipal corporations. Andhra Pradesh >All provisions mentioned in the Hyderabad Municipal The Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act came to be Issues pertaining to Municipal Corporations Corporations Act implemented on the 4m of July, 1994. The Act is was basically > Urban development and provision Act, 1994 >Composition of Institutional arrangements in enacted to provide for the establishment of municipal of services corporations corporations in the State of Andhra Pradesh and for matters >Inputs for reform component > Other provisions connected with the formation of corporations. This Act details > Inputs for capacity building and various specifications that need to demark a larger urban area, interface of various departments municipal authorities charged with carrying out the provisions etc. of the act, terms of office of various functionaries, etc. The also consists provisions of other Acts like the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965, Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act , 1955. etc., that are applicable to it. This act has been enacted for guiding the formation of the municipalities. But inputs with regard to social and environmental issues are more covered in the other acts incorporated by this act. The Andhra Pradesh >Preparation of master plan and zonal development plan This Act came into action on 20th January 1975 and is Issues pertaining to Urban Areas >Objects of the urban development authority applicable to all municipalities of Andhra Pradesh. This is "an > Urban Land use planning and (Development) Act, >Art commission responsibilities Act to provide for development of urban areas in the Andhra management 1975 > Levy, assessment and recovery of development charges Pradesh, according to plan and for matters pertaining to it". As > Urban development and provision > Performance and monitoring per the Act the UDAs have major functions to perform, to aid, of services control and regulate the development. > Inputs for reform component > Land Acquisition and compensation > Inputs for the preparation of the Tribal Development Plan > Inputs for the preparation of the social safeguard policy >Inputs for capacity building and interface of various departments etc. The Andhra Pradesh >Provisions to enable and provide for the rapid This act was enacted to provide for the rapid development of Issues pertaining to Infrastructure development of physical and social infrastructure physical and social infrastructure by atracting private sector to > Identification of risks in a project's Development Enabling > Private sector participation in the designing, financing, participate in the grounding infrastructure projects in the state. implementation Act, 2001 construction, operation and maintenance of It also aims to provide a comprehensive legislation for > Urban development and provision infrastructure projects in the state reducing administrative and procedural delays, generic project of services > Provide a comprehensive legislation for reducing risks, detailing various incentives, and project delivery process, > Inputs for reform component administrative and procedural delays, identifying procedures for reconciliation of disputes etc. Though this Act > Inputs for the preparation of the generic project risks, detailing various incentives, is an important milestone in initiating development projects in social safeguard policy detailing the project delivery process the state and addressess various issues that smooth the >Inputs for capacity building and > Procedures for reconciliation of disputes and also other processess involved in implementing infrastructure projects in interface of various departments ancillary and incidental matters the urban areas, it does not specifically adress social and etc. > Private and public partnership environmental issues. It address how best infrastructure can be developed in the urban areas with the help of investors, especially the private sector. Though the Act does not clearly 100 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/LawlAct Review of PolicylProgrammelLawlAct Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework address environmental and social issues, it is a well drafted set of guiding principle for initiating and implementing projects for the govemment . It aso stressess on capacity building and proposes the formation of the Infrastrucutre Authority to look after the infrastructure projects in the state. It also details various agreements through which a government agency or a local body can follow while implementing the projects. Urban Land (Ceiling > Imposition of a land ceiling in urban agglomerations on a The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1976 is a Central Issues pertaining to and Regulation) Act, grades basis according to the classification of the Act enacted under Article 252(1) of the Constitution with the >Urban Land use planning and 1976 urban agglomeration. consent of 11 State governments. It can be amended or management >Acquisition of the excess vacant land by the state repealed only if the Legislature(s) of at least 2 concemed >Urban development and provision Govemment States pass a resolution empowering the Parliament to amend of services )> Payment for the acquisition of the excess vacant land or repeal the Act. States of Haryana and Punjab sent a > Inputs for reform component >Granting exemptions in respect of certain specific Resolution of its Legislatures, authorising the Parliament to > Land Acquisition categories of vacant land enact a repealing Act. The Committee invited views from > Inputs for the preparation of the > Regulating the transfer of vacant land within the ceiling experts/interested parties/ organizations and individuals in social safeguard policy limit order to examine the Bill. The Committee recommended > Regulating the transfer of urban or urbanisable land or repeal of the Act with certain safeguards for the poor and the buildings low-income group in urban housing. The Union Cabinet > Regulations for construction of future residential resolved to repeal the Act in its meeting on December buildings 29,1998. The present status of the land ceiling in the Andhra Pradesh is yet to be repealed or revised. Land Acquisition Act, > Land Acquisition The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 is the only act that is being Issues pertaining to 1894 as amended in )-Compensation followed by most of the urban bodies acquiring the land for > Inputs for reform component 1984 >Laws development purposes. It is also the only act, which clearly > Land Acquisition and > Development and Displacement talks about the acquisition processes and compensation compensation packages in view of displacement. But it is found that the LA >Inputs for the preparation of the Act is lacking in clarity with regard to social and environmental Tribal Development Plan safeguards. The compensations provisions are also not > Inputs for the preparation of the commensurate to the loss that is incurred by the people. It is social safeguard policy important that the provisions in the LA Act are considered and > Inputs for capacity building and worked upon to cover the shortcomings that have not been interface of various departments proprly een ddressed. etc. The 74th Constitutional >Urban govemance The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act introduces certain Issues pertaining to Amendment Act > Inclusion of weaker sections and women in municipal uniformity in the structure and mandate of Municipal > Inputs for reform component administration and govemance Governments across the country. It emphasises the > Inputs for the preparation of the > Constitution of Wards Committees participation of directly elected representatives of the people in social safeguard policy > Ensure popular participation in civic affairs at the grass- planning, management and delivery of civic services. The 74th > Inputs for capacity building and roots level Amendment Act is built on the foundation that all power in a interface of various departments > Powers and responsibilities of Municipalities and Wards democracy righffully belongs to the people. The 74th etc. Committees Amendment envisages a 'systemic change' in the pattern of > Institutional assessment for the ' 12th Schedule of the Constitution; municipal govemment. It prescribes a legal-institutional study > Relationship between the State Govemments and urban framework for the efficient delivery of municipal services. This > Roles and responsibilities of local bodies framework comprises a number of mandatory institutions and municipal functionaries and 101 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the PolicylProgramme/LawlAct Review of PolicylProgramme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework > Local taxation powers and revenue-sharing between the responsibility for creation and operationalization of these municipal services States and local authorities and other institutions, the legal-institutional framework that is > Inputs for the preparation of >Role to directly elected representatives in the assigned to the State Govemments. The amendment also information and consultation preparation, implementation and monitoring of clearly details the criteria for municipalization, composition of strategy development plans municipalities and ward committees etc. The Twelfth Schedule > Urban planning including town planning; The Twelfth schedule of the constitutions also provides for the Issues pertaining to of the Constitution > Regulation of land use and construction of buildings; services that are to be provided in the urban areas by the > Inputs for reform component (Article 243W) > Planning for economic and social development; urban local bodies. > Inputs for the preparation of the > Roads and bridges; social safeguard policy >Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial > Inputs for capacity building and purposes; interface of various departments > Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste etc. management; > Institutional assessment for the > Fire services; study > Urban forestry, protection of the environment and > Roles and responsibilities of promotion of ecological aspects; municipal functionaries and > Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, municipal services including the handicapped and the mentally retarded; >Slum improvement and upgradation; > Urban poverty alleviation; > Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, and playgrounds; > Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects; > Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds, and electric crematoria; > Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals; >Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths; >Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences; > Regulation of slaughterhouses and tanneries. R&R Policy Of Andhra > Land Acquisition Since the provision of road network is under the Roads and Issues Pradesh for Andhra > Compensation Building Department it is important to understand the R&R > Urban development and provision Pradesh State > Solatium policy that has been prepared for the construction of roads of services Highways Project > Social safeguards under the APSHP. The R&R policy can be very useful in > Inputs for reform component (APSHP) > Laws developing the required documents in the present study. The > Land Acquisition and > Definitions Policy covers various issues that are associated with land compensation > Development and Displacement acquisition and displacement. > Inputs for the preparation of the Tribal Development Plan > Inputs for the preparation of the social safeguard policy > Inputs for capacity building and interface of various departments etc. l____________________________________________________ t> Institutional assessment 102 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/LawlAct Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework > Information and consultation strategy Social Safeguard Policy > Land Acquisition The construction and maintenance of the transmission lines Issues of Andhra Pradesh > Compensation and electricity infrastructure is to be carried out by AP > Urban development and provision Transmission > Solatium TRANSCO. The AP TRANSCO ha sits own social and of services Corporation Limited >Social safeguards environmental safeguard policies that may be very useful in > Inputs for reform component > Laws the preparation of the policies and other reference documents > Land Acquisition and > Definitions under the APURMSP. Land acquisition. compensation, compensation > Development and Displacement capacity building activities etc., are addressed in this > Inputs for the preparation of the document. It also cleariy demarks special institutional Tribal Development Plan provisions that may be formed to address the social and >Inputs for the preparation of the environmental problems that may arise due to the social safeguard policy implementation of the project. > Inputs for capacity building and interface of various departments etc. > Institutional assessment > Information and consultation ______________________________________________ strategy R&R Policy of the > Land Acquisition It is one of the first R&R policies drafted for development Issues Andhra Pradesh IlIl > Compensation projects in the state. The review of the policy can give added > Urban development and provision Irrigation Project > Solatium inputs to the project documents under APURMSP. It is also of services > Social safeguards important to review this document because most of the towns > Inputs for reform component > Laws especially in the Andhra region most of the canals and > Land Acquisition and > Definitions irrigation channels pass through the urban areas and compensation > Development and Displacement provisions in this document can be made use of. > Inputs for the preparation of the Tribal Development Plan > Inputs for the preparation of the social safeguard policy > Inputs for capacity building and interface of various departments etc. > Institutional assessment > Information and consultation strategy Operation Policy 4.12 > Involuntary resettlement should be avoided, where This document emerges out of the experience that involuntary Issues of Worid Bank on feasible/minimized & exploring all viable project resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often > Inputs for reform component Involuntary designs. gives rise to severe economic, social and environmental risks, >Acquisition and compensation Resettlement >Where not feasible to avoid resettlement, sustainable production systems are dismantled, people face >Inputs for the preparation of the development programmes, providing sufficient impoverishment risks when their productive assets or income social safeguard policy investment resources to enable displaced people to sources are lost, people are relocated to environments where >Inputs for capacity building and share the project benefits & be consulted & have their productive skills may be less applicable and the interface of various departments opportunities to participate in planning & competition for resources greater, community institutions and etc. implementation of resettlement programmes. social networks are weakened, kin groups are dispersed and > Institutional assessment _> Displaced people to be assisted to improve their cultural identity, traditional authority and the potential for > Information and consultation 103 Anrdhra Pradesh Urban Reforns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework livelihoods & at least to restore them to pre- mutual help are diminished or lost. The policy basically strategy displacement levels. includes safeguard to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks. Operation Policy 4.20 > Indigenous people's close attachment to ancestral This policy describes the World Bank processing procedures Issues of World Bank on territories & to natural resources for projects that affect indigenous people. It sets out the basic > Inputs for reform component Indigenous People > Indigenous people's self-identification & identification by definitions, policy objectives and guidelines for the design and > Acquisition and compensation others as members of a distinct cultural group implementation of project provisions or components for > Inputs for the preparation of the > Indigenous language, often different from national indigenous people, and processing and documentation Tribal Development Plan language requirements. The policy provides guidance to ensure that > Inputs for the preparation of the > Presence of customary social & political institutions indigenous people benefit from development project, avoid or social safeguard policy > Primarily subsistence oriented production etc. mitigate potentially adverse affects on indigenous people >Inputs for capacity building and caused by development projects. Special action is foreseen interface of various departments where the investments affect indigenous people, tribes, ethnic etc. minorities or other groups who's social and economic status >Institutional assessment restricts their capacity to assert their interests and rights in > Information and consultation land and other productive resources. strategy Operation Policy 4.11 >To assist in preservation and to seek to avoid elimination The management of cultural property of a country is the Issues of World Bank on of cultural properties responsibility of the government. Before proceeding with a > Inputs for reform component Cultural Property >Avoid damage to non-replicable cultural property project, however, an assessment of the risk of damaging > Inputs for the preparation of the > Protection and enhancement of cultural properties cultural property (e.g., any project that includes large scale social safeguard policy >Relocation of sites and structures that can be preserved excavations, movement of earth, surficial environmental > Inputs for capacity building and studied and restored on alternate sites changes or demolition), the policy guides the implementing interface of various departments > Scientific study, selective salvage, and preservation agencies on determining what is known about the cultural etc. >Include the training and strengthening of institutions property aspects of the proposed project site, attention should > Institutional assessment entrusted with safeguarding a nation's cultural be drawn specifically to that aspect and appropnate agencies, > Information and consultation patrimony NGOs or university departments should be consulted, strategy conducting brief reconnaissance survey by a specialist etc. > Preparation of the cultural property management plan Draft National R&R > Land Acquisition The draft national policy for rehabilitation addresses itself Issues Policy > Compensation primarily to the needs of disadvantaged communities and > Inputs for reform component > Solatium proceeds from a basic assumption that displacement involves > Inputs for the preparation of the > Social safeguards a trauma, which cannot be fully compensated but can be social safeguard policy >Laws mitigated to a large extent in physical and economic terms. > Inputs for capacity building > Definitions Among other things the policy involves a commitment to > Institutional arrangements > Development and Displacement ensure that displaced persons are better off after than before > Land acquisition and displacement and tries to capitalize on displacement as an compensations. instrument of positive change. The draft policy however suffers from a number of deficiencies like it has little to say on gender sensitization and female empowerment. But nevertheless the national policy provides for a helpful framework to address the resettlement and rehabilitation issues and also on the consensus and policy for rehabilitation. Draft National Slum >Tenure The policy tries to cover various social and environmental Issues Policy > Resolution of disputes on lands occupied by issues that have to be considered when designing projects and > Inputs for reform component 104 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Policy Legal and Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms and Administrative Investments under APURMSP Framework Slums/lnformal Settlements programmes, especially the slum dwellers who constitute the >Inputs for the preparation of the >Acquisition of land for slums most vulnerable sections in the urban areas. It highlights social safeguard policy > Compensation issues like monetary contributions, various issues relating to land acquisition and compensations, > Inputs for capacity building sharing of land, lease of land, allocation of an altemate social and environmental safeguards, Resettlement and > Institutional arrangements site etc rehabilitation, Environmental improvement, physical > Land acquisition and > Resettlement and Rehabilitation infrastructure developments etc., while planning projects for compensations. >Alternatives to resettlement the urban areas and also considering the impact on the >Specific slum policies that can be > Impact on livelihoods vulnerable sections that dwell in the urban slums. developed > Adequately serviced and provisioned resettlement sites > Participation of primary stakeholders, particularly women >Addressing Women's particular needs and constraints must be specifically > Provision to cover the costs of R & R within the project >Transition and follow-up > Monitoring and supervision 105 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessmcnt Report 3.5 APPLICABILITY OF ACTS/REGULATIONS/RULES/POLICY TO APURMSP - ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas Water Distribution The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of Water mains Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. &1988 Water Pumping Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reserved Station forests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declared by the state government. WaterTreatment Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forest land Source development It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. Water OHT Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. Water UGT The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating during Un accounted for construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as per Water water (Leak detection the Rules. projects) Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Tree Act, 2002 Applicable for protection of natural water resources in Urban areas and specifically regulate the exploitation of ground and surface water sources Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001 Applicable to all urban infrastructure projects involving private sector involvement in the development, finance, construction and operation and maintenance phases Worid Bank operational policy 4.01 All the investments of the of the sub project shall undergo environmental screening and categorization, as said in the OP 4.01 of World Bank World bank operation policy 4.11 All the investments intervening with the cultural properties / sites shall be treated as environmentally sensitive areas. Purchase of water Not applicable tankers Purchasing of soft ware Sewerage * Secondary Sewers The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment * Main Trunk sewers Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities which discharge effluents as a result of * Sewage Pumping Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. Stations &1988 106 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas *Sewage Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reserved Treatment Plants forests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declared * Pay & Use Toilets by the state government. * Community Toilets Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring * Septic any specified plant from any forest land Tanks/Soak Pits * Recycling & Reuse It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that of Sewage may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal finishing wastes emanating during construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as per the Rules. * Sewage Air Act, 1987 Obnoxious gases either from the process or from the equipment Treatment Plants shall not be emitted leading to degradation in air quality * Recycling & Reuse Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001 Applicable to all urban infrastructure projects involving private sector of Sewage involvement in the development, finance, construction and operation and maintenance phases - World Bank operational policy 4.01 All the investments of the of the sub project shall undergo environmental screening and categorization, as said in the OP 4.01 of World Bank World bank operation policy 4.11 All the investments intervening with the cultural properties / sites - shall be treated as environmentally sensitive areas. Storm Water * Drainage Lines The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Drainage * Interception and Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities which discharge effluents as a result of Diversion Works Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations * Interception &1988 Chambers/ Outfall Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reserved Chambers forests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declared * Percolation & by the state government. Recharging Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring System any specified plant from any forest land It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal l__________________ ____________________Iregion of 500 m from the HTL. 107 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001 Applicable to all urban infrastructure projects involving private sector involvement in the development, finance, construction and operation and maintenance phases World Bank operational policy 4.01 All the investments of the of the sub project shall undergo environmental screening and categorization, as said in the OP 4.01 of World Bank World bank operation policy 4.11 All the investments intervening with the cultural properties / sites shall be treated as environmentally sensitive areas. * Primary Collection The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Systems - Tools & Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of Equipment Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. * Secondary Storage &1988 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001 Applicable to all urban infrastructure projects involving private sector involvement in the development, finance, construction and operation and maintenance phases Supreme court directives on solid waste management & Municipal Solid Burman Committee recommendations Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000. Door to door collection of solid waste Ban on throwing waste on roads and open areas Institutional strengthening and capacity building World Bank operational policy 4.01 All the investments of the of the sub project shall undergo Solid Waste environmental screening and categorization, as said in the OP 4.01 Management of World Bank World bank operation policy 4.11 All the investments intervening with the cultural properties / sites shall be treated as environmentally sensitive areas. * Processing of The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Waste and Disposal Environmental Clearance to be mandatorily obtained for location of EIA Notification, 1994 Landfill sites Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of process or operations. Bio Medical waste rules 2000 All schedules (I to VI) and guidelines Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 Night patrol to check unauthorized dumping of waste in water bodies &1988 and open areas. Judgment by High court of Andhra Pradesh, Participation of NGOs for quick response of PCB in urgent WRIT PETITION NOS.30006 OF 1998 & 20435 OF 1999 environmental issues 108 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reserved forests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declared by the state government. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forest land It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal Solid Waste region of 500 m from the HTL. Management The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating during construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as per the Rules. Air Act, 1987 Obnoxious gases either from the process or from the equipment - shall not be emitted leading to degradation in air quality Transportation - Not applicable Procurement of Trucks, Trailers .,- All projects Solid waste management and bio-medical wastes rules Applicable to all projects in implementation of solid waste management. Roads and * New Roads The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment. Transportation S Foot paths The noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Categorize the areas into industrial, commercial, residential or * Sub ways silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise- * Cycle tracks standards for different areas. C RUB/ROB Andhra Pradesh Motor Vehicles Act, 1989 Ban of air homs and limitation of sound signals in audible range. - * Culverts and Small Bridges * Service Ducts Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of * Bus Shelter Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. * Bus &1988 terminals/Stands Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reserved * Truck Terminals forests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declared * Workshops / by the state government. Depots Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring * Traffic Islands any specified plant from any forest land It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. 109 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating during construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as _______________________________________________________ per the Rules. Air Act, 1987 Obnoxious gases either from the process or from the equipment shall not be emitted leading to degradation in air quality Judgment by High court of Andhra Pradesh, Permanent installation of Air quality monitoring and meteorological WRIT PETITION NOS.30006 OF 1998 & 20435 OF 1999 stations for data base. Date of Judgment: 11-07-2001 Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001 Applicable to all urban infrastructure projects involving private sector involvement in the development, finance, construction and operation and maintenance phases Road Medians The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment * Signals * Street Lights * Sign Boards * Pedestrian ways Fleet Expansion The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Parking Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. Construction & Not Applicable maintenance equipment Provision of Physical The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment & Social The noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Categorize the areas into industrial, commercial, residential or Infrastructure (In site silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise upgradation without standards for different areas. displacement) * Partial Relocation Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of of Slums process or operations. Area Upgradation Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 &1988 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating during construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as I per the Rules. 110 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessmcnt Report ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas * Hospitals The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment * Schools * Reading Rooms Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of Libraries Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. * Parks and Play &1988 Grounds Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal * Cultural Institutions region of 500 m from the HTL. * Marriage Halls / Community halls * Crematorium The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. & 1988 Critical Citywide Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal Infrastructure region of 500 m from the HTL. The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating during construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as per the Rules. Air Act, 1987 Obnoxious gases either from the process or from the equipment shall not be emitted leading to degradation in air quality * Ambulances The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment * Fire Tenders and The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment- Other Equipment * Rescue and Relief Equipment during Disasters Organised Market Shopping/Office The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment spaces Complexes Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. &1988 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. Vegetable/Fish The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Markets Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of Slaughter Houses Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. & 1988 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. 111 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating during construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as per the Rules. Air Act, 1987 Obnoxious gases either from the process or from the equipment shall not be emitted leading to degradation in air quality Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forest land It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. Environment * Lake / Pond The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Improvement Development Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of * River Front Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 process or operations. Development &1988 ___________________________ * Urban Forestry / Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal Green Belt region of 500 m from the HTL. * Recharging of Old Tanks /Wells * Recharging of Percolation System * Rain Water Harvesting * River Cleaning / Dredging The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating during construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as per the Rules. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reserved forests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declared 112_____ __________________________ by the state government. 112 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forest land It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. Integrated Area * CC , BT roads The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment Development connecting slums to City toExpanCitny Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of Extension of process or operations. existing water supply networks Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 * Extension of &1988 drainage/ sewerage Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal networks to cover region of 500 m from the HTL. slum areas The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating during construction and operation shall be stored and disposed ofas a per the Rules. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reserved forests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declared by the state government. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forest land It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. Air Act, 1987 Obnoxious gases either from the process or from the equipment shall not be emitted leading to degradation in air quality Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001 Applicable to all urban infrastructure projects involving private sector involvement in the development, finance, construction and operation and maintenance phases 113 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report ENVIRONMENT SECTOR Sub Project Sub-Project Applicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APURMS Project Investment areas * Construction & Not Applicable maintenance equipment Sanitation * Community toilets The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment * Public toilets/ Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result of l ~~~~~~~~~~Urinals process or operations. Urinals Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 &1988 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal region of 500 m from the HTL. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reserved forests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declared by the state government. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forest land It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife. Air Act, 1987 Obnoxious gases either from the process or from the equipment shall not be emitted leading to degradation in air quality * Operation and Not Applicable Maintenance * Procurement of sanitation related infrastructure 114 Andhra Praciesh Urban Rcrorrns and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmerit Report 4 INSTITUITIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR URBAN SUTB-PROJECTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1 Provision of various services and infrastructure in the urban areas involve various institutional arrangements. These institutional arrangements are also responsible for carrying out the implementation of various schemes, projects and drives initiated by the government. The present chapter discusses the various institutions and their capacities in planning, implementation and management of urban services and infrastructure. 4.2 A number of institutions are involved in the maintenance of infrastructure, effective management and delivery of services in the urban sector. For effective planning, implementation, management and monitoring of the projects in the urban sector and to form a clear understanding of the capacities of the urban institutions, the institutional assessment under the present study has identified the following institutions. v Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) v Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance Infrastructure Development Corporation (APUFIDC) 4 Urban Local Bodies (ULB) 4 Directorate of Town and Country Planning (DTCP) 4 Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) 9 Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) 9 Roads and Buildings Department (R&B) 9 Andhra Pradesh Housing Board (APHB) 4 Urban Development Authorities (UDA) v Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP) 4 Revenue Department under the District Collector (DC) 9 Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) 9 Medical and Health Department (MHD) 4.2 INSTITUTIONS UNDER MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 4.3 The institutions listed above function at various levels i.e. state, district and local in provision of services. The interface between these institutions is pivotal for the planning, implementation, management and monitoring of services in the urban areas. 4.2.1 DIRECTORATE OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION (DMA) 4.4 The DMA is the apex organization, which is in charge of all the activities undertaken in the municipalities and the corporations. It is a blanket organization that encompasses all activities undertaken in the urban areas of the state and also acts as the coordinating structure between the various other departments responsible for development in the urban areas. 4.5 The Organization is headed by the Commissioner and Director Municipal Administration assisted by two Additional Directors in charge of planning and 115 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report administration. Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Special Officers and heads of various sections assist the Additional directors. To manage the municipal administration across the state, the state has been divided into 6 regions for municipal administration headed by the Regional Director-Cum-Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration. The Regions are Visakhapatnam, Rajamundry, Guntur, Ananthapur, Warangal and Hyderabad in charge of the various districts in Andhra Pradesh. The DMA is a more an administrative unit and is in control of all municipalities and the corporations in the state. The broad functions of the DMA are as follows. 4 Municipal Administration of all municipalities and corporations 4 Implementation and provision of services like water, sanitation, sewerage, health, housing, education, roads etc along with the help of other department. 4 Coordinating role between various department in charge of municipal services and act as a link between the administration and the legislature 4 Supervising overall planning, implementation, management and monitoring of municipal services and infrastructure. 4 Advising the elected municipal legislative Council in its activities 4 Provision and disbursement of grants and loans to various municipalities to provide the services to the people in the urban areas. 4.6 The role of the DMA is very important for the implementation and planning of the activities under the APURMS Project. Since it is also the apex institution in municipal administration the DMA will have a crucial role to play in the project. 4.2.2 ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (APUFIDC) 4.7 As part of the reform measures, strengthening of APUFIDC has been proposed. The objective is to make APUFIDC the premier advisor to the State on urban affairs and a skilled coordinator of State-funded urban development activities. APUFIDC currently acts as a channel to direct funds from central and state run programmes and devolutions to urban local bodies. GoAP wants to enhance the role of the Corporation to include capacities for appraising state funded urban projects and programmes and monitoring their implementation. APUFIDC would also provide advice and assistance to municipalities on urban affairs. 4.8 For managing the social and environmental components under the project the APUFIDC's broad functions would be: 4 Appraisal of sub-projects and recommend the same to the Board of Directors, Government, etc. 4 Funding sub-projects under the proposed APURMSP 4 Assist ULBs in procurement-related issues as they relate to APUFIDC, for example, in understanding of World Bank, Asian Development Bank procurement procedures, etc. 4 Coordinate with C&DMA to undertake training components for the ULB staff 4 Assist ULBs in the tendering process, including e-procurement, and acquaint them with best practices 116 Anotira Pranesh Urban- Reforms and Municipal Services i Social and Environmr-ental Assessmerit Report - Assist ULBs in deciding on the types of loans to suit specific types of projects, e.g., World Bank, Asian Development Bank, local institutional loans, bond, etc. 4.9 The study on APUFIDC Business Plan and Operating Procedures, conducted by the Centre for Good Governance, provides detailed information on the role of the APUFIDC. 4.2.3 URBAN LOCAL BODIES (ULB) 4.10 The ULB is a part of the organizational structure of the DMA. The ULBs are in charge of the municipal administration at the local level whereas the DMA is in charge of municipal activities at the state level. The ULBs are the divided into Municipal Corporations and Municipalities. 4.11 The municipalities have been formed from time to time once they comply with the formation of municipality provisions in the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965 and the Hyderabad Municipalities, Act 1956. According to the section 3 of the Hyderabad District Municipalities, Act 1956 the government shall by notification declare every town, which at the last official census has a population of 15000 or more to be a City Municipality and every town which at the last official census has a population more than 5000 and less than 15000 to be a town municipality. There are currently 7 municipal corporations and 109 municipalities in the state. 4.12 The governance of the municipal bodies covers an executive wing and a deliberative wing. While the commissioner heads the executive wing, the deliberative wing consists of the chairperson and members of the council, an elected body. The municipal body (which constitutes municipal corporations and municipalities) is primarily concemed with the construction and maintenance of roads and drains, street lighting, providing protected water, maintenance of public markets slaughter houses, parks and play grounds etc., and maintenance of sanitation. The municipal body is also responsible for certain regulatory functions like land use, building permissions and trade licenses etc. 4.13 In order to attend various functions entrusted to the municipal bodies, the municipal bodies are entrusted with certain financial powers like levying taxes and fees. They are also empowered to take up remunerative enterprises and collect rents on the buildings. Apart from these internal revenues, government assists the municipal bodies by releasing certain grants/compensations. 4.14 Since implementation of all sub-projects is closely linked with both DMA and the ULBs the environment and social management within these institutions is very much necessary. The institutional assessment shows that the Executive wing of the ULB is more apt and to a large extent is equipped to implement sub-projects including the sub-project management and monitoring. But it is noted that institutional arrangements that have been formed under the APUSP project have combined both Executive and the Deliberative wings and the community to implement sub-projects. This arrangement could be put to better use for the purpose of APURMSP. However presently, since both the Executive wing and the Deliberative wing of the ULB are found to be playing a vital of coordination and the same would also be useful for APURMSP. Functionally for planning and constructions the municipal administration is assisted by the PHED and the DTCP. The 117 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services , Social and Environmental Assessmerit Report organizational structure of the Deliberative and the Executive Wing of the ULB is given in figures 4.1 and Figure 4.2. Fig-4.1 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART COUNCIL Chairp,ersron| Ward Commiltees Statulory Committees Committees under Seclion SE 3 1A of AP.I Ac, 1965 (non Compulsor) in towns Contract Committee I and'-4-@ under section. 43 of APM superntending of l ~~~~~~~~. AX1 REi. Education OplionalAIn t. fins wilh | Health less Inan 3 Lash DOD Sanitation Panel committee for Water Supply HM's of High Schools Drainage under Sec 74 of APM Welfare of SC. - be*t1.OR CT * & C -~ Panel Committee for Mpl Employees under Sec 74 of APM Ap t,1.965 118 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report FIG-4.2 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF ULB (EXECUTIVE WING) COMMISSIONER | M.E | | M.H.O | I T P.0 MANAGERF PO. (LJPA'| S;S \ r- 3 | Dispensaries | [ [ X~~~~~~at I Administration, 3 dua Water Civil Street Saiain Dispensaries MaentyTw LdiitainD.PO OEucato SulDIV Works 'lianina Serv P n| TPS Secondary schools U.P. schools CW - A E, Work Inspector S - Sanitary Supervisor, Sanitary TPBO Ele. Schools and support staff Inspector and support staff. Tracer WS - A.E, Electrician, Tap D - Medical Officer, Componder, ChimnTeaching & Non- Teaching & Non- Inspector and support staff M.N.O, F.N.O, and support staff teachina staff teachina staff SL - A.E, Line supervisor MS - W.M.O, Ayah, M.A, and support ana support slaff staff Ministerial . Revenue Accounts (Manaaer) [ (RO) j i (Accountant) Sr.Asst Rev.Inp Sr.Asst .Jr.Asst Bill I Jr.Asst Typist & I collector & Support & Support | &Support __ Support SUP Lstaff istaff 119 Andhira Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmerit Report 4.2.4 DIRECTORATE TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING (DTCP) 4.15 The Director of Town and Country Planning is the Head of the Directorate. Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Assistant Directors, and Statistical Officer, Administrative Officers and other subordinate administrative and technical staff at the Directorate level to assist him in his functions. There are seven Regional Offices stationed at Hyderabad, Warangal, Guntur, Rajamundry, Visakhapatnam, Nellore and Ananthapur. There are Seven Master Plan Survey Units i.e. one in each Regional Office for conducting physical survey of the selected towns in order to prepare Master Plans. In addition, the Director is having administrative control over the Town Planning staff of 117 Municipal Corporations/Municipalities/Nagar Panchayats. The DTCP occupies such an important role because it is the sole institution that controls all town-planning activities and infrastructural development in the municipalities. The Town Planning officer, Town Planning Supervisors and the Town Planning Building Overseers in the municipality will work under the disciplinary control of the Director, TCP who is empowered to inspect any municipality in so far as town-planning matters are concerned. The broad functions of this office are: 9 Framing of town and country planning policies and advice government in all planning matters. It also involves in the urban development planning and policies and preparation of master plans for the towns on behalf of the respective municipal councils. 4 Formulation of regulations for enforcement of building and land use standards according to the master plans and guidance in and implementation of building regulation, sub division of lands through layout approval. . Approval of industrial, commercial, residential and agricultural area proposals as per A.P. Municipalities Act, 1965. - Approval of road development plans and approval of type designs and plans for various public and community buildings assignments, alienation's etc. 4 Assistance in formulation, implementation and monitoring of schemes under IDSMT by municipalities. 9 Assistance in regulation of grants to Municipalities for implementation of Master Plan Proposals, E.I Schemes (Environmental Improvement schemes) and coordination with the other departments under Municipal Administration &Urban Development Department, Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration, Engineer-in-Chief (Public Health), Urban Development Authorities etc., and technical assistance to other government departments like A.P. Housing Board, A.P. Housing and Urban Development Corporation, A.P. Pollution Control Board, Revenue, Panchayat Raj Department and UDA's etc. - Advising the State Government on over all planning and U.D. policies - Regulation and administration of Town Planning matters including service matters of Town Planning staff in the State. 4.16 The functions of the DTCP clearly state the importance of the department in the planned growth of the urban areas. Its relevance to the APURMS Project is through the infrastructure sub-projects that would be undertaken in the future which have to be in compliance with the rules and regulations that are guided by the DTCP. 120 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4.2.5 PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (PHED) 4.17 The PHED is under the administrative control of MAUD at the secretariat level. The Engineering-in-Chief (Public Health) has jurisdiction over the municipalities and municipal corporations in the state except the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) and Secunderabad. The department under the control of the Engineer-in-Chief (PH), with headquarters at Hyderabad, has 7 Circles headed by Superintending Engineers (SE). There are 21 Divisions under the control of these 7 Circles and are headed by the Executive Engineers (EE) with requisite sub-ordinate staff. A Deputy Chief Engineer (PH) and 2 Executive Engineer assist the Engineer-in-Chief (PH) in the office for Designs and works. 4.18 All the engineering personnel working in Hyderabad Metro Water Supply & Sewerage Board, including the Chief Engineers, belong to the PHED cadre strength. Similarly, there are separate Chief Engineers who look after all other engineering works of the Municipal Corporations of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada. The Municipal Engineers (ME) of all grades and Deputy Executive Engineers (DEE) working in all the municipalities are also part of PHED. There is one Chief Engineer (PH) in the office of the Engineer-in-Chief for the preparation schemes for urban water supply and sanitation. The functions of the PHED are: v The department is in charge of investigation, designs and execution of water supply and sewerage schemes in all the municipal towns and corporations in the state v The department also has control over the technical aspects over all the engineering works in these municipal towns and corporations. 4 All engineering works that cost more than 1 lakh rupees in a municipal town are sanctioned by the PHED. 4.19 The PHED occupies an important role in the execution and planning of the engineering works undertaken in the municipalities and all the engineering staff in the municipalities are under the control of the PHED. Under the APURMS Project all infrastructure projects would be undertaken by the PHED by virtue of the power vested with it. The PHED would play a very important role in the implementation of the APURMS Project. It is also seen that presently most of the infrastructure sub-project that are implemented at the ULB level are monitored by PHED. Under APURMSP also the PHED can assist the ULBs in monitoring and management of the sub-projects whenever required. The Figure 4.3 shows the organizational structure of PHED, which helps us to see if any capacities can be used for the benefit of APURMSP. 121 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report FIG-4.3: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE PHED AT THE CENTRAL OFFICE IFNGINFIFR-IN-CHIEF (PH) DY CHIEF ENGINEER (PH) EP:EC:UTI',E ENGINEER EXECUTIVE ENGINEER CHIEF ACCf0lrNTis I (DESIGN) (WORKS) OFFICER AT THE CIRCLE OFFICE SUPERINTENDENT ENGINEER (PH) (Leads circle office with support staff) XCTI ENGINEERP L (Leads division office with suDport staff) DY ENIEER1 (PH) Leads sub division office with support staf ASST ENGINEER |Leads section office with support staff 4.2.6 ANDIIRA PRADESH POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (APPCB) 4.20 The Andhra Pradesh State Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution was constituted in the year 1976, after adoption of Water Act by State Legislature in 1975. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 was enacted by the Parliament in the year 1977 to augment the resources of the board. The Member Secretary of the board is the collecting authority of cess. The board was entrusted with additional responsibility of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, in the year 1981. After implementation of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the boards name was changed as Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board. The important functions of the board are namely: 4 To plan a comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in the State - To advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution 4 To collect and disseminate infornation relating to water pollution and the prevention, control or abatement thereof 122 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4 To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution 4 To collaborate with the Central Board in organizing the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programs relating to prevention, control or abatement of water pollution and to organize mass education programs 4 To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents and to review plans, specifications or other data relating to plants set up for the treatment of water, works for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as required by this Act 4 Lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-State stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the State 4 To evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment sewage and trade effluents, having regard to the peculiar conditions of solids, climate and water resources of different regions and more especially the prevailing flow characteristics of water in streams and wells which render it impossible to attain even the minimum degree to dilution 4 To evolve methods of utilization of sewage and suitable trade effluents in agriculture 4 To evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land, as are necessary on account of the predominant conditions of scant stream flows that do not provide for major par of the year the minimum degree of dilution 4 To lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be discharged into any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather dilution available in that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of the stream, after the discharge of such effluents 4 To make, vary or revoke any order - For the prevention, control or abatement of discharges of waste into streams or wells 4 Requiring any person concerned to construct new systems for the disposal of sewage and trade effluents or to modify, after or extend any such existing system or to adopt such remedial measures as are necessary to prevent control or abate water pollution 4 To lay down effluent standards to be complied with by persons while causing discharge of sewage or sullage or both and to lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents v To advise the State Government with respect to the location of any industry the carrying on of which is likely to pollute a stream or well (List of Polluting Industries) 4 To perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to time be entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government 4 The Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the Board to perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis of samples of water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade effluents. 4.21 With regard to the APURMSP the APPCB is likely to play a very important role as most of the sub-projects to be categorized as environmentally safe is to be provided by the 123 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report APPCB. Especially with regard to sub-projects pertaining to Solid Waste Management, Water Supply, Sewerage and Storm Water Drains in the urban areas need sanction and guidance from the APPCB. The APPCB would also help in giving its advice in handling the environmental problems at the local level as they are well informed and keep a track of environmental conditions at the local level. 4.2.7 ROADS AND BUILDINGS DEPARTMENT (R&B) 4.22 The Roads and Building Department is the agent of the state government that executes various construction activities. The operations of the department are in the name and authority of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh and the Minister for Roads and Buildings and Ports in the state cabinet is responsible to the legislature for the work undertaken by the department. At the government level 2 secretaries to the state government control the functions of the department. For administrative purposes one Engineer-in Chief (R&B) heads the department with jurisdiction over the entire department. The Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation, headed by a Managing Director (MD) is linked to the R&B department, specifically catering to the development of important road links connecting to the state and national highways. There are 7 wings in the department addressing various functions. The broad functions of the department are: 4 Construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, causeways and ferries and other means of communication by roads + Function as an agent for construction and maintenance of roads classified under the national highways 4 Construction and maintenance of roads within the municipal and urban limits 4 Construction and maintenance of state government buildings used and also intended in connection with administration of the government of Andhra Pradesh 4.23 The role of the R&B becomes important as it works very closely with the concerned municipalities and urban bodies when it comes to the maintenance and construction of roads. The roads constructed in the urban local bodies and the municipal corporations are transferred to the R&B department for maintenance. Along with these it is also in-charge of maintaining the state and national highways that are passing through the local bodies and the urban areas. The R&B department also plays an important role as a planning and advisory body for the urban bodies. Since the APURMS Project includes development of road network in the urban areas the R&B department can play an important role in the planning of the activities. 4.2.8 ANDHRA PRADESH STATE HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED AND ANDHRA PRADESH HOUSING BOARD (ASHCL AND APHB) 4.24 The Andhra Pradesh Housing Board has come into existence in the year 1960 under the Andhra Pradesh Act, 1956 by emerging from the erstwhile City Improvement Board and Town Improvement Trust of Twin Cities. Given the shortage of funds with the government, migration of the rural population into the urban areas, increase in the number of slums in the urban areas and the increasing demand for ownership housing among the middle and low-income groups of the society, the role of APHB occupies an important role in the urban infrastructure provision. Though the APHB is limited with regard to its 124 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrnental Assessmerit Report activities in the urban areas of the state as a whole, it has accomplished significant achievements and contributed for housing at affordable prices in cities like Hyderabad, Secunderabad and other major cities of the state. The APHB is constituted as a statutory body and is managed by a Board constituting of a Chairman appointed by the government, Vice-chairman, the Housing Commissioner and other official and non-official members. The main functions of the Board are: 4 Implementation of various housing schemes introduced by the state government for the economically weaker sections and vulnerable groups of the society (Weaker Section Housing Schemes - WSHS) - Construction of houses under integrated/composite housing schemes and allotment of houses on hire purchase basis and on outright sale basis, under lower income group, middle income group and higher income group categories v Self-financing housing schemes 4 On-site services in the housing colonies and * Construction of shops, commercial complexes and buildings to let out on rent to augment financial resources to the board etc. 4.25 Though the department is carrying out its activities there have been certain problems associated with implementation of the projects for the APHB. Lack of inter- departmental coordination with departments like, Revenue Department for acquiring land, Registrar for registration of documents, Electricity Board for provision of electricity etc are causing delays in the processes and service delivery. But the role of APHB can become important for the APURMS project if the state government plans to undertake new housing, township development and slum clearance activities in the urban areas in the future. 2.4.9 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES (UDA) 4.26 The Urban Development Authorities have been formed as the apex planning agencies at the local level. The municipalities, which fall under the jurisdiction of the UDAs have to consult the concerned UDA in the matters relating to the land use pattern and regulation and planning and building regulations. The UDA encircles not just the municipalities but also the area falling under the surrounding gram panchayats. The UDA Boards are instituted and constituted by the government from time to time. The Chairman generally heads the boards and other members include Vice-chairman, official members representing the Municipalities, Town and Country Planning Department, Finance Department and non-official members representing the municipalities and legislators and experts from different fields. The UDAs are dependent on their own revenues through development charges, processing fees, sale receipts on disposal of developed plots and build up houses rent etc., besides annual grants for specific purposes from the state and the central governments, loans and debentures etc. 4.27 There are 6 UDAs in the Andhra Pradesh namely, Hyderabad UDA, Visakhapatnam UDA, Tirupati UDA, Kakatiya UDA, Cyberabad UDA and Vijayawada Guntur Tenali Mangalagiri UDA. The broad functions of the UDAs are: 125 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4 Planning and preparation of revision of Master Plan and Zonal Development Plans. 4 To regulate and control the development through statutory plans and other measures. * To undertake various developmental projects in the Developmental Area. * To co-ordinate with other public agencies concemed with provision of urban infrastructure, services and amenities. 4 They work as a competent & multi-function a bodies and are well equipped multi- functional group representing various branches of urban planning and development viz., town planning engineering, traffic and transportation, land acquisition, revenue collection, accounting and finance, administration, public relations, urban forestry etc. 4.28 The UDAs form the most important institution, which is very closely knit with the municipal administration. The layout plans for construction of buildings and developing townships have to sanctioned by the UDAs. All issues pertaining to the land use planning for the urban local bodies are drafted by the UDAs which includes updating the master plans for the towns and preparation of new master plans for towns which do not have any. Since land use planning is an integral aspect of the APURMS Project, the role of the UDA is vital in urban planning. 4.2.10 DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE HEADED BY THE DISTRICT COLLECTOR (DC) 4.29 The Revenue Department (RD) headed by the District Collector (DC) at the district level occupies an important role in the overall district administration, which includes rural Panchayats and urban municipalities. The DC is the administrative head of the district and the activities within the municipality are carefully monitored and executed in compliance with the office of the district collector. There is a lot of interface between the DC as the head of the Revenue Department and the municipal administration at the district level. The DC of the district involves in the municipal administration at various levels. They are: 4 In case of emergencies, the DC is empowered for the execution of any work or the doing of any act, which the council is empowered, if such action is felt necessary for the safety of the public. 4 The DC is also competent to suspend a resolution, order, license and permission or act as the case may be and report to the govemment. 4 He has the power to enforce the execution of the council resolution it the chairman or the commissioner fail to do so. 4 He has the power to inspect any immoveable property or any progress under the control of any municipal authority. 4.30 It was observed that, by the power vested in the office of the DC, the RD plays an important role in the overall administration of the municipality and also for the successful implementation of the APURMS Project. Moreover he is the overall in-charge of the implementation of social development schemes like, Janmabhoomi, Prajala Vaddaku Palana, Sramadanam, Clean and Green towns, Flood Relief, Drought Relief and other schemes in the district. The DC's office is also responsible for all alienation and acquisition of lands for the utilization of municipal institutions. 126 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4.31 Since the APURMS Project includes major infrastructure projects problems arising by acquiring land can become an important issue to address and for this purpose the role of the RD becomes even more important. The municipal administration has to work closely with the revenue department for these purposes. The municipality can explore issue of interdepartmental coordination, land acquisition and local and district administration etc., by working closely with the RD. 4.2.11 HYDERABAD METROPOLITAN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE BOARD (HMWS&SB) 4.32 The HMWS&SB was constituted in the year 1989 under the provision of Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1989 (Act no.15 of 1989). It caters to both the water supply and sewerage infrastructure to the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and the adjoining municipalities. There are around 10 municipalities in the Hyderabad and Secunderabad urban agglomeration. 4.33 The Board is headed by the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh as the Chairman and the Minister for MAUD as the Vice-chairman. The board also consists of various high- ranking officials from departments like APPCB, Irrigation Department, MAUD, MCH, Finance Department and respective directors of various wings in HMWS&SB. For administrative purposes a Managing Director (MD) heads the HMWS&SB. The major functions of the board are: - Supply of potable water, including planning, design, construction, maintenance, operation and management of all water supply projects. 4 Collection, treatment and disposal of sewage including planning, design, construction, maintenance, operation and management 4 Preparation and implementation of water supply and sewerage schemes introduced by the government of Andhra Pradesh 4 Planning and designing water supply and sewerage schemes for the 10 surrounding municipalities around Hyderabad and Secunderabad 4.34 The role of the HMWS&SB and its relevance to the present project can be seen as an important one. It is one organization of its kind that maintains the largest water supply and sewerage network in the state. It has both the experience and expertise in providing facilities and infrastructure at both Mega City level (Hyderabad and Secunderabad) and at the municipality level (Qutbullapur, L.B.Nagar, Kapra etc). And since officials belonging to varied departments headed by the Chief Minister head the board it is also charged with special responsibility to guide and advise the state government on various issues pertaining to water supply and affluent disposal through sewerage systems. The best practices of HMWS&SB can be considered to improve the water supply and sewerage network in other municipalities across the state. 4.35 The HMWS&SB has also become more sensitive to social and environmental issues through its projects and included them into its mission statement to protect the environment and minimize the damage and take an active role in minimizing the social impacts. Its practices could also give important inputs for the development of the SEAMF guidelines. It could play an important role, as it would be the primary agency in 127 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report providing, drafting and planning water supply schemes under the APURMSP in the adjoining municipalities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. 4.2.12 MEDICAL AND HEALTH DEPARTMENT (MHD) 4.36 The Medical and Health Department is also an important institution in the delivery of services for the urban areas. All medical and health infrastructure in both urban and rural areas is in the watchful eyes of this department. 4.37 Construction and maintenance of medical and health infrastructure is vested with the municipality. It is also responsible for sufficient provision of health facilities and helps the poor and the needy in the municipality by provision of free treatment, distribution of drugs and medicines, provision for in-house treatment, clothing and diet. With a view to provide these services the municipality has to comply by the rules and regulations fixed by the MHD. The functions of the MHD in the municipalities can be listed as: 4 All the hospitals and dispensaries including ayurvedic, siddha, unani and homeopathic institutions may be inspected by the District Medical and Health Officer concerned and the Director of Medical and Health Services. v They have the right to inspect any of the hospitals maintained by the municipality when ever may think fit. v For additions reductions and alterations of the medical staff in the dispensaries, the sanction of the government and if delegated, the concerned authority's approval has to be obtained duly routing the proposals through the District Medical Health Officer who is the head at the district level. . The instructions of the District Medical and Health Officer with regard to health matters, family planning and implementation of various health schemes are to be followed by the Municipal Health Officer and in his absence by the Commissioner for implementation. 4.38 Provision of health and medical infrastructure in the municipality is an significant indicator of municipal services. Provision of new health infrastructure in the municipalities and improvement of municipal services under the APURMS Project, would give the MHD to play a role in the project implementation. 4.2.13 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS UNDER ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN SERVICES FOR POOR PROJECT 4.39 The Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP) project is a state level project with a comprehensive agenda to improve the urban poor's accessibility to sustainable services in 32 Class - I towns in Andhra Pradesh. The APUSP project has three components, which constitute the project objectives namely: 4 Component one focuses on municipal reforms, especially improving financial planning and implementation capacity, to enable municipalities to become more efficient and responsive to the needs of people, especially the poor. * Component two aims to supply improved environmental infrastructure - water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, drainage, roads/footpaths, and street 128 Andhra Pradesh Urban Rcforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report lighting - to the poor on a sustainable basis. It targets the slums for these services and excludes town-wide services. Half of these infrastructure works have been budgeted for. - Component three aims to identify and undertake other poverty reduction measures with the active participation of the poor and civil society. Under this project each municipality will prepare a Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction to define how to achieve these objectives. The plans are to be prepared in a transparent and objective manner with extensive community involvement. Micro planning exercises will be undertaken in poor settlements. 4.40 The project is under implementation in the towns of Andhra Pradesh in various phases. The APURMS Project can be examined with the background of the APUSP and the institutional arrangements devised under the APUSP can be used in successful planning and implementation of the APURMS Project. Other than the apex institutions in municipal administration that have a strategic oversight of the APUSP project like MAUD, PHED, DTCP, Finance Department, Planning Department etc., there are various planned institutional arrangements at the ULB level. 4.41 The institutional arrangements at the ULB level under the APUSP have increased the capacity of the ULBs in planning and implementing projects and have developed an established process for problem identification, prioritization, need assessment, implementation and then finally monitoring the works in the ULBs considering the social and environmental issues. With such an enhanced capacity of the ULBs, which has brought together the legislature, the executive and the people on to one podium could be very helpful in realizing the objectives of any new project that is introduced for implementation. The Municipal Council, the Office of the Municipal Commissioner, Standing Committee Members, experts in urban affairs, and social organizations like Non- Governmental Organizations (NGO), Civil Society Organizations (CSO), Community Based Organizations (CBO), Self Help Groups (SHG) etc have come together for the planning and implementation of the APUSP. The process and methodology for execution of projects and local knowledge and capacities of the institutional arrangements under the APUSP can be internalized into the APURMS Project and can play a crucial role. 4.42 Though all the institutions listed above play an important role in the delivery of services an improvement of infrastructure in the urban areas the most important institutions however are the DMA, PHED, DTCP, ULB and the UDA. All the other departments associate with the provision of urban services whenever the need may be. 4.3 SUB - PROJECT CYCLE 4.43 The sub-project cycle tries to bring out the involvement of various institutions from initiation to the completion of the sub-project. From the consultation with the institutions and the analysis of the process of initiation and implementation of a sub- project, a typical sub-project cycle has been identified. In the urban areas there are various infrastructure sub-projects that one may encounter like water supply, roads, sewerage, parks, health, sanitation etc., and the involvement of the institutions and their interplay may depend and vary based on the type of sub-project that is proposed. A typical sub- project cycle and the involvement of the institutions in that cycle for various types of 129 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrnental Assessimerit Report projects are presented in the table in the forth coming pages. A project cycle has 5 phases namely: 1. Identification of the sub-project 2. Planning and Grounding the sub-project 3. Implementing and Executing the sub-project 4. Monitoring and Completion of the sub-project and 5. Operation and maintenance stage of the sub-project 4.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUB-PROJECT 4.44 The first step in the implementation of the sub-project is the identification of the sub-project. The identification may take place due to various sources in a municipality. Firstly, the most important sources for identifying a sub-project are the concerned ULB or the Municipal Council (MC). They may identify a sub-project, as they are the administrative and legislative institutions, which are responsible for the provision of services in a municipality. As a combined governing unit in a municipality both these administrative and the legislative institutions based on their assessments of the problems in the municipality can identify and propose a sub-project. Secondly, the community also plays an important role in identification of a sub-project. The people in the municipality may face specific problems in the areas where they live and inform the respective Ward Members and the councilors or through the municipal authorities to rectify the problem. Through this process they are able to communicate to the municipal authorities and initiate the process of identification in a sub-project area. They also play important role in the identification of a sub-project, as they are the primary stakeholders and experience problems firsthand. Thirdly government involves in the identification of the sub-project as a policy and responsible institution for provision of services for the people and directs the responsible institutions at the Local Body Level to initiate the sub-project. 4.3.2 PLANNING AND GROUNDING THE SUB-PROJECT 4.45 Planning and grounding the sub-project is an important phase where the approval and feasibility of the sub-project, finance required, architectural plans and finally the grounding of the sub-project for the implementation takes place in this phase. Various institutions play their role in planning and grounding the sub-project. 4.46 Once the sub-project is identified it is sent for the MC approval. The MC discusses all the implications and necessities of the sub-project and approves if it feels the sub-project is appropriate. Once the MC gives the approval the ULB headed by the Commissioner orders the Municipal Engineer for a detailed estimate of the sub-project. The sub-project is then sent for approval of the funding agency for the required finances. The DMA releases of funds through funding institutions according to the estimates sent by the ULB. Depending upon the cost of the sub-project the Municipal Engineer (Below 10 lakhs) or the PHED (10 lakhs to 50 lakhs) or the Chief Engineer, PHED (50 lakhs and above) prepare the technical sanction of the sub-project. The DTCP and the UDA also involves in the sub-project as it is in charge of the planned development of the town and the technical sanctions that are prepared have to be examined by DTCP to see whether it is in lieu with the planning rules laid down for the urban areas. Finally for all lands that are to be acquired for the sub-project the technical and financial proposals are sent to the DC 130 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services -- Social and Environrmental Assessment Report who is head of the revenue department as well as the head of District Administration (Govt. rep) for sanction. Once all the respective departments clear these proposals the sub-project is ready for implementation. 4.3.3. IMPLEMENTING AND EXECUTING THE SUB-PROJECT 4.47 Once the technical and financial proposals are through, the commissioner calls for tenders, for the implementation of the sub-project. In consultation with the standing committee, councilors and chairperson, the tenders are received, and disposed. The selected contractor enters into a contract agreement with the municipality, for the implementation of the sub-project. The officials of the ULB from the Engineering and the Town Planning wings along with the contractors implement the sub-project, while the PHED supervises and monitors the works in the municipalities. The staff of the RD is involved in the activity of acquiring the land for the smooth implementation of the sub- project. 4.3.4 MONITORING AND COMPLETION OF THE SUB-PROJECT 4.48 The officials of the ULB both from the engineering and the town planning sections monitor and complete the sub-project in the stipulated time allotted for the completion of the sub-project. The involvement of other department is reduced in this phase when compared to the sub-project initiation and planning stages. 4.3.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE STAGE OF THE SUB- PROJECT 4.49 Once the works are completed the sub-project is handed over to the ULB for maintenance and operations. The sub-projects sustainability and regular operations and maintenance fully depends on the ULB's staff and its respective sections. The sub-project is totally under control of the ULB once the sub-project is completed. 4.50 A typical sub-project cycle identified through the consultations with the institutions is shown as Figure - 4.4. It shows the existing situation as to who a sub- project is executed in the municipalities. 4.3.6 PROJECT SPECIFIC AND SUPPORT INSTITUTIONS 4.51 In a sub-project cycle, based on the involvement of the institutions, the institutions can be divided into 'Primary Institutions' that are involved in direct implementation of sub-projects, 'Support Institutions' whose technical support and manpower is necessary for the implementation of sub-projects and 'Project Specific Institutions' whose technical knowledge and manpower is necessary in planning and implementing certain specific projects. The primary institutions in a typical project cycle identified are Municipal Council (MC), Urban Local Bodies (ULB), Commissionerate & Directorate of Municipal Administration (CDMA), Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance Infrastructure Development Corporation (APUFIDC), Public Health & Engineering Department (PHED), Directorate of Town & Country Planning (DTCP) and the Urban Development Authorities (UDA). The support institutions are Revenue Department (RD), District Collector (DC), Community Based Organizations (CBO), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) etc., 131 Andhra Pradesh Urban Rcforms and Municipal Services Project Sociai and Environmental Assessment Report and the project specific institutions can be the Roads and Buildings Department (R&B) in case of roads sub-projects, Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) in case of water supply sub-projects, Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMS) and Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation Limited (AP TRANSCO) for electricity sub-projects, Medical and Health Department (MHD) for health related sub- projects etc. Institutions like the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) may involve in the planning and execution of the projects on the request of the municipality. Depending upon the type of project, the ULBs will seek specialist and technical support from these departments and elsewhere for planning and implementing sub-projects. 4.52 Table - 4.1 shows the interplay and involvement of various institutions in a sub- project cycle between the across the type of sub-project. Figure - 4.5 shows the flowcharts of sub-project cycles across the type of sub-projects. 132 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environnmental Assessment Rcport | FIQ: 4. TYP f-Cc MAPP and CMAPP IDENTIFICATION - I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- I I Community ULB GOVT MC OPERATION 8 MAINTENANCE ' ULB .. ,. wPLEMET IO & EXCTO MONITORING & COMPLETION - InI Clearance on Ihe type of sub- Monitoring of Execution Management of Execution ULB Concerned Departments 'project (R&B.PCB. MHD) (ULB. PHED. DTCP. UDA) I (ULB. PHED. DTCP. UDAt 133 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Table -4.1: Involvement of institutions in a sub-project cycle under various types of projects Type of Project and Phases DMA ULB DTCP PHED APPCB MC R&B APHB UDA DC HMWS MHD DISCOMS & CBO GOVT _________ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SB ~ TRANSCO~ WATER SUPPLY Identification and initiation _ ______ ___1 Planning and Grounding ---- Implemnenting and execution _ - __ __. F_ __ _ jMonitoring and connpetio n _m_| _ _ __|_ _______ ____ _ . _.______.________ ___.___-_ ____. __________ Operation and Maintenance _ _ _ _ __.____ ,~ EW R G - - _ _,_ _ . _. __ _ _ _ _ _____ _ ._ _ _ __ _ _ . _ _____ _ ___ _ _ ., _. __ _ _ _ __ __ _ , . ___ _ , r ~~ROADS adM: Identification and initiation _ _J-----_ I _--_-_-___=_ Planning and Grounding Implementing and execution __--_-___ Mon itoring andcompetion _ ___ _ i , _ _ i _eaton and Maintenance __. SEWERAGE Idenliicabon and initiation , _ _ _ [7 Planning and Grounding_ _______I ,'mpleentingand execution _-_____ _____ Monitoringqand completion , I I _ I Operation and Maintenance -- - -- - -- ---- HEALTHSIN ____ ________ _ ___A-N_ ION___ __A____ Identification and initiation 1 _ Planning and Grounding _ ementing and execution_ _ _ ___- - Monitoring and completion __ _ i Operation and Maintenance - ! --- - - ____ = S EHOUSING Identification and initiation ___ _____________ Planning and Grounding __ _ _ __! . lplementing_and execution _ Monitoring and completion _ 1 1 _ _ I eraton and Maintenance _ _____, r - - - t - - - F i = F _ _ _ = _ _ STREETLIGHTING _ ____ _ Identification and initiation __ - _ _ __ Planning and Groundina _ ! _ Ipemntingand execution_ |- Oeration and Ma1intenance34 STORM WATER DRAINS Identificationl and initiation__ __|i______ _ Imlmnigand execution -I 134 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reformis and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Table - 4.1: Involvement of institutions in a sub-project cycle under various types of projects |DMA ULB j DTCP PHED I APPCB | MC R&B APHB UDA DC HMWS' MHD MGOVT Type of Project and Phases D i-- SB 66TRANSCO Monitoring and completion Operation and Maintenance t i _ . _ : t SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT L Identfcaicetion and initiation = Planning and Grounding _ - Implementing and execution ____.- Monitoring and completin ___ . . _____ - ____ Operation and Maintenance I_ EDUCATION Identification and initiation Planning and Grounding __ iMplementingq and execu tion _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 ~ ~ _ _ Monitoring and completion T !.: ODeration and Maintenance PARKS AND OTHERS AMENITIES identification an d initiation_ i | i - -- --= Planning and Gro __ ____ ___ _____ Implementing and execution _ __ Monitoring_ and completion - ~ Operation and Maintenance DMA - Directorate of Municipal Administration, ULB - Urban Local Body, DTCP - Directorate of Town and Country Planning, PHED - Public Health and Engineering Department, APPCB - Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, MC - Municipal Council, R&B - Roads and Buildings Department, APHB - Andhra Pradesh Housing Board, UDA - Urban Development Agency, DC - I District Collector heading the Revenue Department, HMWSSB - Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, MHD - Medical and Health Department, AP TRANSCO - Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation Limited, CBO - Community Based Organizations and GOVT - Government. * _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~1 35 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reformas and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Fig - 4.5: Sub-project cycle of various Infrastructure projects and the role of institutions | WkIERWPPLY | | KDDS { ~~~~~~~~~~_ _ _ _ _ l ~O TEEACS UTN }lIOUIC - ! + . -,~C~ PRJC { =CIl .4- OJRCTEEOJPIC i-! ~ ~ PRJC 4PCIT PROEC EPEOPIC -S -- r .4˘.Ft } [^4 = T' 0 COCC { 1 0I0I =XERA 40 EORS4* EXERA .44PRTL - |RJC SPECIFIC ITOI PRJC 4PCn PROECTP.4PX | PRJC 1PCII PRJC lS II TOJ _ { ; 1 IC 00C R{E 00H 43c 00n 1 .4 Ir.+-O 444 EXERl 4T4OOR. l ECTR* 0"I- EERLI*ECO 54 ECIROO 4.0 4 EErO= 4004 [J 404.0no. PRTC OIC PROEC =OCn PR}C PCFCPOETSJJI RJC POI * l {I I 4.l T00,T4OR c n L E40 T41 ..- 4.0 TP0O EOJTTC EXTNI .4C -. I TPRAL 04.4. I ET ~~~~~~~~~ eossfm m | . . . . -crr@en PROTwECT SPEOJPTC PRJC ERPRIn PRTC SPRII PROEC SPCII 4. . . . P.O.... | wSPo lECI| IC 4 i -n 00 - 1 CO 1 4. 'R~O 0R 3 .4. 1 ' 0 0 C CT40 fyOo 4040.. E3CTECA | 440 40 3 -XTECA CR.==SEX NAUA P.40T R.4RO - 1 {l|j 7A n -- _ _ PRJETOPOJA P.040. ESJIC; PRJC 1PCII PR1C SEIFIC l 0 PRTOIP = 1~~~~A 4 550 3 40 .4.1 n4.4440 ll I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J 0 -s T .-C 1 -311 t = C1 0O -1 3'4 EC-!OJ _1 ETERA PRRJ 4kLi -- ECETO | | R -> 4 4 PO40PDTlTSOTIP | 44 PRJC SPEIPT PT4C4PCT4 -IT PROJECT˘ |PCII PROJECT 500I 4 0000 CS 5OJ440 PROJ 0000 00 136 Aiidhra Pradesh Urban Roforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4.4 THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL TASKS IN A SUB- PROJECT CYCLE 4.53 The sub-project cycle described above shows the existing situation as to how a sub-project is completed from its identification to its completion. It is to be noted that there are various social and environmental tasks that would feature in a sub-project cycle which are important to see that the sub-project comply with the social and environmental safeguards to attain sub-project sustainability. For this purpose it is important to know the social and environmental tasks that fall in a typical sub-project cycle (Table - 4.2). Table - 4.2: Social and Environmental Tasks in a typical sub-project cycle Stages of the Sub- Social Task Environmental Task Institution project Responsible Sub-project Identification through MAPP and CMAPP process, which People, ULB, GOVT, includes social and environmental aspects, issues and problems MC Collection of information required for social and environmental screening APPCB, R&B, Forest Identification Stage of the sub-project Dept. ULB, PHED Social screening of the sub-project Environmental screening of the ULB, APUFIDC sub-project into EA, EB and EC Land Acquisition screening and ULB, APUFIDC assessment Undertaking Socio-economic Environmental assessment for ULB, APUFIDC Household survey and household category A and B sub-projects verification of assets and also including Environmental identification of PAPs and Management Plans (EMP) preparation of Resettlement Action wherever necessary Plan (RAP) and Tribal Development Plan (TDP) wherever necessary. Preparation of a detailed sub-project proposal detailing social and ULB, PHED. DTCP, environmental components, altematives for minimizing the negative UDA, PCB, council, impacts and inputs from the RAP, TDP and EMP people Preparation of ICS Plan for social and environmental issues to be ULB Planning and addressed Grounding Initial consultations with the PAPs Initial consultations with the ULB, NGO and Beneficiaries on the project and people on the mitigation its feasibility and detailing the measures for the possible possible impacts and mitigation negative environmental impacts measures prepared for redressal. Assess and build Institutional capacities to implement mitigation ULB, DMA, measures, monitor social and environmental components of the sub APUFIDC, MAUD projects Design social management and Design a environmental ULB, NGO, CBO etc. monitoring plans for implementation monitoring plan for A & B of the sub-project. categorized sub projects Establishing Grievance Redressal Mechanisms to address and solve, the ULB, MC, NGO, social and environmental problems, issues that arise during the PCB implementation and operational phases of the sub project intervention. Initiating implementation with the help of people and the NGOs ULB, NGO Provision of entitlements to the Implementation of sub project ULB, NGO, RD PAPs and mitigate other social specific mitigation measures Implementing and impacts executing Information dissemination and consultation with the PAP's and ULB, NGO beneficiaries through FGDs on the implementation of the subproject, its progress and acquiring the feedback on provision of entitlements and other arrangements. Monitorng and evaluation of progress and quality of the investments - DMA, APUFIDC, Third party assurance Consultants Monitoring and Monitoring and Evaluation through Environmental monitoring of the ULB, NGO, CBO Evaluation participation on the sub-project sub-project Identification of shortcomings and Addressing the adverse impacts ULB, NGO, CBO redressal of these grievances identified through monitoring and consultations Operation and Maintenance of infrastructure Implementation of mitigation ULB maintenance through support from the community measures as specified for O & M 137 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4.5 THE CMAPP PROCESS 4.54 The preparation of the CMAPP under the APUSP project is a commendable step towards incorporating the participatory principles into municipal governance. The CMAPP process constitutes formation of groups namely, the Municipal Reforms Committee (MRC), the Municipal Task Force (MTF) and Working Groups (WG) for identification of sub-projects and reform and social development initiatives. The committees and working groups constitute representatives of various concerned departments, members and chairman of municipal council, municipal executive staff, community representatives like the Neighbourhood Action Committee (NAC) conveners, CBOs etc. Through the CMAPP the concerned ULBs have been able to prepare various plans for the development of the municipality like the Municipal Reforms Action Plan (MRAP), Municipal Infrastructure Action Plan (MIAP) and the Social Development Action Plan (SDAP) is a participatory process involving the Council, representatives of the CBOs like NACs, SHGs, and CSOs like Bar Associations, Trade and Industry, Academic Institutions, NGOs, media, and the municipal officials etc. The process involved several steps like developing database, constitution of committees, review of performance including the implementation of the Basic MAPP, poverty survey, participatory micro-level planning, identification of proposals for reform, infrastructure and social development, community consultations and feed-back, etc. 4.55 It is to be noted that at least in the 32 Class - I towns where APUSP is being implemented the MAPP and the CMAPP processes have become an integral part to the project cycle. They have successfully incorporated the participatory principles in the sub- project cycle through MAPP and CMAPP and as a part of the first cycle of the CMAPP the ULBs have identified and prepared various perspective plans for the development of various areas with regard to overall municipal functioning at the ULB level. It is primarily this process of MAPP and the CMAPP that gives an advantage of better capacities to the APUSP towns. 4.5.1 THE PERSPECTIVE PLANS 4.56 Under the first cycle of the CMAPP process the ULBs have been in the process of preparing certain Perspective plans for a three to five year time schedule. The purpose is to direct efforts through these plans to achieve the objectives of good urban governance, reduce urban poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor. These plans are implementable across a continuously through a series of CMAPP cycles. 4.5.1.1 MUNICIPAL REFORMS ACTION PLAN (MRAP) This plan talks of various reform measures and initiatives that have been identified through the CMAPP process. Depending on the suitability and the need the reform initiatives would be implemented. The MRAP has two more plans that would assist in implementation, namely, 138 Andhra Pradesh Lirban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report Financial (Revenue) Improvement Action Plan (FIAP) Under this plan the ULBs shall plan for financial reforms covering revenue improvement, expenditure control, financial operating plans, cost centered approach, improving budgeting and accounting, asset management etc. Institutional Development Action Plan (IDAP) In this plan the ULBs shall plan for institutional reforms covering organizational change, modernization of equipment, improved service delivery mechanisms, simplification of procedures, etc. The plan also includes the Capacity Building Plan (CBP) and a Communication Strategy (CS). 4.5.1.2 MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE ACTION PLAN (MIAP) This plan identifies various areas for the investment to be made in the concerned towns for improving the infrastructure based on the criterion of poverty and infrastructure deficiency. Funding projects for relating to notified poor settlement as per priority were identified. Also off-site infrastructure, rehabilitation of infrastructure linked with poor settlements would feature in the proposals identified in this plan. The MIAP has three other plans that link with investments. Critical Infrastructure Investment Plan (CIIP) This plan discusses in detail the town wide needs of critical infrastructure and assesses the indicative requirement of investment. The funds from various sources like central and state governments; municipalities and public funds etc., including various loans from various institutions and agencies will be used to implement the projects in this plan. It is to be noted that the funds that may be released under the APURMSP would be used to fund the proposals identified in the CIIP for each town. So around 19 municipalities are gearing up to prepare the CIIP so that investments under the APURMSP can begin. The first year sub-projects for the APURMSP will also be from the CIIP of a town. Extending the CMAPP process to other urban towns (Class - II and the Class - III) will have more meaning and usefulness as APURMSP aims at investments in all the 117 municipalities. Operation and Maintenance Plan (O&MP) This plan brings to the forefront the possibilities of improved service delivery and citizens' satisfaction by improving and better managing issues related to operation and maintenance. The preparation of the O&MP for the towns under the CMAPP is therefore a thrust area of reform for better municipal services. General Town Plan (GTP) This plan is felt essential for regulated and proper growth of the cities and towns. Therefore GTP has been identified as a priority area of reform under APUSP. The GTP also has relevance to the APURMSP wherein it also focuses on the General town Planning, Land Use-management etc in its investment component. 139 An(dhra Pradesh Urban Refornms and Municipal Services --.,: Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4.5.1.3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN (SDAP) The SDAP has been prepared under the CMAPP process to see that the capacities of the community and the overall development of the people through methods of participation and consultation. The aim of this plan is to induce the overall social development of the town by providing assistance, training, undertaking skill development activities, initiating employment programmes, etc., through people's participation in the municipality. It also undertakes activities to strengthen the capacities of the community to organize themselves in this social development initiative. |FIG: 4.6 - FLOW CHART of CMAPP PROCESS | Preparatory Steps Data compilation and updalion Reform , jr _Prooosal Constitution of > MRCs. WGs. MTF 10 Working nfras Groups ProDosal Orientation riplihPrninno workshoo P PMP I-* Social Survey ev MAPP Community PnrvDevp ; Review ] | Consultation Prnnncal Next f Cycte Community Consultation Eligibility| Impleme I EC Co~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~uncil Revised Fieldaf ntalion Mun'cioalilv Endorsement Aoproval ~~Draft Acooraisal Report Rpnrirt rqi?r 4.57 A review of the Basic MAPP and the CMAPP processes under the APUSP show that they successfully involve the community and both the Executive and the Deliberative wings of the ULB in a participatory process of identifying infrastructural sub-projects and reform and social development initiatives based on the needs of the municipality. But what needs to be noted here is that the consultation and participatory activities and involvement of people under the CMAPP process is only limited to the need assessment which involves micro-panning exercises for identification of the sub-projects and initiatives. In other words, CMAPP is a participative process of identifying perspective plans covering various needs of the ULBs namely institutional development, capacity 140 Andhra Pradcesl Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project So.ial and Environmnental Assessment Report building, consultation and so on and a typical sub-project cycle specified above only starts once the CMAPP process comes to an end. 4.58 The CMAPP process identifies the proposed sub-projects and initiatives and then the implementation begins. The typical sub-project cycle for APURMSP and the social and the environmental tasks under it are external to the CMAPP process. The project- specific consultations, project-specific capacities for handling social and environmental tasks, institutional arrangements for implementation etc., are not addressed by the CMAPP, but need to be developed for implementation. However the CMAPP has initiated and developed a good consultation mechanism and through it the ULBs have come much closer to the community. Due to this the implementation under APURMSP will be much easier if the ULBs can utilize and develop their capacities that are needed for social and environmental tasks. Figure 4.6 shows the CMAPP process. 4.6 PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR APURMSP 4.59 After deliberations and discussions with the concerned departments under the MAUD, the institutional arrangements for the implementation of APURMSP have undergone changes since the inception of the project. The government of Andhra Pradesh is still under the process of finalizing the arrangements but it can be deduced that some of the institutions in MAUD will be considered for the present project. An important role will be played by the APUFIDC along with other players like the DMA, RDMA, APUSP, ULBs and MAUD itself. The capacities of C&DMA and APUFIDC are being built in this direction. 4.60 As part of the reform measures, strengthening of APUFIDC has been proposed. The objective is to make APUFIDC the premier advisor to the State on urban affairs and a skilled coordinator of State-funded urban development activities. APUFIDC currently acts as a channel to direct funds from central and state run programmes and devolutions to urban local bodies. GoAP wants to enhance the role of the Corporation to include capacities for appraising state funded urban projects and programmes and monitoring their implementation. APUFIDC would also provide advice and assistance to municipalities on urban affairs. 4.61 The institutional arrangements for the proposed APURMSP for handling the social and environmental aspects of the project are as follows: 4.6.1 AT THE TOP LEVEL 4.62 The APURMS Project would be implemented in the State by the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) through the CDMA and APUFIDC. The Principal Secretary MAUD will be heading the activities under the project at the State Level. 4.6.2 AT THE MIDDLE LEVEL 4.63 The CDMA, in its capacity as the authority in charge of ULBs, would provide general institutional and administrative support to all ULBs. A Municipal Strengthening Unit (MSU) would be set up at CDMA to assist ULBs to undertake infrastructure sub- 141 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - - r Social and Environmental Assessment Report projects under APURMS Project, monitor their implementation and provide institutional support, in the form of capacity building and reforms, to ULBs and also assist them. 4.64 The APUFIDC would be the nodal agency responsible for financing and appraising the sub-projects under APURMSP. It will have three project windows - the Project Development Division (PDD) for appraisal of sub-projects, the Investment Division (ID) for financing the sub-projects and the Institutional Development Division (IDD) for sub- project specific institutional development. 4.6.3 AT THE BOTTOM LEVEL 4.65 At the field level the concerned ULBs would play an important role in implementation of the project. The ULBs would be responsible for designing, implementing and managing the sub-projects. They will form an Environment and Social Management Committees to carry out the necessary social and environmental functions in the sub-project areas. Institutional arrangements for addressing social and environmental components of the project constitute the S&E officer and the ESMC. 4.66 The S&E officer, working under the Municipal Engineer, would ensure the implementation of RAP/TDP/EMP at sub-project level through the existing machinery by entrusting the execution of separate Sectoral components of the RAP to the concerned line departments. The responsibilities for handling social issues would be coordinated with the Town Planning and the Revenue Wings as they are more acquainted with issues such as land acquisition, measurements, structural assessments etc. Similarly the S&E Officer will coordinate with the other Engineering department officials, the Medical and Health Officials and environmental consultants on environmental issues such as solid waste management, sanitation etc. He shall be responsible for the detailed environmental assessment/status report for the sub-projects, as per the environmental categorization of sub-projects. 4.67 The role and the functions of the ESMC would include, but not be limited to, the following: - Ensuring social and environmental compliance in sub-project preparation 4 Coordinating acquisition of land and undertaking surveys 4 Overseeing preparation of SMPs/EMPs through internal sources and/or external consultants 4 Social/Environmental Impact Assessments 4 Implementation of SMPs/EMPs 4 Approval of SMPs if done through external consultants 4 Undertaking/coordinating construction of resettlement colonies 4 Coordinating with NGOs in SMP/EMP implementation and various agencies involved 4 Grievance redressal 4 Organize training programmes for identified PAPs through the Government agencies/ NGOs / other sources 142 Andhra Pradesh Urhan Reforms and Municipal Services Social and EnvironmTental Assessmerit Report 4.68 The , . - organizational FIG: 4.7 - INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AT THE ULB | - structure at the - .-. - ..j ULB is given as -i < -- ESMC Figure 4.7. Each Conmmissioner Commissioner ULB will consist ..lun,cpai Engineer I ~~~~~~~~~~~~S&E CAffcer (Designaleat of the | Tovrn Planning Officer implementation M ..ledical and Health Oflfcer I I NGO,Cornnntv Representaiives arrangements andt kunc.ipai Engreer Revenue OH,cer the ESMC. Municipal Commissioner, I Municipal | S&E Officer Engineer and S&E Officer (senior officer designated Town Planning RexenuG Health andI Engineeririg by the Municipal nng . S nlatn VIong NnPhng Commissioner), supported by section heads at the ULB, and representatives from NGOs/community will form the primary implementing arrangements at the ULB and the ESMC will be responsible for overlooking social and environmental activities implemented under each sub-project in the ULB. For specific environmental issues, the Regional Officer of APPCB may be consulted. 4.69 It can be seen that the social and environmental needs of the APURMS Project would be managed at different levels. At the state level, the MAUD, at the middle level the MSU of CDMA would enable ULBs to prepare socially and environmentally sound project proposals and help build required skills through a concerted capacity building programme. The S&E Manger at the APUFIDC would ensure that appraised sub-projects are socially and environmentally sound, apart from providing advisory services to ULBs. And finally at the bottom level the S&E officer and the ESMC would be vested with powers to monitor and manage S&E issues during sub-project implementation at the ULBs. Figure 4.8 Shows the overall institutional arrangements for the project implementation under APURMSP. 143 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services -, -.. Social and Environmnental Assessment Report FIG - 4.8: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR APURMSP Office of the Principal Secretary (MAUD) Director, C&DMA Director, APUFIDC PDD I D S&E MANAGER Commissioner, ULB Consultants l l * T ~~ESMC | NGOs Municipal Engineer Ilr S&E OFFICER Town Planning Revenue Engineering Health and Sanitation Flow of activities under the institutional arranaements for APURMSP (Proiect implementation) 144 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4.7 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS MATRIX 4.70 The institutional analysis matrix explains the role and function of the institutions and various issues identified that are acting as hindrances in achieving better success in planning and implementing the urban projects. The matrix also brings out the social and management roles of the institutions in the project planning exercise. The matrix shows all institutions - primary and external - under the Municipal Administration and Urban Development like the CDMA, DTCP, PHED, ULB, UDA and the Revenue Department under the District Collector who are more or less involved in all the projects that are initiated in the urban areas and describes their functions and roles. SOCIAL SECTION Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Roles ALL PROJECTS Commissionarate > Acts as an apex organization in charge of all > Closer coordination between the other > Developing matrices for better and Directorate of activities for development in the urban areas. departments with regard to water supply has to information flow Municipal > Implementation and provision of services like be maintained > Preparation of a social safeguard policy Administration water, sanitation, sewerage, health, housing, > Flow of information from DMA to the ULBs on and entitlement matrix (CDMA) education, roads etc along with the help of other the various programmes and initiatives of > Supervision of projects and enhancing department. Municipal Administration and Urban inter departmental coordination > Coordinating role between various department in Development has to be improved > Organizing meetings and reviews on charge of municipal services and act as a link > Input and feedback mechanism has to be the projects implemented between the administration and the legislature improved between the ULBs and the DMA > Plan for provision of training and skill > Supervising overall planning, implementation, > Procedures and modus operandi of the DMA development programmes forthe staff management and monitoring of municipal with regard to the sanction and dispensation of > Plan for provision of training on R&R services and infrastructure the project requirements has to be eased and and preparing social assessments for > Provision and disbursement of grants and loans smoothened for quick action and faster results projects to various municipalities > The organization lacks a social safeguard policy for implementing infrastructure projects ALL PROJECTS Andhra Pradesh > Acting as a banker for funding the sub-projects > Capacities of the officials are only limited to that > Financing new sub-projects and also Urban Finance and undertaken in the ULBs across the state. of banking operations and financing. catering to their financial feasibility Infrastructure > The staff of the APUFIDC should be trained to > Plan the monitoring and managing the Development adopt themselves to the new social and sub-projects identified by the ULBs Corporation environmental responsibilities. > Act as a link between other (APUFIDC) > Social and environmental training would be departments and the ULBs necessary if it has to act as project > Institutionalizing new Divisions management unit. ALL PROJECTS Urban Local Bodies > In charge of the municipal administration at the > The ULBs lack institutional arrangements for > Preparation of the SMPs for the (ULB) local level handling social issues for the project. projects implemented based on the > Primarily concerned with the construction and > The knowledge of the staff on R&R issues is R&R policy adopted. maintenance of roads and drains, street lighting, shallow and peripheral > Developing institutional arrangements providing protected water, maintenance of public > Lack of coordination with the NGOs and other and capacities for the implementation markets slaughterhouses, parks and professional groups in the implementation of the of R&R provisions playgrounds etc., and maintenance of sanitation. projects > Hiring and involving professional NGOs > Responsible for certain regulatory functions like > Good capacity building exercise has been in the project planning and Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environnmental Assessment Report Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management land use, building permissions and trade undertaken under the APUSP project to develop implementation licenses etc. community organizations especially in the > Informing the Community Based > Levying taxes and fees Class-1 towns and these capacities can be Organizations on the programmes that > Releasing certain grants and compensations for used for future projects are to be implemented and also the development activities > Class-2 and Class-3 towns need capacity Including them in planning and building and incorporating community implementing the project organizations in the project planning and > Regular training to the staff to develop implementation their capacities in operating work > Community participation is not directed properly oriented computer knowledge and also to include them in the planning of infrastructure on consultations with the people projects > Instituting a grievance redressal cell at > Lack of a professional consultation strategy the ULB to address the queries of the > Better infrastructure and computerization is people in the project implementation necessary for better service delivery stage > Lack of technical staff in planning and drafting >Developing a regular feedback the infrastructure projects mechanism with the DMA > Regular coordination and maintaining > Developing the capacities of the staff in information flow to the DMA preparation of social assessments and evaluations > Regular coordination with other departments for advise and planning ALL PROJECTS Municipal Council > It is the legislative wing of the municipality > Political affiliation to a party is causing problems > The council can play a very important (MC) > It is the sole authority to sanction and approve in identifying the right projects for investments. role in the planning and execution of the projects in the municipality > Favoritism and wrong prioritization of projects the project. > It is very closely knit with the people in the are causing problems in providing services. > Identification of the infrastructure municipality as it has elected representatives of > Select people or community groups are only projects can be easy with the help of the people. being included into the project identification and the council > The municipal councilors are incremental in planning > Community participation in the identifying the projects for the development of > Training to be provided on consultation identification, planning and the towns strategies and participatory methods implementation of the project can be > Maintenance of the social infrastructure related > Lack of regular attendance to the municipal encouraged through the council as they to social development, health, sanitation, council meetings and lack of coordination are more closer to the people education etc., is vested with the Municipal among the council > Organizing meetings and reviews with Council. other departments at the ULB level > Informing the Community Based Organizations on the programmes that are to be implemented and also Including them in planning and implementing the project. 146 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management Roles ALL PROJECTS Directorate of Town > Involves in the urban development planning and > Developing close coordination with the DMA > Can play a very important role in the and Country policies and preparation of master plans for the and the ULBs for town planning activities is planning and implementation of a Planning (DTCP) towns needed project > Formulation of regulations for enforcement of > Though there is supervision actual field > Planning land use and land building and land use standards participation is in implementing the project is management > Approval of industrial, commercial, residential limited > Regular coordination with the and agricultural area proposals > Concentrates on technical planning alone and departments at the local level while > Approval of road development plans and has no provisions for project specific social implementing the project approval of type designs and plans for various aspects in planning and implementation > Drafting urban land use and public and community buildings assignments, > Lack of policy which identifies social and R&R management policies and drafting rules alienation's etc. issues and regulations > Assistance in formulation, implementation and > Staff need to be trained in Social and R&R > Important inputs in the preparation of monitoring of schemes under IDSMT by issues (The town planning section of the ULB) the R&R policy and also the municipalities. Resettlement Action Policies for the > Assistance in regulation of grants to project implementation Municipalities for implementation of Master Plan > Develop consultation strategies tom Proposals, E.l Schemes (Environmental include the people in the Improvement schemes) implementation and planning of the > Technical assistance to other government project departments like APHB, APHUDCL, APPCB, Revenue, Panchayat Raj Department etc. ALL PROJECTS Public Health and > In charge of investigation, designs and execution > Developing close coordination with the DMA > Can play a very important role in the Engineering of water supply and sewerage schemes in all the and the ULBs for town planning activities is planning and implementation Department municipal towns and corporations needed > Preparing engineering plans (PHED) > The department also has control over the > Concentrates on technical planning alone and > Regular coordination with the technical aspects over all the engineering works has no provisions for project specific social departments at the local level while > All engineering works that cost more than I lakh aspects in planning and implementation implementing the project rupees in a municipal town are sanctioned by > Lack of policy which identifies social and R&R > Important inputs in the preparation of the PHED issues the R&R policy > Staff need to be trained in Social and R&R > Develop consultation strategies tom issues (The town planning section of the ULB) include the people in the > Lack of staff at the regional offices to cater to implementation and planning of the the technical help for the municipalities project ALL PROJECTS Urban > Apex planning agency at the local level > Developing close coordination with the DMA, > Can play a very important role in the Development > Planning and preparation of revision of Master DTCP and the ULBs for town planning activities planning and implementation of sub- Authorities (UDA) Plan and Zonal Development Plans. is needed project > To regulate and control the development through > Though there is supervision actual field > Planning land use and land statutory plans and other measures. participation is in implementing the project is management > To undertake various developmental projects in limited > Regular coordination with the the Developmental Area. )> Concentrates on technical planning alone and departments at the local level while > To co-ordinate with other public agencies has no provisions for project specific social implementing the project concemed with provision of urban infrastructure, aspects in planning and implementation > Drafting urban land use and services and amenities. > Lack of policy which identifies social and R&R management policies and drafting rules > Competent body and is well equipped with multi- issues and regulations 147 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management Projects ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Roles functional group representing various branches > Staff need to be trained in Social and R&R > Important inputs in the preparation of of urban planning and development viz., town issues (The town planning section of the ULB) the R&R policy planning, engineering, traffic and transportation, land acquisition, revenue collection, accounting and finance, administration, public relations, urban forestry etc. ALL PROJECTS Revenue > The Revenue Department (RD) is headed by the > There is severe lack of coordination with the > Since the APURMS Project includes Department under District Collector (DC) is the administrative head Revenue department with regard to land major infrastructure projects problems the District of the district and the activities within the acquisition. arising by acquiring land can become Collector (DC) municipality are carefully monitored and > The Revenue Department has good capacity an important issue to address and for executed in compliance with the office of the with regard to land acquisitions and other this purpose the role of the Revenue district collector. deliberations concemed with land. This Department becomes even more > In case of emergencies, the DC is empowered capacity is not being made use of by the important. for the execution of any work or the doing of any municipalities. The municipalities totally depend > The municipal administration has to act, which the council is empowered, if such on the Revenue Department for Acquisitions. work closely with the revenue action is felt necessary for the safety of the > Delays in the project are arising due to lack of department for these purposes. The public. identification of land for the purpose of resettling municipality can explore issue of > Involves in the day-to-day activities of the people. interdepartmental coordination, land municipality within the district if the municipality > Limited participation of the revenue department acquisition and local and district fails to do so. in the implementation of the project administration etc., by working closely > Power to inspect any immoveable property or > Lack of policy which identified social and R&R with the Revenue Department. any progress under the control of any municipal issues > Can play a very important role in the authority. planning and implementation of a > He is the overall in-charge of the implementation project of social development schemes like, > Regular coordination with the Janmabhoomi, Prajala Vaddaku Palana, departments at the local level while Sramadanam, Clean and Green towns, Flood implementing the project Relief, Drought Relief and other schemes in the > Important inputs in the preparation of district. the R&R policy > The DC's office is also responsible for all > Develop consultation strategies to alienation and acquisition of lands for the include the people in the utilization of municipal institutions implementation and planning of the project ALL PROJECTS Community Based > Identifying the infrastructure projects in a ULB as > Other than identification of the projects in the > The CBOs can play a very important Organizations they experience the problems towns the CBOs are not being fully included into role in bringing the people closer to the (CBO) > Social networking in the towns and also the planning and implementation of the projects. municipality if a new project is initiated. important in coordination projects > The CBOs do not have free access to the > Role in disseminating the project > Organizing programmes at the community level municipal functionaries when it come to objectives > Bridging the gap between the community and grievances and problem solving steps > Creating awareness and educating the municipal authorities > The potential of the CBOs is not being fully community > Conglomeration of community institutions utilized by the municipalities in dissemination of > Identifying important impacts on the > Building the capacity of the municipalities in the project social side various projects > Wherever the CBOs are recruited that are > Better role in planning and > Information carriers and disseminating agents underpaid implementing the project > A good network of the CBOs has been > Can facilitate grievance redressal 148 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management Roles developed under the APUSP, but the > Create efficiency in implementing the municipalities do not have a plan to sustain their project participation. > Can give important inputs for the > Lack of good consultation strategies is preparation SMPs necessary > Can play an important role in the > Very few of the CBOs have developed their implementation of the SMP capacities but a lot more planning id needed to develop them to participate in the daily activities of the municipality. WATER SUPPLY Hyderabad > It caters to both the water supply and sewerage > The practices and policies of the HMWSSB can > The best practices of HMWS&SB can AND SEWERAGE Metropolitan Water infrastructure to the twin cities of Hyderabad and be made use while planning similar projects in be considered to improve the water Supply and Secunderabad and adjoining 10 municipalities, municipalities supply and sewerage network in other Sewerage Board > Supply of potable water, including planning, > Help of the pollution control board is very municipalities across the state (HMWS&SB) and design, construction, maintenance, operation important while planning projects, which is not > The HMWS&SB has drafted a policy Public Health and and management of all water supply projects being done in most of the municipalities. Inputs for R&R that can be made use of. Engineering > Collection, treatment and disposal of sewage from APPCB can give very important inputs to > Can play an important role in the Department including planning, design, construction, the planning process. planning and implementation of water (PHED) maintenance, operation and management supply projects across the state. > Preparation and implementation of water supply > Its practices could also give important and sewerage schemes introduced by the inputs for the development of the govemment of Andhra Pradesh SEAMF guidelines. > It has both the experience and expertise in > Advise the state government on providing facilities and infrastructure at both various water supply across the state Mega City level and at the municipality level. > It is also charged with special responsibility to guide and advise the state government on various issues pertaining to water supply and affluent disposal through sewerage systems. ROADS Roads and > Construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, > There is a good coordination between the R&B > The R&B department can coordinate Buildings causeways and ferries and other means of department and the municipalities with regard to with the ULBs to formulate plans, Department (R&B) communication by roads the construction of roads and this coordination execute and complete construction of > Function as an agent for construction and can be utilized for better provision of services to roads in the municipalities maintenance of roads classified under the the people. > The R&B department has an R&R national highways > The R&B department has prepared an R&R policy that may be used in developing > Construction and maintenance of roads within policy for Andhra Pradesh State Highways the R&R policy for the MAUD. the municipal and urban limits Project, which can be very useful while > Could give important inputs for the > Construction and maintenance of state implementing roads projects in the urban areas. preparation of the guidelines under govemment buildings used and also intended in > Help of. the pollution control board is very SEAMF connection with administration of the important while planning projects, which is not > Regular coordination with other govemment of Andhra Pradesh being done in most of the municipalities. Inputs departments and the ULBs till the > The R&B department also plays an important from APPCB can give very important inputs to completion of the project role as a planning and advisory body for the the planning process. > Advise the ULBs in drafting new urban bodies. policies and plans for roads projects. 149 ~ |IIII Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management Roles HEALTH AND Medical and Health > All the hospitals and dispensaries including > Through there is a close coordination between > Planning and developing health SANITATION Department (MHD) ayurvedic, siddha, unani and homeopathic the MHD and the ULB it is limited to infrastnucture in the ULB and Municipal institutions may be inspected by the District maintenance of infrastructure. > Developing close coordination with the Council (MC) Medical and Health Officer concerned and the > Involvement of the concemed staff within the ULB in identifying the health needs in Director of Medical and Health Services. municipality in charge of maintaining the the municipality > They have the right to inspect any of the medical and health infrastructure is limited. > Advise the ULBs in drafting new hospitals maintained by the municipality when > Help of the pollution control board is very policies and plans for rods projects. ever may think fit. important while planning projects, which is not > Develop consultation strategies to > For additions reductions and alterations of the being done in most of the municipalities. Inputs include the people in the medical staff in the dispensaries, the sanction of from APPCB can give very important inputs to implementation and planning of the the government and if delegated, the concemed the planning process. project authority's approval has to be obtained duly > Inputs for the preparation of the R&R routing the proposals through the District policy for the MAUD Medical Health Officer who is the head at the > Developing special schemes for the district level. vulnerable groups > The instructions of the District Medical and > Maintenance of the health Health Officer with regard to health matters, infrastructure in the municipalities that family planning and implementation of various fall within the project health schemes are to be followed by the Municipal Health Officer and in his absence by the Commissioner for implementation. Andhra Pradesh > Implementation of various housing schemes > The municipalities themselves generally under > Can be very helpful in planning and HOUSING Housing Board introduced by the state govemment for the take housing activity that may arise in the implementation of housing projects in (APHB) economically weaker sections and vulnerable implementation of the project. The help of the the municipality. groups of the society (Weaker Section Housing Housing Board is only sought if the housing > The housing plans and economic Schemes - WSHS) project is of a larger scale. Regular help from housing schemes will be helpful in > Construction of houses under the department could save time and planning preparing the entitlements for the integrated/composite housing schemes and exercise and well-planned activities can be project affected people and also in the allotment of houses on hire purchase basis and chalked out. preparation of the R&R policy for the on outright sale basis, under lower income > There is lack of coordination between the MAUD. group, middle income group and higher income Housing Board and the ULBs on housing plans, > Developing the coordination with other group categories which needs to be increased. department s especially the revenue > Self-financing housing schemes > Interdepartmental coordination, especially with department and the ULBs in identifying On-site services in the housing colonies and the Revenue Department is necessary for the land for the construction of houses Construction of shops, commercial successful implementation of the housing for the displaced people. complexes and buildings to let out on rent to schemes, as it is in charge of identification of > Develop consultation strategies to augment financial resources to the board etc. land for housing. Delays are occurring in this include the people in the process. implementation and planning of the > Help of the pollution control board is very project important while planning projects, which is not > Advise the ULBs in developing housing being done in most of the municipalities. Inputs plans and housing projects from APPCB can give very important inputs to > It can also successfully address the the planning process. problems pertaining to the general improvement of the cities, opening out congested areas by planned housing, 150 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management ____________________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Roles clearance and construction of housing in the slum areas and improvement of general sanitary conditions to safeguard public health etc. > But the role of APHB can become important when the ULB plans to undertake new housing, township development and slum clearance activities in the urban areas in the future. STREET LIGHTING Andhra Pradesh > Provision of electricity infrastructure in the towns > ULB's coordination with the electricity > The TRANSCO can coordinate with the Transmission and municipalities department is very limited ULBs to formulate plans, execute and Corporation Limited > Repairs and maintenance of the infrastructure > There are maintenance problems in managing complete construction of electricity (AP Transco) > Planning new transmission towers and lines and electricity infrastructure infrastructure in the municipalities substations for the towns > Delays in service delivery > The R&R policy of TRANSCO that may > Other services with regard to electricity supply > The TRANSCO has R&R policy that could give be used in developing the R&R policy important inputs for the preparation of R&R for the MAUD. policy > Could give important inputs for the preparation of the guidelines under SEAMF > Regular coordination with other departments and the ULBs till the completion of the project > Develop consultation strategies to include the people in the implementation and planning of the project > Advise the ULBs in drafting new policies and plans for electricity projects. STORM WATER Urban Local Bodies > One of the primary duties of the ULBs and the > Help of the pollution control board is very > Planning the sewerage and SWD DRAINS AND (ULB) and Public PHED is provision proper sewerage and storm important while planning projects, which is not drains with the help of APPCB SEWERAGE Health and water drains for the people in the municipality being done in most of the municipalities. Inputs > Encouraging the participation of the Engineering from APPCB can give very important inputs to people and the communities in the Department the planning process. planning and implementation of the (PHED) > There are problems in maintaining the project. sewerage and storm water drains once the > Coordination with the APPCB to reduce construction is completed. This has to be any environmental impacts on the rectified and better planning is necessary [people with regard to the infrastructure provided | | I I I I I II I I151 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management SOLID WASTE Andhra Pradesh > To plan a comprehensive program for the > The APPCB is only concentrating on the Solid > Help in preparing plans and execution MANAGEMENT Pollution Control prevention, control or abatement of pollution waste management projects alone in a of projects in the municipality. Board (APPCB) > To collaborate with the Central Board in municipality. It has to take up the same for the > Inputs for the R&R and Environmental organizing the training of persons engaged or to other projects like sewerage, storm water, water policies of the MAUD be engaged in programs relating to prevention, supply etc. > Monitoring the execution of the projects control of pollution and to organize mass considering the environmental education programs safeguards and Acts > To evolve economical and reliable methods of > Could give important inputs for the treatment of waste and sewage preparation of the guidelines under > To lay down standards of treatment of sewage SEAMF and waste disposed >Develop consultation strategies to > The Board may establish or recognize a include the people in the laboratory or laboratories to enable the Board to implementation and planning of the perform its functions project > Advise the ULBs in drafting new policies and plans for better environmental sustainability with the projects undertaken. EDUCATION Urban Local Bodies > One of the primary duties of the ULBs is > Problems with the maintenance of educational > Provision of better quality infrastructure (ULB) provision of educational facilities. facilities and planning for dispersal of > Problems with the staff and attendance educational institutions in the towns > Better infrastructure in the educational > Better and qualified staff to be recruited institutions and wherever there is a shortage recruit temporary staff to solve the problem. > Coordination with other departments in planning educational infrastructure in the towns and municipalities > Develop consultation strategies to include the people in the implementation and planning of the project PARKS AND OTHER Urban Local Bodies > One of the primary duties of the ULBs and the > Lack of maintenance > Proper planning and implementation of AMENITIES (ULB) and Public PHED is provision proper sewerage and storm > Improper planning of social infrastructure the projects Health and water drains for the people in the municipality > Considering social and environmental Engineering safeguards while constructing the Department infrastructure (PHED) > Develop consultation strategies to include the people in the implementation and planning of the project 152 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report ENVIRONMENT SECTION HIERARCHY INSTITUTION INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES MA & UD > Municipal administration and urban development is the institution at the secretariat headed by the ministry and principal secretary. > Public health & Engineering, Town and Country Planning, Few municipal corporations functions directly under this institution. > The project related policy decisions and funding should be made at MA&UD. > Ministry shall take the review of projects at the ULB's in coordination with Directorate for Municipal Administration. C&DMA > Directorate for Municipal Administration is the top most institution for all the municipalities and corporations. All the ULBs take instructions from DMA in their functioning. > As per the decisions made at the MA & UD, the DMA shall instruct, monitor the ULB's and Corporations to identify, implement and review the sub projects. APUFIDC > Andhra Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (APUFIDC), the banking institution at the state head quarters, would finance the proposed sub projects. The finance will be released only after the social and environmental screening and assessment of the sub project. > The institution shall coordinate, monitor and assess the social and environmental assessment reports prepared by the "Social and Environmental Section" in the ULBs. > The APUFIDC shall have Project Development Division, Investment Division and Institutional Development Division STATE LEVEL APPCB > Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board will coordinate with the regional and local Pollution Control Boards in procuring the environmental baseline information for a mini air shed/water shed information. Monitoring the air and water qualities etc. in the sub project areas/locations may be coordinated with the respective PCBs. > It will see that all the regional PCBs are equipped with technical and instrumental infrastructure and skilled environmental monitoring specialists. Engineer -in -Chief, PHED > This department prepares all the technical sanctions of the sub project above 50 lakhs investments. > The environmental mitigation measures shall be monitored by this institution for major sub-projects based on the mitigation plan DTCP > This department prepares all the major layouts for all the municipalities. The master plans for all the towns that do not come under the purview of any urban development authority are prepared by DTCP. > All sub project interventions (lay outs/roads) should be crosschecked and referred to the DTCP for its approval with reference to the master plan and building byelaws, wherever applicable. Intervention of reserved forest areas, environmentally sensitive areas may be verified. UDA > Urban development authorities prepare master plan for the urban development limits and are responsible for planned town growth. These institutions have the responsibility to grant permission to major constructions that are not in the purview of town planning wing of the ULBs. REGIONAL LEVEL / > All sub project interventions (lay outs/roads) should be crosschecked and referred to the UDA for its approval with reference to the DISTRICT LEVEL master plan and building byelaws. COLLECTORATE > District collectorate is involved in the acquisition of land and pay compensation for the ownership of the lands that fall in the project area. This is the major administration at the district level. > The collectorate implements all the Government proposed schemes and projects at the district level. RDMA > The Regional Directorate for Municipal Administration is the administrative body at regional level, which monitors all the ULB's in the region. > These institutions may be enhancing in their capacities and proper institutional arrangements to monitor the social and environmental issues related to the sub project investments. If possible, the assessments of sub projects of all the ULB's in the region can be handled by this institution. 153 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report HIERARCHY INSTITUTION INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Urban Local Body > The ULB shall be the prime institution for the implementation of sub projects as per the instructions and guidelines provided by the DMA and MAUD. The ULB shall identify, design, implement, monitor and operate the sub projects. > Additional section called "Social and Environmental Section" (SEMS) shall be established in all the ULB's or at the regional ULB's as per the feasibility, that shall monitor and implement all the environmental issues like environmental screening, assessment and mitigation measures. This section shall be reporting to the Manager, Social and Environmental, of APUFIDC. The section shall carry its activities in close coordination with different sections of municipality, P.C.B. and other related departments, whenever necessary. PHE.D. > Any water and sewerage sub project construction that has an estimate between 10 to 50 lakhs is taken up by this regional department > The social and environmental section of the municipality shall work in close liaison with PHED. This department will implement the environmental mitigation measures as suggested by SEMS. TOWN LEVEL M.R.O. > Mandal revenue offices have all the land related registers of the town with the survey numbers, ownership and extent. Any kind of land related information during the acquisition could be had from this department. > The SEMS shall consult the M.R.O. office for the land particulars related to the sub project interventions. R & B > Roads and buildings is another department that is responsible for construction of all the roads other than the municipal roads. High ways within the municipal limits are also constructed and maintained by this department. > Clearance from this department is necessary for any road cutting in the implementation of water and sewerage sub projects. P. C. B. > Ambient air quality, water quality and noise pollution, geology, soil conditions and related base line information are recorded by P.C.B. > Base line data of the sub project area to assess the impact is to be made available from this institution. > The SEM section of ULB shall work in close liaison and coordinate with PCB for the baseline information at the initial, intermediate and final stages of the sub project implementation. 154 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Scrvices- r Social and Environmentai Assessment Report 5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 5.1 Consultations and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with the stakeholders and administering the household and town questionnaires in the selected towns was undertaken by the study team for gathering both qualitative and quantitative for social and environmental analysis and assessment. Though all the activities undertaken were parallel, the inputs that each one of these activities has contributed to the study are independent and important for a complete and overall understanding of the project. The activities undertaken are as follows: e A household perception survey and administering the Town Schedule e Consultations and FGDs for Sub-project Assessments and * Public Consultations 5.1 THE HOUSEHOLD PERCEPTION SURVEY 5.2 Baseline information was gathered from the primary stakeholders identified for the assessment to identify and assess the present status and type of services provided to people by the municipality and also the perceptions held by the people on the municipal services and their functionaries. The Baseline Household survey is rudimentary as it provides a basic building block to understand the existing scenario in the study area. The information collected through the primary survey included perceptions on services like roads, electricity and street lighting, water supply, sewerage and storm water infrastructure, parks and other amenities etc. The study observations were also intended to provide verification to the inputs obtained from the institutional review and the public consultations. The baseline survey constituted of both quantitative and qualitative information. The baseline information has been gathered from the primary stakeholders identified for the assessment. The household survey results and findings are presented below. 5.1.1 THE PROCESS 5.3 For the purpose of conducting the household survey a field plan was drafted which has already been explained in Chapter - I. The field teams were divided into three groups for each region, namely Telangana, Andhra and Rayalaseema. Each team consisted of three field coordinators and ten field investigators. To cover a sample of 400 in each town the field team spent 6 days in each town. One of the important tasks of the field coordinators was to train the field investigators in gathering the information through the household schedule. Training the investigators was an important task because the questionnaire administered was long and detailed and needed good understanding to complete the task in time. For the convenience of the field investigators and the respondents the questionnaire was also translated into Telugu and used in collecting the data. 5.1.2 KEY FINDINGS OF THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 5.4 As part of the study a baseline household survey was undertaken in six selected towns. A total of 2395 households were covered - approximately 400 in each town. In each town 16 wards were covered in three strata categorized on the basis of incidence of 155 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report below poverty line households. The tables and charts below provide an overview of the key findings from the household survey across different sectors. They pertain to not only the degree of access to a particular municipal service but also the level of satisfaction with the services provided. 5.1.2.1 GENERAL PROFILE OF THE HOUSEHOLDS 5.5 The Figure 5.1: Slum Profile across towns numbers of households for the 90.00 - 83 21 study were selected 80.00 - 7 after identifying the > 60.00 - _ localities in the c 40.00 .1 i - _ - - - 30.00 - - - - respective selected u 20.00- in _ - - - w 10.00 wards. When I 0.00 - ~ r observed across the z six towns the oI percentage of the Towns households falling 13Sum*Non-Slurn in the slum areas is found to be lower (38.20%) than those households falling in the non-slum (61.80%) areas. It is found that in Qutbullapur the area covered by slums is more (76.20%) than any of the selected towns. In contrast, Tenali has the largest non-slum areas (83.21%) when compared to other towns. Qutbullapur has a large number of slums because the municipality is dominated by people who are workers or labourers in the nearby industrial areas and factories. Slums dominate almost every locality in Qutbullapur municipality. On the hand Tenali is a very developed area where there is large-scale agricultural and business activity. It is one of the very prosperous towns in Andhra Pradesh and hence most of the town though not planned has very few slum Figure. 5.2: Religion areas. Figure 5.1 shows the 100 9 2 location of households across X 80 6AS5 all the towns with reference to t 60 slums and non-slums 40 L s 0. 20 47 5.6 Figure 5.2 gives theo 5.6 Figure 5.2 gives the 0QTBP RMG Th4L KKID TPT HDP Total division of the households on the basis of the religion they Towns belong. When observed JOHindu *Muslim OChristian across the religion the Hindus constitute the highest (84.47%) number of households followed by Muslims (11.32%) and Christians (4.22). 5.7 The social group of the households across the six towns it is found that the families belonging to the General Category (GC) are the highest (45.93%) followed by the families belonging to the Backward Classes (BC) (39.77%). The number of the Schedules Caste (SC) (10.98%) and the Scheduled Tribe (ST) (3.42%) population is comparatively very less when compared to the GC and BC households. The SC population is higher in the towns of Kakinada (17.96%), Ramagundam (12.94%) and Tenali (11.28%). With regard 156 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrnent Report to the ST population it is the Figure 5.3- Social Group highest (8.23%) in the town of . . S Kakinada when compared to the other towns. (Figure: 5.3) 70 61.6-6-_ 5.8 The levels of literacy in 4- the households selected for the 30 ___6 study the number of households r 3 20 6, l with more than three literates in 10 - the family are more (33.11%) 0 followed by two literates Towns (24.47%) in a family and three __ ___ ________ literates (18.33%) in a family. There are 13.57 percent of the families with only one literate in the family and around 10.52 percent of the families are illiterates. The highest number of families with no literate in the Table - 5.1: Number of Literates family is highest No One Two Three ~~More than Name of the No One Two Three three Table Total (21.97%) in Municipality Lieae ieae Ltrts Ltrts literates Tirupati and on % % % % % No. % the other hand Qutbullapur 5.06 11.90 22.28 14.94 45.82 395 100 the highest Ramagundam 1.49 11.69 27.86 28.11 30.85 402 100 number of Tenali 11.53 15.54 24.56 16.29 32.08 399 100 families with Kakinada 14.46 15.46 2843 17.71 23.94 401 100 more than three Tirupati 21.97 11.87 18.69 18.18 29.29 396 100 literates in the Hindupur 8.71 14.93 24.88 14.68 36 82 402 100 family is highest Table Total 10.52 13.57 24.47 18.33 33.11 2395 100 (45.82%) in Source CMSR. 2003 Qutbullapur. (Table-5.1) Table - 5.2: Family Size 5.9 With regard to the Name of the <=3 4-5 6-7 >7 Table Total family size of the Municipality % % % % No. % households selected for the Qutbullapur 13.92 55.44 20.76 9.87 395 100 study it is found that more Ramagundam 15.17 57.46 20.90 6.47 402 100 than fifty percent (55.82%) of the households have 4-5 Tenali 27.82 54.64 12.28 5.26 399 100 members in a family. Kakinada 15.21 63.84 17.46 3.49 401 100 Families with less than three Tirupati 27.27 55.30 13.64 3.79 396 100 or three members constitute Hindupur 14 68 48.26 26.12 10.95 402 100 around 19 percent of the Table Total 19.00 55.82 18.54 6.64 2395 100 sample followed closely by Source CMSR, 2003 families with 6-7 members (18.54%). Families, which constitute more than 7 members in the family, are the lowest (6.64%) across the six towns. (Table-5.2) 157 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Figure 5.4: Number of People working in the family 5.10 Figure 5.4 shows that number of working people in 90 - the family. The number of 80 l families with only one person 70- I 60* working in the family is more - 04,I,J ' I-i*-- * than three quarters (77.95%) IL 20 - . __ _-of the total sample across all 0 lltrn -;;ii D the towns. Families with 2 ozsP~11( TPT mN K rhOP ToIal TBP -AG'MLK Ta T - HD- working people constitute :, _____________ around 15.95 percent and :__O~.i~r.~J _ _____ families with more than 2 working people constitute the least with around 6.10 percent. Table - 5.3: Basic Occupation of the Households Name of the BusinesslS Govt. Pvt. Profes Non- Agri. Farmer/Cull Others Municipality hop Service Service sional Agri Labour ivator (Specify) Table Total Keeping Labo-ur % */o °b % % % % No. % Outbullapur 22 28 10.13 42.03 8 35 9 87 4.30 0 51 2.53 395 100 Ramagundam 12 69 53.73 8 96 4 23 9 70 0 50 4 73 5 4 7 402 100 eenali 30 83 15 29 19 05 1 50 18.05 1 50 2 76 11.03 399 100 Kakinada 12.47 14 71 18 95 2 24 37 41 0 50 0 00 13 72 401 100 Tirupati 28.03 15.40 26 26 1 77 14.65 1 01 0 25 12 63 396 100 Hindupur 20.90 15 67 29.60 1 00 20 15 4 73 1 99 597 402 100 Table Total 21.17 20 88 24 09 3.17 18 33 2 09 1.71 8.56 2395 100 Source CMSR, 2003 5.11 When observed across the six towns with regard to the basic occupation of the households the number of households whose basic occupation is private service are the highest (24.09%) followed by households pursuing business (21.17%) and then by households dependent on government service (20.88). The total number of households dependent on agricultural as well as non-agricultural labour is around 20.42 percent across the six towns. The others category constitutes (8.56%). (Table-5.3) 5.12 Table 5.4 Table - 5.4: Annual Income of the family gives the income Name of the <=20,000 >20,000- >40,000- >60,000- >80,000 Table Total details of the Municipality 40,000 60,000 80,000 households % % % ___ % No. % selected for the Qutbullapur 35.95 36.71 15.44 5.82 6.08 395 100 study. The Ramagundam 12.94 20.40 25.37 25.87 15.42 402 100 number of Tenali 24.31 53.13 11.78 4.01 6.77 399 100 households with Kakinada 28.43 39.90 17.96 3.99 9.73 401 100 annual income Tirupati 18.94 32.58 22.98 7.07 18.43 396 100 in-between Hindupur 21.39 26.87 28.11 11.69 11.94 402 100 20,000-40,000 Table Total 23.63 34.91 20.29 9.77 11.40 2395 100 are the highest Source CMSR, 2003 (34.91%) followed by household with an annual income of less than 20,000 (23.63%) and those earning in-between 40,000-60,000 (20.29%). Families earning more than 60,000 rupees per annum are around 21.17 percent. 158 Andhra Pradesbi Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 5.1.2.2 ROADS 5.13 Figure - 5.5 gives:the details of the Figure - 5.5: Type of Road facility in towns gives the details of the type of road facility in 80 the towns. With regard G V= to the type of road 6l r_40 facility in the localities 4 across the municipalities , 20 X 1 1 it is found that a majority 0 of the households have QTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HDP Total CC roads (50.69%). The Towns other type of roads when j ICC *BT OMetal OGravel *Kutcha compared to CC roads are very few in number with least being gravel roads (6.64). Tirupati town has the highest (75.76%) number of CC roads, which indicates better quality roads, and Qutbullapur has the highest (45.32%) number of kutcha roads that shows the bad quality of roads in that town. Relatively it is seen that across all the towns selected for the study that they have a good number of CC roads. This is because the of various road sub-project that have been taken under the APUSP project. Figure - 5.6: Vehicular Access 5.14 When asked about the vehicular access to their 120 houses around 73.90 percent 100 of the respondents across the ~~' EiCi - - ~~~~~~~six towns have said that the ' 6u ___ vehicular movement to their 20 + _ houses is not difficult, | followed by 19.25 percent OTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HDP Tolal who say that access is Towns difficult. Around 6.85 O1 [nes 1d,tf,cuI,m:*e.~ psr,t. il Ir<, e.r,,I3r 3< |percent of the people have stated that there is no vehicular access. The highest number of people who do not have vehicular access is highest in Qutbullapur town with 13.16 percent. (Figure: 5.6) This is because slum areas cover a majority of the Figure - 5.7: Satisfaction on the quality of roads and services Qutbullapur town and provided most of the slums are very densely and 100 closely constructed. 5 80 N Around 99.75 percent { 60 - ____N ___ of the people in Tirupati have vehicular X 20 u- 3 access without any OTBP RMG TNL KKD TF T HEP Total difficulty. Towns 5.15 Figure: 5.7 .er Sslaci:.,sor, Snrn,v.ral:.1c)o,, shows that more than OSo.rr,ei ,riai 0.ers alsr 159 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessmnerit Report half (54.66%) of the respondents say that they are somewhat satisfied with the road network in the town. Around 29.06 percent of the people are either somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the services. 5.1.2.3 STREET LIGHTING 5.16 Figure 5.8 gives the Figure - 5.8: Streetlight facility in towns details of the streets covered with street lighting. It is found 100 76 9 84 84 that across the six towns 60 * f f I.- selected for the study that 8 40_ majority (84.83%) of the ,L 20 _ _ streets are covered by the QTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HDP Total street-lighting facility. And Towns 15.62 percent of them say that ______*N streets are not covered by I-----o street lighting. Most of the streets in the towns are covered by tube light facility. The unavailability of street lighting facility is the highest in Ramagundam. Figure - 5.9: Service of local streetlights 5.17 Figure 5.9 shows the service of the streetlights that are 100 - .>-k; .-- > e Al. - provided in the towns. A ° 80 .:>;i .-9 majority (86.99%) of households say that the streetlights are in %60 o 40 | 2 ! good working condition are lit 40 20 Y S $ s;t.9: | daily across the towns. Only a 0 3 v 3 -' very few (11.33%) have QTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HDP Total complained that the streetlights Towns are not lit in their streets. -4--Daily Not Lit Others l 5.18 It is observed that across Figure - 5.10: Satisfaction on the quality of street the six towns the 66.30 percent of lights provided the respondents are somewhat satisfactory with the services 100 _ provided, followed by 19.74 c. 80 ZN percent of the respondents who are - 60 - 1 E __ very satisfied with the services. 4_ Around 13.95 percent of the tL 20 respondents are either somewhat 0 R T K T H QTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HOP Total dissatisfied or very dissatisfied Towns with the street lighting services provided to them by the very satisfactory U Somewhat satisfactory municipality. (Figure: 5.10) | Somewhat Dissatisfied OVery Dissatisfied 160 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 5.1.2.4 WATER SUPPLY 5.19 The main Municipal Own Public Commun Municipal Private Total source of water Name of the water Hand Tap ity bore Well MiPal water Sampi Municipality connection pump well watr tnk tank e supply across % % % % % % % No the towns is Qutbullapur 63.54 8.35 7.59 11.65 2.53 12.91 1.77 395 provided in Ramagundam 57.21 4.73 23.88 3.23 18.66 0 8.21 402 Table 5.5. The Tenali 0.25 98.5 1.5 0 0.5 5.01 2.76 399 Kakinada 36.16 3.49 61.6 1.25 2.49 0.25 0.25 401 survey found Tinrpati 66.67 26.01 17.93 3.03 2.02 0.76 1.52 396 that around the Hindupur 59.95 1.24 39.3 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.5 402 most important Table Total 47.27 23.67 25.39 3.3 4.43 3.17 2.51 2395 source of water Multiple answers, hence totals do not add up to 100 percent Source CMSR, 2003 is through the municipal water connection, which is the highest with 47.27 percent of the households with water connections. It is only in Tenali town people do not have any water connections and this is because there is no water supply network in the town. The ground water in Tenali is available at just 5 to 10 feet and every household has a hand pump. 5.20 Provision of a public tap or a public water post wherever necessary is one of the duties of the municipality in its endeavor to supply safe drinking water to its citizens. In the study the public tap forms the second most important source of drinking water with 25.39 percent of the households using them. People dependent on public water supply are more in the town of Kakinada (61.60%) and the least in the town of Tenali (1.5%). 5.21 The third most important source of water supply across the towns is through own hand pumps. Around 23.67 percent of the people are dependent on their own hand pumps for drinking water needs. It is seen that in Tenali almost 98.50 percent of the total respondents of that town have own hand pumps and it is their major source of water. This is because the ground water in Tenali is available at 5 feet under the ground. In all the other towns own hand pumps are very when compared to Tenali. All the other sources of water supply are very less when compared to the above mentioned sources. 5.22 Figure 5.11 Figure - 5.11: Satisfaction on the quality of municipal water describes the satisfaction supply and services provided levels of the respondents on the quality of services 100- - with regard to municipal n 80- -- _ _ - r_ _ - water supply and services. 0 40 * m It is observed that across Z5 20 - all the towns more than 0o E_ nF fifty percent (59.00%) of 2TBP RAMG TNL KKD T?,. T the respondents feel Towns somewhat satisfied with DVey . U . . : r* . : .rna sr.;Ir, 0 . .Ur, i_ the services provided to =-- them. And around 11.36 percent are very satisfied with the services provided to them. And around thirty percent (29.64%) of the respondents are either somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the water supply services. 161 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 5.1.2.5 SANITATION 5.23 Across all the towns it is Table - 5.6: Latrine facility usage found that a majority of the people is Name of the Latrine or Community Open Table Total using the latrine facility available in house l their house. Around 9.65 percent are % % % No % defecaing inthe opn spacs andQutbullapur 83.04 0.51 16.46 395 100 defecating in the open spaces and Ramagundam 91.54 1.49 6.97 402 100 around 3.17 percent are using public Tenali 91.23 3.51 5.26 399 100 toilets. When compared across the Kakinada 88.78 3.99 7.23 401 100 towns the people defecating in the Tirupati 87.37 7.07 5.56 396 100 open spaces are more (16.46%) in Hindupur 81.09 2.49 16.42 402 100 Qutbullapur. This is because of lack Table Total 87.18 3.17 9.65 2395 100 of public toilets in the towns. (Table- Source CMSR, 2003 5.6) f --- F8 l 5.24 Across all the towns it was t .i -found that the number of houses with L ~ -22a wst l H - - sewerage connections is very few * 64, _. h _ , | . (22.21%). It is in the towns of !~ i;, -,^-s r Qutbullapur (30.89%), Ramagundam K (47.01%) and Tirupati (40.40%) that a substantial number of the 40 _I 4701 respondents have sewerage 0.25 852 connections. Low number of I IOTBP ERNIG OTNIL OKKD *TPT El hDP *0Toi1 sewerage connections in the towns of Tenali and Kakinada is due to the presence of septic tanks in most houses and there is no sewerage network in these towns. (Figure 5.12) 5.25 Table 5.7 gives the Table - 5.7: Qualit of sewerage services satisfaction levels among the people , N Very Some Some Very Narne f the what what Vey Table Total with regard to the quality of Municipality sati. Sati. dlssati. dissatis. sewerage facilities provided. It can . % % % % No % be seen that across all the six towns ;Qutbullapur 7.34 25.32 44.56 22 78 395 100 about one-half (53.70%) of the Ramagundam 945 50 23.13 17.41 402 100 people are somewhat satisfied with Urenali 14.54 6366 1779 401 399 100 the services provided to them. lKakinada 2.24 72 07 21.7 3.99 401 100 Around 23.97 percent are somewhat 'iupali 3.03 68.94 6 818 21.21 396 100 dissatisfied and 14.95 percent are .Hindupur 7 71 42.04 29.85 20.4 402 100 very dissatisfied. Only 7.39 percent able Total 7.39 53.7 23.97 14.95 2395 100 of the people feel very satisfied with Iource SR, 2003 the sewerage services provided by the municipalities. 162 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 5.1.2.6 STORM WATER DRAINS Drain .acility 5.26 Across the 6 towns more than Figure- 5.13: Strom water Dranfaclit half (54.03%) of the households have 100lo storm water drain facility. The storm 80 water drain facility is the highest in ' 600 -- X | >>. > Kakinada (83.79%) followed by 40- EL 20 t i a Ramagundam (61.19%). (Figure: 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ -5.13) QTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HDP Total Towns I _ _ |Cl~~~~~~Yes 111111N. 5.27 Among those who have access to storm water drainage facility, around 71.33 percent of the respondents have pucca open drain facility followed by 21.87 percent of kutcha open drains which and 6.80 Table - 58 of Storm water drains percent have closed pucca drains. Out Name of the drains drains Closed Table Total of all the storm water facilities available Municipality (Pucca) (Kutcha) d N in the towns Pucca open drains are the ! 4 NO 2 highest in the towns of Kakinada CQubu5lapur 44.67 32.99 22.34 197 100 followed by Teali (88.75%) amagundam 52.44 45.12 2.44 246 100 (93.15%) ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~enali 88.75 10 1.25 160 100 and Hindupur (67.74%). (Table - 5.8) IKai 93.15 6.85 0 336 100 Tlrupati 73.77 11.48 14.75 183 100 5.28 Figure - 5.14 gives the Hindupur 67.44 27.33 5.23 172 100 description of the satisfaction levels Table Total 7133 21.87 6.8 1294 100 among the respondents with regard to Source CMSR, 2003 the storm water facility available to them in their towns. It can be observed that about one-half of the respondents are somewhat satisfied (51.48%) with the Figure - 5.14: Satisfaction on the quality of storm water drain services followed by facility provided those who feel that the services are somewhat 9,A dissatisfactory -, 70 o _-- (23.47%). Xc ;u___=___ Respondents who are 2 R4..RH very dissatisfied r 2 1 i 1 (20.38%) with the I Ui I C services are very high OTBP RMG rNL KKD T' mDP To when compared to Towns those who are very D-. .,.-.-.... : rc,,.,,. .., a.. .-..rl . . r D.... j satisfied (4.68%). i- - 163 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - _ Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report 5.1.2.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.29 Table - 5.9 Table- 5.9: Disposal of solid waste shows the various ways Municipal Roadside Open M Local Total followed by the Name of the garbage and open drains carts dumping Sample households in disposing Municipality bins spaces site N households in disposing %- % % % % No their solid waste. When Qulbuilapur 49.62 8 1 1 01 50.13 1 77 395 observed across the six Ramagundam 65.42 19 15 1 40 05 1 24 402 towns a majority Tenali 70.43 25 06 4 51 2 26 0 5 399 (53.99%) of the Kakinada 11.72 89.03 1.25 0 0 401 households use the Tirupafli 92.42 6 57 0 51 4.8 0.76 396 municipal garbage bins Hindupur 3483 65 17 547 522 1 402 for the disposal of the Table Total 53.99 35.66 2.30 17.04 0.88 2395 solid waste. In Tirupati Afultiple anstvers. hence tclals do not add up to 100 percent a majority (92.42%) of Source CAISR 2003 the households use the municipal garbage bins for the disposal of the solid waste generated in their houses. The usage of the same is minimal in Hindupur (34.83%) and Kakinada (11.72%). The reason for such low usage could be the non-availability of these facilities. In the rest of the towns the usage of municipal garbage bins is found to be encouraging where it is (65.42%) in Ramagundam and (49.62%) in Qutbullapur. 5.30 Around 35.66 percent of the households throw their waste on the roadside and open spaces. The usage of roadside and near by open spaces for the disposal of the solid waste is found to be more in Kakinada (89.03%) followed by Hindupur (65.17%). Most of the people in these towns said because of the non-availability of other facility they mostly use the nearby open spaces for the garbage disposal. The usage of the same facility is found to be low in Tirupati (6.57%) and Qutbullapur (8.10%) and moderate usage in Tenali (25.06%). The reason for such an action has been found cue to lack of garbage bins in the towns. More garbage bins are needed for the better and cleaner disposal of the waste. 5.31 A wide usage of mini Figure - 5.15: Satisfaction on the quality of carts (17.06%) for the disposal solid waste facility provided of the solid waste is seen in 100 _ the towns of Qutbullapur , 80 CO (50.13%) and Ramagundam 3 L0 0 -s M _ 40 C (40.05%). The reason for such X 20 '_ ';L a wide usage is found to be the o E l * * l C h special efforts of these QTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HDP Total municipalities in providing Towns these facilities under APUSP project. It is seen that it is |IVerysatisfactory nSomewhatsatisfactory OSomewfatdissatisfied OVerydissatisfied only a small number of households (2.30%) who use the near by drain to dispose their solid waste. 5.32 When asked for their satisfactory levels with the quality of the solid waste management system available in their locality a majority (57.79%) of them are somewhat satisfactory followed by the people who are somewhat dissatisfied (17.45%). Around 12.40 percent of them are found to be very dissatisfied and a same percentage of them 164 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms ancl Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report being very satisfied with the existing arrangements for the solid waste management. (Figure: 5.15) 5.1.2.8 HEALTH 5.33 Out of the Figure - 5.16: Availability of health facility in the towns total sample it is only 57.12 percent 80 . of the people 70 - 60 13ie across the six 5 60 40 NL towns who have U 4 0 1EL.j 2 30 _ any kind health a, 20 XA facility near their 10 house. The QTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HDP Total availability of the *.. - Towns . . same is more in - 7--- - *- ---- . Ramagundam (77.61%) followed by Kakinada (65.34%). However it is found that in Hindupur a majority (64.43%) of them do not have any health facility near by to their house. The reason for this is found to be the scattered location of the residential areas. Similar is the case with the Tenali town where a majority (60.15%) do not have any health facility. (Figure: 5.16) Table -5.10: Reasons for falling sick due to lack of municipal facilities 5.34 Table 5.10 gives the Poor l Lackof details of reasons for falling Name ofthe IContamrna Sanitatio: proper Can't Table total sick in the towns due to the Nam o th Ited Water idrainage Of, Say Municipality l _ : n water . . any negligence in the services % i % No prvde h ___ ___°/e_l_% __ No provided by the municipality. Qutbullapur 59.72 20.83l 8.33 11.11 72 100 T Ramagundam 15.69 23.53 43.14 17.65 51 100 The reason for the sickness Tenali - 7 -1 V 1 5 -- . for a majority of them is Tenall ~ 75 12.5 0 12.5 16 1.00 Kakinada 61.54 17.31 l 7.69 13.46 52 100 found to be the contamination Tirupati 16.67 25 41.67 16.67 1 10 of water (41.46%) followed Hindupur - 31.2 44 17.6 7.2 125 100 _____ - ~~~~~~--~~----------~~~~~by the poor sanitation Table Total 41.46 29.27 17.99 11.28 328 100 by the Source CMSR, 2003 - facilities (29.27%) and other important reasons are found to be lack of proper drainage facilities (17.99%). The problem of contamination of water is found to be more in Tenali (75%) and Kakinada (61.54%). The reason found to be the high level of underground water table. 5.1.2.9 EDUCATION 5.35 Figure - 5.17 gives the Figure - 5.17: Availability of municipal school availability of the municipal educational facility in the towns facilities in the towns. It is only 44.3% s of the people who said that they have a g 80 a municipal run public school near by their e* house. Out of all of the six towns a - 20i majority (70.32%) of the people in QP RMG TNL KKD TM HDP TOW Kakinada have this facility followed by Towns Tenali (51.13%). In Ramagundam and _ _ 165 Andhra Pradesn Urban Rcforms and Muniicipal Services -r. ;-r Social and Environmental Assessment Report Qutbullapur, a majority does not have accessibility to a municipal run public school. 5.36 With Table - 5.11: Satisfaction on the quality of educational facility provided Some Some regard to the Nmofte Very wawht Very Can'tTalTol satisfactory am Mucopf tjhte !Isatisfactoryt twfhat what dissVatirsfied: say Table Total satisfactory Municipality saifatr -satisfactory~ dissatisfied dsaife a level with the %% No % existing Qutbuilapur 4.56 18.99 32.15 44.3 0 395 100 educational Ramagundam 2.74 35.82 18.16 42.04 1.24 402 100 facility that Tenali l 5.26 45.36 30.08 19.3 | 0 1 399 100 are run by the Kakinada 3.74 62.84 1 21.45 11.72 0.25 401 100 municipality Tirupati 1.01 56.82 23.99 - 13.89 4.29 396 100 a majority Hindlupur 6.22 46.52 25.87 18.41 2999 402 100 (44.43%) of Table Total l 3.92 44.43 25.26 24.93 1.46 2395 100 them are Source CMSR, 2003 1 somewhat satisfactory with the existing facilities whereas around 24.93 percent of them are very dissatisfied with the same. (Table - 5.11) 5.1.2.10 PARKS AND ENTERTAINMENT 5.37 More than 83 percent of the households do not have any kind of leisure facility and interestingly out of all of the six towns it is found that a majority (96.96%) in Qutbullapur do not have these facilities. Across the six towns only 16.53 percent of them said that they have park facility near by their houses, which are provided by the municipality. The other leisure facilities which are owned and run by private people available to the households account more than fifty percent (59.37%) and cinema halls facility is available to around 22.34 percent of the households. The availability of municipal library facility across the six towns, which is maintained by the municipality, is also very low (9.06%) in all the municipalities. Tenali (27.32%) and (22.19%) Kakinada towns have better municipal library facility when compared to other municipalities. (Table - 5.12) Table - 5.12: Avallability of leisure facilities Name of the Parks Pvt. leisure centers Play Municipal Clubs Others Total Municipality ~~(Cinema halls) grounds libraries Sml % eh _ _ % % No Outbullapur 3.04 3.8 3.29 0.25 0 89.87 395 Ramagundam 17 16 5.72 20.15 2.74 5.97 56.22 402 Tenali 34.84 42.61 5 26 27 32 1 75 33 83 399 Kakinada 26.43 33 67 1 22 19 0.5 48 88 401 Tirupati 11 87 22 22 2.02 0 3 28 63 13 396 .Hindupur 5.72 26 37 4.48 1.74 0 25 64.68 402 Total 16.53 22.42 6.05 9.06 1.96 59.37 2395 Multiple answers, Hence totals do not add up to 100 percent Source CMSR, 2003 5.38 It is found that a majority (62.05%) of the people is somewhat satisfied with the existing leisure facilities available in their locality. However around 14.77 percent of them are very dissatisfied with the maintenance of these facilities and around 15.08 percent of them being somewhat dissatisfied. It is only a small number of them about 8.10 percent of them who found the services to be very satisfactory. (Table - 5.13) 166 F AAndhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mulicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Tabe 5.13_:' -Sa,tis-f-a-c-ti-o-n o-nt-he --q`uq_ality ndseric oflesre fa-c-ilitle-s -pr-o-vid-ed I Name of the Very satisfactory Somewhat Somewhat Very Municipality ~~~~satisfactory dissatisfied dissatisfied TalTol Municipality r 0/---% _ _T- _ i _ = %/ % - Qutbullapur _____ 732 f 31.71 41.46 19.1 41 100 Ramagundam 19.32 59.09 5.68 L 15.91 1 176 100 Fenali 1 7.58 71.59 11.36 9.47 =264 1 ,Kakinada 1.46 69.76 23.41 5.37 205 100 ,Tirupati 2.04 54.42 11.56 31.97 | 147 1 100 ~rwai__ _ _____ 20 iHindupur 11.27 53.52 | 17.61 17.61 142 L 100 Table Total 8.1 62.05 15.08 14.77 975 100 Source CMSR, 2003 _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.2 CONSULTATIONS AND FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS FOR SUB- PROJECT ASSESSMENT 5.39 The second activity in stakeholder consultations was the sub-project assessments. The sub-project assessments were undertaken as pre-feasibility studies, which intend to derive a framework in order to deal with the adverse impacts that may arise due to infrastructure investments and reforms in various sectors in the urban areas. For obtaining qualitative inputs to the SEA and gives direction to the design of the SEAMF the sub projects draw information from analysis of the ongoing projects in the municipalities. Based on the understanding of town specific social and environmental issues that have been highlighted through public consultations, study of general social and environmental Impacts in urban infrastructure projects, identification of projects based on base line data on towns in general and town level projects in specific, sub-projects were chosen from the existing projects in the six case study towns to span over the whole cross section of possible sector wise infrastructure investments under the proposed project. Valuable inputs for this social and environmental assessment were obtained from conducting interviews with experts and Focus Group Discussions at the sub-project sites with the stakeholders to know pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation issues related to the sub-projects. The aim of the sub-project assessments is to identify and analyze the impacts of project interventions already in place in the case study.towns and to draw important inferences and to suggest preventive measures for future inventions. Each sub- project situation is analyzed and alternatives and preventive or mitigation measures were suggested. The projects that have been identified are based on the indicative list of projects proposed by the World Bank for investments and actual choice of investment proposals which were based on an understanding of implemented, ongoing and proposed projects in the six case study towns, the consultants own understanding of the sector and the inputs received as part of the consultation s in the preliminary visits. 5.2.1 THE PROCESS 5.40 Initially once the study team reached the selected town, its first activity was to familiarize themselves with the town and identifying the areas under the jurisdiction of the municipality. Once this task was accomplished, the study team initiated discussions with the important functionaries of the municipality namely the Municipal Chairman, the Municipal Commissioner, Town Planning Officer, Municipal Engineer, Revenue Officer etc., on the preparedness of the institution to handle social and environmental responsibilities that may arise while initiating development projects. It is during these 167 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services l . I r Social and Environmental Assessment Report discussions a select number of infrastructure projects in the town were selected for sub- project assessments to see how the municipality is handling social and environmental issues that they have encountered in the implementation of the selected projects. 5.41 To prioritize and determine specific projects from a larger list of projects for the sub-project assessments the study team depended upon various processes: * Assistance of the SHGs and CBOs that were closely involved with the municipality under the APUSP project was taken by inviting them to FGDs at the municipality office. During these meetings projects selected were prioritized for sub-project assessments based on the inputs and first hand experiences described by the community groups. 4 Discussions with the Municipal officials also helped in selecting the project pertaining to particular infrastructure like water supply, sewerage etc. The problems faced by the municipality in implementing the project have also given direction in selecting the projects for sub-project assessments. 4 All the projects were selected in such a way that the project had both social and environmental issues to be addressed. Projects, which had only social or only environmental considerations, were not given priority. This was done to ease the process of assessment and also see the linkages between the social and environmental issues. 4 The infrastructure projects that were listed in the MAPP documents prepared for the towns also helped in selecting the projects for the assessment. The projects with larger investments were selected where the possibility of encountering social and environmental impacts is more likely. 4 The projects selected were not only those that are being implemented presently, but also projects, which are proposed or those, which have been completed by the municipality. This was done to examine the preparedness of the municipality, their planning and also their methods of implementation to handle social and environmental problems in a project. 4 Projects were also selected from the inputs that have emerged out of public consultations that were conducted at the municipalities. Specific problems pertaining to the town were highlighted in the public consultations and based on those inputs and discussions with the concerned municipal councilors and people the projects were selected. 4 Various projects that were selected were not only those listed under the APUSP MAPP documents, but also other projects being constructed under other development programmes. Such projects are much larger when compared to the infrastructure projects proposed under APUSP. 5.2.2 FINDINGS 5.42 Considering all these factors a select number of sub-projects were selected from each town and the study team embarked upon consultations with both people, for whom the project benefits are directed to, and as well as the project implementing authorities. The study team visited the site of the project to get first hand information of the situation that prevailed at the project site. Consultations with the people were conducted in and around the project site and information on the consultation mechanisms and the interaction of the municipality with the people were examined. The concerned project 168 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report implementation authorities were also consulted to see how they have handled the social and environmental problems or issues that have risen during the planning, and implementation of the project. The sub-projects have been presented below as case studies in the report and Table - 5.14 below shows the selected subprojects undertaken for the purpose of assessments. - _ _ Table - 5.14: List of Sub-projects selected for sub-project assessment _S.no I Name of the project Case study town L _ I Storm water Drain at Munkinenigunla _ - Tirupal- 2 Stonrm waler drain in Model Colony Slum-B Hindupur 3 Proposed fly-Over connecting temple streei and NTRbridgeatlgatiay pur Kakinada_ 4_ Sambamurlhi Nagar storm waer drain covering 6 wards ___Kak,nada 5 S_ I Soid Waste Dumping sites-in Kakinada Town___ Kakinada I 6 Market Complex under IDSMT Scheme at Existing Vegetable Market Tenali 7 Nehru Road Tenal 8 Ayodhya Nagar stlor water drain covenng the 5 localities OutbuDapu _ 9 j Rag pickers rehabilitabon programme coordinated by MAST _ _ Ramagundam 10_ 24nurs,7 s water supply scheme __- _ _ - _ _ Ramagundam 5.2.2.1 CASE STUDY - 1: STORM WATER DRAIN AT MURIKINENIGUNTA (TIRUPATI) 5.43 The storm water situation in Murikinenigunta locality was very poor and people faced lot of problems due to water logging and overflowing. Year after year in the monsoons large quantities of storm water overflowing into the streets, sometimes knee- deep water was a common sight in this locality. The storm used to flow continuously for a long time even after the rain is stopped. This water used to mix with the sullage/ sewage in the drains and result in very unhygienic conditions often becoming perilous for the people living in the area. This stagnated water in the low-lying areas became a breeding place for mosquitoes and the danger of waterbome diseases presented a grave danger. Thus there was an imperative need to provide a comprehensive and urbanized method of collection of storm water and also utilize the storm water effectively by feeding the tanks nearby. Social section 5.44 In view of these problems the municipal authorities proposed a complete well- functioning urban drainage as an effective solution to the urban runoff problem. Complete urban storm water system drainage can be optimally and economically developed when protection of receiving waters and their ability to assimilate sullage are included in the design. After the construction of the project the project was able to address the following problems: 4 It has successfully disposed off rain water 4 It is able to prevent the flooding of roads and low-lying areas 4 It is feeding the tanks nearby for effective utilization of storm water runoff 4 It has improved the aesthetic value of the town 4 It was able to prevent foundation problems due to water logging Environment section 5.45 The storm water drain at Murikinenigunta has definitely cleared a long-standing essential infrastructure problem of Storm water drainage, which was posing a serious 169 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrnental Assessrnent Report environmental risk and a greater health threat. The direct and indirect impacts that were addressed by the project were: 4 Improved health conditions due to proper channelizing of storm water checking the exposure of the community to water-borne diseases 4 Indirect environmental improvement by checking the contamination of groundwater due to overflowing drainage and sullage. With growing dependence on Groundwater, especially in slum settlements, groundwater contamination would have indeed posed a health hazard in near future, if not for the immediate action taken up in this regard. 4 Optimal utilization of the storm water by channelizing to feed tanks has resulted in saving and reusing a precious natural resource. This also cleared the issue of outfall location and its implications on the surrounding downstream communities. 5.46 The community during FGDs stated complete satisfaction towards the action taken by the Municipality in this regard. Improved health conditions have been reported by way of fewer mortality rates as well as reduced expenditure on health requirements. This comfort has definitely led to improved affordability and hence better quality of life in a poor settlement as Murikinenigunta. 5.2.2.2 CASE STUDY - 2: CONSTRUCTION OF OPEN SEWAGE DRAIN IN MODEL COLONY SLUM-B (HINDUPUR) 5.47 Model colony slum-B has a population of 1212 dominated by the low-income group families. The total number of households in the slum is around 265. This particular sub-project was undertaken to enhance the better living standards in the slum and was sanctioned under the C-2 component of the APUSP project proposal. Construction of the drain was completed in July 2003 with a cost of 22.1 lakhs. The slum dwellers are predominantly wage labourers. The slum dwellers faced severe problems due to the lack of any sewerage network in the area and most of the sewerage was let out into the open spaces, which resulted in seepage and contaminating the ground water and also resulted in severe health problems due to occurrence of diseases due to abundant mosquito breeding. To overcome these problems an open CC drain of about 2.5M wide and 400M in length was proposed. The households are to be connected to the drain with smaller open drains. Social section 5.48 The observations from the sub-project assessment highlights certain important details, namely 4 Labour for the construction of the project was hired from outside the slum and was not from the affected community. This led to conflicts of interests among the resident labour and the contract labour. 4 Though the people were included into the planning, design and execution of the project considerable results achieved are yet to reach a full realization. 4 Most of the residents of the slums do not hold pattas and due to this all those who have lost their land or built-up property in the construction have not been compensated fully. 170 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - i: Social and Environmertal Assessment Report 4 After the construction the maintenance of the drain was neglected and inspection after construction has not taken place. The purpose of constructing the drain was lost as there is more stagnation of water and further increase the mosquito problem due to lack of Box - 5.1: A case of loss of income maintenance. 4 The technical plan for While laying the household drain under the project the house of a 4 Th tchicl la fr weaver, was partly dismantled without by the municipal authorities the construction of the without giving any notice him. Since the weaver was lining on the drain was very weak. government land as a squatter he was not given any assistance for drain was very weak. reconstruction and opportunity for expressing his grievances. The The lack of planning weaver himself took up the reconstruction of the house for which he has resulted in many spent around Rs. 3,000. Added to this he incurred an additional loss of has resulted in many Rs. 4,500 as one of his handloom (out of the two owned by him) could houses situated below not be accommodated in the reduced area of his house. Further due to the level of the drain change in the drain layout he was intimated that he would have to dv o e rain forego some more area in his house. This is expected to yield further rendering the drain economic loss to him. The weaver feels that after the construction of useless. Due to this the the drain he has not only lost his savings but also an important source useless. Due to this the of income by the loss of his handloom. The municipality has not served people are forced to lift a notice with the pretext that in the event of serving the notice the the wastewater by project affected person will be bestowed a opportunity to seek court the wastewater by ~assistance. buckets to be thrown into the drain. Due to the slum being on a slope problems of back siphonage are also causing problems to the people. Environment section 5.49 The construction of the open sewage drain in Model Colony slum was although absolutely required, misappropriate planning defeated its purpose. Site-specific environmental and social considerations were not included into the project design that has resulted in a greater nuisance than earlier. The operation and maintenance segment of the project have not been sufficiently addressed, which is also, a main reason for dissatisfaction and non-cooperation from the slum residents. Health conditions which are the most visible manifestation of environmental problems have seen no improvement even after the project and diseases such as Malaria, Hepatitis, etc are still rampant. The community has clearly indicated to specific issues regarding the environmental implications of the project: 5.50 After the construction the maintenance of the drain was neglected and was inspected even once after its construction. The purpose of constructing the drain was lost as there is more stagnation of water and further increase the mosquito problem due to lack of maintenance. 5.51 The technical plan for the construction of the drain was very weak. The lack of planning has resulted in many houses situated below the level of the drain rendering the drain useless. Due to this the people are forced to lift the wastewater by buckets to be thrown into the drain. Due to the slum being on a slope problems of back siphonage are also causing problems to the people. 5.52 Such a situation calls for increased attention to site-specific conditions and more importantly consultation with the beneficiary community to not only create awareness but also gain more inputs into local conditions and achieve consensus in proposals. 171 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 5.2.2.3 CASE STUDY - 3: PROPOSED EXTENSION TO FLY-OVER CONNECTING TEMPLE STREET AND NTR BRIDGE AT JAGANNAYAKAPUR (KAKINADA) 5.53 The NTR Bridge Box - 5.2: A case of loss of livelihood constructed on the canal is one of An auto garage mechanic used to run a business in the place of the existing Upputeru canal iS one Of NTR Bridge. He has been dependent on the business for the last 12 years. the important links roads in The mechanic first was exposed to problems when the NTR Bridge was first the Kakinada town for the constructed in the year 1996 on the road where his shop is located. The traffic, which earlier was moving in front of his shop, was diverted to the top incoming and the outgoing of the flyover. Due to this his business was affected drastically as there is no vehicular traffic anymore in front of his shop. From 1996 when the bridge was heavy traffic (lorries and constructed to till date there has not been any improvement in his business. other transport vehicles). Due to this most of the people working in his garage left their jobs, as he could not afford to pay them anymore. If the new proposed extension to the This bridge bS the only link ridge is constructed he would loose a major part of his shop for the connected to the National construction and will be forced to move to other place. Even if he continues 1 in the same place in the remaining small bit of land he feels that his shop Highway 214, which is would be virtually invisible to the people and he would incur heavy losses passing through the centre and loose his livelihood. of the town. The domestic as well as the external traffic is causing a lot of traffic congestion and overcrowding in the town. 5.48 To address this problem and also to divert the domestic traffic the municipality has proposed to divert the domestic traffic by extending the NTR Bridge into the Temple Street, which lies perpendicular to the NTR Bridge. Social section 5.54 It is found that the area around the NTR Bridge is already congested and the proposed project (extension of the existing bridge connecting the temple street) requires demolition of houses, commercial shops, rice mills and acquisition of land. The project has been stalled as the project affected persons and the municipality have been unable to come to a consensus on the construction of the project. The observations and focus group discussions with the people in the proposed project site highlight the following: 4 The residential Box - 5.3: Problems with cultural property management houses constructed on The temple street gets its name from a temple that is situated in the center the either side of the of the road. The temple is an encroachment that has been extended Temple Street may almost into the centeriine of the road. The traffic today is moving around Temple Street ma the temple and there have not been any efforts to stop this encroachment. have to be To construction of the extension of the NTR Bridge would almost cut the demolIshed temple into half. Since the temple is associated with the religious demolished sentiments of the people the municipality is unable to take any action. 4 There may be severe Added to this the municipality is severely lacking capacity in managing the damage to the cultural property issues that may arise in planning an infrastructure damage to the projects. In view of this problem the municipality had to make changes in existing commercial the plan for the construction of the extension in such a way that the temple and business is avoided from the right of way. This has resulted in the loss of around 20 to 25 people loosing their lands and built-up properties, which includes establishments residential as well as commercial establishments on one side of the road. 4 - Since most of the There has not been any effort from the municipality's side to initiate any Since most of thle talks for shifting the cultural property that is falling in the middle of the businesses are small proposed road, which would avoid loss to the people residing on both and petty the risk of sides of the road. Preparedness with proper capacities and know-how on and petty the risk of cultural property management could have at least helped the impoverishment is municipalities to overcome this problem. high with regard to these business owners 4 At least 10 to 15 people may lose their income sources as they are working in the small businesses establishments in the Temple Street 172 Andhra Pr-Idesh aJrban Reforms and Municipal Scrvices Social and Environmental Assessment Report 5.55 It is observed that there has not been any compensation package that is declared for the proposed project. The local ward councilors are of the feeling that the bridge could be laid with out any land acquisition or disturbing any structures, as the proposed bridge is only for one-way traffic, but the R & B officials argue that a minimum of 15 feet width of place is required all along the length of the bridge on both sides. Due to these problems and lack of consensus between the departments the officials of the municipality have not arrived at a concrete plan about the project. Since the project is a desperate need to reduce congestion in the town and no other alternative is found, the compensation packages for the displaced families/ businesses need to be done. Environment section 5.56 One of the major threats being posed by the NTR flyover in Kakinada is a Traffic hazard. Though the Municipality has good intentions in trying to clear the traffic congestion menace for one of the main roads entering the Port town, lack of risk-oriented planning may lead to severe consequences. 5.57 The technical requirements being unfulfilled with the NTR Flyover meeting at the bridge abruptly, and Major goods vehicles traversing at high speeds not expecting this phenomenon, may lead to fatal accidents. 5.58 Loss of livelihood and cultural property issues have also surfaced for the construction of this Flyover. The Temple street, which derives its very name from the temple that will have to be disturbed for the construction, has become an issue of contention for the approval of the project. With no particular legal requirements catering to urban project-related cultural property conservation in place, achieving consensus has become an issue. With the traffic congestion problem increasing by the day, a better alternative which carries the least damages needs to be worked out. 5.2.2.4 CASE STUDY - 4: SAMBAMURTHI NAGAR STORM WATER DRAIN COVERING 8 WARDS (KAKINADA) 5.59 Kakinada is a town that is situated on the on the coast and there a lot of problems with the flow of water into the sea. The gradient of the land in the town is such that the flow of water is not fast and at many places the town is below the sea level. Due to this utmost care has to be taken when planning sewerage and storm water projects for towns like Kakinada. The Sambamurthi Nagar storm water drain is one of the earlier projects undertaken by the municipality to address the problems of storm water in Kakinada. This sub-project was selected to highlight the various social and environmental problems that have risen due to lack of planning and maintenance in such projects. 5.60 Sambamurthi Nagar storm water drain is an important drain, which is passing through the centre of the town almost covering 8 wards. The municipality first constructed the drain in the year 1988. Due to lack of funds the construction of the drain was stopped and only 1 km of the drain was constructed. Owing to the problems of stagnation of water the people of the concerned wards contributed 30% of the construction cost and undertook the construction of the drain in the year 1996 under the Janmabhoomi 173 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services *'l Social and Environmental Assessment Report programme. The total length of the drain today is around 2.5 kilometers and covers ward numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 31. Social section 5.61 Some of the observations and issues that have emerged out of discussions with the people highlight the following. + The problem with the present project is that though the drain is able to collect the storm water from the wards and is carrying it up to the sea. But the tail end of the drain is left out openly into the adjoining lands near the beach. At the tail end the water flows through a kutcha canal dug till the sea. Due to the natural gradient problems of the area and as the drain is not pucca near the sea, the water rather than flowing into the sea, is getting stagnant and all through the year around 100 acres of land is always submerged under sewerage and storm water that is flowing through the drain. 4 To overcome this problem is very important that the drain be made a pucca drain at the tail end and pumping the water from the drain into the sea is very much necessary. 4 Whenever there is a high tide the water that is flowing into the sea gushes back into the town through the drain. A gate has to be arranged with a lock to stop the water from flowing back into the town. 4 People near the tail end of Box -5.4: Lack of Planning and loss of shelter the drain are facing severe The dairy farm areas falls near the tail end of the Sambamurthi health problems and the Nagar storm water drain. Under the slum clearance programme the municipality of Kakinada has provided the poor and the stagnant water is becoming vulnerable families with small plots to construct houses near the a dangerous breeding dairy farm area. Though the step taken by the government is for a good social cause the people are unable to use that land. ground for mosquitoes and Due to the kutcha tail end of the drain and improper pumping of sewerage and storm water most of the area near the dairy farm vermin, is submerged under sewerage and wastewater. For the last 1- 4 The seepage of water is year to 6 months the people are unable to construct their houses ve fast at the stagnant and are living in the most unhygienic and hazardous conditions. very gn Around 120 plots are lying submerged under water. The people area and the underground have complained that though they have land they are unable to water is also being polluted. use it and most of them are living in temporary thatched houses. water ~~~~~~~~A total of around 6 acres of land has become useless. So it is + Most of the people are very important that the municipality plans a project in such a way unable to construct houses that it socially and environmentally sustainable. The project because tof thest agnant ou should not pose any threats to the people in the future. because of the stagnant water and it is becoming virtually impossible for the people living near the tail end in the rainy season. 5.62 In view of the present project it can be stated that while designing a project the implementing authorities have to be planned to overcome the social and environmental problems that may arise out of it. Lack of proper planning during the construction stage has resulted in the drain becoming a major environmental hazard to the people. This has also led to various other social problems also where most of the people living in the areas are unable to construct houses as the land is always submerged under the water. The project is a good example to improve the shortcomings in pre-project planning and implementation stage. Care needs to be taken to see that all the projects implemented are technically sound to avoid future problems. 174 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services -;r Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report Environment section 5.63 The Kakinada Case is typical with regard to highlighting infrastructure requirements and the special considerations required in the coastal scenario. Lack of proper planning during the construction stage has resulted in the drain becoming a major environmental hazard to the people. Outfall location planning has always been a major component in the design and planning of any drainage system. This aspect was not appropriately handled which has resulted in the present problem. 100 acres being inundated with stagnant storm water always has resulted into fertile land turning into wastelands. Being a coastal area, whenever there is a high tide the water flowing into the sea gushes back into the town through the drain. An arrangement to stop the water from flowing back into the town is urgently required. 5.64 People near the tail end of the drain are facing severe health problems and the stagnant water is becoming a dangerous breeding ground for mosquitoes and vermin. The seepage of water is very fast at the stagnant area and the underground water is also being polluted. Care needs to be taken to see that all the projects implemented are technically sound to avoid future problems. 5.65 The FGDs revealed total dissatisfaction and helplessness from the communities who have lost their land and the surrounding communities who reside adjacent to the Outfall location suffering its health implications. Urban infrastructure projects hence require a legal binding to cater to the required purpose and arrive at consensus especially for the technical approval. 5.2.2.5 CASE STUDY - 5: SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITES IN KAKINADA TOWN (KAKINADA) 5.66 Disposal of solid waste is one of the important problems faced by the municipalities. The waste generated in the town has to be safely disposed and treated to reduce and rule out any environmental hazards and social impacts on the people. It is the duty of the municipality to construct compost yards to convert the waste into manure and recycle the waste reducing the impact on the environment. Kakinada municipality is dumping the solid waste in many open places in the midst of the town. As part of the sub- project assessment, solid waste management issues in Kakinada have been examined. The selected solid waste disposal sites include the area between the Port Railway Station and FCI storehouses, boundary of Dummulapeta and Parlaopeta, Sambamurthi Nagar solid waste dumping site, Rangaraya medical collage hostel grounds and Jagannayakpur dumping site. Social section 5.67 Some of the issues that have emerged out of the discussions conducted with the people are as follows. 4 Most of the housing colonies and in many cases the slums in the town are very near to these dumping yards. 4 Most of the dumping of solid waste takes places in the localities within the town limits. There is no separate dumping yard identified for the town. 175 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Mlunicipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessrnent Report 4 None of the dumping yards have a compound wall and no environmental mitigation measures have been followed. 4 The surrounding atmosphere of these garbage-dumping yards is heavily polluted and poses a serious health and environmental hazard. 4 During the rainy season the problem is aggravated in these areas as the rainwater that flows in to the low-lying dumping yards lifts the garbage and deposits it on the roads and nearer to the houses of the people. 4 Stagnation of water, water logging, stench and unpleasant smell is tuming the surroundings into uninhabitable areas. 4 Breeding places for mosquitoes is also a major problem and is posing a threat to the health of the people. 5.68 The assessment shows that the municipality lacks capacity to handle social and environmental issues pertaining to such projects and they also lack staff to handle regular cleaning of the solid waste dumping sites. There is also a severe lack of coordination between the important institutions responsible for solid waste management like the pollution control board. To improve the services of the municipality it is important to strike proper coordination between the various departments that are responsible for the success of the projects. Environment section 5.69 Kakinada is a very rapidly growing urban center, it being a Port and Industrial hub. The assessment of the project shows that the municipality is severely lacking in maintaining proper environmental safeguards in the town. The Municipality is also not equipped with proper facilities to handle the waste generated in the town. There is also a severe lack of coordination between the important institutions responsible for solid waste management like the PCB, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), etc. It is interesting to note that though the Municipality is handling critical environment-related functions, it is grossly inadequately equipped to do so, either technically or financially. 5.70 The unplanned disposal and mismanagement of waste in the town by dumping it into low-lying areas where the waste is washed into the canals, etc that finally meets the sea has created a lot of direct and indirect environmental impacts. Communities being exposed to this waste disposal in the vicinity of their habitat viz. slums, etc., are suffering severe health problems, such as water-bome diseases, skin infections, etc. The waste polluting the coastal seawaters has resulted in decrease in the marine catch statistics owing to their mortality. The marine ecosystem is also tremendously affected due to mismanagement of human wastes. 5.2.2.6 CASE STUDY - 6: MARKET COMPLEX UNDER IDSMT SCHEME AT EXISTING VEGETABLE MARKET (TENALI) 5.71 A market complex has been proposed under the IDSMT scheme in Tenali town at the existing vegetable market. The vegetable market is very old which thatched and semi- pucca structures spread over a very large area. The market does not have proper facilities like electricity, dustbins and dumping site, storm water and sewerage lines etc. To overcome these problems and also construct a well-planned market utilizing smaller place to avoid congestion the present project was proposed. The project is an upgradation of the 176 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report present complex, by dismantling the existing structures and replacement with new structures. The total project is cost is estimated around 3 crores. Social section 5.72 The outcomes of the focused group discussions conducted are: 4 One of the important issues identified during the project assessment is that there are many squatters who have illegally settled in and around the old market complex. All these squatters were shifted before any construction of the work was started. 4 All these squatters have been provided with resettlement sites to move away from the existing old market complex. * Around 100 families have been sanctioned housing loans under the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) and around 40 houses have already been constructed. a With regard to the business Box - 5.5: Lack of proper consultation strategy community, a majority of the One of the most visible issues in the IDSMT project proposed in Tenali town is; the lack of proper vendors in the old market are consultation strategy adopted by the municipality in small and petty vegetable vendors planning and addressing the problems pertaining to the project. It was observed that a majority of the vendors who pursue a day-to-day business were unaware of the project need and provisions under activity. Many amongst them are it. Most of the vendors have been running their businesses in the old market for the last 5 years. None women and old people who sell of the vendors were consulted about the project. They vegetables. have just been served notices to evacuate the premises vegetables, ~~~~~~and were promised that they would be provided with a 4 The people being evacuated from place in the new market complex. It is still unclear the old market place are being where the vendors have to continue their existing business till the construction is complete, they have no asked to resettle in the nearby idea what would be the new price for leasing a place in fruit market till the completion of the new market, no written agreement has been given to the existing vendors, the strife between the fruit market work. and the old market vendors have not been addressed 4 The vendors of the old market properly and finally there no grievance redressal mechanism in the municipality which can address the place have been promised a place problems of the vendors. All these issues highlight that in the new market that would be the municipality needs to plan their consultations keeping in view the vulnerability of the people who may constructed under the IDSMT face impoverishment risks through the loss of work and scheme but there has not been any livelihood. kind of official agreement between the municipality and the vendors. This has given rise to lot of speculation among the vendors and they feel insecure whether they would be provided a place in the new market. 4 All the vendors in the old market are using the market place owned by the municipality on lease and there is no permanent ownership. Since the new market would be constructed with better facilities, the vendors feel that there may be a steep rise in the prices for leasing a place in the new market, which may not be affordable to most of them. 4 The people have not been properly been informed about the project and most of them lack clear clarity on the benefits or losses that they may incur due to the project. 'They were served notices to evacuate the market and most of them are reluctant to move out without any promise from the municipality. But since the project has been sanctioned most of the vendors are forced to move out. 177 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report * The R&R issues have to be addressed and special care needs to be taken to cover the vulnerable groups like the women and the old people who are engaged in petty businesses. e The grievance redressal mechanism needs to be established to address the problems of the vendors. 5.73 The project has many benefits that are important for the development of the town as well as for the development of the revenues of the municipality. The project is adding additionally 220 shops, which would create more employment to the people. There is no parking facility to the existing market place, which would also be provided in the new market. Vendors from the fruit markets and other places would also be accommodated into the new market complex. Though the project has good benefits to the people as well as the municipality care has to be taken to minimize and address the social and environmental issues that may arise in the due process of the implementation of the project. The project does have lot of social impacts on the people who are engaged in the small businesses in the market. There are severe impoverishment risks involved in the project to vulnerable groups like the women and old people, and these need to be addressed properly by the municipality. Environment section 5.74 As mentioned earlier the renovation of the market space under the IDSMT scheme has been beneficial in many ways. Apart from remodeling the market into a more hygienic and functional environment that is very essential for a market dealing with food items, it has also handled the issue of resettling the squatters in a reasonably effective manner. In the earlier scenario, the lack of proper waste disposal system, drainage network, and old sheds were all unhygienic affecting the quality of the vegetables and fruits being sold. The FGDs revealed that the squatters who had been evacuated for the present project were living in poor environment conditions with no infrastructure facilities. The facilities that have been offered during their resettlement have been beneficial to them in every way. Box - 5.6: Displacement and Resettlement in the project The IDSMT scheme in Tenali municipality has been implemented in two phases. The first phase of the project has been completed, where three complexes have been constructed with 99 shops accommodating various businesses. Though the market was constructed on the municipal land, it was occupied illegally by a number of families' predominantly by the urban poor and those who belonged to the vulnerable sections of the society like the SC and ST communities. All of them were squatters living in thatched huts and had no legal right on the land. When the project was proposed the municipality conducted consultations with the community and shifted around 180 families from the project location to newly identified resettlement sites on the outskirts of the town namely, Chandrababu Naidu Nagar and Yedla Lingaiah Colony. The displaced people were provided with legal rights to the sites provided to them and also steps have been taken by the municipality to see that they are helped to construct their houses. Under the VAMBAY scheme 100 families have been provided with houses. To provide the resettlement sites with electricity and also goods internal road network and connecting roads to the town the municipality has spent an around 55 lack rupees. Apart from the people relocated from the project site the new resettlement sites under the slum clearance programme also provide plots to squatters who are living in small pockets across the town. Around 740 families have been provided with plots in the two colonies. An analysis shows that providing the squatters with permanent land to live has been a welcome step but their displacement has resulted in loss of work and income as most of them were labourers and petty businessmen in the market. The municipality has undertaken no income generation activities to overcome this problem. The revenue department undertook acquisition of land and the municipality has not really involved in it. Considering the large number of people displaced from their houses the municipality has handled the problem very well. The municipality would have been well equipped if it had some guidelines to guide them in such activities. The municipalities also need capacity building in this direction to handle R&R issues. The secured status that more than 800 families have obtained is definitely an asset to them, inspite of the speculation regarding the employment security. The project has definitely offered an enhanced quality of life not only for the resident community but also for the 178 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrnental Assessment Report Market as well. A very important feature of the implementation of this project has been the consultation mechanism adopted by the Municipality to persuade the community to cooperate for the project. 5.2.2.7 CASE STUDY - 7: WIDENING AND RESURFACING OF NEHRU ROAD (TENALI) 5.75 The Nehru Road is one of the important roads in the town of Tenali. Due to gradual increase in the traffic the road started becoming congested and the movement of traffic was a major problem for a ling time. To overcome this problem and induce better movement of traffic the municipality has proposed the widening and concreting of Nehru road with metal with the municipal funds. The Nehru road is a 20 feet road and an important link road of the town. The total length of the road is around 350 meters from Gandhi Nagar to Rajaka Cheruvu, widening it from 20 feet width to 40 feet. The construction of the project has already been initiated and is in progress. Social section 5.76 The demolition of structures on both sides of the road has been started and to a large extent completed. Some of the issues identified in the assessment of the project are as follows. 4 The issue of compensating the Box - 5.7: R&R issues not addressed loss incurred by the people was Under the Nehru Road project it was found during the addressed according to the Land discussions that the R&R issues were not addressed Acquisition Act 1894. properly. Some of the observations are as follows: Acquisition Act 1894. > Issues pertaining to rental allowances and Compensation for land was paid compensations for temporary loss of income were according to the LA Act 1894 as totally overlooked. according to th AAt19 s > No special provisions were devolved for the small and stated in the Basic Value petty business people. Registers (Government price) > There are no special provisions for people who have lost their land or property fully. maintained by the Registrar's > The squatters and encroachers though not entitled to office. any benefits; they are vulnerable to any development interventions. Under the project also they were totally - For loss of structural ignored and exposed to impoverishment risks. Construction the compensations > No specific steps were taken to include the people in the discussions on the entitlements and there is lot of paid according to the Floor Area confusion and disturbance among the PAPs. Ratio. All these issues highlight that the municipality does not have a planned programme to address the R&R issues that 4 If the price for the land is have risen in the project implementation stage. negotiated according to the market value the PAPs have to sign an understanding/affidavit that is provided by the municipality to curtail them from going to court for further enhancements. In some cases the evaluation and compensations for the loss of structures was carried according to the guidelines prescribed by the R&B Department. 4 Other than the legal owners of the land no compensations or allowances were paid to the squatters and encroachers who were doing businesses at the project road. It is these groups that have totally lost their income source due to the development intervention. Most of them have said that they would wait till the construction is complete and then reestablish themselves wherever little land is available. 4 With regard to the landowners they were only compensated for the loss of land and structure. 179 Andhra PradeOsh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 5.77 An assessment of the project shows that proper consultations have not been conducted properly. There is no proper grievance redressal mechanism in the municipality to address the queries of the people disturbed through the project. Though most of the people feel that project is an important step in the development of the town they were dissatisfied with the procedures followed by the municipality in handling the problems of the people. It was also found that some of the shopkeepers have also approached the court for proper compensations to be paid. The project at present has been stopped due to the pending court cases that have to be resolved. Environment section 5.78 The decongestion of Nehru road in Tenali is absolutely essential with regard to the increased urbanization of the town. The present width and road conditions, according to the residents abutting the road have often led to traffic problems like accidents and air pollution during jams etc. Widening the road and repairing the road were the only solutions to the problem, which cannot be neglected since Nehru road is an important link road in the town. Nevertheless, the project is presently facing public disapproval and resentment due to the heavy demolition that will be required for the widening activity. This reaction is very natural unless a favorable compensation package is offered to the PAPs. The Municipality also has not planned for alternative diversion routes and handling the pollution levels for the implementation stage of the project. This aspect is very essential since the widening activity will take place over a long period of time, and the regular commuters of the road can expect a lot of disturbance. The critical facet of the project, which has not been addressed, is the lack of an Information and consultation mechanism, which has increased the speculation amongst the PAPs and hence non- cooperation, which has led to litigation cases stalling the project. 5.2.2.8 CASE STUDY - 8: CONSTRUCTION OF STORM WATER DRAIN FROM AYODHYA NAGAR TO CHEMICAL NALA (QUTBULLAPUR) 5.79 The storm water drain from Ayodhya Nagar to chemical nala was constructed on the earlier existing kutcha drain that used to flow alongside the slums and all the sullage water and storm water generated near the slums used to flow through this. The reconstruction of the drain from a kutcha drain to a pucca drain was under taken by the municipality owing to the problems that were faced by the people with regard to health ground water pollution and water logging creating a hazardous atmosphere for the people to live in. As a part of the APUSP C2 component, investments were made in creating basic infrastructure in poor settlements. The construction of this storm water drain is a case in example of one such investment. This drain caters to seven slum settlements and is one of the major projects taken up under APUSP. Social section 5.80 Some of the observations and issues that have been identified in the sub-project assessment are as follows: a Though the drain was constructed to serve as a storm water drain, it is now being used for sewage disposal also. This is now posing a major health threat and 180 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report environmental problem for the Box - 5.8: A case example of loss of shelter inmates of the settlements, Omar Ghousuddin is a resident of Markandeya Nagar who which was not found earlier lost almost 60 percent of his house in the construction of households having the drain. In view of this the municipal authorities promised with all households havmg him that he would be compensated for the loss by septic tanks for sewage disposal. providing him with an altemative house site. When the the cnstrution hase, construction work started he was provided with an 4 During the construction phase, alternative site. But when he went to check on the land he though consultations were made found that some other family was already living on that land. When he claimed that the land was provided to him with the public with regard to buy the municipality, the people who have occupied the the construction of the drain land sent him away and threatened him not to return back. beenav ot When Omar Ghousuddin brought this problem to the results have not een municipality's notice they did not entertain him by saying appreciated. This led to non- that it was his personal problem to evacuate the person cooperationfrom the people ad living on the land provided to him. Helplessly he tried cooperation from the people and again and again to capture the attention of the municipality hence misuse by them. This is a but was unsuccessful. More than half of his house was classic cse of theuse non- demolished but he was not paid any compensation for his classic case of the use non- epromised altemative site. He was also not provided with conforming with the intended any rental allowances or shifting allowances for the design of a pr 'ect, leading to temporary period for loss of shelter. He and his family designl Of a project, leadig to were living in the demolished house all along the further nuisance to the construction of the drain, as they could not afford to take a communty raher thn soling a house for rent. Today Omar Ghousuddin is left with no community rather than solving a house, no alternative site and without any compensations prior problem. or allowances for the losses he has incurred under the m It was also found that most of construction of the project. people living in the slums were daily wage labourers. The people complained though the project was constructed in their locality for their benefit most of them could not secure any work under the construction work of the drain. The contractors have brought their own labour and though interested to work the local people were not provided any opportunity for working in the project. 4 Whatever few consultations were made under the project there are very few who have participated and the consultations have failed to serve the purpose for which they were initiated. 4 With regard to R&R there were many people living along the boundary of the drain who have lost their houses and built-up properties. Around 30 families have lost their houses during the construction stage. A majority of the households were in the slums of Markandeya Nagar and Sanjay Gandhi Nagar. Environment section 5.81 The construction of the storm water drain was a major investment under the APUSP C2 component serving eight slums. Though the drain was constructed to serve as a storm water drain, it is now being used for sewage disposal also. This is now posing a major health threat and environmental problem for the residents of the settlements, which was not found earlier with all households having septic tanks for sewage disposal. With the R & R issues not addressed at all, the residents have developed a cold attitude and hence have started misusing the drain, by letting out sewerage and solid waste into the drain, with the result of which mosquito and viral breeding have started. This has led to greater exposure of the community to Health hazards. With the additional load of sewerage and solid waste, the drain capacity is being exceeded at times leading to overflowing onto the roads. 5.82 Also, the drain was constructed such that it meets the chemical nala carrying raw and treated industrial effluents from the Jeedimetla industrial estate, finally falling into the 181 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - !' Social and Environmental Assessment Report River Musi. With no STP, the drain is adding to the pollution loads of the river waters. However, since the drain has been channelised, location of an STP will be appropriate at the meeting point of the Drain into the river. STPs are now being proposed along the course of the Musi under the Musi River Conservation Plan. The chemicals corroding the construction material of the drain has resulted in several fissures in the drain leading to seepage of the sewage and chemicals into the ground water leading to contamination. 5.2.2.9 CASE STUDY- 9: 24/7 WATER SUPPLY SCHEME (RAMAGUNDAM) 5.83 The 24/7 water supply scheme implemented in Ramagundam is the first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh. With the abundance in source of water in the form of River Godavari, this initiative was taken up on a pilot basis catering to 1500 households for a demand of 2.1 MLD. 5.84 Since the change to continuous supply, consumer demand has probably not increased significantly. Many families have been concerned about the likely increase in the cost of the water they use with regard to being metered for the first time and the introduction of the new-tiered tariff. Nevertheless, the consumers have expressed much comfort in the fact that the water supply is continuously available. With this project in place, wastage of water has been reduced due to the availability at will. Also, a substantial contribution to the quality of life has been made, with consumers starting to adopt plumbing systems and individual sanitary facilities. Some of the consumers have expresses discontent with regard to the low pressure at which the water is delivered consuming more time, but this issue can be resolved with increase in demand leading to pressure management requirement. 5.85 The change to continuous water supply has raised significant management issues in the Municipality in lieu of its sustainable operation like, ability to quantify the amount of water entering the Pilot Area and thus the ability to calculate the volume and value of the water lost and ability to reduce losses to an acceptable level by being able to locate and repair non-visible leaks both on the distribution system and the consumer's connection. 5.2.2.10 CASE STUDY - 10: RAG PICKERS REHABILITATION PROJECT UNDER APUSP- C-3 COMPONENT (RAMAGUNDAM) 5.86 As a part of the APUSP C3 Box - 5.9: A case of Rehabilitation component and to carry forward the The project apart from creating an avenue for Municipal "Clean Ramagundam" programme, the solid waste management has also rehabilitated the local Councl people in more than one way. This is one of the many Ramagundam Municipal Council successful stories that were found because of the project, introduced Rag pickers rehabilitation which in a way has multiple affects. Mr.Pochaiah earlier solid wate colletion and was a casual labor. As he did not get work through out the project through solid waste collection and year was living under acute poverty. He was also an management. A tremendously successful alcoholic and everyday use to beat his wife for no reason and was a nuisance in the locality. When this program was project, it has given livelihood assurance announced his wife approached the concerned authorities to over 200 rag pickers. The rag pickers and joined the group. She persuaded her husband to join the same and was successful. Now both of them get an were given orientation training towards assured income of 3000 Rupees per month. Moreover as solid waste collection along with a both wife and husband work together she could control her husband from drinking habit. Further, the couple said that tricycle (one for a batch of two people) as they were poor and does not have any shelter the for the door-to-door collection of waste authorities promised a house. They are not only happy with with designated areas of collection. Each the scheme but also take pride in their work. batch of rag pickers cover over 200 houses and collects separately the biodegradable and 182 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report non-biodegradable garbage. Each house, shop, establishment has to pay user charges for availing this service, out of which the worker's earnings are made. This project has addressed two significant issues namely: 4 The rehabilitation of rag pickers thus permanently solving the nuisance created by their anti-social practices for earning their livelihoods 4 Creating an avenue for Municipal solid waste management 5.87 Substantial changes have been brought about in the form of the social upliftment of degraded section of the society, with assured income levels leading to investment in savings and thrift schemes and a cleaner town by strategically tackling the peril of mismanaged solid leading to greater awareness in the society regarding hygienic requirements. This has resulted in falling levels of infectious disease recordings at the town level. However the health risks of constant exposure to waste of the Rag pickers needs to be given greater attention and precautionary equipment needs to be provided at regular periodic intervals. With the project now having completed two phases with laudable success, other underprivileged and needy groups of the population can be targeted thus covering the entire town with increased work force. 5.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 5.88 Public Consultations at the municipalities has constituted an important activity in the overall fieldwork conducted for the SEA study. The primary goal of the public consultations has been to expose the objectives of the APURMSP to the general public and also highlight importance of conducting an SEA and SEAMF under the study. The task also entails to document the social and environmental concerns identified by the people with regard to reforms and infrastructure projects that would be undertaken in the town. The consultations also aim to design a forum where all the stakeholders participate in the assessment process by way of voicing their concerns in public and to streamline the study by way of including public opinion in the assessment process to increase the applicability of the proposals. The objectives of these consultations were: 4 To disseminate overall aim and objectives of future GoAP interventions and facilitate them to participate in the pre-project preparation; 4 To identify the projects and sub-projects to be considered for funding by GoAP in urban areas; 4 To ascertain opinion on likely adverse social and environmental impacts due to implementation of various urban infrastructure projects in Andhra Pradesh; 4 To create awareness on the importance of safeguarding environmental conditions and social concerns of urban area during construction and operation of urban infrastructure projects; 4 To appreciate institutional and procedural issues related to planning financing implementation and management of urban infrastructure projects. 5.89 Public consultations were done at two stages. The first stage consultations were conducted during the preparation of the SEA and the SEAM Framework reports and the second stage consultations after the preparation of the two reports. This consultation schedule was strategically placed to gain maximum advantage from the public consultation exercise at crucial stages of the study. The first consultation acted as a 183 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - ., r Social and Environmental Assessment Report counter-check to the scientific assessment of the envisaged project by presenting the assessment to public scrutiny. The inputs obtained helped to firm up the SEA report and preparation of the SEAM Framework. The second consultation was held after the SEAM framework was prepared to enable public feedback on the format, before its application on actual sub-projects. The inputs from this consultation were used to finalize the SEAM framework and proceed with the assessment exercises for sub-projects using it. 5.3.1 THE PROCESS 5.90 The aim of the public consultations was to ensure that there is good representation from various groups, associations, institutions and government offices that are participating in the day to day working of the municipalities and also the general public for whose benefits the projects are designed. For this purpose the study team briefed all the officials at the municipality about the project and the importance of conducting a public consultation, made a list of all the CBOs, SHGs, Citizens groups, NGO etc., along with the various government departments like the Municipality, the Municipal Council, PHED, PCB, DTCP, Electricity Department etc., involved in provision of services in the urban areas. After finalizing the list with the help of the municipal officials and the commissioner a date was fixed for the public consultations. Efforts were initiated to include and invite other important participants like special government officials of listed sectors, project consultants, location-specific community-representatives, legal and financial consultants, environmentalists etc. To ensure that there is also participation from the general public, all the contacted people during the sub-project assessment and the household survey were extended invitations to participate in the public consultation. 5.91 The study team spent 5 days in each town for its consultations and all the public consultations were organized on the last day of the field visit, which facilitated the study team to inform all the line institutions to participate in the meeting. A separate invitation was prepared inviting all the concemed to the public consultation. The invitation was sent to all the institutions through the office of the Commissioner and with the attestation of Municipal Chairman. A one-page note highlighting the issues that would be discussed at the public consultation was attached to the invitation. The Telugu version of the attachment has been distributed to the people at the sub project assessment and household survey areas. Translating the public consultation note into Telugu was undertaken for better understanding of the people. Thus care was taken to invite both primary stakeholders as well as the secondary stakeholders to the consultation from across the cross-section of the town to represent and discuss their concerns in the context of social and environmental issues of management, implementation and monitoring of urban sub- projects and thereby steering the study onto the practical viability process and giving the way forward. The list of participants representing various groups and institutions both government and private is presented as Annexure - XVIII. The detailed discussions and issues identified in the public consultations that were conducted in the selected towns are presented as Annexure - XIX. Public consultation in Tenali could not be organized due to internal elections of the municipal council. 184 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - Social and Environmental Assessrment Report 5.3.2 ISSUES AND OBSERVATIONS 5.3.2.1 GENERAL ISSUES 5.92 Adequate involvement of people in project planning and design was absent. This lack of involvement may also result in frequent disturbances for effective implementation of the project. So to avoid these problems and to improve the public participation in the development process the project authorities need to involve people at all stages of the project i.e. from the project formulation stage to project implementation and completion stage. 5.93 Technical issues constitute one of the important factors that determine the success or failure of the project. It is found from the consultations that the technical aspects of the infrastructure projects do not receive the kind of attention that is necessary resulting in the improper designs. The authorities should not only take special care about the technical aspects of the project but also keep them abreast of the latest technological innovations in their respective departments and use the modem equipment in this process. 5.94 Another important issue that is observed is the lack of coordination of the Municipal authorities with other departments like Revenue, PCB, Electricity, Telecom etc which play a major role in the implementation of the infrastructure projects. It is seen that the lack of coordination not only hampers the quality of the work but also results in unwanted delays. Effective coordinative mechanism need to be established between the various departments which not only will speed up the process of the implementation but also brings in accountability amongst the officials. 5.95 Undue dependency of the municipality on other departments like PCB, Revenue etc for the environmental and social clearances of the infrastructure projects is found to be another revelation from the consultation process. The municipal authorities are observed to be totally dependent on revenue department for land acquisition process and have to agree upon the conditions they put forward. The over dependency is creating lot of delays in the implementation of the projects and in some occasions is resulting in faulty assessments. To avoid such kind of a situation the municipality can have its own mechanism with which it can undertake the necessary social and environmental clearances. 5.96 Lack of consensus between the municipality and the people in the construction of the infrastructure projects is leading to unwanted delays and tensions between the project affected persons and project authorities. This is seen mainly because of the non- involvement of the people in the project planning stage. The people do not trust the officials due to lack of transparency in their actions and deeds. A proper negotiable mechanism to avoid such kind of tensions and transparent methods of periodic publication of the progress of the projects to avoid any confusion between the people are some of the areas that need attention. 5.97 The stakeholder consultations also revealed that the municipalities do not have a sound consultation mechanism to involve people in the project implementation process. The authorities mostly neglect this aspect and even if pursued give least importance and consider it as a formality. But lack of a sound consultation process is resulting in 185 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report confusion among the people and put them ignorant of the developmental activities in their areas. The municipality can take special efforts in this regard and formulate a strategy by which it can inform and involve people in the development process. 5.3.2.2 SOCIAL ISSUES 5.98 The consultations showed that there is no proper grievance redressal mechanism in the municipality to address the queries of the people disturbed by any project. The common practice that is observed in the municipality is that the affected person has to meet the higher authorities of the level of Commissioner to air their grievances. But, mostly these higher authorities do not have time as they are pre-occupied by other works. To avoid such kind of inconvenience to people and to solve their problems a Grievance redressal cell can be created and also a Grievance redressal committee with representatives from all agencies involved in the project implementation can be formed. 5.99 Another important social issue that is totally neglected by the municipality is the issue of resettlement and rehabilitation of the displaced persons of any development infrastructure project. In some cases the issue was dealt through the guidelines provided by other departments like R&B but lack of a proper reference document like a resettlement action plan in this regard is hampering their efforts to do justice to the affected persons. 5.100 From the consultations it is found that the project authorities did not employ the local work force in the construction of the infrastructure projects but employed the labour brought from outside the project area. This created social tension in the areas and resulted in the delays and other unwanted complications. As there are limited employment opportunities in these projects, the project authorities should give priority to the local work force and provide them with employment even if it is short period to avoid any social conflicts and to improve the condition of the people living in these areas. 5.101 Any social development project is expected to give special attention to address the concerns of women and vulnerable groups. But it seems that the municipal authorities do not have any policy of such kind and by and large ignore their interests. These groups like the women, old people; SCs and STs being disadvantaged socially and economically do need special care. Neglecting these sections may risk their livelihood. Proper safeguard measures and special considerations in the development programmes can be explored. 5.102 The municipalities have limited mechanisms/provisions for addressing the problems of compensations and allowances for the people who lost their property or their livelihood as part of the infrastructure development projects. In some cases the evaluation and compensations for the loss of structures was carried according to the guidelines prescribed by the R&B Department. However, many R&R policies, especially those aimed at non-titleholders require greater clarity. 5.103 The sub-project assessments show that as part of the infrastructure projects, issues pertaining to squatters and encroachers were ignored. Firstly, the municipalities do not have a proper mechanism to identify the squatters and encroachers. Secondly, the squatters and encroachers who happened to be affected by the sub projects were not considered for any kind of temporary assistance or relief. The municipalities need to 186 Andhra Pracdesh Urban Roforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report evolve a proper mechanism to undertake this task and the help of professional NGOs and community organizations can be taken in this regard. 5.3.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 5.104 Various public consultations conducted in the sub project assessment towns as part of this project has revealed the following issues pertaining to the environment. These issues are useful as some of the references to understand the present scenario in the ULBs with respect to sub project interventions that helped to design few important components of this report and SEAM framework. 5.105 The ULBs do not have proper information and communication/consultation strategies during the identification and design of the sub projects, particularly to address environmental issues. There is no mechanism of building and periodical monitoring of baseline infornation of the town and the sub project investment areas. 5.106 The project APUSP has got good appreciation in the masses. However, this project has considered minimum environmental issues. The project lacks to prioritize the mechanism of identification investments, which addresses the most severe and sensitive environmental problems. This needs immediate attention. 5.107 Presently there is no environmental monitoring during the implementation and operational phases of any sub project investments. Analysis of various consultations has put forth the urgent needs of the towns, which could be prioritized as below, for the investments under this proposed project APURMSP. 4 Water supply projects 4 Roads and Transportation 4 Sewerage projects 4 Solid waste management 4 Air and water pollution control 5.108 The ULBs lack proper capacities to address environmental issues during the sub project intervention. They do not have the skilled environmental professionals to address these issues. The overall sub-project cycle lacks the intervention of environment considerations at all the stages such as environmental screening, categorization of investment areas, assessment, mitigation measures during design, implementation and operational phases of the sub project and environmental monitoring. Environmental Conclusions ) A mechanism to coordinate with the pollution control board or build self sufficiency, which ever is feasible, to develop the baseline information of the town and the investment areas. v Environmental considerations at each stage of the sub project investment to be incorporated. 9 Environmental management plans that details the mitigation measures to be implemented should be prepared. 187 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services, i r Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4 An environmental monitoring plan that gives the status of the baseline of the sub project intervention area should be part of the framework. This also ensures the effectiveness of the mitigation measures taken. 4 Capacities of all the municipalities and the project implementing agencies to be enhanced to address the environmental part of the project by employing the environment professionals to coordinate these issues 4 An Information and Consultation or Communication strategy plan to be part of sub project intervention from its inception till operation and maintenance has to be developed for addressing environmental issues effectively. 188 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms anid Municipal Services Project Social anid Environmental Assessment Report 6 REFORNIS 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.1 Change towards development is a natural phenomenon. Reform plays a major role in bringing about change and development. Reforms and reform measures are a continuous process for any civil society to improve its efficiency from time to time. Urban reforms for the state as a whole are mandatory to withstand the increasing urban pressures in terms of increasing population and increase in demand for civic amenities. 6.2 Andhra Pradesh is one of the first states to adopt a multi-sectoral public sector reform programme, the first to introduce information technology in government services and one of the first states to undertake a basic restructuring of the power sector to corporatize the public utility, restructure subsidies and improve services. The government's fiscal reform efforts since 1995 have aimed to re allocate resources towards essential public services and investment in the social sectors and infrastructure. The reforms are within the broader vision that envisages economic growth by creating employment, social development by eradicating poverty, improving health, education, and providing services and promoting rural and urban development through active participation of people and empowerment of disadvantaged groups. The ongoing reforms are primarily at the state level, within the overarching objective of reducing poverty. 6.3 The present chapter draws inferences from a general analysis and outlines general recommendations relevant to further action required in each of the reform areas. Specific direct and indirect social and environmental impacts will have to be analyzed to formulate action plans and necessary guidelines for the reforms processes so as to achieve the objectives of the social and environmental management plan and the social and environmental capacity building action plan. 6.1.1 STRUCTURE OF URBAN ADMINISTRATION 6.4 Organizations at the state, regional to administer the municipalities and corporations. At the state level, the department of municipal administration and urban development in the secretariat is responsible for policymaking, administrative coordination, monitoring and guidance. Directorates of municipal administration, town planning and the public health engineering are the line agencies for implementation of urban policies and projects. Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation is another agency involved in urban development in the state. 6.1.2 REFORMS AT STATE LEVEL 6.5 The government has constituted an expert committee to suggest amendment to the municipal laws to bring them in conformity with the constitution's 74th amendment act. Based on the expert committee report, the government decided to entrust the following functions to the urban local bodies. - Urban planning including town planning - Planning for economic and social development + Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects 189 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Scrvices Project Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report e Urban poverty alleviation e Safeguarding vulnerable groups, slum improvement and upgradation 6.1.3 REVENUE ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMMES 6.6 The Andhra Pradesh State Govemment initiated several measures to improve the revenues from the internal sources of the municipal bodies through Revenue Improvement Action Plan I & II. The emphasis has been on both tax and non-tax sources. These measures are outlined below: 1. The assessment of property tax has been restructured on the plinth area basis in 1993 in all municipalities, which reduced the subjective element on a considerable extent and improved the revenues to the tune of 20 crores annually. 2. The ceiling of 100 percent on the increase in property tax imposed in 1993 was withdrawn in March 2000. This measure is expected to increase tax yield from the newly assessed properties in the municipalities. 3. The method of self-assessment of the property tax introduced in Hyderabad Municipal Corporation during 1999, received good response from the taxpayers besides yielding additional income. 6.2 REVIEW OF REFORMS 6.7 studies pertaining to various reforms identified for investments by the bank have been carried out from secondary sources. Valuable inputs have also been drawn from the consultations and the institutional reviews conducted on field. Brief descriptions of the procedures involved and status for some of the reforms are discussed in the following sections. 6.2.1 REPEAL OF URBAN LAND CEILING AND REGULATION ACT, 1976 6.8 The repealed Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1976 (ULCRA) was a central act on a state subject (entry 18 in list II of the Seventh Schedule). This Act was enacted under Article 252 (1) of the Constitution after 11 state legislatures of the country like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh, west Bengal and all union territories have passed the necessary resolution authorizing the parliament to enact a law. Subsequently, six other states - Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Rajasthan -have also adopted the act. 6.9 The remaining states did not adopt the ULCRA. The state of Tamilnadu is, however, having its own act known as Tamilnadu urban land (ceiling & regulation) act, 1978. The Act was applicable to 12 states and 3 union territories, which had towns with a population of more than 2 lakhs as per 1971 census. The act was applicable to 64 urban agglomerations. 190 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 6.2.1.1 THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE ACT 4 Imposition of a ceiling on both ownership and possession of vacant land in urban agglomerations, the ceiling being on a grade basis according to the classification of the urban agglomeration. 4 Acquisition of the excess vacant land by the state government with powers to dispose of the vacant land to sub serve the common good; 4 Payment of an amount for the acquisition of the excess vacant land, in cash and in bonds. 4 Granting exemptions in respect of certain specific categories of vacant land; 4 Regulating the transfer of vacant land within the ceiling limit; 4 Regulating the transfer of urban or urbanisable land with any building (whether constructed before or after the commencement of the act), for a period of 10 years from the commencement of the act or the construction of the building whichever is latter; 4 Restricting the plinth area for the construction of future residential buildings. 6.2.1.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE ACT 6.10 The performance of the Act has been quite dismal. The state governments could physically acquire only 19,020 ha. Of excess vacant land out of an area of 2,20,674 ha. This works out to a mere 9 per cent of the total estimated excess vacant land. At the same time, as much as 56,640 ha. Of excess vacant land were exempted under sections 20 of the act (on grounds of "public interest" or on account of "undue hardships). 5327 ha. Of the excess vacant land were exempted under section 21 of the act for the purpose of construction of dwelling units for weaker sections of the society. It is widespread knowledge that the provisions of the act, while unduly restricting the supply of land for meeting various needs, have led to corruption and unnecessary harassment of the people holding small parcels of land in the 64 notified urban agglomerations. 6.2.1.3 SHORTCOMIINGS IN THE ACT 6.11 The Act has been termed as a draconian law and has been criticized severely. The implementation of the act in the States/UTs has been dismal, mainly due to the following reasons: 4 Vesting of too much of discretionary powers in the state governments for granting exemptions. 4 Highly expropriatory nature of the act. 4 The act, as it stands, does not provide for a mechanism to force the entry of the vacant urban land into the land market through appropriate fiscal measures. 6.12 In view of the shortcomings in the act, the government from time to time has received suggestions for review/repeal of the act. In the united nations conference on human settlements (Habitat II) held in Istanbul, in June 1996, it was resolved that the governments at the appropriate levels including local authorities should strive to remove all possible obstacles that may hamper equitable access to land. It was also resolved to promote efficient land markets and support the development of land markets by measures of effective legal framework. 191 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessnent Report 6.2.1.4 REVIEW/REPEAL OF THE ACT 6.13 The ULCRA, 1976 is a Central Act enacted under Article 252(1) of the Constitution with the consent of 11 state govemments. It can be amended or repealed only if the legislature(s) of at least 2 concerned states pass a resolution empowering the parliament to amend or repeal the act. States of Haryana and Punjab sent a resolution of its legislatures, authorizing the parliament to enact a repealing act. The committee invited views from experts/interested parties/ organizations and individuals in order to examine the bill. The committee recommended repeal of the act with certain safeguards for the poor and the low- income group in urban housing. The union cabinet resolved to repeal the act in its meeting on December 29, 1998. 6.2.1.5 THE WAY FORWARD 6.14 in consultations with municipal functionaries, other stakeholders in the case study towns and from the consultants understanding of past experiences in the repeal of urban land ceiling and regulation act certain general recommendations are made for further action in regard of the urban land ceiling and regulation act. Box - 6.1 recommendations for ULCRA > The statistics of exemption from the act shown above unveils the loopholes in the act, which is against the purpose of the act. More over this is contributing corruption to a large extent by the law evaders, in order to be exempted them from the act. > The multi divisional of single owner ship on fake names (benami) in order to escape from the act has made the land transactions difficult and on the other hand, the potential buyers already owning the land to the maximum extent of the act could not buy the land easily, thus putting the large extents of lands vacant with out any development, thus contributing to the emerge of slums and encroachments. > This has severely effected the urban development in some areas while it has contributed to the development of sites by the government through land acquisition act. > The success of the act depends on the effectiveness of implementation of the act. > Hence, the act may be either repealed in the state or may be amended conforming to the above-discussed loopholes. > The institutions for registration of land documents (sub registrars' offices) should be totally computerized, for the effective implementation of such acts and to arrest mal practices in land registration. It technology shall encounter the illegal practices in registration. 6.2.2 PROPERTY TAX REFORMS 6.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION 6.15 Property tax is the largest revenue source for the Urban Local Bodies in Andhra Pradesh state. In fact this is the single largest revenue source for all the states in India, except where property tax is not implemented such as in Chandigarh. 6.2.2.2 REVENUE IMPROVEMENT ACTION PLAN I & II 6.16 The State Government has initiated Revenue Improvement Action Plan in all the urban bodies to increase the revenue by instituting a special drive. An 18-point strategy was given to all municipal commissioners to concentrate on revenue improvement programme. Some of the main features are: 4 Detection of un-assessed and under assessed properties. 4 Revision of tax plans to the buildings where expansions have taken place/ change of use 4 Imposing vacant land tax 4 Detection of illegal water tap connections and collecting regulation fees 192 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmer-tal Assessrment Report 4 Computerization of accounts L levying penal interest @ 2% on defaulters (as per the act) 4 Arrears recovery drive 4 Updating demand collection and balance register + Special tax mobilization camps 6.17 Owing to the RIAP I & II GoAP began introducing property tax reforms way back in 1993, which has geared up from 2002. Prior to this, there existed a ceiling of 100% on the increase in property tax, which was with drawn in march 2000. 6.18 The director of municipal administration of Andhra Pradesh has directed through a GO that all the 117 urban local bodies have to enhance property tax to a maximum limit of 75 percent of the existing tax. This has rapidly increased the revenue base of the municipalities and corporations. This also included the survey of all the assessments in municipal limits in order to identify the un-assessed and under assessed properties. 6.19 Under APUSP, sponsored by DFID (Department for International Development) the Cl component of municipal reforms has excluded the property surveys since the municipalities have already undertaken the exercise, recently. However, the project contains the revenue improvement survey as one of its important components covering all the revenue sources (taxes and non taxes). 6.2.2.3 COMPONENTS OF PROPERTY TAX 6.20 The components of general tax as laid out in Section 85 of Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act 1955 are as follows: 1. Tax for general purpose 2. Water and drainage tax (The council decides the proportion of tax between water and drainage) 3. Lighting tax 4. Scavenging tax 5. Education Cess and 6. Library Cess 6.2.2.4 BASIS OF LEVY 6.21 The broad nature of levy of property tax (Table 6.1) is as follows: Table - 6.1: levy of property taxes Nature of the property Scheme of use Rate of tax Lands and buildings Self-occupied or rented, residential or Percentage of annual rental commercial value Lands not adjacent or Self-occupied or rented and not exclusively Percentage of capital value* appurtenant to buildings used for agricultural purpose Lands Used exclusively for agricultural purpose Not taxed 6.2.2.5 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF PROPERTY TAX 6.22 A general revision of the assessments is undertaken every 5 years under Rule 8 of Schedule II (Taxation and Finance Rules). The government appoints a valuation officer for each town to undertake a comprehensive reassessment exercise. Upon revision of the 193 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report assessments, a special notice is served on the owner of the property. Objections are invited for a period of sixty days after which the assessments are confirmed. 1. Every building shall be assessed together with land appurtenant to the building 2. Annual rental value is the expected reasonable rent with reference to location, type of construction, plinth area, age of the building, nature of use and other criteria prescribed 3. The reasonable rent shall be determined by the commissioner with reference to location, type of construction, plinth area, age of the building, nature of use and other criteria prescribed. 4. Permissible deductions and rebates include: v Annual rental value is the expected reasonable rent less a deduction of prescribed rate (10% to 30% based on age of the building) on gross rent. ' A rebate of 40% of the annual rental value shall be allowed in respect of the residential buildings occupied by the owner inclusive of the deduction permissible under this sub-section (d). 4 In respect of municipalities on the seashore a rebate of 5% of the annual rental value shall be allowed in addition to rebates allowed under the other provisions of the act in respect of the buildings. 6.2.2.6 EXEMPTIONS 6.23 General exemptions provided for under Section 88 of the AP Municipalities Act, 1955 are as follows: 1. Places used for public worship 2. Rent free choultries (rest-houses) or choultries which collect rent and use rent for charitable purposes 3. Building and land exclusively used for educational purposes by institutions receiving grant-in-aid from govemment 4. Ancient monuments 5. Charitable hospitals and dispensaries 6. Burial and buming grounds 7. Building or land appurtenant to irrigation work 8. Water and drainage tax shall not be levied for the land used exclusively for agricultural purposes 9. The council with previous sanction of Govemment can exempt water, drainage and scavenging tax for any particular part of municipality which not using the amenities given by municipality 10. The council by resolution can exempt any class of buildings or lands from the property tax: 4 If the annual rental value of the same does not exceed Rs. 300/- incase of the owner occupied residential buildings within municipality limits 4 The person to be assessed does not own any other buildings or land assessed to the property tax and is not liable for profession tax or income tax. 194 Andhra Pracesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 6.2.2.7 CRITICAL ISSUES 6.24 In the absence of strong enforcement of town planning and construction permit regulations, the identification of new properties is time-consuming, manpower intensive and is dependent on owners approaching the ULB. Verification of property tax receipts before issuing electricity connections is not being complied in many cases. Though water connections are only provided to assess properties, the presence of unauthorized connections, personal tube-wells and public taps could hamper this. Thus, the number of properties on municipal records could be significantly lower than the actual number of properties. All municipalities also express concern over the difficulty in detecting under-assessment of properties. Though most towns have fairly healthy collection efficiency, in some towns the municipality is able to collect only 50 percent of the demand that is raised. 6.2.2.8 MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF HYDERABAD 6.25 Revision of property tax as contemplated in the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act of 1955 was not done for 19 to 23 years in various circles of the corporation. This made the property tax system become iniquitous, with vertical and horizontal imbalances, resulting in financial loss to the corporation. Attempts made to rationalize and improve the property tax base in Hyderabad were caught in legal problems. Prolonged litigation and locking up of potential taxes left the corporation with no alternative but to introduce self-assessment of property tax. During 1999 - 2000, MCH introduced self assessment of property tax, which has increased number of assessments from 4.10 lakhs (1999-2000) to 6.0lakhs and significantly increasing the tax demand. 6.2.2.9 A GLANCE AT MCH PROPERTY TAX REFORMS 4 Tax reform strategy depends to a great extent on the preconditions, but certain principles such as the close involvement of the tax service linkage, incentives for filing of tax returns, disincentives for non filing, tax education etc. Are important in the designing of successful reforms. 4 Arbitrary adoption of slab rates of tax in the name of elimination of discretion in the levy of tax is not desirable. Slab rates are useful in the case pf homogeneous properties. But for heterogeneous properties such as commercial properties with low rentals and under tax those with high rentals as averages are affected by extreme conditions. This is against the fundamental principle of tax reforms i.e. the market orientation of the tax system. 4 Correction of inequities in the tax system can be an important source of enhanced mobilization of property tax revenues in most cities. Keeping tax rates low and emphasizing on compliance led to significant increases in property tax collection in Hyderabad. 4 Tax education and organized publicity campaigns to address the psychology of tax payer are often more important than economic factors such as tax rate and tax base in realizing the potential of property tax; people must perceive the tax system to be fair and appreciate the linking knowledge between tax and service provision. 4 Direct involvement of taxpayers in the provision of civic services is a must for better tax compliance. 4 Tax reforms may be needed to be perused in an incremental manner. Elaborate and time-consuming design may lead to the bouncing back of effort to clean a tax system. 4 The self-assessment scheme of MCH has fully realized its potential yield from property tax. The scheme proves that even with very low rate of tax, the revenue from 195 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report property tax can go up significantly if systemic issues are tackled rather than dealing with traditional economic aspects such as tax rate and tax base. 6.2.2.10 THE WAY FORWARD 6.26 In consultations with municipal functionaries, other stakeholders in the case study towns and consultants, certain general recommendations are made for further action in regard of enhancement of the revenue from property tax. (Table 6.2) Table- 6.2 Recommendations for Property Tax Identification > Complete implementation of GOs by the electricity companies Existing rules state the electricity companies should verify that property tax has been fully paid before providing new electricity connections. However, in some of the cities, this rule was not being followed strictly. The implementation of this rule should be made mandatory in all towns, if necessary through the issue of the further GOs. > Periodic surveys and re-assessment Under-assessment of properties is thought to be the biggest source of revenue leakage. To deal with this problem, it is suggested that comprehensive surveys be undertaken every 5 years. Utilization of private/external agencies could increase the efficiency of these surveys. The frequency of random checks to detect under-assessment should be increased and 20% of the town could be re-assessed each year (so that the entire city is re-assessed at least once in 5 years). Increased frequency of survey and reassessment would be more feasible if recommendations of role-specialization within the revenue section are also implemented. > Display of construction permit at all construction sites Improving the town planning and building permission regulatory framework will also contribute to better coverage of properties. A significant improvement is possible if it is made mandatory to prominently display the building license or building permission at all construction sites. Any construction site that fails to display such permission would immediately and easily be identified as an un authorized construction. This feature would also make it feasible for resident associations and community-based organizations to support the municipality in detecting unauthorized construction. > Formal linking of building licenses and property tax In some municipalities there is a lack of intemal communication to share information between the town planning section and the revenue section. This in inspite of the presence of rules requiring the sharing of such information. This lack of internal communication leads to an under utilization of existing data and increases the workload of the revenue section. At present, the implementation of this rule is dependent on the initiative of the commissioner or revenue officer. Collection > Settlement of court cases In some of the towns, considerable sums are tied up in litigation. In order to realize this revenue, the municipalities may be given a one-time permission to settle these cases. Retired judges may be asked to advice the municipality of the merits of each case, as was done in Vijayawada a few years ago. The precise situations under which settlement would be permitted should also be clearly specified in order to avoid further complications. > Govemment properties Often the government clears the property tax dues of its properties by giving a lump-sum grant to each ULB. The ULBs face the difficulty that it is not clear how the lump sum is to be credited against individual property accounts. To overcome this, it is suggested that a consolidated account is created for the govemment with sub-accounts for each property. The lump sum could be credited against the consolidated account, thus enabling updating of property tax records. This measure would be more feasible if property records are computerized. Enforcement > No land transactions are to be registered if property tax is not paid Through appropriate government orders or local coordination, the registrar offices could be directed to reject applications for registering property documents if municipal taxes have not been paid. This measure has been successfully introduced in some cities. > Publish list of large defaulters in newspapers Some municipal corporations such as Vadodara regularty publish lists of defaulters from each ward along with a notice that attachment of the property will follow if all dues are not cleared within a specified timeframe. It has been found that such a notice in the newspaper is sufficient to convince defaulters of the municipality's intent to collect all its taxes. The fear of social stigma also convinces some potential defaulters of the need to pay their taxes in a timely manner. This measure also helps in increasing the public's confidence in the impartiality of the municipality. > Disconnection of water supply and other municipal services for non-payment of property tax Though this is not specifically provided for by the act, the government may authorize this measure through the issue of appropriate govemment orders. > Disconnection of electricity The govemment has ensured that the electricity companies verify payment of property tax before providing new connections. This is a one-time check against un-assessed properties. In order to also tackle regular defaulters, further GOs could be issued permitting the municipality to request the electricity provider to disconnect the electricity supply of those in default, say over Rs. 5000 or for over 3 billing periods. 196 Andhra Pradesti Urban Reforms and Municipal Services r Social and Environrnerital Assessment Report 6.2.3 COMPUTERIZED PROCESSES FOR REGISTRATION OF DOCUMENTS 6.2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 6.27 The state govenmment in a big way has initiated e-govemance in the state. The director of municipal administration in the recent past began the process of computerization of all the revenue sources viz. assessments, water connections, d & o trades etc. And service delivery in all the 117 municipalities of the state. This is necessary for the initiation of e-Seva services. Some of the e-Seva centers are already functioning in places like Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada etc. Pending accounts were also updated under APUSP, Municipal Cl reforms, which is useful to start with the e-Seva centers. 6.2.3.2 E-SEVA CENTERS 6.28 With the introduction of the citizen e-Seva centers, it is envisaged that a significant portion of taxes, fees and charges are collected at these centers, thus reducing the difficulty in controlling and auditing the cash collection process. From the performance of e-Seva centers, in Hyderabad and in other cities of Andhra Pradesh, it is evident that the tax collection, payment of bills has increased considerably. The public extensively uses them as they create easy access. 6.2.3.3 ISSUE OF DOCUMENTS 6.29 Presently only the registration of births and deaths and issue of birth and death certificates are the only services pertaining to the computerization of registration of documents that are offered in the e-Seva centers. The issue of birth and death certificates within a week after receiving the application has been computerized. The building license is also issued within 15 days from the date of application. After the due date, each day, the concerned official has to pay a fine of Rs.50 to the applicant after the stipulated time for the issue of the license or any other document. This has become a benchmark and performance indicator of the employees in the ULB. 6.2.3.4 STATUS OF COMPUTERIZATION 6.30 On the whole, the level of computerization is basic/moderate in some of the municipalities. A higher level of computerization would address many deficiencies in the present system such as backlog of records updation, information availability, coordination and information sharing among different sections of the municipalities, shortage of staff, etc. 6.2.3.5 THE WAY FORWARD 6.31 In consultations with municipal functionaries, other stakeholders in the case study towns and from the consultants' observation and understanding of the status of computerized processes for registration of documents in the case study towns and the state, certain general recommendations are made for further action in regard of computerized processes for registration. (Box 6.1) 197 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services ,, r Social and Environmental Assessment Report Box - 6.2: Recommendations for Computerization of Registration of Documents > The preparation of base map and property and utility mapping using GIS technology under APUSP project (in progress) in class one towns should be used effectively between the sections for all the basic functions of the municipality. This activity has to be extended to all the towns across the state. > Use of GIS technology will aid the municipality to give faster sanctions and have an up to date status of each of the sites in its jurisdiction. > Creating an asset register and computerizing the system would enable the municipalities to strengthen their asset management system. > The updation of new water supply connections in engineering section should be automatically available to the revenue section for them to identify the new connections and tax them accordingly. > The building permission for new construction or renovation given by the town planning section should be readily available with the revenue section for them to impose property tax, with the complete computerization of the municipal system. 6.2.4 LEVY OF USER CHARGES 6.2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 6.32 As per the Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001, "User Levies" means the right or authority granted to the developer by the government agency or the local authority to recover investment and fair return on the investment and includes toll, fee, charge or benefit by any name. 6.33 In the new scheme of things, the GoAP envisages that the various utilities and departments would have to generate their own resources to meet their expenditure needs. For example, urban local bodies may have the freedom to charge less than what the water regulator prescribes, but they have much work to do to attain respectable revenues. According to estimates, only 40 per cent of the urban households in the state have water connections; the rest draw water free from public taps. Understandably, revenues are meagre from this source and the state government wants to tap fully through the new dispensation. 6.34 The Andhra Pradesh Government, which has recently decided to augment additional resources to make various developmental schemes self-supportive, plans to make user- charges index-linked, which will have automatic periodic revision mechanism. 6.35 Recognizing the need to make the system more user-friendly and cost-effective, the state government has decided to permit the concerned department to mobilize their own resources and retain with them the amounts so collected to improve the services. 6.36 The retention of user fees is also related to existing initiatives to allow more revenues to be retained and utilized directly by concerned public agencies, according to the state finance ministry. This thinking is based on the fact that in many cases, the government can recover costs from the users as these services are individualized and users can be identified and charged according to the extent of their usage. While the cost of providing services has been increasing, the fees and user charges have remained virtually frozen in nominal terms for years. With the state government looking at various options towards additional resource mobilization, apart from streamlining tax administration, it is felt that there is scope for improving non-tax revenues especially, user charges and cost recovery in a range of public services. 6.37 The State Finance and Planning Department has directed all revenue earning departments to orient into modern, efficient and user-friendly agencies capable of making scientific and accurate analysis of the revenue potential in their respective area of operation. 198 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services -r l r Social and Environmental Assessment Report While all user charges are to be treated as non-tax revenues, all non-tax revenues are not user charges. Currently, user charges are being levied in the shape of license fee, examination fee, audit fee, corporation fees, fee for technical advice and providing infrastructural facilities and other services, fines and penalties of all types. The govemment has directed the departments to identify and levy user charges for items not covered in the budget estimates. While empowering departments to take initiatives, clear instructions have been given to deposit the amount into the government treasury as per existing procedures. The recommendations for levy of user charges are shown in Box 6.4. Box - 6.3: Case Example of User Charges At a recent review meeting on user charges, it was decided to persuade users to pay up if the quality of services is commensurate vwth the price and the delivery of the services is cost-efficient. However, these users will not be made to pay for the inefficiency of the public agencies. Box - 6.4 Recommendations for Levy of User Charges The urban local bodies may introduce the concept of the user charges on the services provided by them for those services, which are not charged currently. This includes > User charges on parks and play grounds > Municipal primary health centers *> Door to door collection of solid waste by private agencies / NGOs. > User charges on sanitation and solid waste for institutions, hospitals, hostels etc. That produces solid waste in bulk. > Parking charges by appointing private agencies > Identifying new sources of revenue or taxation, if they are to be sustainable and free from legal challenge, require amendment to the municipal legislation. Within the limits imposed by the present legislation, the potential for new sources is fairly limited. The potential exists more in extending the scope of existing source. 6.2.5 MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 6.2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 6.38 As per the report of "Andhra Pradesh Urban Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy", of the 117 ULBs, 76 present an operating ratio of less 1, implying revenues surplus and investments in capital works. A detailed assessment would be necessary given the fact that the method of accounting is on a cash basis and it was included that select local bodies have been faulting on salary payments. While it would be an issue of management, equally important is the need to empower the local bodies in decision making with regard to taxation. Property tax base was last revised in 1993, followed by a revision based on a nominal increase in 2000. 6.39 In addition to non-of property tax, the rate of taxation is one of the lowest in the country. These constraints coupled with variations in collection performance reduce the fiscal capacity of the local governments to investment in infrastructure, which to a large extent determines the attractiveness of a city. The operating performance of ULBs with regard to property taxes is given in Table 6.3. Table - 6.3: operating performance of urban local bodies Operating ratio Corporations No. Of ULBs > 1 1 39 <1 6 70 < 0.75 1 13 Total 7 109 Or = current expenditure I revenue (94 ULBs have a Dr of < 25%; source: urban poverty reduction strategy report of Andhra Pradesh 6.40 The review of some of the parameters that contribute to the financial system of the local bodies have been discussed below: 199 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Scrvices Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 6.2.5.2 REVENUE IMPROVEMENT 6.41 The municipalities of Andhra Pradesh are implementing the revenue improvement schemes in a rapid phase. The revenue improvement surveys, strengthening municipal asset management, preparation of base map and property and utility mapping with GIS technology is in progress under the project Andhra Pradesh urban services for the poor for the revenue improvement of the municipalities. 6.42 The municipalities have improved their revenue base considerably by the enhancement of property tax and survey of properties identifying un-assessed and under- assessed properties. The varied activities taken up under APUSP shall contribute to the increased revenues thus leading them for a better financial management system. 6.2.5.2 EXPENDITURE REDUCTION 6.43 This is one of the important areas that the ULBs may concentrate by rationalizing the man power with required skills, replacing existing service delivery systems with new technology and out sourcing, capacity building etc. 6.2.5.3 MAINTENANCE OF UPDATED ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT 6.44 Updation of arrears of accounts and audit shall equip the finance system with the factual figures of receipts along with the arrears and expenditure. Thus the municipality may concentrate on recovery of arrears pending for many years. All most all the class one towns taken up under APUSP project have updated their accounts and are ready to start e-Seva centers. 6.2.5.4 ASSET MANAGEMENT 6.45 Municipal assets, both movable and immovable, are not maintained systematically in any of the municipalities. Municipal asset register is not available in any of the study towns. Movable and immovable assets will increase the municipal finance considerably, if managed properly. Strengthening of municipal assets can be done as per the following exercise 4 Identification of movable and immovable assets 4 Recording the physical status of the assets through physical surveys 4 Valuation and right use of the assets Box - 6.5: Recommendations for Municipal Financial Management System To improve the municipal financial management system, along with the above-discussed parameters, total computerization of municipal system that improves transparency in the system, payment of salaries through banking system may be employed. 6.2.6 BENCHMARKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM 6.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.46 To improve the services of municipal system, performance analysis is very necessary for the utilities and benchmarking is the continuous and systematic process of identifying, analyzing and adapting the best practices that will lead them to superior performance. Benchmarking is nowadays an important management tool to analysis the performance of the organizations. Previously it was limited to the private organizations. In Europe or in America 200 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environme ntal Assessment Report this was a very important management tool to analyze the performance between the organizations. 6.47 In India, essential public services are usually run by government agencies. Most of these agencies enjoy monopoly in their areas of operations, which gives rise to a certain degree of inefficiency and lack of responsiveness towards the needs of the people. Benchmarking is an effective management tool to improve the overall performance of the utilities. "Benchmarking is simply about making comparisons with other organizations and then learning lessons that those comparisons throw up". It essentially involves learning, sharing and adopting best practices to bring about changes in performance. So, as it's simplest, benchmarking means: 6.48 In practice, benchmarking usually encompasses: 4 Regularly comparing aspects of performance (function or process) with best 4 Practitioners. 4 Identifying gaps in performance. 4 Seeking fresh approaches to bring about improvements in performance. 4 Following through with implanting improvements. 4 Following up by monitoring progress and reviewing the benefits. 6.2.6.2 BENEFITS FROM BENCHMARKING 6.49 Benchmarking can also have a beneficial effect on aspects needed to support continuous improvement, such as: 4 Raised awareness about performance and greater openness about relative strengths and weaknesses 4 Learning from other and greater confidence in developing and applying new approaches 4 Greater involvement and motivation of staff in charge programmers 4 Better understanding of the 'big picture' and gaining a broader perspective of the interplay of the factors (or enablers) that facilitate the implementation of good practice 6.50 Currently, both qualitative and quantitative indicators are being developed to measure the level of municipal performance. The indicators initially relate to area viz. solid waste disposal, protected water supply, revenue collection, accounts finalization, recovery of user charges, construction of individual toilets, implementation of SJSRY and NSDP, formation thrift groups and redressal of public grievances. These indicators would enable the government to measure performance and efficiency, develop a competitive environment and build the image of the urban local bodies. Box - 6.6: Recommendations for Establishing Benchmarking and Monitoring System The following are some of the indicators that may be used to assess the performance of the municipalities. 1. Daily per capita supply 2. % roads surfaced 3. Street light spacing 4. Waste collection performance 5. Revenue per capita 6. Expenditure per capita 7. Operating ratio 8. % establishment expenditure 9. Share of property tax in revenue income 10. Growth in income 201 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 6.2.7 STRENGTHENING ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN FINANCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (APUFIDC) 6.2.7.1 INTRODUCTION 6.51 APUFIDC was constituted in 1993 under the chairmanship of the minister for municipal administration and urban development authority. An IAS officer heads the corporation. The main objectives of the corporation are to guide the ULBs in improving their administrative machinery and to provide financial and technical assistance to them in the preparation and implementation of development schemes. The corporation is expected to act as a conduit between the local bodies, the Government of India and financing agencies. The corporation on behalf of the municipalities borrows loans from HUDCO and other financial institutions. APUFIDC was constituted as a corporation to impart flexibility in its management and operations, unlike the government departments, as well as to facilitate quick decision-making and borrowings from financial institutions and the open market. The corporation has been structured to operate through consultants with limited staff. The organizational structure of APUFIDC is given in Figure 6.1. 6.2.7.2 OBJECTIVES OF APUFIDC 6.52 The key objectives of APUFIDC are: + To provide financial FIG- 6.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF APUFIDC assistance by way of loans and Board of Directors advances to urban local bodies including F Managing Director municipalities, notified area Computer G eea anager Cnutn committees, urban ODerator Other Managers development authorities or such other local bodies ce uerintndeni as may be notified by the government from c time to time. * To provide technical or any other assistance and guidance to urban local bodies in the matter of their developmental schemes, including implementation of the master/ detailed development plans prepared for the urban local bodies i.e. Low cost sanitation schemes, NRY, etc. * To provide assistance and guidance to urban local bodies for improving their administrative machinery and procedure. 202 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 6.2.7.3 FINANCIAL MLANAGEMENT 6.53 The authorized share capital of APUFIDC is Rs. 500 lakhs divided in to 5 lakh equity shares of 100 each. As on march 31, 203, APUFIDC has a share capital of Rs. 15 lakhs. Fixed assets are to the tune of Rs. 21.07 lakhs. Current liabilities including HUDCO loan for various schemes, interest on investments, interest on investments, interest on mega city funds, government releases for HUDCO repayment etc. to a tune of Rs. 411.47 lakhs. Provision to the tune of Rs. 3.42 lakhs has been made for depreciation. Current assets account to the tune of Rs. 235.04 lakhs. Loans to municipalities under various schemes and advances add up to Rs. 142.74 lakhs. The MAUD Department acts as the administrative head for APUFIDC in the government secretariat. The Director, Municipal Administration, Director of TCP, ENC, PHED and MD, APUFIDC, are members of the state level sanctioning committee. DMA is responsible for sanctioning of the proposals from Municipal Corporations for the ILCS scheme. As of now, APUFIDC is borrowing from two financial institutions viz. HUDCO and SBH with the government of Andhra Pradesh as the guarantor. So far about Rs. 400 crores have been mobilized from HUDCO for urban infrastructure development and under schemes such as ILCS, water supply and Rs. 10 crores from SBH under the IDSMT scheme. The dashed arrows in the figure show the channeling of funds from financial institutions through APUFIDC. Figure 6.2 shows the financial management flow chart of APUFIDC. Fia - 6.2: Financial Manaaement flow chart of APUFIDC |DIRECTOR OF| TOWN & COUNTRY| PLANNING MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION & URBAN DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR OF STATE LEVEL HOUSING & URBAN MUNICIPAL SANCTIONING APUFIDC . DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE LIMITED (HUDCO) ENGINEER IN / * STATE BANK OF CHIEF PUBLIC HYDERABAD (SBH) HEALTH MUNICIPALITIES AND CORPORATIONS OF A.P. 6.55 There is urgent need to strengthen APUFIDC with a view to make it the primary financing institution under APURMSP. As part of strengthening and capacity building the following measures are suggested: 4 Enhanced financial resources and manpower support v Restructuring of the organizational structure to streamline core functions into - project development functions , financial and investment functions, institutional development and capacity building functions * Specific capacity building aimed at social and environmental appraisal of sub-project proposals * Training and capacity building of functionaries on project development functions. 203 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 6.3 URBAN REFORMS: SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS-ENHANCEMENT/MITIGATION MEASURES REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENT/MITIGA ASSUMPTIONS TION MEASURES -ve/ DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS +ve TAXATION REFORMS - PROPERTY TAX TAX ENHANCEMENT -Ve * Increased rental * Increased unrest * Impact on * Slight Incremental * Assumed that the extra > Involves enhancement of values. and social crime. health. increase on existing tax revenue generated is taxes * Shift of rental * Expenditure * Reduced may be employed. used for town needs. families to far reduction on expenditure on * Weaker/vulnerable away/congested nutritious food, maintenance of sections may be places. education and other good sanitation identified and subsidized * Develops negative household activities. by individual for tax enhancement on motives on ULB * Discourages households. the basis of household and government, housing activity. annual income. +ve * Improved * Improved * Increased Rationalize expenditure municipal revenue investment on O&M investment on from extra income civic services generated (sanitation) AREA BASED TAXATION -Ve * Subsidies to the > Distance from the reference households with water road, harvesting structures. > Material of construction > Land use +ve * Increased * Rationalized taxes. * Increased revenue if all the investment on properties are civic services. assessed. (Sanitation) * More rational approach of Taxation. SELF ASSESSMENT -Ve * See that this tax is less * All the properties are > Simplified procedure than the earlier taxation assessed voluntarily. > Full public participation and for individual involvement assessments. > Increased revenue to local * Self-assessments with authority and reduced taxation +ve * Increased * Improved social * More finance * Improved water harvesting * That the saved amount for individuals coverage of the peace. for food, health Infrastructural structures may be of each household with assessments. * Public participation and education, facilities. preferred for subsidies. new taxation is utilised * Increased and support for in each family. * Improved properly, for improving transparency from govt. Initiatives. health and living conditions the people. nutrition 204 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENT/MITIGA ASSUMPTIONS TION MEASURES -ve/ DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS +ve I TAPPING UN ASSESSED AND -ve * Low Income Tax * Slight increase in * Vulnerable settlers, poor UNDER ASSESSED evaders are rental values encroachers may be PROPERTIES (100% SURVEY) tapped. * Vulnerable illegal safely replaced. > All properties are assessed occupied are tapped * Presence of water and up dated +ve . 100% * Illegal slum * Improved harvesting pit, drainage assessments residents are Infrastructural system etc. may be tapped identified. facilities recorded that helps in * Improved * Improved improving the municipal revenue health and environment * Encroachers are nutrition caught FSI RATIONALIZATION -ve > Taxation based on the FSI of +ve * Increased * Rationalized taxes * Increased the property revenue if all the investment on properties are civic services assessed (sanitation) * More rational approach SYSTEMIC IMPROVEMENTS -ve > Organizational restructuring, +ve * Improved Improved revenue improved transparency, total transparency and efficiency computerization * Reduced corruption * Tap tax evaders TAXATION REFORMS - LEVY OF USER CHARGES GENERAL CHARECTERISTICS -ve * Reduced * Poor and BPL * Subsidized or group * That the revenue OF USER CHARGES accessibility to become more connection to vulnerable generate would be spent > Self supportive poor Vulnerable groups for the good maintenance > Index linked and improved services > Improvised services +ve * Increased * Improved people's * Optimum * Conservation > Streamlined tax administration responsibility participation utilization of of resources * and maintenance resources and assets of services and * Reduced assets wastage 205 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENT/MITIGA ASSUMPTIONS TION MEASURES -ve/ DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS +ve METERED WATER SUPPLY -ve * Reduced * Group connection of * Aim at continuous water (USER CHARGES) accessibility to water facilities for BPL, supply. > Involves metering the water poor slum habitants connections and levy of +ve * Optimum * Increase in supply * Reduced water * Conservation * Rationalization of user charges utilization by the time to 24 hrs, over wastage of surface and charges on economic consumers a period under ground status of the family * Improved water sources maintenance WATER SUPPLY WITHOUT -ve * Wastage of water * Break down of water * Exploitation of Degraded * Mobilizing funds for good METERS (USER CHARGES) because of extra pipe lines in near water water maintenance > Involves slab tariffs on a storage future due to poor resources environment * Rationalization of water monthly/bi-monthly basis * Water supply for maintenance usage to the optimum (Fixed charges) but there is no limited hours * Illegal connections requirement. metering * Poor maintenance and tapping during * Reduce wastage, by supply checking for unaccounted water +ve * Free water/ subsidized water for poor SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT -ve * Health risks to * Employ safe measures (USER CHARGES) the employed by providing safety > Door to door collection for solid waste equipments > Vermin composting collection * Segregation of waste at > Segregation at source +ve * Rehabilitation & * No Disposable * Clean roads source- Revenue generation from > Defined dumping yards far employment for problem for free from * Degradable and non vermin composting away from habitat rag pickers households dumping bins degradable Daily disposal * Build vermi composts EXISTING SOLID WASTE -ve * Unclean, * Breeding * Garbage lifting to be on a MANAGEMENT (USER unhygienic places for daily basis from the CHARGES) streets germs and dustbins. > Dust bins in the streets insets * Dumping yards to be > Un defined dumping yards * Soil relocated in the far away within the town contamination places > No source segregation due plastic * Source segregation and disposal in to door to door collection the dumping * Vermin composting yards +ve * Service free of charge, mainly to vulnerable groups ENTERTAINMENT / -ve * Reduced * Sense of putting * Some parks and RECREATIONAL USER accessibility to away the poor playgrounds may be CHARGES vulnerable 206 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services - Social and Environmenital Assessment Report REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENT/MITIGA ASSUMPTIONS TION MEASURES -vel DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS +ve > Involves entry fee for parks +ve * Share of * Ambient and * Protection and * Improved air developed for poor at and other recreational facilities community in aesthetic safe guard of quality & other their affordability in the form of user charges good maintenance atmosphere greenery/land environs * Plantation of endangered Nullified illegal scapes species and water activities and harvesting structures shelter for beggars & anti social elements PAID PARKING (USER -ve For a bulk revenue, Parking lots tendered to CHARGES) subsidized annual contractors > Collection of parking fee +ve * Safety to parked * Improvised parking * Systematized * Slightly parking cards may be * Vehicles facilities traffic flow reduced air issued along with * Discouraging * Employment and noise accidental insurance unnecessary generation pollution * Increase in revenue and parking streamlining of parking * Tree plantation may be encouraged at parking _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ p la c e s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ REGULATORY REFORMS- REPEAL OF URBAN LAND CEILING ACT P -ve * Encroachment * Increased * BPL slum residents may s of ecological pressure on be rehabilitated safely URBAN LAND CEILING resources - existing * Building regulations to be > Unlocks potential land flora and fauna infrastructure strictly implemented transactions and revenue +ve * Benami Vacant areas are registrations are developed arrested REGULATORY REFORMS - REFORM OF RENT CONTROL ACT _________ RENT CONTROL -ve * Hike in rental * Enhanced rents - Increased F Ecological * Civic infrastructure * Depreciation of interest > Safe guards owner rights values make tenants more pressure on imbalance structure to be planned rates would encourage > Supports housing * Tenants are vulnerable civic for increased housing housing development affected infrastructure from improved revenue > Financial feasibility to +ve * Safe guards * Encouraging real * Increased from property tax ownership owner rights estate investments housing - Measures to be taken to > Depreciation of interest rates * Supports housing * Housing demand is urban balance tenants encouraging real estate development met development affordability and comforts investments * Financial * Improved property * Water harvesting feasibility to tax and revenue to structures and tree ownership ULB's plantation may be made mandatory * Mandatory adherence to building regulations - 0/' Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Enviroinienital Assessment Rcport REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENT/MITIGA ASSUMPTIONS TION MEASURES -vel DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS +ve I I FISCAL AND FINANCIAL REFORMS - MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL -ve * Budget allocation for MANAGEMENT +ve * Increased budget Improved municipal * Improved civic environmental & social > Accrual based accounting allocation on finance amenities sustainable projects system capital and 0 & M * Audit of budget > Rationalized municipal budget of Infrastructure * Allocations to weaker > Expenditure rationalization * Total transactions sections and slum > Better Asset management accounted programs to be ensured FISCAL AND FINANCIAL REFORMS - ESTABLISHING BENCH MARKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM BENCHMARKING AND -ve * Increased * Adopting best practices MONITORING pressure on staff * Social & Environmental > Targets to be achieved set management indicators > Better performance for improved +ve * Effective service * Improved * Improved performance delivery maintenance of health and Infrastructural ecology / facilities environment FISCAL AND FINANCIAL REFORMS - MUNICIPAL ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MUNICIPAL ASSET -ye * Encroachers and * BPL slum dwellers to be MANAGEMENT slum dwellers safely rehabilitated and > Identification of movable and become vulnerable compensated immovable properties Movable vehicular assets > Physical verification to be checked for > Valuation pollution > Put to rationalized usage * Tree plantation in all identified vacant sites and dwellings 208 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Asscssment Report REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENT/MITIGA ASSUMPTIONS TION MEASURES -ve/ DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS +ve +ve * Improved * Issue of Municipal * Improved municipal capital bonds environment finance * Revenue improvement * Arrest encroachments * Clearance of slums FISCAL AND FINANCIAL REFORMS - COMPLETION OF ARREARS OF ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT -ve * Individuals with * Provision for easy arrears are installments of arrears affected * Account of expenditure +ve * Listing and * Arrest loopholes in * Improved for environmental collection of tax collection ecology and management to be arrears * Enables E-seva Health of the audited strictly. * Revenue functioning town enhancement URBAN LAND USE PLANNING - URBAN PLANNING AND LAND MANAGEMENT -ve * Social and environmental Ensure that issues to be included as Environmentally part of urban sustained land > Check hazardous urban management development is growth encouraged > Master plan reference and +ve * Effective * Arrest * Streamlined * Capital Investment and updation implementation of encroachments town growth O&M Costs For building bye laws Infrastructure Management Is Increased URBAN LAND USE PLANNING - BASE MAP PREPARATION USING G.I.S. TECHNOLOGY -VE * All social and * Locations of traffic environmental issues congestion, water may be captured spatially contamination and > Computenzed spatial data during any project leakages etc. can be technology * Implementation captured to better > Linkage between departments * An environmental address the de ^ shar'i^ -- planning and environmental issues management layer to be created _ _ ~~~~~~~~2U9 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENTIMITIGA ASSUMPTIONS ____ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ TION _M EASURES -ve/ DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS +ve +VE * Specific data * Un assessed and r Better urban * Improved availability to each under assessed ar land municipal department captured / tapped management services _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ spatially URBAN LAND USE PLANNING - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT -VE * Tree plantation on either * Ensure that it includes air sides of the road and noise pollution +VE * Reduced traffic Better traffic * Reduced * Traffic islands are congestion and and pollution maintained with good accidents transportation green land scapes planning_ HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REFORMS - EXPOSURE VISITS TO BEST PRACTICE SITES -VE * Resettlement and _ _ _ _ I t rehabilitation issues to be > Exposure to best practices +VE * Increased Better cooperation * Overcoming * Improved civic studied in best practice > Implementation of best awareness to for implementation the problem amenities and areas practices municipal of various reforms areas municipal * Study tours should also functionaries and services include environmental corporators component HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT RlFORMS - HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-VE *- Capacity building / +VE * Improved * Improved health of * Improved human resource > Rationalize human resource municipal services the town people ecology development to address social and environmental _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~ ~~issues _ _ _ _ HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REFORMS - PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -VE | Ensure that all +VE | Improved investments are done transparency and with public intervention effectiveness in l Community participation project of the project location is identification and ensured implementation * Identification of environmentally sustainable projects through peoples' participation in decision I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ i__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l__ _ _ _ _ __ _ m ak in g 210 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reformis and Municipal Services Project Social and Environimenital Assessmecnt Report REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENTA MITIGA ASSUMPTIONS TION MEASURES __________ -vet DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + V e I_ _ _ _ _ _ __I_ _ _ INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS - STRENGTHENING APUFIDC (ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN FINANCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION) -VE * Socially & *Project development environmentally window shall consist of sustainable projects are environmentalists and identified social specialists who will * Part of the project verify the categorization investment to be meant and assessment of > Project development Window for rehabilitation and investments for the social > Reforms window environmental issues and environmental > Banking window c Feed back from public approval. consultations, social ____ __________ +VE * Financially * Improved * Check on organizations, NGOs, * The release of funds sustainable, resettlement and unwanted vulnerable groups to be should be subject to feed socially & Rehabilitation (R & projects taken during back from different Environmentally R) identification, groups, technical and feasible projects implementation and financial screening operation of the project INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS - E-GOVERNANCE -VE * This may be extended for > Improved collection efficiency +VE Improved * Equity issues management of varous > Improved revenue convenience addressed doing jenvironmental > Betterov transpency inetheuc Single cell facility away with middle parameters system ~~~~~~~~~~~reducing need for men duping theI system additional poor and illiterate infrastructure INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS - CITIZEN CHARTER -VE * Increased | R&R issues, responsibilities and environmental related > Better services and pressures on problems should also be administration municipal addressed positively. ad iitrto __________________ functionaries l _ +VE * Increased _____ accountability i l INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS - REPORT CARD SYSTEM / CITIZEN SATISFACTION SURVEY _ -VE | Increased l R&R issues, responsibilities and environmental related pressures on problems should also be > Survey results are indicators municipal addressed positively. for the 'ev ef clmunieipal functionaries I Citizens' perceptions services provided reflecting Environmental performance of services, inputs for aversion of environmental hazards should be included 211 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report REFORM SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENHANCEMENT/MITIGA ASSUMPTIONS TION MEASURES -ve/ DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS +ve +VE - Increased * the problems accountability specific to poor and * Better services middle class are and administration known INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS - AWARNESS BUILDING > Awarenens progarams adghts -VE * Awareness programs e eeness tregarding rights, a +VE - Increased Increased public related to environmental policies ~~~~~knowledge on cooperation and like tree plantation, policieness programmes various social, involvement in ground water harvesting, e Awareness programmes environmental and investments and maintenance of clean regardng environmental administrative infrastructure surroundings etc. to be issues maintenance taken up. 212 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and MLnicipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 7 IDENTIFICATION OF INIPACTS AND ANALY'SIS OF ALTERNATIVES 7.1 This chapter discusses how a proposed sub-project could affect the people or any sub-group and influence the social position positively or negatively, directly and indirectly. The impact of the reform components and investment subprojects on the people are discussed. Attention has been given to community perceptions and cross sectional issues in identifying the impacts. 7.2 The chapter also tries to discuss the possible alternative within the design of the sub-project itself to minimize and avoid the possible social and environmental impacts. This should be done utilizing the indicators identified in the previous section. 7.1 SOCIAL IMPACTS 7.3 Sub-projects undertaken for development purposes and to overcome infrastructure problems in the urban areas necessitate forcible relocation of residents especially from slums and other areas of congestion, causing severe adverse social and economic impacts. The problem becomes exacerbated when the rights and entitlements of these people are not recognized in the local laws and resettlement policies. Due to this it becomes the responsibility of the project implementing authorities to see that the sub-project plan takes into consideration the potential social and environmental impacts on the people before considering the sub-project for implementation. Poverty related goals would remain elusive unless development planners and municipal administrators address resettlement issues with empathy with no less importance and attention to urban development goals. 7.4 Since the APURMS Project not just aims at specific area development in towns and cities but also focuses its attention to city and town wide infrastructure there are bound to be disturbances and disruptions, which may project themselves as social and environmental problems to the people. To get a better understanding of the social and environmental adverse impacts that may arise due to any developmental intervention, especially infrastructure improvements in the urban areas the study team has selected 10 sub-projects either completed, under implementation or proposed in the towns selected for the study. The selected sub-projects have been discussed in Chapter - V. The types of loss that may occur due to infrastructure sub-projects have been identified by assessing these sub-projects conducted in the field as a part of the consultation process for the preparation of SEA and the SEAM Framework. 7.1.1 LOSS OF LAND 7.5 Land acquisition leads to loss of land and displacement of people who are affected by the sub-project under implementation. Loss of land may be defined in several ways, which changes the existing social and environmental milieu. Loss of land refers to several types of impacts and displacements, which are discussed below: 4 Loss of agricultural land that includes loss of arable land, standing crops; this also leads to loss of improvements and crops on land. Changes in site design, change of 213 Andhra Pradesh Urban Peforms and Municipal Services ' Social and Environmental Assessment Report use in existing built up environment and land usage, growth pattern (timing, amount, location and type of growth) are the probable impacts of land acquisition. v Land use control of the sub-project area is affected, loss of lease and tenancy interest in land due to acquisition, disruption in settlement pattern which leads to change in population distribution pattern. * Loss of traditional land rights and subsistence income for indigenous or tribal people, which forces them to a vulnerable state, losing their property rights cherished and being utilized for generations. * Loss of access to forest / wasteland has a very severe impact on flora and fauna, community or partial land and access to fishpond and fishing places (disruption of the existing natural social and environment). * Loss of land leads to the increase or decrease in land value and also adding to the loss of assets of family members having formal title especially women headed households, along with loss of house plots/residential (owned or occupied) business premises (owned or occupied). 7.6 In other words, expropriation of land takes away the main foundation on which peoples basic livelihood systems are constructed. If these livelihood systems are not rebuilt elsewhere or replaced with steady income generating employment then landlessness sets in leading to impoverishment. 7.1.2 LOSS OF BUILT UP PROPERTY 7.7 Loss of built up property would broadly refer to change in housing typology and occupancy level, change in demand pattern, valuation of built up properties. Change in house or living quarters, other physical structures, structures used in commercial/industrial activity, displacement from rented or occupied commercial premises and educational organizations and institutions, loss of community centers, markets and health centers. 7.8 From the above-discussed losses with regard to built up property, the loss of housing and shelter is critical and can cause severe drop in the living standards of the displaced. Homelessness is another form of economic dispossession due to loss of house. Displacement here removes an individual's major anchor and an important psychological prop for facing unexpected problems. The loss of shelter is temporary for most displaced but the temporary phase can be very long and traumatic by nature. 7.1.3 LOSS OF PRODUCTIVE ASSETS 7.9 It includes all assets, which are used in management and utilization of any economic activity and occupation. 7.1.4 LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD 7.10 Loss of livelihood would refer to, a person who stands to lose his / her source of income due to the impact of the sub-project. Loss of primary occupation or source of income as recorded in the census. Loss of livelihood through loss of job or job opportunities primarily in urban areas affects people such as artisans or service providers like barbers, washerwomen or men, shopkeepers, shop workers and small businesspersons. 214 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4 More than one person in a household may fall into this category. Domestic help, casual employees and persons not usually residing with, or dependent upon, the household their income or employment is impacted. Land less laborers fall into this category. 4 Loss of wage-earning opportunities, or loss of access to work, loss of employment opportunities from affected land, which would also include squatters and vendors. v Change in occupational distribution, income level, and loss of income from rent or sharecropping, wage earnings, affected business, loss of income from forest products, fishponds, fishing places, grazing land and subsistence from any of these sources. 7.1.5 LOSS OF PUBLIC UTILITY LINES 7.11 Loss of public utility lines would refer to relocation or realignment of utility lines like water supply lines, sewerage network, and telephone and power supply cables before the start of the sub-project or during sub-project execution phase that may affect the people who are using the services in the form of damage to the public utility lines, variation in supply, blockage or choking, shift of demand on other systems or network, etc. 7.1.6 LOSS OF ACCESS TO URBAN CIVIC SERVICES 7.12 Deterioration in the livelihood is also caused due to the loss of access to public services. The community owned public services that may be lost include schools, health centers, public offices, electricity, drinking water sources, recreation sources etc. this is particularly true for those without assets. 7.13 During the construction activities or even during the maintenance phase of certain sub-project access and also public utility lines along the road corridors or any other sub- project site may be limited or disrupted for the time period. There could be change in the probability of accidents and congestion or disruption of traffic or there could be impact on cemeteries, and burial sites causing problems to the public. After loosing the common resources the affected people may end up exploiting the host population. This may lead to social tensions and environmental deterioration. 7.1.7 LOSS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES 7.14 Cultural property requires a special attention. A cultural property includes properties valued for their cultural, religious or social significance by the local community or any relevant stakeholders or any agency established by law to conserve cultural heritage. Following are the possible impact that leads to the loss of cultural property. 4 Damage of structures due to movement or due to the collision of heavy machinery / equipment during the construction phase. v Damage of structure from the vibration or due to the air pollution due to the operation of heavy machinery / equipment. Damage of site due to improper waste disposal. 215 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Murnicipal Services -,, r Social and Environmental Assessment Report 4 Loss of shrines, other religious symbols or sites, places of worship (church, temple, mosque, gurudwara). 7.1.8 LOSS TO VULNERABLE GROUPS 7.15 Impoverishment is a process of decline in the economic position of the oustees due to loss of basic sources of livelihood. Landlessness, joblessness and homelessness are all indications of this process of marginalization. It occurs when families cannot fully restore their lost economic strength. Families that were earlier precariously balanced above the poverty line fall below it and never recover totally. This process of impoverishment is often looked at through the perspective of livelihood in general. For example, it is necessary to give specific attention to the impoverishment of women and children. This is mainly because process of displacement has specific adverse impacts on women's status in the family as well as community. Similarly in the case of aged people, those physically challenged, and other deprived communities like the scheduled castes, Scheduled Tribes, Economically backward classes etc., may face the risk of impoverishment, as they are more vulnerable to development interventions that cause dislocation or displacement. 7.16 Although all sub-project-affected people may face hardships, the various vulnerable groups like women, children and social disadvantaged groups could be more affected as they have been discriminated against and exploited in the past. Vulnerability as such needs to be understood in a larger perspective of social processes of change. With reference to women it is difficult to reach at any conclusion concerning changes brought about in women's lives due to displacement. This is only because the 'quality of life' is a relative term, but also because a lot depends on women's experiences, their social and economic backgrounds and their own perceptions. One of the main reasons for the vulnerability of the historically disadvantaged groups like the SCs, STs, and BCs is that they have no legal entitlement or ownership of private property. They are mainly dependent on community property resources or natural resources. Therefore consequences of displacement on historically disadvantaged groups include adverse conditions of living due to land alienation, inability to continue their traditional occupation, dismantling of old production systems leading to increased economic hardship and dispossession in social, cultural and political spheres. Under the project, the following groups can be considered as members of a vulnerable group. 4 Scheduled Castes; 4 Scheduled Tribes or Indigenous Population; 4 Physically Challenged/Handicapped; 4 Woman-headed households; and 4 Low income group households below the poverty line 4 Children and the elderly, who could also be considered as members of the vulnerable groups, may also be eligible for assistance and support mechanisms under the collective category, if found necessary in subsequent stages of investigation. 216 Andhra Pradesh Urban Refornms and Municipal Services -'r l Social and Environmental Assessment Report 7.1.9 DISPLACEMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 7.17 The terms "indigenous people", "indigenous ethnic minorities", "tribal groups" and "scheduled tribes" describe social groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. Because of the varied and changing contexts in which they are found no single definition can capture their diversity. These are the poorest segment of the population who engage in economic activities ranging from shifting agriculture in or near forests to wage labourers or even small-scale market oriented activities. Social disorganization may take place with the type of changes that are brought about by the displacement process. The traditional social control mechanisms may be weakened and even lost. Consequently social tensions may increase. Often the oustees, experience the loss of self-esteem as individuals and as communities, when confronted with development and modernization. When dealing with these groups it is important to consider the following aspects and plan to avoid any adverse social impacts. 4 Close attachment to ancestral territories & to natural resources - Self-identification & identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group * Indigenous language, often different from national language - Presence of customary social & political institutions 7.2 GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 7.18 Generally environmental impacts are observed on various environmental components such as air, water and land and on surrounding eco-system (flora and fauna). Since the stakeholders are directly dependent on these components, a sub project may affect these components both positively and negatively, directly and indirectly. 7.19 The possible generic impacts due to infrastructure investments on various environmental components are listed in the Table 7.1 below Table - 7.1: Generic Environmental Impacts SI.No Component of Impact Environment Direct Indirect Flooding due to change in drainage pattern Change in land fertility Impacts due to disposal of soil Loss of flora and fauna I Land and Land Use Water logging Qualitative and quantitative changes Erosion in Ground water table Land Pollution 2 Flora and Fauna Loss of ecosystem due to constructional activities Loss of flora and fauna due to new ecosystems Change in air quality due to dust, smoke due to Changes in air Temperature, construction activities humidity 3 Air Environment Change in air quality due to dust, smoke and Acidic rain fall due to air pollution gases from operation and maintenance activities. Odour nuisance Deterioration of air quality due to increase in traffic Impacts due to change in noise levels during Change in noise levels due to 4 Noise Environment construction & operation stages. increased traffic congestion on the access road to sub project location and due to dumping of materials. Decrease in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels Salinity ingress due to dewatering at 5 Water Environment Impact on Aquatic life construction and operation stage Impacts related to ground water over exploitation Impact due to utilization of river water _____________________________________________ with changes in river water quality 217 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrment Report 7.2.1 SUB PROJECT WISE ENVIRONMENTAL GENERIC IMPACTS 7.20 The possible generic adverse environmental impacts due to infrastructure projects are listed in the Table 7.2 below: Table - 7.2 Generic Environmental Impacts Across Various Sub-projects Type of Environment Impact Urban Component infrastructure Direct Indirect project Land and Land Use > Geological changes due to over > Land use change due to stagnation of exploitation of ground water water leakages during implementation > Reduction in moisture content of soil and loss of vegetation Flora and Fauna > Loss of flora and faunal density due to > Impact due to stagnation/flooding of construction of water supply water leakages / over exploitation of distribution, treatment plants etc. surface or ground water Air Environment > Change in air quality due to dust, > Deterioration of air quality due to smoke due to construction and O&M increased traffic of water tankers and Water supply activities traffic congestion at water supply investments. Noise Environment > Noise pollution by water treatment > Increase in energy loads due to running plants, construction activities of water of treatment plant and pumping stations supply activities and water tankers Water Environment > Contamination of treated water supplies > Spread of disease through spill water due to leakages and stagnant pools > Change in ground water quality and > Water logging salinity intrusion in coastal aquifers due to over exploitation Land and Land Use > Soil pollution due to Seepage of > Health risks due to breeding of sewerage from drains and sanitation infectious diseases facilities Flora and Fauna > Loss of flora and fauna at the sub project intervention area Air Environment > Odour nuisance due to poor sanitation > Unhygienic conditions due to poor Sanitation maintenance of community sanitation facilities Noise Environment > Disturbance during construction. Water Environment > Contamination of groundwater and > Additional load on existing sewerage flooding due to improper location of network and water supply sanitation facilities - water logging Land and Land Use > Impacts due to disposal of sludge from > Odor nuisance, which may some times treatment plants lead to major changes in surrounding land use pattem Flora and Fauna > Loss of flora and fauna at the sub > Degradation of flora and fauna along the project intervention area drainage length Sewerage Air Environment > Air pollution due to sewerage treatment > Nuisance due to Insects and flies Sewerage plants, sewerage drains Noise Environment > O&M of sewerage treatment plants > Increase in energy load for running the > Odour nuisance treatment plants and pumping stations Water Environment > Impacts due to effluent disposal like > Impacts due to improper location of degradation of surface water quality disposal point such as locating near to groundwater quality and land pollution the water intake point Land and Land Use > Changes in land use and hydrology > Increase in sediment load of the > Change in surface and groundwater receiving body quality due to overflows and leakages > Flooding of down stream areas in case of improper disposal facilities Flora and Fauna > Impact on flora and fauna in the storm Storm Water water drainage intervention area. Drainage Air Environment > Air quality degradation due to > Impacts due to blocking of surface stagnation drains by refuse and sediments Noise Environment > Increased noise levels during construction activities Water Environment > Impact due to combined flow of waste water and storm water 218 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Table - 7.2 Generic Environmental Impacts Across Various Sub-projects Type of Environment Impact Urban Component infrastructure Direct Indirect Land and Land Use > Impacts due to spillage of solid waste > Loss of productive land or wetland from open trucks during transportation areas because of dumping of solid wastes > Health hazards due to flies and vectors > Fire hazards Flora and Fauna > Impact on flora and fauna at the solid > Non-compliance to aesthetic waste dumping and processing environment Solid waste Air Environment > Impacts due to leachates from solid > Nuisance due to insecticides and flies management wastes > Increase in energy loads due to running of treatment and disposal of wastes transportation of solid waste Noise Environment > Increased noise levels due to solid waste vehicular transportation Water Environment > Contamination of surface water bodies > Contamination of ground water due to near dumping sites due to leaching of seepage of stagnant rain water in the wastes solid waste dumps during rainy season Land and Land Use > Flooding due to change in drainage > Change in land characteristics of th patterns and change in land use surrounding areas due to movement o > Change in land use to increase earth moving vehicles and other roa accessibility construction equipment > Impacts due to excavation and disposal > Urban Congestion due to increase of soil accessibility > Increased sediment load in the water bodies > Land and water pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar, oil and grease Flora and Fauna > Loss of ecosystems > Disturbance to forest and protecte( > Exploitation of natural resources due to areas along with risk of poaching an( Roads and new or increased accessibility and logging transportation urban congestion Air Environment > Deterioration of air quality due to traffic > Concentration of air pollutants due ti I increase congestion Noise Environment > Noise due to construction, demolition, > Disturbance to other services durin activities and earth moving operators construction > Increase in noise levels due to movement of traffic Water Environment > Change in Flooding pattem due to > Decrease in ground water recharge du topographical changes to surfacing Land and Land Use > Change in Land use > Health risk due to infection from organi > Urban congestion waste Flora and Fauna > Non-compliance with aesthetic environment Air Environment > Clogging of drainage due to disposal of > Increase in traffic after commissioning Organized waste substance markets > Odour nuisance from unmanaged waste Noise Environment > Increase in noise levels of various activities Water Environment > Change in water quality due to discharge of waste with high organic content Land and Land Use > Change in Land use > Urban congestion and stress on other facilities Flora and Fauna > Contamination of water bodies and green spaces due to peak tourist Environmental movements improvement: Air Environment > Deterioration in air quality due to traffc Parks and increase 219 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services i; : Social and Environmental Assessment Report Table - 7.2 Generic Environmental Impacts Across Various Sub-projects Type of Environment Impact Urban Component infrastructure Direct Indirect project greenery Noise Environment > Disturbance during construction activity > Increased noise levels due to increased population in the sub project area. Water Environment > Contamination of water bodies and > Water logging due to improper green spaces due to peak tourist construction movements Land and Land Use > Change in Land use > Creation of new source for waste > Loss of productive land generation > Noise pollution due to large scale movement of material and equipment during construction Flora and Fauna > Loss of flora and fauna due to new > Non-compliance to aesthetic ntegrated area ecosystems environment development Air Environment > Increased air pollution due to various > Impacts due to improper sanitation developmental activities facilities Noise Environment > Increased noise levels Water Environment > Change in hydrology and drainage > Increased stress on water resources patterns and other infrastructure facilities due to development Land and Land Use > Increased generation of hazardous bio- > Health risk due to infected animals medical waste due to hospitals > Visual blight due to slaughterhouses > Increased traffic and loading of certain and crematoria roads due to investments in particular > Inappropriate hike of land rates due to areas investments in certain areas > Land pollution due to disposal of ash/ > Change or impact on surrounding land solid waste use due to location of crematoria/ slaughterhouse Critical citywide Flora and Fauna > Loss of flora and fauna due to infraat ctywe eincreased concrete infrastructure Air Environment > Increase in air pollution > Unhygienic condition due to disposal of > Water pollution due to ash from unburnt waste in surrounding areas crematoria > Cause of fire hazards in crematora/ > Odour nuisance from slaughter houses slaughter houses and markets Noise Environment > Increase in noise levels due to movement of traffic Water Environment > Clogging of drainage due to disposal of waste substance Land and Land Use > Change in land use pattern > Additional stress on existing infrastructure Flora and Fauna > Air Environment P Odour due to mismanagement of solid > Health impacts due to poor sanitation waste - irregular collection from bins facilities among households Area up gradation Noise Environment > Disturbance to other services during construction o Noise during construction Water Environment > Contamination of groundwater due to > Decrease in groundwater recharge due poor upkeep of community water supply to road surfacing and sanitation facilities 220 Anclhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services ri Social and Environmental Assessment Report 8 PLANS AND STRATEGIES 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.1 For better management of the social and environmental issues during the implementation of projects in the urban areas clear strategies and plans are needed. In view of this three plans have been suggested for the better implementation of the projects considering their sustainability both socially and environmentally. 8.1.1 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY ACTION PLAN 8.2 This includes an institutional plan to improve social and environmental management and monitoring of sub projects, based on findings of the institutional assessment and the analysis of issues that might need to be addressed. The plan covers the relevant agencies, staffing requirements, roles and responsibilities of key staff, and training. 8.1.2 INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION STRATEGY 8.3 This plan includes information roles of the project implementing agencies to create awareness about the program among target communities and key municipal bodies and officials. It also presents consultation role to be undertaken by the project implementing agencies during the project stages. 8.1.3 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN 8.4 This plan suggests actions for better management and monitoring of projects considering covering the social and environmental issues that arise under the project. 8.2 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTION PLAN (SECAP) 8.5 Building the capacities of an institution would aim at fostering a well-planned, competitive, efficient set of arrangements and group of representatives and functionaries within an institution to achieve its goals and develop its credibility. In the present context of growing urban developmental interventions, strengthening the capacities of the urban and municipal institutions should be formulated in a view to achieve compliance and competence in addressing the social and environmental concerns that arise out of development. It is suggested that a systems approach to capacity development is desirable as it provides a multidimensional platform, which includes the institutional/organizational, individual, network/sectoral and the enabling environment. The advantages of this approach are that it is comprehensive and flexible and it emphasizes linkages and recognizes processes. It is necessary that capacity enhancement exercises adopt participatory approaches so as to ensure people-centered development, improve social and environmental capitacities and stakeholders' involvement and acceptability. 221 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessmnent Report 8.6 The increasing demand for more flexible and responsive management styles for the development and management of local bodies calls for new and different organizational structures and relationships between different organizations. Institutional capacity building should also look into enabling mechanisms to encourage citizens, welfare groups, neighborhood associations to take responsibilities for the management of their own neighborhoods and services. It also includes the legal and regulatory changes that have to be made in order to enable local bodies to enhance their capabilities. Capacity needs to be built at various levels and across various fields of activity and working with Private parties, local communities need to be developed. 8.7 An institutional plan has been developed from the findings of the institutional assessment conducted at the field, which has been discussed in Chapter - IV. The plan specifically identifies the shortcomings in the capacities at the ULB level and suggests relevant measures. Issues have been identified and assessed to suggest appropriate measures for capacity enhancement. Specific institutional arrangements required for capacity enhancement will also be discussed in the SEAMF. 8.2.1 SOCIAL SECTION 8.2.1.1 MEASURES TOWARDS CAPACITY BUILDING FOR INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Components of Observations and Measures needed Capacity Assumptions perceived capacity building Building for Institutional Development to handle social issues Knowledge on It has been found that most of the functionaries of the > The Staff and the Policy, legal and municipality level are not well informed about the policy, functionaries at the administrative legal and administrative framework within which they municipality level will have a Provisions have to function. One of the first steps in capacity lot of clarity on various issues building activity is to be well versed with the various pertaining to the functioning of provisions provided to the functionaries to perform their the municipality and the duties and also follow various provisions, which are functionaries will also be able meant for better service delivery, and also to protect the to handle any grievances or social interests of the people. Capacities with regard to conflicts in a better way with this can be developed as follows: the help of such reference documents. > Steps have to be taken by the DMA to prepare a > Issues that may pose comprehensive document of reference highlighting hindrances during the project the policy, legal and administrative framework within implementation and planning which the functions of the municipalities are drafted. can be handled in a The roles and responsibilities of various professional and faster functionaries, various laws and legislations linked to manner if the functionaries municipal administration, Constitutional provisions, are well versed with the legal, policies of the state and central govemments like policy and administrative policies on R&R, health, employment, poverty framework of the alleviation etc., and others that provide for municipalities. safeguarding the social interests of the people like > The staff will be better World Bank Policies etc. The functionaries of the equipped and competent to municipalities in implementing projects may use this handle social issues document. pertaining to the projects with > The document has to be prepared in crisp and easy the help of training and there language for the understanding of the municipal lesser chances of confusions functionaries and it should also be circulated in both and provision of services will English and Telugu for better reach. take timely and correct. > Special steps have to be taken by the DMA to devise modules, which can be used to test the competence of the functionaries at the municipality level on the legal, policy and administrative framework. > The legal, policy and administrative framework need to be updated regularly to keep the staff updated with the new changes in the framework. > Training programmes should also be organized to 222 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report help the functionaries at the municipality level to understand the framework and also help in enhancing the capacity of the functionaries Training Training is an important component for developing the capacities of the functionaries of the municipalities. Appropriate and timely training to the officials with regard to various issues can bring a positive change in the functioning of the functionaries. From the assessment of the institutions it has been found that the municipal staff are not adequately trained to handle certain specialized tasks. The training requirement for the capacity building of the municipality staff can be undertaken under the following heads. Training on Human Resource Development (HRD) to > Training in HRD will help the the section heads and senior municipal officials at the senior officials to develop municipality level is important. The following steps may training programmes for in- be undertaken: house capacity building within > Since the senior officials at the municipality are the the resources available to human resource managers and decision makers at them. the municipality level, they have to be trained to > Transfer of knowledge will utilize the human resources at their disposal in a take place from the senior better way. officials to the other > The senior management needs the support of functionaries. specialized capacities to carryout their duties and the > Better coordination and time training component under HRD should concentrate management and optimum on in-house training and development of capacities utilization of the capacities. with the help of which the senior management can take the initiative without any external support. Training on computer application to the municipal staff > Better capacity of the is another important part of developing the capacities of functionaries to operate the functionaries. computers and other > A majority of the staff in the municipality is very poor application. in handling computers and is facing problems to get > Sophisticated and adjusted to the computerization drives undertaken. professionalism in maintaining > Preparing matrices, planning schedules, maintaining records and databases. databases, generating tables and analysis of data > Time saving, faster and easy etc., are important, when implementing large projects management of day-to-day in the urban areas. activities. > Training of all functionaries at the municipality level in > Building better capacities for operating various programmes for generating and project management through maintaining information and analyzing this computer knowledge information is of high priority. > Better financial management, > The training programmes can be conducted by project management through external consultants on a regular basis (Weekly), analysis of social which also involve assessment and progress tests for components. the functionaries. Training on conducting consultations and surveys is > Capacities are built within the also necessary for the municipal staff. Since municipality to conduct infrastructure and reform projects will be initiated in the surveys and consultations for urban areas it is important for the municipal staff to get future projects in the acquainted with the processes involved in conducting municipality. consultations and surveys to generate information. > Capacities of the staff will be > Training on consultation processes for specific built to monitor and check the projects and exposure to various participatory progress and direction of the methods of consultation can be undertaken by surveys when extemal recruiting extemal consultants to train them. agencies such as NGOs are > Secondly, steps such as attaching selected municipal undertaking the surveys. functionaries in all surveys conducted in the > Municipalities will be able to municipalities, delegation of field oriented works built better relation with the along with the NGOs, training on surveys methods people through consultation can develop their capacities in conducting surveys. processes as they can initiate > Concentration should be on the type of information to them through their own be generated through the surveys, especially on the capacity. socio-economic information and other related information. > Till the capacities of the municipality are developed technical assistance should be provided and methods of collaboration between the local NGOs and the municipality can be examined. > In cases where the NGOs are new to R&R oriented projects where social issues need to be addressed, should also be trained for better capacity development along with the municipal officials. 223 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Training on Resettlement and Rehabilitation is another > Better capacities and very essential requirement for the municipality staff to exposure to R&R will help the address the social problems and issues that may arise staff to understand the out of implementing urban projects. problems better and also pave > Most of the staff at the municipality is not properly a way to address the social exposed to the issues of R&R. issues in a professional way. > The staff needs to have clarity on varous laws and > The staff will be able to legislations, safeguard policies, methods of address the problems in the implementation, valuation of assets, handling field with a lot more expertise grievances, management of capacities, entitlements, and ease with the help of compensations, allowances, social impacts etc., with training. regard to R&R in typical urban infrastructure projects. > While implementing the project > For this purpose external consultants may be hired to time is a highly important train the municipal staff on R&R. factor. R&R training will help > Before the commencement of the project training the staff to save time in programmes can be organized for the staff at the managing R&R issue at all municipalities, especially all the staff who are stages of the project involved in planning and drafting the projects at the > Issues with regard to data base ULB level. management in R&R will be > The higher officials should also undergo this training addressed with more skill and as they play a primary role in the preparation and proficiency. drafting the R&R policy and Action Plans for the > Managing information and urban projects that would be implemented under coordination will be APURMSP. developed. > The staff will be exposed to various methods of analyzing and assessing social issues that may rise in project implementation. Issues like valuation of assets, land acquisition etc.; will be addressed in a specialized way. Technical Proper technical plans for urban projects considering the > The technical capacities of the assistance on social impact is an essential task. staff are developed. engineering and > For various technical works undertaken in the > Better learning for the construction issues projects like engineering works, drafts, assessments municipal staff can be the municipalities are taking help from external foreseen in working with close consultants. The external consultants operate coordination with experts and outside the capacities of the municipality and the qualified extemal staff. processes are not exposed to the staff. > Hiring staff on contract basis > It has been observed during the institutional is cost affective and also the assessments that the training and assistance with recruited staff are more regard to technical assessments to the municipal responsible. engineering and planning staff has to given more priority than recruiting extemal consultants. > As an initial step towards achieving capacity building in this direction would be to link the municipal staff to the consultants to leam the process. > It is also preferable to see that new staff who are qualified and proficient in technical assessments is recruited on a contract basis for these works who would act as a part of the capacity of the municipality and work in close coordination with the municipal officials. This would help the development of the capacities of the technical personnel in the municipality. Communication A well-developed communication strategy has to be > Better communication can be strategy developed to realize better results in implementing the developed with the PAPs and projects. other primary stakeholders > For the preparation of a Social Consultation and affected by the project. Communication Strategy (SCCS) the concemed > Clearer understanding of the municipalities have to develop their own plans of social problems of the people communication according to the availability of staff affected by the project would and wherever necessary recruiting new staff. help in better service delivery > The PPP implementing authorities successful of the officials. implementation of the project depends on the ability > Implementation of the project be in close contact with the people and the project becomes easier affected persons in the project area. For this > Conflict resolution and purpose an NGO working in that area with good problem solving becomes credentials can be recruited to develop consultation easier which would otherwise plans. can pose as hindrances to the > Training the other stakeholders who are involved in implementation of the project. 224 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services ' -r Sociail and Environmeital Assessment Report implementing the project can also be undertaken with >- Grievance redressal can the help of consultants who have expertise in R&R. becomes easier and support of the people can be made operational. > Helps in resettling and rehabilitating people appropriately. Developing the Community can be very useful in successful > Act as a helping hand for the capacities of the implementation of a project. They can act as partners in municipality community the programmes and policies of the government and help > They can also be very useful in realizing the project objectives to an optimum capacity. in identifying social problems Developing their capacities becomes vital for better and suggest solutions to the project management. Some of the steps that can be problems encountered in the taken in this direction can be as follows: implementation of a project. > Identification of community groups before the > During the implementation of implementation of the project has to be undertaken the project they can act as to seek their help at various stages of implementing mediators and act as a the project. capacity of the municipality. > Self-help groups, Citizens Groups, Neighbourhood > Successful implementation of Action Committees, DWCUA etc., can be trained the project. under the project with specific plans to include them > Can help in conflict in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the management and solving project. problems during project > Regular meeting with these groups can be organized implementation. to stay informed about the requirements of the > DWCUA groups and people. Women's Groups can help in > Specific training programmes directed towards identifying and addressing developing entrepreneurial ability and skill specific problems pertaining development can be undertaken to develop their to women capacities which could be helpful for project > Better relations and implementation. association with the > Training them in conducting surveys and generating community groups can be survey-based information methods etc., will help the maintained for future projects municipality in using the capacities of these groups and they can be made while implementing the projects. permanent partners in the > New project implementation and community groups municipal activities. can be formed to assist the municipality in its projects. For example constituting ward committees and district planning committees involving the community in planning, implementation and monitoring projects and development plans as suggested in the 74th constitutional amendment can be a similar step. Other measures for Various special programmes can be undertaken by the > The capacities of the staff will capacity urban authorities to train their functionaries and staff and develop in the long run and development develop their capacities. Some such steps can sustained constitute: > The municipal staff would get > Exposure field visits and tours to best practice sites better exposure and leaming in urban project management can be undertaken process in enhanced from time to time to expose the municipal > The staff will be able to functionaries to newer concepts in urban project develop better techniques to management for experience learning. handle problems and conflicts > Deputation of the municipal staff to other department in a project like the revenue department can also improve the > Time management will existing capacities of the municipal staff in improve with better capacity understanding other processes involved in projects > The staff will take up better > Plans to coordination and work with the public coordination roles with representatives have to be devised. This would help exposure to other institutional the municipal officials in understanding and arrangements coordinating with the political representatives and devising a united approach in addressing social problems. > Training programmes in skill development, attitudinal and personality development can also help the officials in developing responsibility and better higher standards of work culture. > Initiation of appropriate learning mechanisms like lecture-based training, on-the-job mentoring etc can also help in developing the capacities of the municipal administration. 225 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services , l- - Social and Environenital Assessmerit Report 8.2.1.2 PROJECT SPECIFIC CAPACITY BUILDING 8.8 Other than capacity building measures that would enhance the institutional development the Project Implementing Agencies (PIA) have to prepare themselves to build capacities to address the issue that would arise in a typical project cycle. To address and mitigate social issues during a project cycle involves specific capacity building measures for successful implementation of the sub-project and achieving the project goals. 8.9 While implementing projects in the urban areas the PIA may encounter various problems in planning, implementing and managing social issues. A typical infrastructure and reform projects in the urban areas may cause social impacts and building capacities for a sub-project aiming at mitigating and managing them. Some of the issues that need attention for capacity building activities during a project are as follows. Steps for Developing Sub-project Specific Capacities Understanding participation skills and capacity building Participation of all stakeholders in the sub-project to address social issues requires proper planning for their capacity building. > Acceptance of the essence of participation by all actors as a tool to address social and R&R issues in a project is the initial step in the process of capacity building. > In the past it was seen that neither the implementers nor the beneficiaries could relate to the action plans that are often designed by the policy makers and planners. On the contrary, what project implementers actually need are skills and organizational capacity to carry out their responsibilities through participation in a manner that would result in well orchestrated network of collaborative activities among all stakeholders, including the beneficiaries of the project. It is highly important that all the functionaries in municipal administration from senior and top officials to officials at the municipality level to involve in the participation process as informed and sensitized management officials would recognize the efficacy of participatory approaches. Identifying the stakeholders as the means or instruments for capacity building There are various stakeholders who would be involved in the project cycle. The capacity building activity should be directed to bring coordination among these stakeholder groups who would address the implementation and management issues and minimize social impacts. Therefore we are looking at developing the capacity of > The functionaries who belong to municipal administration and other institutions who would act as R&R officers, project managers and field staff to interact with the PAPs and beneficiaries. > Project Affected Persons who should reciprocate and interact with the PIA, and > The NGOs who have role in supporting the PIA and the PAPs to achieve the goals of their partnership Together the three sets of actors bring about a participatory process for successful implementation of the development project Developing capacities for the project implementing agency It has to be noted that not all officials in the PIA have innate capacity to address social and R&R issues in a project. To develop these capacities the PIA should consider: > Meaningful participation between the project implementing officials and the PAPs requires the project-implementing agency to seek participation and respond to participatory endeavors of PAPs. > A clear structure of institutional arrangements and R&R functions for project implementation has to be generated and a clear link between the devised institutional structure or official setup and the R&R functions has to be established. This could help in institutionalizing the participatory process for consultations with the people and result in the process becoming more effective. It should also be ensured that for effectively addressing the social issues in a project, all those officials given responsibility to carry out the R&R functions marked to them have corresponding status and authority within the setup. > The interface between the project implementing agencies and the PAPs takes place at various phases of the project like planning, grievance redressal etc. the PAP approaches the project implementing agencies because there is lack of information about their impending displacement or loss of livelihood or poor compensation etc. To address there problems the PIA should train all the R&R officials responsible for implementing a project on a regular and sustained basis. Such training programmes should not only shared by functionaries responsible for R&R but also by others who hold key positions in the organization as a whole. This would help the project-implementing functionaries to appreciate, the relevance, importance of their roles and responsibilities. > Social problems are dynamic and vary according to the situation on the field. Daily interaction will be needed to address the problems of R&R and many decisions have to be taken by the field officials in the field itself. In view of this plans developing capacities should address issues to empower the field staff or junior level staff with the confidence that they can also take decisions. > There are various sections of the society, which can become highly vulnerable to any project intervention. Special care has to be taken while handling issues pertaining to vulnerable groups like women, aged, Schedules Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other economically weaker sections of the society. The PIA has to develop capacities to understand the risks that these vulnerable groups may face with any developmental intervention. Use of participation 226 Andhra Pradesh Urbain Peforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report techniques like Focus Group Discussions, Transect Walks, Social and Resource mapping etc., while consulting these sections of the society can help the project implementing agencies to address their problems in the best possible manner. The PIA has to train itself in understanding these techniques of participation. > For realizing the project goals while sustaining the social objectives it is important to develop the inter-departmental coordination and intra-departmental coordination. The senior levels and junior levels of bureaucracy need to create supports for building their partnership. Similarly better coordination and collaborative functioning with extemal departments and organizations that have an important role to play in project implementation has to be developed. Capacity Building through developing the capacities of the Project affected Persons It is important for the PIA to consider that addressing the social problems with expertise and ease it is only possible when the capacities of the PAPs are also utilized at various stages of the project. It is the responsibility of the PIA to initiate this process of participation with the PAPs. This is important because the PAPs can help in identifying their problems and the requirements to redress it. Some of the steps that need to be considered are as follows: > It is possible that the PAPs also act in non-participatory ways. Most often the PAPs accept their status as 'beneficiaries' and demand benefits, without even considering the possibility of becoming partners in the project. Usually the PAPs do not have the required skills to interact and negotiate with the PIA. To overcome this, the project authorities should consider making the PAPs potential partners in designing, planning and implementing the project social safeguard plans. > Mobilizing the PAPs and developing leadership and other skills in them through a regularly charted programme of interactivity is necessary. > Developing community-based organizations is a significant dimension for developing the interaction between PIA and PAPs. This activity has to be undertaken by the PIA and help the PAPs to organize themselves and form groups for helping the PIA. An important aspect to be noted here is that these community based organizations may not only function during the life of the project, but would most likely go beyond the project and play an active role in becoming self dependent and long standing partners for the municipal authorities. > Exposing the PAPs and the beneficiaries to participation and devising participative plans would benefit the PIA in various ways. 1. The PIA will be able to convey their intentions to minimize resistance through information sharing kind of participation 2. Seeking stakeholders' view on intended interventions through consultation participation 3. Can work together with the stakeholders on a better demand based R&R through cooperation participation 4. Encouraging PAPs to take their own initiatives for better R&R through mobilization participation > Capacity building of the PAPs is also necessary to identify the skills of the PAPs and also help them in income generation activities once they are displaced or loose their livelihood. Identifying the capacities of the PAPs for initiating income generation activities is itself an important task and the PIA should develop skills in this direction to handle these issues. > Training the PAPs can also help the PIA in implementing the R&R provisions in the project with a greater expertise, especially in conducting negotiations and managing conflict. Conflicts are bound to raise and negotiating and solving them with the help of the PAPs and beneficiaries will help the project to be sustained. Developing Capacities through involving Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) Even through a dialogue is developed between the PIA and the PAPs the possibility of a third partner to develop capacities can be explored. The existence of a third partner can prove to be very important and vital in establishing various ways to communicate with the PAPs. The NGOs can fill the place of the third actor to address the social issues in a project. Some of the aspects that need to be examined for better capacity building in this direction are as follows. > One of the foremost steps would be to identify a credible NGO carefully looking into their long record of working with the local communities. If there are no NGOs available then a professional NGO with good experience in social development may be chosen. In other cases the community organizations can also substitute the role of the NGOs in R&R activities of a project. > The NGOs can play a potential role in the R&R activities and in various other phases of the project namely: 1. They can act as mediators to facilitate initial contact and dialogue between the PIA and the PAPs 2. They can supplement the skills and capacity of the PIA like help in participatory need assessment and micro planning etc., for income generation and employment opportunities for the PAPs. 3. As coordinators in planning and implementation of the R&R plans 4. They can act as capacity builders for the PIA as well as the PAPs by imparting training from their experience and knowledge 5. Help in building the capacities of the PAPs through coordinating and organizing the community groups 6. They can also help as arbitrators in dispute resolving between the PIA and the PAPs > Proper coordination with the NGOs has to maintain by the PIA. It is important that the PIA operationalises their idea at the design and implementation stages of the project with the NGO. The PIA should learn to appreciate the role of the NGO, acknowledge the NGOs resources in terms of both policy and implementation and formulate social and R&R strategies in close coordination with them. This will foresee the implementation process with high degree of success. 8.2.1.3 DEVELOPING INTERNAL CAPACITIES 8.10 In successful implementation of the project the internal capacity for addressing R&R and social issues within the PIA has to be institutionalized. If the staff and the functionaries responsible for implementing Social and R&R provisions in a project remain anti-poor, inaccessible and uninvolved, all the participatory initiatives undertaken in the project will remain useless. It is important for the entire social and R&R task managers in 227 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services ,, r Social and Environmental Assessment Report the PIA recognize the importance of this process and build capacities with the help of well-planned learning, experience and training. In order to develop the capacities of the R&R and social division of the PIA for designing and implementing an effective participatory R&R operation, training is required for skills that would enable the officers, task managers and functionaries of the municipalities to carry out their R&R and social functions. This will involve certain basic steps like 4 Assessment of already existing capacity 4 Working out what more is required 4 Identify whose skills need to be improved 4 Identifying how these skills will be improved, and finally 4 Who will impart these skills 8.2.1.4 ASPECTS OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT Horizontal Skill Development Participation of the PAPs in designing and implementation of R&R action plan is to be a priority of all sections of functionaries of the social and R&R division of the implementing agency. This means that the skills of interacting with the PAPs have to be given more attention. Improving the knowledge base of the whole set-up of the development project agency would lay emphasis on the relevance of participation in a horizontal manner. Vertical skill development Often the R&R divisions of a project implementing agencies hire extemal workers or depute junior staff to go to the field and work with the PAPs. However these people possess very low skills of building rapport with the PAPs and consequently even the interface with the PAPs also remains low. It is there fore necessary that both the higher and the lower levels of functionaries at the municipalities have to be involved in operations during the implementation stage so that proper benefits reach the people. Target training Though both horizontal and vertical training is necessary in addressing R&R issues in a project, Each section of the implementing agency need not require the same training. Training has to be tailored to the skills required for the roles and responsibilities of the particular section. It is important to carry out the exercise of need assessment. This will ascertain the existing level of capacities available and the level required to be attained and will ensure targeted skill development. Interactive sessions and experience sharing in training Trainees and trainers need to interact with each other so that they can perceive each group's constraints and incorporate the feedback in the training package. The decisions about training on what, where and how have to be based on a training strategy with adequate flexibility to incorporate changes in the format as and when required. The skill-training programme is not to be one-time activity but it needs to be organized on a continuous basis. 8.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 8.11 The project/sub project implementing or monitoring agency from the state level (DMA / MAUD) to the local level (ULB) needs to build their capacities for the environmental management and monitoring of a sub project. These capacities to be build across different institutions that involve in the sub project cycle at different stages 8.12 The prime institution at the implementation stage of the project is ULB. The assessment of the capacities of the ULB's during this study and testing of sub-projects has informed the study team that the ULB's require improving various environmental skills and capacities for the effective implementation of the project. 8.2.2.1 TO IDENTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS / ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURAL NEEDS OF THE TOWN 8.13 Class I towns presently are equipped with the capacities of preparing CMAPPs initiated by APUSP project. This involves consultation with key stakeholders on the town 228 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report wide infrastructure problems and needs, prioritization of the slums for investments. This process needs to capture the following under this project, APURMSP. 4 Identification of investments that includes environmental component. 4 The prioritization of investments to include and consider environmental sensitivity of Infrastructural needs (investments that addresses sensitive and immediate environmental problems). 8.14 However in Class II and III towns, there exists no CMAPP process. The Class II & III ULBs need to build their capacities for the public consultations with environmental component. 8.2.2.2 CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT OF THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT UNIT 8.15 The proposed social and Environmental Management unit, which is supposed to make decisions in finalizing the sub-project investments, the best sites / locations for the investments from the alternatives available, grievance redress, crisis management etc. needs to build their capacities in environmental concepts, understand environmental implications of infrastructure interventions. 8.2.2.3 COLLECTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT 8.16 The ULB needs to collect the necessary primary and secondary data for the environmental screening and detailed/limited assessment of each of the sub-project investment. The sources are public consultations, technical surveys, reports/studies done on the investment area etc. 8.2.2.4 BUILDING CAPACITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT 8.17 The identified sub project investments by the ULB or the sub project investment proposals by any other external agency has to undergo environmental screening to assess the intensity of the negative environmental impacts. As detailed in the environmental screening framework, depending on the categorization, the sub project has to undergo a detailed/limited Environmental assessment. The Environmental and Social Management unit (ESMU) needs to have the required capacities to conduct the Environmental screening and assessment. 8.18 In Class I towns, The ULB's can screen the sub-projects as per the annexure provided. They could also take up limited environmental assessment for "EB" categorized sub-projects, with proper training mechanisms. 8.19 Whereas in Class II & III towns, all the "EA" and "EB" sub projects may be outsourced for environmental assessments. Training in environmental issues would allow the staff to monitor and coordinate with the consultants effectively. 229 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Scrvices, . - s Social and Environmental Assessmerit Report 8.2.2.5 CAPACITIES TO PREPARE AND IMPLEMENT SUB-PROJECT SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTA MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLANS 8.20 To mitigate the negative environmental impacts, general environmental management and Monitoring plan has been prepared, for all sub-project investments. The plan details the measures to be followed at different stages of the sub project. + Sub Project design stage 4 Sub project implementation / construction stage + Sub Project post implementation / monitoring stage 8.21 The ULB should take the responsibility of preparing the sub-project investment specific environmental management and monitoring plans, referring to the annexure provided. The implementation of these mitigation measures needs diversified capacities. Hence the PIA has to build the required capacities for its implementation. 8.2.2.6 ORGANIZING AND RECORDING PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AT THE SUB- PROJECT LEVEL 8.22 As per the Information and Consultation Strategy, the ULB needs to conduct and organize public consultations at each stage of the sub-project investment. The suggestions, grievances, views of the public are essential and useful in the identification, design, implementation, and monitoring, and operational phases of the investment. 8.2.2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL TASKS 8.23 Below given is the table with general list of step-by-step environmental tasks/components involved in a sub-project investment, for which the capacities are to be assessed and built. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - ACTIVITIES / FUNCTIONS Environment Issues Actions Performed I Capacities required Information and * Addressing Public complaints and Grievances Consultation * Conducting Public consultations and Focused Group Discussions in the problematic areas * Identification of Infrastructure problems and Environmentally sensitive issues * Prioritization of problem issues with respect to severity of environmental impacts * Coordination with the concerned departments in designing the sub projects for sustainable solutions to the infrastructure problems and environmental degradation * Identification of infrastructure development investments that enhances the environmental positive impacts. * Procurement of environmental related data of the sub-project intervention area through consultations. Data collection for * Primary and secondary data collection through surveys, consultations, studies/reports pertaining to the environmental intervention area. screening and assessment Environmental * Categorization of the sub-projects as per the guide lines given in the screening frame work screening and * Detailed Environmental Assessment for the sub projects that fall under EA category. Assessment * Limited environmental assessment for EB categorized sub-projects. Environment * Preparation of sub-project specific environmental management and monitorng plans referring to the Management and annexure provided. Monitoring * Implementation of the mitigation measures at the design, construction and monitoring stages of the sub project. * Monitoring the sub-project investments at the construction and operation stages. Knowledge of * Thorough knowledge of all environmental policies, legislations and administrative frame works and their Regulatory applicability in a sub project intervention. framework * Understanding the applicability of the policies and frame works at all the stages of the sub project cycle implementation. 230 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 8.2.2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING 8.24 Environrmental training is the critical component of capacity building action plan. It is this that imparts the knowledge of environmental concepts, impacts of development on natural environment and ecology. The training in various environmental issues and exposure to best practices in environmental management will make the ESMU, communities and key stake holders of the ULB to insight and include the environmental component in each of the sub-project investment. TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY BUILDING Training the social and Environmental Management Unit This could consist of NGO's, community representatives, APPCB officials, and chairperson apart from the staff of ULB as part of the decisi n making body at the ULB level. This is an important unit that makes decision of each of the specific sub-project investment. It would decide t e best possible location/site, grievance redressal, and all other decision making with respect to the investment. Training of this unit to mak it potential environmental decision making unit is equally important. It is the ULB staff of this unit that implements the social and environmen al assessments, management of the sub-project investments. They also need training to monitor the quality of engineering, social a d environmental assignments outsourced. Training the communities and NGO's The ULB could build its capacity by devolving investment specific responsibilities to the communities and NGO's by encouraging public priv, te partnerships, for environmental management and monitoring. The ULB may take the responsibility of training major NGO's, who are part of SEMC. They would in turn train the communities at the investment level as and when required. Traininq the Contractors Contractors are the one who construct the sub-project, selected through tender process. Additional contract of environmental monitori ng requires the skill and expertise of the contractor to monitor the air, water qualities, topographical changes, change in flooding patterns a id impact on flora and fauna. Training program to the contractors is required to handle environmental monitoring and management. Exposure to best practice locations of environmental management The staff of ULB and the members of ESMU may be exposed to best practice locations in environmental management. This helps the m understand the implications of environmental considerations in a sub-project investment. This improves coordination and motivates the PIA Components of Training * Basic environmental concepts and components * Impact on Environment due to development interventions * Selection of the best sites / locations for different investments with reference to environment * Environmental screening and assessment * Training in imparting the knowledge and applicability of Administrative and legislative framework, encountered at different stages of ub project cycle. * Regular training programmes in project management, public consultation and information dissemination, out sourcing, quality monitoring * Software training for effective data base administration. 8.2.2.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY BUILDING ACTION PLAN - TARGET GROUPS 8.25 The existing capacities against each environmental task are identified. Accordingly additional capacities required to implement and manage environmental issues are provided in the table below including an action plan and the recommended target group against each component of environment. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - CAPACITIES REQUIRED - ACTION PLAN - TARGET GROUPS Desired Existing Capacities Additional Environmental Environmental Capacity Building Environmental Capacities Required Action Plan - Target Group Output/Component Identification of CMAPP process Environmental outlook Training in basic Environme tai Environmental Conducting public consultations Identifying environmental sensitive concepts problems / needs of Key stake holder consultations issues Training programme in the town Preparation of CIIP (critical understanding environm tal infrastructure investment hazards of an infrastruc ure proposals) problem/need. Target group - ULB staff (Enginee ing and Health Sections) Expertise of the Nil Finalizing of the best altemative *> Training in environmental iss es, environmental sites/locations for the investment environmental analysis of committee in w.r.t. Environment. altematives, environmentally est environmental issues suited sites, for diff ent and decision making investments 231 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services r. -- Social and Environrimental Assessment Report Target Group: NGO, Community members, Engineering and Health section staff, commissioner and chairperson Collection of Collection of engineering, Environmental baseline data Recruitment of additional staff. environmental related technical, demographic data Air and water quality data *> Contracting to professional NGO's base line data Ground water data *> Coordinating with line departments. Data related to existing Engaging community people from Infrastructure sub-project investment area Data related to flora and fauna Training in the usage of air quality monitoring machinery, awareness in identifying the endangered floral and faunal species Target group: communities, NGO's, ULB staff Environmental Nil Capacities to screen and assess *> Hire environmental consultants for screening and the sub-project investments detailed assessment. assessment environmentally Undergo training in environmental assessment of sub projects Target group: ULB Staff Preparation and Nil Knowledge of impacts on physical *> Training on "development and implementation of environment due to sub-project impact on land, air and water sub-project specific intervention and mitigation steps. environment" environmental Contracting environmental management and monitoring monitoring Developing task forces for monitoring/ management with communities / NGO's/ULB staff. Best practice study tours Target group: Contractors, ULB staff, NGO's, Communities Public consultations CMAPP process Consultations with environmental *> Training in environmental issues angle, grievance redressal, and problems in connection with bringing people suggestions in to developmental intervention. design and implementation of sub- Target group: Contractors, ULB staff, project NGO's, Communities 8.2.2.10 OUTSOURCING AS A MEANS OF CAPACITY BUILDING 8.26 The tasks that the ULB cannot handle now, because of the lack of human resource, technical know how etc. may be outsourced to environmental consultants, contractors, surveyors, NGOs, community groups as an when required. Over a period of time, the ULB may implement some of the outsourced tasks on its own, as it builds its own resources and technology for the implementation of outsourced tasks. Below mentioned is the list of environmental tasks to be outsourced, conforming to the existing capacities in the ULBs. OUTSOURCING AS A MEANS OF CAPACITY BUILDING Outsourcing the collection of data necessary for environmental screening and assessment For the huge investments, intervening with vast area, where the existing ULB staff is not enough, the procurement of information related to the investment may be outsourced to professional NGO's / Consultants / surveyors that is required for environmental assessment and management. Outsourcina the assessment of sub.-roject investments If the ULB doesn't have the required capacities and technical know how of the assessment of sub-project investments, the EA and EB categorized sub-projects may be given to consultants for the environmental assessment of sub-project investment. Involving the communities/NGO's in monitorinq the investments At the sub-project investment level, the day to day monitoring may be devolved to the communities by forming task forces. They would report to the municipality in case of any discrepancy by the contractor in sub-project construction. The progress of the sub-project and the duties of the contractor shall be displayed at the sub-project site and disclosed to the public. 232 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report 8.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL 8.26 To achieve greater success with the project to overcome problems in implementation and also to reduce social impacts on the people the project implementation authorities have to develop specific institutional arrangements for addressing the R&R and social issues. It should also develop a grievance redressal mechanism to cater to the queries and grievances pf the people while the project is being implemented. 8.27 As discussed in the Chapter - 4 the M- g-S:=.)- FIG: 81I - INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AT THE ULB | i,ei;,.8AA Figure 8.1 shows an . - - - :1 ' institutional ESMC arrangement suggested C Commissi,ner Commissioner for the implementation I ~~~~~~~~Municipal Engineer for the implementation | _ S&E Officer (Designaled) of social and Towvn Planning Officer environmental fl r . rlMedical ana Healin Officer environmental IF ~~~~~~~~~NGOiCommunity Represenlalves safeguards during the iunicial Eng,reet Revenue Officer implementation of the I n projects at the municipality level. An S ff Environmental and S&E Ofcer Social Management Committee and the Social and Ton Plann,n Revenue Healiln an, Engineering Environmental (S&E) Wing Wing SanLaaIon Wing Wing Officer are two institutional arrangements proposed for managing and monitoring the sub-project at the ULBs. Other functionaries at the ULB will help these two institutions and the respective wings like, the Town Planning, Revenue, Health and Sanitation and the Engineering wings within ULB's organizational structure will act as support arrangements in accomplishing social and environmental responsibilities that may arise while implementing sub-projects. 8.28 The affected persons Fig-8.2: GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISMS can register their grievances at the u complaint cell E established at the 3 n ULB. The CD Complaint Cell will S&E Officer CD also act as a Public v & O. Information Centre, Are the proposed goals of the sub-project valid planning stage > Who is the public for whose benefit the sub-project is being introduced > How is the sub-project going to serve them and is it in their interests > The alternatives to the sub-project and whether the altematives are cost affective )> Will there be any adverse social impacts due to the implementation of the sub-project > What would be the implementation strategy of the sub-project etc. 235 Andhra Pradesh UJrban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Stages of a sub-project Consultation and Information steps STEP - 2: Initial Public Consultation (Consultation Role) The sub-project feasibility, its benefits and impacts need to be discussed with the community Pre-sub-project for whom the sub-project is proposed. This would help the implementing agency in taking the planning stage opinion of people, make them understand the pros and cons of the sub-project, alternatives examined and the sub-project finalized. STEP - 3: Socio Economic Assessment/Analysis (Information and Consultation Roles) In this stage it is important to ensure that there are no adverse social impacts of the sub- project. The sub-project may be passed if it has no impacts and implementation can be initiated. However, if the sub-project triggers any social impacts then the following steps are to be considered while planning the sub-project. Planning and grounding stage > Identification of the PAPs through census survey > Collection and analysis of the baseline data > Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan > Preparation of Tribal Development Plan in case the sub-project effects tribal communities > Land Acquisition Assessment > Generation of other relevant information and > Consultation and communication strategy Task - 1: Identification of PAPs - Title holders and non-title holders (Information Role) > Verification of project records: Review of available records on the sub-project area to generate any information on the sub-project and the PAPs affected by it so that the information can be made use of in conducting the census survey. > Census survey/Enumeration: It is the most exhaustive method of generating the data on the PAPs as it covers all the affected persons in the sub-project area. The survey must be undertaken to collect two types of information, firstly, the extent and type of physical and financial loss to the PAPs in terms of loss of structure, land, source of livelihood, etc., and secondly, the socio-economic profile of the families/ individuals affected by the project. > Verification of records of right and land records: The records of rights maintained by the revenue department are the primary land records and they need to be consulted to determine the ownership, size of land and type of soil and utilization pattem of the land. > Verification of electoral and public utility records: Other than the titleholders there are also various other sections of the society that may be encountered in the implementation of a project like the squatter and encroachers. To identify these groups it is important to verify public records such as ration cards, electoral records, electricity bills etc., to assess the tenure of stay and ownership of the structure in the project area. Task - 2: Identification of PAPs (Consultation Role) > Loss of access to community infrastructure, loss of public utility lines and problems with host population etc need to be identified. To address these issues consultations with people in the sub-project area will help. > Public consultations can be very useful but to achieve greater success the ULBs can use varous participatory methods like public/locality meetings transect walks and observations, social and resource mapping, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews etc. > The consultations on the sub-project should also concentrate to include the problems of the vulnerable sections of the society like SCs. STs and women. FGDs with these vulnerable groups, separately, allow free discussion, interest and opinion sharing. Planning and Task - 3: Generation of other information needed (Information Role) grounding stage Along with the verification and identification of the PAPs the ULBs have to undertake vanous other assessment to address all possible social and R&R issues in a sub-project. Other information in a sub-project includes: > Land Acquisition Screening: The LA screening addresses information issues like quantity of land required, location of the land required, use of land required and determining the necessity for LA. This information can be generated through the planning documents prepared for the sub-project including the engineering designs and maps. Field verification is also very important to generate this information. > Land Acquisition Assessment: Through the LA assessment information pertaining to legal process for LA, timing of the LA, present land use pattems, estimated number of PAFs affected, tenural status of present users, presence of squatters and encroachers, presence of public utility services, cultural and historical sites etc., has to be generated. This information can be generated by a review of the project planning documents, LA Act and regulatory procedures, information maintained by the ULBs, secondary data like government statistics, social and demographic research and field survey. > Institutional capacity: The institutional capacity assessment will list the tasks as to which administrative entities are to be involved in LA, which personnel are responsible for the preparation and implementation of the RAP, which office will manage the information management issues etc. > Socio-economic analysis: The socio-economic assessment and impacts of the sub- project can be indicated by the LA assessment and the census survey/enumeration. 236 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Envirornmental Assessment Report Stages of a sub-project Consultation and Information steps However the censes survey of the PAPs and inventory of assets to be acquired is important. Information and plans and strategies should be planned to address issues like minimization of displacement, designing of resettlement and rehabilitation measures, enlistment of PAPs, entitlements for the socially vulnerable, adjustment to host communities etc. LA assessments, plans, maps, other secondary sources, field observation, household surveys, FGDs and information generated through participation can be used to prepare this information database. > Resettlement Action Plan/Tribal Development Plan: Based on the above analysis the task of preparing the RAP/TDP should be undertaken accordingly for implementation. STEP - 4: Detailed Project Report (Information Role) Initial consultations, feasibility and socio-economic assessments on the sub-project will pave the way for the preparation of the Detailed Project Report (DPR). The DPR should constitute information on various components for successful sub-project implementation. The DPR will constitute: > A final design of the proposed sub-project after examining the various alternatives to Planning and reduce the social impact on the people grounding stage > The cost of the sub-project construction > The time frame the completion of the sub-project > The institutional arrangements for implementing the sub-project > Plans and proposals covering R&R issues > Design to ensure community participation in the sub-project (Beneficiaries, PAPs, NGOs, community organisations) > Plan for external help wherever needed (Experts, Advisors, Consultants) > Grievance redressal mechanisms STEP - 5: Preparing for project implementation and sharing information (Information and Consultation Role) Once all the documents like prepared list of PAPS affected, the type of entitlements, plans for reconstruction of public utility infrastructures, details of land acquisition etc., steps have to be taken to disseminate the information among the PAPs and prepare agencies for project implementation. Task - 1: Announcement of the project (Information role) Before starting the project and plans for addressing the R&R issues, one of the foremost requirements is to announce the commencement of the project to the public and particularly to the affected people through the daily newspaper or through local radio or television. This is to make the people aware of the coming of the project. Task - 2: Displaying the layout of the project affected area (Information role) A layout map of the project indicating the affected area to be acquired has to be displayed publicly. The functionaries of the implementing agency can also make special visits to the project area and inform the people about the requirements of the projects and its impact on the people. Task - 3: R&R policy provisions and entitlements for the PAPs (Information role) Dissemination of information on the entitlement provisions for the losses can be undertaken by distributing leaflets incorporating the highlights of the provisions of the policy, and the benefits Planning and that will accrue to the people after the completion of the sub-project. If need be, the pamphlets grounding stage may be printed in the local language and distributed. Task - 4: Consultations with the affected people and public hearing (Consultation Role) Before land acquisition and construction activity related to the sub-project, project implementation authorities need to organize consultations with the PAPs. These consultations would provide an opportunity to the people to interact with the project-implementing agency with regard to the various arrangements and help in coming to a consensus on the project arrangements. This would also help the project-implementing agency to make final changes in the plans, if required, and verify the details pertaining to the PAPs and land acquisition. Task - 5: Involving NGOs/community in R&R implementation (Consultation role) It is important to identify at an early stage, an NGO who has been working in that area for some time. The NGO can facilitate discussions with the affected people. The NGO will act as a catalyst in helping the affected people to resettle and rehabilitate themselves. In addition, it will lend transparency in the process of implementation of social safeguard measures by the PIA. The Environmental and Social Management Committee (ESMC) comprising of officials of the project implementing agency, other line departments and community/NGO representatives would be formed to supervise the R&R implementation. This committee can also undertake negotiations with the people at various stages of the implementation of the project. STEP - 6: Addressing issues that arise during implementation (Consultation Role) Implementation stage As observed in the previous there may be many issues that the project-implementing agency may face during the implementation of the project such as: 237 Andhra Pradesh Urbani Reforms and Municipal Services Project Sociai and Environmental Assessment Report Stages of a sub-project Consultation and Information steps > Problems pertaining to compensations & allowances > Unexpected reactions from the PAPs with regard to the enfitlements > Conflicts between the displaced community and the host community etc. To overcome these problems the PIA would adopt a consensual approach and address the grievances and queries of the people affected. STEP - 9: Monitoring Process through participation (Information and consultation Roles) The process of participatory monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is the logical extension of the ICS activities. Beneficiary committees can be formed for monitoring and supervision of the sub- project works. The process should also ensure that the project benefits have properly reached the affected people and the execution of the project sticks its original designs so that social compliance is achieved. Task - 1: Ensuring the implementation of the RAP/TDP and timely delivery of Monitoring and entitlements (Consultation Role) evaluationstage a Ensuring that the RAP/TDP is implemented according to a designed plan and also the timely evaluation stage delivery of the compensations and rehabilitation assistance to the PAPs is the responsibility of the PIA. The role of an NGO can be very crucial at this stage. Task - 2: Reporting (Information Role) Reporting is an important aspect of the M&E process. Periodical reporting is important to generate information on the progress of the work undertaken. The status of the implementation of the RAP/TDP and progress has to be documented. Some thematic impact studies can also be planned and carried out on different aspects of rehabilitation in the project area carried out on different aspects of rehabilitation on a periodical basis. These aspects have to be indicated in the RAP since it will be a perspective plan document for the duration of project implementation. The information required for monitoring need to have the following characteristics: > Timely reporting > Relevant information provision (For example in a construction project, when the activity of site clearance is behind schedule, the reporting system is to be able to help probe into the reasons for such delay) > Reliable and realistic information > Format oriented reporting 8.4.1.1 OTHER MEASURES FOR ENHANCING INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION STRATEGY 8.37 Various other steps can be taken by the municipalities and the concerned project implementing structures to develop good communication and information techniques. Some of these measures could include: 4 Preparation of pamphlets and video films for the information of the people v Presenting the budget of the municipality in a capsule showing the allocations of funds for the type of infrastructure to be developed or others 4 Preparation of citizen's charter on the services offered by the municipality 4 Development of websites of the concerned municipalities and providing information through the internet 4 Establishing quality control cells to conduct consultations with the people and enhance the services provided to the people 4 Citizens' satisfaction surveys for better service delivery of the municipalities 4 Publication of municipal assets for information + Initiation of the programmes like 'dial your chairman' and 'dial your municipality' to see that the municipality is in close touch with the people 4 Organizing the municipal annul day for creating awareness and popularity among the people 4 During the implementation of various projects in the municipality telecasting programmes and display of grievance status on the local cable TV can be initiated 4 Information about the municipality or municipal infornation on the local cable TV 238 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services r. Social and Environmental Assessment Report + Setting up of touch screen kiosks at the municipal offices for the convenience of the people for information + Issue of uniform and identity cards to the employees which would provide separate identity to the municipal staff + Establishing service centers in the town or help desks can also help in staying in close contact with the people, etc. 8.4.2 ENVIRONMENT SECTION 8.4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 8.38 ICS represents a module for carrying out consultations and generating, managing information for the purpose of successful implementation of the projects in lieu with the social and environmental considerations that may arise in a project cycle. The ICS has been devised based on the institutional assessment and on the focused group discussions conducted with the people through the sub-project assessments and public consultations. 8.39 Since generating, providing, managing and disseminating information and effective consultation is highly important for successful completion of a project, a strategy for information and consultation has been devised based on the typical sub project cycle established under the study. A typical sub project cycle is identified to have five stages, namely, identification, planning and grounding, implementation, monitoring and operation of a project. 8.40 In all the stages of a sub project cycle the ICS tries to identify the roles of the institutions and involvement of various stakeholders in enhancing the consultation mechanisms and also developing the information management system for better coordination and reducing the gaps in the completion of the project. 8.41 It can be said that there are various players who are involved in developing and implementing a sound ICS. The primary responsibility for the implementation of a sub project is vested with the ULB, due to which they form the sole institutions responsible for devising, developing and implementing an ICS. The following matrix prepared is a typical plan for developing the information and consultation mechanisms for projects implemented in the urban areas. 239 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services , - r Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Matrix For Information And Consultation Strategy (Environmental Section) Stages of a Sub Information and Consultation steps Project Identification and Step 1: proposal and feasibility (Information) design of a sub project > As referred in the sub project cycle, a new sub project may be proposed in different ways. A new sub project may come in to picture for proposal from public demand, Government's proposal, or it could be from an individual's proposal like chairperson, MLA or MP. A specific sub project may have financial or social benefits but it may have adverse environmental impacts. > Hence it is important and should be made mandatory to procure the information if the sub project is feasible financially and environmentally. > This information may be had from the reconnaissance survey of the investment area, preliminary report prepared competent authorities. > The feasibility report should address the following issues > Origin and purpose of the sub project > No sub project and with sub project situation and environmental impacts > Beneficiaries and the benefits Vs environmental impacts > Analysis of alternatives referring to the degree of benefits and impacts Step 2: Initial public consultation (Information) Any sub project that has been identified and proposed is to be put forth in the public consultation for their responses and reactions, before the final approval. This would help the ULBs in identifying the impacts from people's perception. This is also necessary to gain full public cooperation, public participation in the implementation of the sub project. Mitigation measures for the impacts generated from the public could be planned for. The following information may be had from the initial public consultations across the investment area. > Existing situation and problems faced in the proposed sub project location. > Necessity and importance of the investment. > If the sub project is socially, environmentally too sensitive to be implemented, available information with the people for alternative methods to address the existing problems for which the actual sub project is proposed. Or Information and suggestions regarding the implementable mitigative measures to be considered in taking the proposed sub project forward. > Consultations for the presence of cultural properties in the sub project intervention area. Step - 3: Detailed Sub project Report (Information) Initial consultations and the feasibility report on the sub project will pave the way for the preparation Planning and of the Detailed Project Report (DPR). The detailed sub project report will have plan and various Grounding other components that are needed to implement the sub project successfully. The DPS will constitute: > A final design of the proposed sub project after examining the various altematives to reduce the environmental impacts on the people > The cost of the sub project construction > The time frame within which the sub project will be completed. > The institutional and capacity arrangements for the implementation of the sub-project Plan the involvement of experts, advisors and extemal agencies wherever necessary in the investment to achieve compliance with the environmental goals of the project Grievance redressal mechanisms. 240 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrnent Report Step - 4: Environmental Screening and assessment (Information and Consultation) At this stage, it is very important that the sub projects are screened as per the environmental categorization. All the sub projects that are categorized as environmentally sensitive should under go detailed / limited environmental assessment, depending on the categorization (EA/EB). The step-by- step information and consultation required for assessment of sub projects are described as tasks below. Task 1: Procurement of Baseline Data (Information) The sub projects that have to go through environmental assessment should have baseline data of various parameters. Ambient Air Quality: Air quality data pertaining to the sub project intervention location at the initiation of the sub project is to be recorded from different locations of sub project intervention area. Pollution control board may be consulted for air quality information. Water quality: present water quality in the lakes/ponds/rivers/Drains intervening with sub project is recorded. Pollution control board may be consulted. Topography: the topographical details of the sub project location; present flooding pattems and soil Planning and conditions are recorded. Grounding Infrastructural facilities and capacities: All the Infrastructure facilities, which may be effected differently by various sub-projects are to be recorded. The engineering section of the municipality, R&B, etc. will provide the information related to Infrastructural facilities and capacities. Flora and fauna: flora and faunal density of the sub project intervention area is to be recorded. This is also important to note if there are any endangered species present in the location. The forest department has to be contacted for such information. Task 2: Assessment of Base line situation with sub project intervention The environmental specialists will assess the change in baseline situation by forecasting and studying the impact of the proposed sub project. The environmentalists will assess whether the impact due to the sub project intervention is at acceptable levels. If the impact is beyond acceptable levels and can be brought down to that levels that are environmentally acceptable, then measures would be suggested in the way of mitigation measures. Task 3: Public Consultation for Alternatives: If the sub project's impacts are to such a level that they cannot be mitigated to acceptable levels, then the alternatives shall be identified through the public consultations, where public from sub project affected area, NGO's will also take part. Task 4: Display / Disclosure: The finalized sub project for implementation with all the basic details like > Project cost > Location and intervention area > Number of beneficiaries > Public consultations held and resolutions passed > Risks and measures taken to combat adverse impacts All these should be displayed and disclosed to the public through newspaper advertisement and display at the project office. (ULB). Sub Project Step 5: Mitigation measures Implementation The sub project as per the assessment report shall be grounded and implemented along with the mitigation measures, to reduce the environmental impacts. Focused Group Discussions: > The Social and Environmental Management Section (SEMS) shall conduct FGD during the implementation of the sub project for if there are any social and environmental problems that they are facing during the implementation stage. > The SEMS should accept the complaints from the sub project affected area through phone call or in writing, and necessary action is expected in the form of additional mitigation measures, during the progress of the sub project. > Disclosure to the public: Periodic progress of the sub project and the estimated time left for its completion should be displayed to the public. It should consist of the following parameters > Number of complaints received and addressed > Finance spent and progress > Estimated time for completion Monitoring and Monitoring of Baseline Information Evaluation Periodical monitoring of change in air quality, water quality, soil erosion etc. that may occur due to sub project intervention. This is useful to take up timely measures to reduce the adverse impacts. The frequency of monitoring may be followed as given in the assessment report of the sub project. 241 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 8.5 MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PLANS 8.5.1 SOCIAL SECTION 8.42 This section proposes the management and monitoring measures prescribed for identified social and environmental impacts. An important component of project management system is monitoring of project implementation. Monitoring of the project would contribute to its completion as per the schedule and within the resources provided for. The term monitoring should not be misconstrued as just recording and reporting of information on project implementation. It has to be viewed as a mechanism for taking corrective measures during the implementation of the project. Information on the project implementation is crucial to address the social issues in time and also redress the grievances of the people in time. Figure - 8.3 shows the concept of monitoring in a diagrammatic representation. 8.43 Information on the progress made in Figure - 8.3: A schematic representation a project has to be processed to draw a of monitorina svstem conclusion on its status as to, whether the progress is as per schedule or not. The Information conclusion thus drawn would enable the Follow-up project implementing authorities to decide on the future course of action to reduce the Analysis processing delay. Further the decision taken needs to Imlemelatii be communicated to a level where it has to Implementation be implemented and followed up. The Design for Midcourse results of implementing the decision would correction be reflected in the subsequent rounds of monitoring. 8.6 SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN 8.44 On the basis of the social and environmental assessment study conducted in the towns, the possible social impacts have been identified and based on these social issues the social monitoring and management plans have been prepared. The following matrix shows the social monitoring Plan. Social Monitoring Plan Stages of the Social Task Monitoring and Management Activity Monitoring Support Project Agency Institutions Sub-project > Through the CMAPP Process is All the wings of Community, Identification participatory in nature, care should be ULB and MC NGOs, through the taken that the community, especially the CBOs, CMAPP process. vulnerable groups are represented Councilors properly. P The ULB officials should inform the community with regard to the specific sub- Identification projects interventions in the sub-project locations. > Municipal Councilors should be involved in the task of identification of sub-projects in specific wards/areas > Local NGOs, community organizations, women's groups, etc., can also be involved in this task. 242 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Social Monitoring Plan Stages of the Social Task Monitoring and Management Activity Monitoring Support Project Agency Institutions Collection of > Since the sub-projects have to be ULB, (Town Revenue information screened, the S&E Officer along with the Planning, Department, required for support staff from the town Planning wing Revenue and NGO and identification of can collect the information for identification Engineering Councilors Identification social impacts of social impacts. Wings) > For identifying the land related issues the help of the Revenue Department can be taken and the S&E Officer will coordinate this activity. Compliance with > The S&E officer, along with the ESMC, will ULB, MSU, Town Sub-project Social Safeguards ensure that appropriate social safeguards APUFIDC Planning Finalisation have been incorporated into the sub- wing (ULB) Finalisation ~~~~~~project. Revenue Wing (ULB) Preparation of a > The Engineering wing of the ULB will ULB, MSU, PHED, detailed sub- prepare the Detailed Project Report. This APUFIDC DTCP, UDA project proposal would be done with the support from Extemal and compliance PHED, DTCP, UDA and other external Institutions, with Social institutions, if required. External Safeguards > The S&E officer, along with the ESMC, will Consultants ensure that appropriate social safeguards have been incorporated into the sub- project and that positive benefits accrue to Planning and the vulnerable sections. Grounding > Projects submitted to APUFIDC must be vetted by the MSU at CDMA office for social compliance. It will also ensure components like equity; transparency and participation are well covered in the sub- project implementation before giving clearance. > The APUFIDC will appraise the proposals and ensure that proper measures are planned to mitigate social impacts. Preparation of ICS > The consultation strategy should be ULB and all its NGOs, for social issues to planned from the inception of the project wings CBOs, be addressed along with the various stakeholders in the SHGs, sub-project. This task should be primarily Councilors, undertaken by the S&E Officer with the others help of the Municipal Councilors, Town Planning Wing and Revenue wing of the Planning and ULS. Regular consultations should be Grounding planned at different phases of the sub- project. > The community should be made to act as active partners in the implementation, management and monitoring of the sub- project. This task can be undertaken by the NGO or through the existing institutional network under APUSP. Social > A detailed social assessment may be ULB and all its NGO, assessment for undertaken for socially sensitive sub- wings External sub-projects projects. Wherever necessary the ULB Consultants including socio- needs to undertake the socio-economic Planning and economic survey, surveys, identification of PAPs, Grounding identification of preparation of RAP, etc. The pnmary PAPs and RAPs responsibility to monitor these studies will and TDPs be vested with the S&E Officer. The ME wherever will monitor the progress of the activities of necessary. the S&E Officer. Land Acquisition > The S&E Officer will primarily undertake ULB, Town Revenue screening and the activity of LA assessment with the help Planning Wing Department assessment of the TPO and his wing. The assessment details may be provided to the engineering Planning and wing of the ULB for the scrutiny of the ME. Grounding > Revenue Department would be responsible for acquisiton. The Municipal Commissioner with the help of the S&E Officer can undertake the activity of coordinating between the ULB and the 243 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Social Monitoring Plan Stages of the Social Task Monitoring and Management Activity Monitoring Support Project Agency Institutions RD. Initial > The initial consultations with the ULB SHGs, consultations with community need to be undertaken by the CBOs, Pl and the PAPs and S&E Officer and his support staff with the NGOs, onning Beneficiaries help of the Municipal Councilors to ensure Councilors Groundimg that the people are informed about the sub-project, possible social impacts and mitigation measures planned. Prepare > The delegation of responsibilities Commissioner,. Institutional according to the availability and need has Complaint Cell, capacities to to be prepared for every sub-project. The ESMU, all implement commissioner can play the role of a wings of the mitigation facilitator between the various wings of the ULB, APUFIDC measures, monitor ULB and, thus, may undertake this task of Planning and social and coordination of work and delegation of Grounding environmental duties. components and > The grievance redressal arrangements at establish the ULB level would consist of the Grievance complaint cell, S&E Officer and ESMC. Redressal Appropriate mechanisms must be put in Mechanisms place to monitor the redressal of grevances by the concemed authorities. Provision of > The S&E officer will play the role of Chief ULB Revenue entitlements to the field officer and monitor the provision of Department, PAPs and mitigate entitlements to the PAPs if any. NGOs other social > The S&E officer can also take the help of impacts a professional NGO in this activity. Implementation > The S&E officer will also be responsible and Execution for redressing the grievances of the people. > The help of the Revenue Department is very much necessary for timely acquisition of land and provision of entitlements Information > Regular consultations during the project S&E officer, Contractor dissemination and implementation can be undertaken by the Commissioner, consultation with S&E officer with his support staff. ME the PAPs and > The S&E officer along with the help of the beneficiaries on Contractor will also be responsible to Implementation the redress any possible social impacts that and Execution implementation of may arise during the implementation of the the sub-project sub-project. > The entitlements and the social safeguards are to be implemented within the Social Safeguard Framework of the Project. Monitoring and > The Engineering Wing of the ULB can S&E officer Contractor, evaluation of undertake monitoring of the works. The community, progress and S&E officer will coordinate with the CBOs, quality of the Engineering wing to assess the social NGOs Monitoring and investments - components along with the engineering Evaluation Third party works. assurance > The community can play an important role in monitoring the works. Community groups can be included in the monitoring and evaluation activities. Maintenance of > Maintenance of the infrastructure erected ULB Contractor, infrastructure in the ULB will be primarily vested with community, through support varous wings of the ULB. CBOs, Operation and from the > The ULB along with the other officials NGOs Maintenance community involved in the project should identify the various community groups and see that they can be involved in operation and maintenance of infrastructure. 244 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrne,tal Assessment Report 8.45 Similarly the social management plan has also been prepared to address the specific social issues that may arise during the implementation of sub-projects in the ULBs. The Social Management Plan has been prepared on an issue-by-issue basis and for each individual issue specific actions are suggested. 8.46 The proposed Social Management Plan includes 4 Identified potential social impacts 4 Mitigation and other proposed measures 4 Monitoring strategy and contingency measures 4 Reference Safe guard policies & agencies to be involved for the respective tasks 8.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 8.5.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Introduction 8.47 Environmental management strategy as part of overall project management strategy includes the management of environmental issues incorporated in the project cycle that covers all the stages of a sub project investment from identification of an investment till the completion of the sub project and post completion/monitoring /operational phases of the investment. Looking at the above, an environmental management strategy needs to address the following 4 Identification of environmentally sensitive sub project investments 4 Environmental screening and categorization of sub projects 4 Environmental assessment of sub projects 4 Sub project Alternatives 4 Environmental Management Plan (Mitigative Measures) Identification of environmentally sensitive sub project investments 1. The ULB or the Project implementing agency shall identify the problems and issues of the town with proper information and consultation mechanisms. 2. Infrastructure requirements of the town should be identified 3. Problems and issues that are source of environmental degradation should be listed and prioritized. 4. The ULB should identify the town issues as sub project investments and prioritize environmentally most sensitive investments. Environmental screening and categorization of sub projects 8.48 The ULB 's shall make use of the screening framework annexed with this SEAMF for the categorization of sub projects. The parameters that should be checked for screening of sub projects are 1. Location of the sub Project 2. Type of the sub project 3. Size of the sub project (Sub Project Cost) 245 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental assessment of sub projects 8.49 The EA and EB categorized sub project investments shall undergo detailed and limited environmental assessment respectively. The ULBs may engage consultants for the detailed assessment of the EA categorized projects. The assessment of first year sub- projects for testing would be presented in the SEAM framework. The preparation of status report for the EB categorized sub projects may be done by the municipal officials with the suggested institutional arrangements and capacity building programmes at the ULB level. Mitigation measures for environmental Impacts 8.50 Environmental management plan that addresses generic and sub project specific negative impacts at all the stages of a sub project cycle (design, implementation and operational phases) is in the part II of this chapter. It has to be followed during the design of a sub project, implementation and post implementation / operational phases of sub project investment. 8.5.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 8.51 The proposed monitoring plan is based on set of indicators, which outline the state of environment and about the project activities. The monitoring is followed with proper assumptions and suggested mitigation measures made in Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Monitoring includes checking whether contractor and/or urban local bodies meet the requirements during construction and operation phases of the sub project investments. Proposed Monitoring plan 8.52 As stated earlier, monitoring is basically to check whether the environmental impacts identified are being taken care off. Essentially it involves cross checking the proposed environmental Management plan (EMP) using some indicators during both the construction and operational phases. 8.53 The proposed monitoring plan as part of EMP for APURMSP is divided into construction stage monitoring plan and operation stage monitoring plan. The primary monitoring responsibility has been assigned to ULB (social and environmental unit) in coordination with PHED and APPCB is the overall monitoring agency. ULB (social and environmental unit) shall submit monitoring report every month during construction stage to APUFIDC. Monitoring plan: Construction Phase 8.54 A generic construction phase monitoring plan has been suggested for all urban development sub-projects. As described earlier, there may be some specific environmental impacts during construction phase for each project, but it is to be noted that most of the impacts during this phase are generic for all projects. Hence, a generic environmental plan has been suggested. The monitoring plan during construction and operational phases is annexed. 246 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services:, Social and Environmental Assessment Report 8.6 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Reference Safe guard Identified Social Review of actions and methods adopted Mitigation & Other Proposed Measures Monitoring Strategy & Contingency policies & agencies to be Impacts ,' Issues Reiwo cin n ehd dpe iiain&OhrPooe esrsMeasures involved for the respective tasks Loss of land and A majority of the lands acquired by the A policy has to be prepared by the municipal The S&E Manager at the APUFIDC Safeguard policies loss of built up municipality is according to the provisions in administration to address the issues relating to along with his support staff will verify, World Bank Operational property the LA Act of 1894 R&R covering all possible aspects. screen and categorize sub-projects. Policy 4.12 on involuntary In most of the municipalities the valuation Wherever there is a necessity to acquire land The Social and Environmental (S&E) resettlement. for the land and built up property acquired or built up properties by the government it Officer at the ULB level will identify the R&R policy of the Andhra is according to the Basic Value Registers should encourage the municipal agencies to losses in detail with the help of NGOs Pradesh State Highways (govemment price) maintained by the invoke a negotiated settlement. This is and prepare a list of PAPs. The Project (APSHP) registrar's office and it is only in the larger necessary because the acquisition though Municipal Engineer at the ULB will towns and corporations that compensations takes place through the LA Act of 1894; the monitor the progress of the S&E Officer. Social Safeguard Policy of and valuation of land takes place through a benefits proposed by the said act are not The details then may be sent to the APTRANSCO negotiated settlement. There is no sufficient and fall short of addressing problems APURMSP cell at the APUFIDC for R&R policy of the Third provision or reference for initiating a pertaining to R&R in the urban areas. acquisition and release of funds for Irrigation Project of Andhra negotiated price agreement for acquiring A Rehabilitation Action Plan has to be drafted compensation. The ME at the ULB will Pradesh (APTIP) land. according to the R&R policy to lay down the act as the important official to coordinate Andhra Pradesh For valuation of land and acquisition is course of action for the municipal local bodies. both social and environmental issues of Municipalities Act, 1965 under the control of the District Collector There are three R&R policies for the the project. (APM Act) and the participation of the municipal Government of Andhra Pradesh prepared by The Independent Grievance Redressal Andhra Pradesh Town officials in the acquisition activity is limited select agencies namely R&R policy of APSHP Committee as well as other Grevance Planning Act, 1920 (APTP Compensation issues in most of the land (Roads and Buildings department), Social Redressal mechanisms would be put in Act) acquisitions have not received the required safeguard policy of AP TRANSCO, and the place to address the social and attention. R&R policy for the Third Irrigation project of environmental issues that may arise out Agencies Involved There is no reference document or an R&R Andhra Pradesh. The inputs of these policies of a sub-project. Urban Local Bodies (ULB) policy for the state, which could guide the can be reviewed in the preparation of the R&R A list of all acquisition details along with Department of Municipal respective departments in charge of policy for the Department of Municipal the list of the PAPs has to be prepared Administration (DMA) municipal administration. Administration. by the S&E Officer and support Department of Town and Lack of Grievance redressal mechanisms Compensation and assistance has to be arrangements. This list should also Country Planning (DTCP) within the administration, provided for any case of acquisition of land or contain details like the land acquired,Pulc Hat an built up property considering the various compensation to be paid, the valuation Publicern Hepalth mand In some cases it was found that the PAPs categores of Project Affected Persons. The method. Regular documentation of this En g Dea were provided with altemative sites if the compensations to be paid have been detailed in the form a status report would help in (P ) people have lost their houses due to the clearly in the APTP Act 1920, which can be disbursements of entitlements to the Revenue department at the projects implemented. used. PAPs during the project implementation. District level headed by the A separate institutional capacity has to be An assessment should also be District Collector (DC) devised to address the R&R issues covering undertaken to see if the R&R provisions Non-Governmental both social and environmental impacts that may are proper. Organizatons (NGO) be caused due to implementation of The grievance redressal arrangements 247 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Reference Safe guard Identified /oIsss Review of actions and methods adopted Mitigation & Other Proposed Measures Monitoring Strategy & Contingency policies & agencies to be Impacts IIssues Measures involved for the respective tasks development projects. at the ULB will address if there are the To overcome the problems of communication people put any unsolved grievances the project objectives as well as creating forward. awareness among the people with regard to the The ULBs will also have a development in the urban areas with the PAPs, Environmental and Social Management the involvement and participation of Committee (ESMC) at the municipalities professional NGO's can be encouraged. to address the problems wherever collective decisions and other department inputs are needed. Loss of The urban authorities are insensitive A proper valuation of the productive assets Detailing the assets lost and preparing Safeguard policies productive towards the loss of productive assets owned by the people in the affected area has to the respective compensation packages OP4.12 of WB assets There is also no provision for compensation take place has to be undertaken according to the that is followed in the urban areas Compensation packages have to be devised R&R policy provisions of the project by R&R policy of (APSHP) In the case where there is loss of crops, according to the type of asset lost in lieu with the concerned S&E officer at the ULB. SSP of AP TRANSCO crop compensations are paid but they are the prevailing market value. These details have to be sent to the R&R policy of (APTIP) not properly valuated. APUFIDC for clearance and status of APM Act, 1965 the implementation has to be reported to it. APTP Act, 1920 A complaint cell or the Public Agencies involved Information Center at every municipality ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, will note the problems brought by the DC, NGO PAPs and report for carrying out necessary steps. Department of Agriculture/Horticulture/ Forest will do the valuation as the case may be with regard to trees with timber value Loss Of Livelihood issues are not properly being Assess the adequacy of their access to A regular Social Assessment of the Safeguard policies Livelihood analyzed by the authorities livelihood, social services and social networks impact of the project on the people's OP4. 12 of WB Absence of an assessment to analyze the Displacement of the people from their sources livelihood would be helpful in reducing livelihood issues of livelihood has to be assessed and mitigative the project impacts. This should be R&R policy of (APSHP) There has not been any special steps taken measures have to be considered. undertaken by the concerned ULB along SSP of AP TRANSCO with the help of NGO's and other local R&R policy of (APTIP) to protect the vulnerable groups of the Help of the NGOs can be taken to assess the community action groups. APM Act 1965 society loss and also monitor the project activities and APM Act, 1965 reduce the impact. The social assessment should detail the issues that have to be considered to APTP Act, 1920 Income restoration activities have to be reduce impacts on the livelihood and Agencies involved undertaken wherever there could be an impact provide a roadmap for execution. This ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, 248 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Reference Safe guard Identified Social Review of actions and methods adopted Mitigation & Other Proposed Measures Monitoring Strategy & Contingency policies & agencies to be Impacts I Issues Measures involved for the respective tasks of people loosing their livelihood. Jobs have to activity can be undertaken by an NGO DC, NGO be provided to them temporarily in the project with the help of respective offices in the construction activities if they are willing to do so ULB. for the project implementation period The Social Assessment will monitor the A participatory approach may also be very access of project-affected people, useful in identifying the issues in the pre-project especially vulnerable groups, to services stage to reduce the impacts on the livelihood of and their impacts. the people and also plan the respective strategies. Loss Of Public There has been a loss of Public utility A plan has to be prepared as to how the The ULB along with its town planning Safeguard policies Utility Lines services due to improper planning construction phase will take place considering staff has to plan the construction activity. OP4.12 of WB Delays in restoring and reconstruction of the existing situation in the concerned urban Execution of works to reconstruct the R&R policy of (APSHP) the disturbed and lost public utility lines and area. lost utility lines in cases where they have causing inconvenience in the towns An evaluation, particularly on the availability to remove should be undertaken by the SSP of AP TRANSCO and accessibility to public utility services in the concemed ULBs. R&R policy of (APTIP) project area has to be made and execution of Grievance redressal mechanisms at Agencies involved the project has to take a guided course of every municipality will note the problems ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, action based on it. brought by the PAPs and report for DC, NGO carrying out necessary steps. Loss Of Access Loss of urban civic infrastructure is often In case of compulsory loss of important urban The concemed ULB and the DMA need Safeguard policies To Urban Civic seen in the construction stage. civic infrastructure due to the project like to take steps to monitor the construction OP4.12 of WB Services and Delays in reconstructing the lost structures community halls and public toilets have to be of the infrastructure. APSHP common and services after the construction. constructed prior to the construction phases to The revenue department along with the R&R policy of (ASH) property reduce the inconvenience to the people. It concemed ULB can identify sites for the SSP of AP TRANSCO resources becomes important especially in the slum areas construction of additional sites. R&R policy of (APTIP) where the people are dependent on such infrastructure on a daily basis. Grievance redressal mechanisms at Agencies involved Publc Icivi sevics prposd t be rovded every municipality will note the problems ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, Public / civic services proposed to be provided brought by the PAPs and report for DC, NGO through the project, and due to service related carrying out necessary steps. factors, have to be constructed. The loss of access to common properties such as wells, grazing lands etc. should be replaced in the adjacent areas. Loss Of Cultural The municipal authorities have not been Consultations have to be conducted with the The APUFIDC will work in close Safeguard policies Properties able to cleariy specify the method followed people wherever there is a disturbance to the coordination with the ULBs and monitor Operation Policy 4.11 of 249 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Reference Safe guard Identified Social Review of actions and methods adopted Mitigation & Other Proposed Measures Monitoring Strategy & Contingency policies & agencies to be Impacts Issues Reiwo cin n ehd dpe iiain&OhrPooe esrsMeasures involved for the repcie tasks to address the cultural property issues that cultural property due to the project. the activities related to the cultural the World Bank on Cultural may arise due to any infrastructure project. Affected properties will be shifted with the properties Property Presently the municipal authorities are consultations with the people without disturbing The Environmental policy of the MAUD R&R policy of (APSHP) avoiding the cultural property structures the original fabric of the property. would cover the issues pertaining to the Environmental Safeguard wherever possible and if it is unavoidable A documentation and verification exercise will cultural property management plan. Policy of AP TRANSCO lthe development activity in that area has be undertaken to list out all the cultural All planning, reconstruction and shifting R&R policy of (APTIP) been stalled. properties that may be affected by the project of the cultural property buildings will There is severe lack of clarity on the issues and plans will be executed according to it. need to be undertaken in coordination Agencies Involved of cultural property management among the The help of NGO and other consulting agencies eand in compliance with the rules and ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, municipal officers. may be sought to identify the culturally regulations of the departments in DC, NGO, Specialist important buildings. connection to the specific cultural Consultants, Department of property in scrutiny and the Govemment Cultural Affairs, Reconstruction or Redevelopment of such of Andhra Pradesh. For Example, Department of Archeology, sensitive infrastructure will be undertaken Department of archeology, Department Endowments Department before the construction phases of the project of Cultural Affairs, Endowments wherever possible and will be undertaken as Department etc. per specialist advice. Displacement Of Displacement of vulnerable groups has not A separate Tribal development plan is needed Regular field visits to be undertaken by Safeguard policies Vulnerable been addressed properly in most of the to address the problems of the tribal populace the local ULB officials to monitor the Operation Policy 4.11 of Group municipalities. that may fall in the project area. R&R activities and check whether the the World Bank on Cultural Legal owners and private landholders have A detailed list of all the people who are mitigative measures are being implanted Property only been given importance. Other than the displaced, especially those belonging to the properly or not. Operation Policy 420 of provision of site for the land lost there has vulnerable groups have to be prepared. Grievance redressal arrangements at the World Bank on not been any provision to cover the social The possible impacts of the project and the every municipality will note the problems Indigenous People impacts that may impoverish the people. compensations that would be paid should be brought by the PAPs and report for R&R I f AP There is no provision to cover the made available to the people who would be carrying out necessary steps. poicyo (ASHP) vulnerable groups like the squatters and affected. The evaluation exercise of the Environmental Safeguard other groups like encroachers who may be The help of NGOs can be taken to disseminate implementation of the Resettlement Policy of AP TRANSCO affected by the project. the information on the project and also educate Action Plan prepared for the project has R&R policy of (APTIP) However, these issues are tackled on a them on the possible project impacts. to take place regularly with the help of Agencies involved case-by-case basis in different The NGOs can also check whether the affected checkucorrutioand aNdOs eaise the ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, municipalities. Some municipalities have persons are properly identified and providing implementation of the project. It would DC, NGO, Specialist taken effective measures in this regard. them with identity cards can authenticate the also help in verifying whether vulnerable Consultants identification of the PAPs. This would ensure groups have received benefits under the that the compensations amounts and other provisions of the project. benefits reach the correct people. Though the squatters and encroachers are not entitled to any benefits, the project may affect 250 Andhra Pradeshl Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Social and Environmental Assessment Report Reference Safe guard Identified Social Review of actions and methods adopted Mitigation & Other Proposed Measures Monitoring Strategy & Contingency policies & agencies to be Impacts IIssues Measures involved for the repcie tasks their livelihood. Compensations have to address the problems pertaining to the squatters and encroachers. An assessment of the project will also identify the potential risks that may be involved in its implementation and the suggestions of the people in addressing these problems may be considered. In the event of any complaint reported regarding compensation or technical assistance, it would be investigated and, if verified, appropriate compensation may be paid. Lack of The exposure to social assessments is The preparation of an R&R policy is necessary Consultations workshops and training Safeguard policies exposure to absent among most of the municipal to guide the municipal officials in such matters. programmes have to be conducted and Operation Policy 4.12 of social officials at the ULB level. Before the implementation of the project the organized by the C&DMA for the staff of the World Bank on assessments Due to lack of an R&R policy and any municipal staff that would be involved in the municipalities and its associated Involuntary Resettlement and arrangement addressing such issues the implementation of the project have to undergo institutions. Operation Directive 4.20 of * appreciation municipal staff are not appreciating an R&R training on R&R and various that may arise due The capacity building of specific officers the World Bank on towards R&R assessment and consider it cumbersome. to the implementation of the project. in charge of these special duties can be Indigenous People It has been observed that such an attitude Involving the municipal officials in the partially provided with training at the APUFIDC is due to lack of exposure to R&R issues. or fully in the social assessments that take or by external consultants. 11.03 of the World Bank on place could be informative and educative to the Cultural Property | offficials. Agencies Involved ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, DC, NGOs, Specialist Consultants Lack of The municipal administration lacks At the DMA level a Social and Environmental The APUFIDC will monitor the overall Agencies involved capacities with capacities to address the social issues that Management Unit has to be constituted to look Social issues and R&R issues that may ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, the may arise due to the project into the R&R issues and displacement issues arise out of the project. The APUFIDC DC, NGOs, Specialist municipalities to There is also an absence of grievance pertaining to the projects that would be will be constantly in touch with the Consultants address the redressal mechanisms at the municipality implemented. Revenue Department and the social issues level. Similarly an R&R officer has to be initiated in concemed District Collectors along with each municipality to address the problems that the officials ME who is the in-charge of may occur due to the projects. R&R activities at the ULB and S&E It is important to constitute a Grievance Officer for better coordination. Redressal Cell (GRC) at the ULB level with The ME at the municipality or the ULB 251 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Reference Safe guard Impacts i ssues Review of actions and methods adopted Mitigation & Other Proposed Measures Monitoring Strategy & Contingency policies & agencies to be respective tasks offAicers like the chairman, commissioner, will report to the APUFIDC about the Revenue officer, Town Planning Officer, progress of the implementation of the Municipal Engineer and the R&R offficer etc., as R&R in municipalities. members and the District Collector as the head The ME will work in close coordination of the Cell. with Grievance Redressal Mechanisms A detailed capacity building action plan has to created at the municipality to address be prepared detailing the gaps in the the problems of the people. organizational structure and suggesting The ME will also will work in close additional staff or capacities to address the coordination with the NGOs and the social issues that may rise due to the Consultants to monitor the R&R implementation of the project. activities at the ULB level for the sub- project implementation. Lack of It has been observed that there is severe Increasing the interdepartmental coordination The working committees will report to Agencies involved coordination lack of coordination among the various through meetings in the progress of the works the Municipal commissioner at the ULB ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, among the institutions that are providing services to the undertaken in the project. level and the commissioners along with DC, NGOs, Specialist departments proper in the urban areas. Development of communication through the help of the S&E officer will Consultants Delays in granting the project benefits to correspondence is important to keep regularly communicate to the District Collector on the project affected persons due to lack of updated information from other department the monitoring and progress activities. coordination. Constituting working committees in each Monthly review meetings will also help in Lack of common platform for the institutions municipality with members of various identifying the shortcomings in the to interact, departments involved in the project. delivery of benefits to the project affected people. Community Community participation is totally absent in An information and consultation strategy has to The municipal implementation Agencies involved Participation the planning, design and implementation of be developed for the municipalities on issues authorities will prepare capacity building ULB, DMA, DTCP, PHED, the project. like Information and communication on the plans for inclusion of SHGs etc., into the DC, NGOs, Specialist project activities and progress. project design. Consultants Building the capacities and inclusion of groups A Social Assessment will also examine like Neighbourhood Action Committees, the extent to which affected people Citizens Groups and Self- Help Groups in the obtained relevant information, local bodies that would monitor the project and participate in the program in order to also be a part of its implementation. obtain their due share of benefits and Strengthening of local govemment mechanism access to services, to return to normal to undertake social audit & ensure life & recover social capital. transparency Gender sensitization meetings for all functionaries involved & in communities 252 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report 8.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN -GENERIC IMPACTS PRE IMPLEMENTATION (DESIGN STAGE) Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Pre implementation Phase Institution MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN PRE IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Change in land Avoid conversion of prime agriculture land and other important land uses. ULB Land use policy guidelines Use pattern Approval from the competent authority shall be taken before the conversion. MoEF Guide lines Strict adherence to DTCP/UDA/Master Plan proposals Flooding due to Design shall be based on natural drainage pattern, and ensure that there would ULB Topography, Change in drainage patterns and be less or no impact on the natural / existing drainage pattem. In unavoidable Soil and watershed maps erosion of top soil conditions, measures shall be taken to safely dispose the storm water/ sewage. Impacts due to Identify suitable sites for large quantities of soil excavation ULB in co-ordination with MoEF guidelines for the specific area, if Excavation /disposal of soil Ministry of Environment any. Contour maps of suitable area. and forests Disturbance to other services Care shall be taken to avoid damage and disturbance to the existing facilities ULB to coordinate with Contract Document during construction through proper planning the implementation/construction. the concerned Appropriate construction techniques departments - HMWSSB, R&B Odour nuisance The activities shall be planned and located according to the prevailing wind ULB to coordinate with Public Nuisance Act direction in the area the respective departments Decrease in DO Levels in the Proper study shall be done to locate the disposal site with respect to the water APPCB Water Act, 1974 surface water body and loss of extraction points, water quality and quantity, aquatic life APPCB aquatic life Standards for waste disposal in to streams Change in ground water Proper study should be done regarding soil characteristics, ground water depth ULB CGWB characteristics in terms of and water quality in case of effluent disposal Guidelines on quantity and salinity ingress Ground water extraction Loss of ecosystems due to Care to be taken so that the p85roject sites do not fall under habitat of ULB in co-coordination Forest Act construction and loss of flora and endangered species listed in wildlife protection Act with MoEF, Govt. Of A.P Wild life protection Act fauna due to new ecosystems Bio-diversity conservation Rules Non-compliance to aesthetic Aesthetic and landscape factor shall be included right at the planning stage. Local ULB and Contract document environment people shall be consulted before planning for the activities, which may have high Contractor impact on aesthetic environment ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS ISSUES IN PRE-IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Water Supply Change in ground water quality Study ground water balance details ULB CGWB and salinity intrusion in Guidelines on groundwater Coastal aquifers due to over Extraction exploitation 253 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Pre implementation Phase Institution Non-availability of water from Care shall be taken while selecting the source depending upon the availability of ULB _-_-_-_ source water Detailed study of the availability of water from the source shall be done before opting for the source Water logging due to leakages All pipe appurtenances should be tested before laying ULB Conform to IS 11906: 1986 CPHEEO and overflows Manual Sewerage Impacts due to overflow of Ensure proper designing (gradient & voluminous capacity sufficient to carry the ULB IS: 458-1988 (Sewers) sewers sewage disposed) of sewer lines CPHEEO Manual on sewerage Change in ground water quality Proper study shall be made regarding the groundwater table and soil ULB IS 11906:1986 for guide lines of lining due to leaching from treatment characteristics Solid waste management rules plant Decrease in DO Levels of the Proper design of outfall Sewers APPCB APPCB norms of waste disposal in to water bodies and Eutrophication Proper selection of water intake point water bodies and onto land due to disposal of treated waste/sludge Increase in noise levels due to Proper selection of treatment plant site Adhere to the standards CPHEEO Manual for design and running of treatment plant Ensure proper designing maintenance and provision of adequate buffer areas to the APPCB maintenance. CPCB standard Noise levels for specific land use Solid Waste Management Nuisance due to odour, flies and Wind direction shall be taken in to consideration while selecting the site ULB Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 insects from dump sites Avoid locating dumping sites near the water bodies, residential areas, schools, colleges and hospitals Location of landfill sites Land acquired for land fill sites shall not be agriculture cultivable waste or grazing ULB & Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 land or wet lands with high water table, mainly in coastal belts. APPCB Contamination of groundwater Conduct detailed survey regarding groundwater table and soil characteristics APPCB Municipal solid waste Rules, 2000 resources due to leaching from before selection of dumping site to prevent leachate percolating into Ground water Hazardous waste management rules solid waste Roads and Transport Flooding due to change in Careful planning and designing of road network considering the natural drainage ULB IRC: 15-1981: drainage pattern pattern IRC: 19-1977: IRC: 86-1983: SP: 20-1979 for Design considerations Decrease in ground water Ensure alternative arrangements for groundwater recharge ULB & CGWB recharge due to surfacing Traffic Congestion Future traffic projections to decide on the carriageway, proper identification of R&B, ULB Traffic Management rules and guidelines material dumping during construction. IRC guidelines Impacts due to mining of road Ensure that the mining areas are not notified by the department of Environment as Forest Act construction materials sensitive areas Wild Life Act Avoid mining in ecologically sensitive and protected areas Bio-diversity conservation rules 254 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Pre implementation Phase Institution Road accidents All street/ road appurtenances like street lightning etc should be properly planned, ULB, Traffic police IS 12314: 1987 (safety distance) designed and maintained Safety guidelines of IRC For traffic signals and road signs compliance to IRC: 93-1985; IRC: 67-1977 Change in land use due Ensure proper land use planning before implementation of the road projects Proposed land use plan, if any construction and change in land Conform to IRC5- 1985, IRC6-1966, IRC surrounding land use due to 11-1962, IRC 22-1886, IRC 21-1987, IRC increased accessibility 40-1970, IRC 54-1987, IRC 103- 1988 for implementation Storm Water Drain Flooding of down stream areas Ensure proper selection of outfall point with respect to down stream areas ULB IS 11272: incase of improper drainage 1985 for drainage system facilities Increase in sediment load of the Proper design of slope to avoid scouring and overflow due choking ULB Design as per CPHEEO Manual water body Area Upgradation Water logging due to improper Ensure proper design of streets according to the topography ULB Road/street design and construction shall drainage facilities and street comply to IRC: 15-1981, IRC: 19-1977, design IRC: 86-1883, IRC: SP-20- 1979 CPHEEO Manual Critical City Wide Infrastructure Change/ impact on surrounding Identification and provision of land in the DP ULB Proposed land use plan land use Strict adherence to DP/TP proposals Approval from the competent authority shall be taken before the conversion Information dissemination regarding land allocated Congestion due to non availability Ensure sufficient land availability and proper planning of the surrounding land use ULB ---- of parking facilities near the for parking facilities proposal Change in water quality and air Site selection shall be based on the prevailing wind direction APPCB _ - quality due to disposal of different wastes. Organized Market Areas Impact on surface and Proper study shall be done with location of disposal site with respect to water APPCB APPCB groundwater sources due to quality and aquatic life Norms on effluent disposal effluent from slaughter hoses Increase in noise levels due to Ensure site selection away from sensitive areas ULB Standard noise levels allied activities at Complexes/markets Traffic congestion Avoid traffic congestion with beHter planning and management ULB As specified earlier Land pollution due to disposal of Detailed study of the GW table depth and soil characteristics for locating disposal CPCB Hazardous and Solid waste management 255 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrnent Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Pre implementation Phase Institution waste from slaughter houses and site rules vegetable markets Water Act, 1974 Integrated Area Development Change in land use pattem Avoid conversion of prime agricultural land and other important land uses ULB Same as mentioned earlier Ensure proper land use planning before implementation of project Approval from the competent authority shall be taken before the conversion (NA permission) Impacts due to mining of Identify suitable sites for large quantities of soil excavation ULB and MEF As mentioned earlier construction materials Increased stress on water Ensure availability of water resources ULB resources and change in groundwater characteristics and ground conditions due to over exploitation Increased stress on infrastructure Conduct detailed study of existing infrastructure ULB facilities Environmental Improvement Impacts on natural Protect natural habitats ULB, MoEF Wildlife Act Ecosystem due to increased Bio-diversity movement Conservation rules Change in land use due to Ensure proper zoning before implementing any project ULB increased accessibility Same as mentioned earlier Urban congestion /stress on other Proper study shall be made regarding the existing facilities and developed due to ULB facilitiesfuuesrs IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Implementation phase Institution MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Flooding due to Depending on the intensity of rainfall, topography of the area and obstruction to natural ULB Topography, Change in drainage patterns and drainage due new development, measures to be taken, like leveling the ground surface, Soil and watershed maps erosion of top soil creating artificial drainage facilities, provision of dykes to hold run off. Special care should be taken In the low-lying areas where water logging problem is very high careful planning of top cut and -fill to minimize erosion, including resurfacing / re vegetation of exposed areas Proper resurfacing to be done as soon as the concerned activity is over 256 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Implementation phase Institution Identify suitable sites for disposal of soil ULB in coordination with MoEF guidelines for the specific Impacts due to Disposal in natural drainage areas should be avoided Ministry of Environment area, if any Excavation /disposal of soil Care shall be taken to avoid creation of borrow pits as far as possible, if not, proper and forests care shall be taken for human and animal safety and to avoid water logging Traffic congestion during Provision of bypass for traffic during construction and planning and organization of ULB to co-ordinate with Contract document construction engineering work in such away to minimize traffic congestion the traffic police Appropriate Construction In heavy traffic areas work can be done at night time and altematively use construction Techniques techniques which will not obstruct the traffic CPCB standards of ambient air Sign boards shall be held at a distance of about 500 m to diver the traffic and about the quality and vehicular and equipment construction activity emission Disturbance to other services Necessary warning shall be issued to local people about the possible temporary ULB to ordinate with the Contract Document during construction disruption of services, if any concerned departments Appropriate construction techniques Inform to other service providers about the activity and make all arrangements Check emission from construction equipments and ensure their proper maintenance APPCB in co-ordination CPCB standards of ambient air Change in Air quality due to proper measures to be taken to arrest smoke and dust. Sprinkling of water to settle with ULB quality and vehicular emissions construction, operation and due to down the dust will minimizing the impact traffic increase All the air polluting appurtenances including the emission from the vehicles used for construction activities Should comply with standards of the SPCB Odour nuisance Create sufficient buffer areas ULB to co-ordinate with Public Nuisance Act the respective departments Decrease in DO Levels in the Proper measures to be taken to contain the run off from construction sites to avoid APPCB Water Act, 1974 surface water body and loss of contamination and sediment loading of water body APPCB Standards for waste aquatic life disposal in to streams Change in ground water The ground water abstraction should be restricted to permissible limit. Ground water ULB CGWB Guidelines on Ground water characteristics in terms of quantity balance must be taken in to consideration while using groundwater as a source extraction and salinity ingress Increase in noise levels due to Check for noise levels of construction equipment construction activities with moderate ULB in coordination Noise pollution rules construction and operation to high noise levels should be carried out as far as possible only during daytime With APPCB Loss of ecosystems due to Activities should not be allowed in the eco-sensitive regions. Reforestation should be ULB in co-coordinaton Forest Act construction and loss of flora and done, in case of any cutting down trees. Alternative routes should be assessed for with MoEF, Govt. of A.P Wild life protection Act fauna due to new ecosystems minimizing the damage wherever possible. Bio-diversity conservation Rules Under unavoidable circumstances the wildlife species should be transported to i______________________________ protected areas Public safety Employ safe engineering practices during construction ULB IS 12314: 1987 (safety distance from other services) Safety guidelines of PWD, IRC 257 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Implementation phase Institution MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Water Supply Change in ground water quality Ensure extraction to be within permissible limits, so that the ground water budget is ULB CGWB Guidelines on groundwater and salinity intrusion in maintained extraction Coastal aquifers due to over exploitation Contamination of water source Proper safety measures shall be taken during construction ULB& APPCB WaterAct, 1974 Phase so that the water bodies are not polluted APPCB standards for waste disposal in to streams Water logging due to leakages Ensure proper design network ULB Conform to Is 11906: 1986 and overflows CPHEEO Manual Increase in Noise levels due to Proper measures should be taken to arrest the noise (Noise Barriers) ULB in co-ordination with Noise pollution Rules running of treatment plant APPCB Standard noise levels for specific land use Increase in energy loads Ensure less number of pumping stations in network through proper design Integrate with the local Cumulative records energy topography consumption Of the city Sewerage Contamination of ground water Proper construction shall be done for the system and all the appurtences should ULB APPCB norms of waste disposal and surface water sources and comply with standards. IS: 458-1988 (sewers) creation of stagnant pools of IS 2064: 1993 (installation and wastewater due to over flows and maintenance of sanitary appliances) leakages IS 1 1 272: 1985 for basic requirements of drainage system Decrease in DO Levels of the Select disposal site according to the water body characteristics APPCB APPCB norms of waste disposal in water Confirm detailed study of receiving water body characteristics and aquatic life to water bodies and onto land Bodies and Eutrophication due to disposal of treated waste/sludge Loss of Aquatic life Proper location of disposal point APPCB Same as above Change in groundwater quality Proper surfacing to be done to avoid leaching, in case shallow depth ground water it is ULB& iS 2064:1993 due to leaching from toilets and advisable to make proper arrangements Conform to IS 12314:1987 for safety distance APPCB For construction CPHEEO Manual septic tanks etc from other services Solid Waste Management Location of landfill sites During construction of landfill site ensure 3m above the ground water table ULB & Municipal solid APPCB Waste Rules, 2000 Contamination of groundwater Ensure proper surfacing of dumping site APPCB Municipal solid waste Rules, 2000 resources due to leaching from Hazardous waste management solid waste rules 258 Andhra Pradesh Uirban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Implementation phase Institution Land and water pollution due to Ensure proper storage and working conditions for materials APPCB &ULB Hazardous waste handling and spillage of asphalt, Ensure skilled workers to handle hazardous substances management rules Tar and hazardous materials IRC guidelines Decrease in ground water Ensure alternative arrangements for ground water recharge recharge due to surfacing Air pollution and noise due to Ensure proper arrangements to control dust pollution. APPCB APPCB ambient air quality increase in traffic Provide green belts on the road standards Impacts due to mining of road Minimize usage of construction materials through proper planning and designing Ensure that the mining Forest Act construction materials areas are not notified by Wildlife Act the department of Bio-diversity conservation rules Environment as sensitive areas Storm Water Drainage Water logging due to improper Ensure provision of drainage facilities along road network ULB Road/street design and construction drainage facilities and street shall comply to IRC: 15-1981, IRC: design 19- 1977, IRC: 86-1883, IRC: SP-20- 1979 CPHEEO Manual Critical Citywide Infrastructure Congestion due to non availability Avoid traffic congestion by providing space for parking ULB of parking facilities near the crematorium Change in water quality and air Proper study regarding the ground water table and soil characteristics prior to selection APPCB quality due to disposal of ash from of disposal site crematorium Organized Market Areas Impact on surface and Detailed study receiving body characteristics and aquatic life APPCB APPCB groundwater sources due to Norms on effluent disposal effluent from slaughter hoses Traffic congestion Avoid road encroachments especially in market and commercial areas ULB As specified earlier Land pollution due to disposal of Ensure proper design and construction of disposal site especially for slaughter house CPCB Hazardous and Solid waste waste from slaughter houses and wastes management rules vegetable markets Water Act, 1974 Integrated Area Development Impacts due to mining of Care should be taken to avoid creating of borrow pits as far as possible, if not, proper ULB and MEF As mentioned earlier constnuction materials care shall be taken for human and animal safetf and to avoid water loPPing r Contamination of water resources Proper measures shall be taken to contain funoff From constuctions sites APPCB APPCB norms 259 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmenital Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference documents Impact Implementation phase Institution Change in air quality due to Ensure emission standards from construction equipment and all vehicles APPCB increase in traffic Environmental Improvement Impacts on natural Avoid activities in eco-sensitive areas ULB, MoEF Wildlife Act Ecosystem due to increased Avoid /minimize noise and disturbances as far as possible Bio-diversity movement Conservation rules Out break epidemics durng peak Provide emergency centers in all tourism sites to avoid any accidents ULB tourists visits POST IMPLEMENTATION STAGE OR OPERATION STAGE Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference Impacts Operational phase Institution Documents MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN POST IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Increase in traffic after completion of project Incase of probable high increase in traffic existing infrastructure facilities ULB IRC guidelines of V/C ratio and shall be studied, and necessary improvements or altemative arrangements speed of vehicles for the expected traffic shall be made Change in Air quality due to construction, Proper checking through out the operations APPCB in co-ordination CPCB standards of ambient air operation and due to traffic increase with ULB quality and vehicular emissions Odour nuisance Regular maintenance to avoid o dour nuisance and efficient operation or ULB to co-ordinate with Public Nuisance Act technology, which has less odour nuisance the respective departments Create sufficient buffer areas Nuisance due to insects and files Ensure measures to reduce vector formation ULB Solid waste management rules Biological vector control methods can also be tried as altemative Avoid leakages overflow and clogging of sewage /water lines through maintenance and operation stagnation of water or sewage and solid waste dumping should be completely avoided. Spraying of insecticides to avoid spread of vectors is advisable Decrease in DO Levels in the surface water Check the disposal effluent characteristics APPCB Water Act, 1974 body and loss of aquatic life Carry out study of water budget with respect to the surface water bodies with APPCB respect to the quantity and check for the quality parameters Standards for waste disposal in to streams Change in ground water characteristics in Withdrawal of ground water should be controlled and regulated ULB CGWB Guidelines on 260 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference Impacts Operational phase Institution Documents terms of quantity and salinity ingress Ground water extraction Increase in energy loads Ensure proper operation and maintenance such that all the appurtenances ULB in coordination Noise pollution rules are complying with standards. With APPCB Ensure proper measure to arrest noise, avoid use of high noise producing equipments during night time in case high noise levels During operation, permanent noise barriers shall be provided for their safety Loss of ecosystems Alternative plantation activity in the nearby areas, which can support the ULB in co-coordination Forest Act Due to construction species like to be uprooted from the ecosystem with MoEF, Govt. of A.P Wild life protection Act And loss of flora and fauna due to new Effort should be made to restore the ecosystem as far as possible Bio-diversity conservation Rules ecosystems Public safety Rigorous implementation of policies through local officers, periodic visits to ULB IS 12314: sites to gauge the implementation, creating awareness among people, taking 1987 (safety distance from other help of CBO/local services) NGO's to oversee the compliance, issuing warnings to the people Safety guidelines of PWD, IRC Fire hazards Ensure proper fire fighting measures with skilled persons for operation Check the preparedness of the equipment and team with regular training and maintenance of equipment Training should be provided to the workers involved in fire risky activities MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS ISSUES IN POST IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Water Supply Change in ground water quality and salinity Ground water withdrawal should be restricted, controlled and regulated ULB CGWB Guidelines on groundwater intrusion in Extraction Coastal aquifers due to over exploitation Contamination of water source Ensure testing of water samples ULB& APPCB WaterAct, 1974 APPCB standards for waste disposal in to streams Water logging due to leakages and overflows Ensure improved leakage detection and repair techniques ULB Conform to Is Ensure proper maintenance of network 11906: 1986 CPHEEO Manual Increase in Noise levels due to running of Check for noise levels during operation ULB in co-ordination with Noise pollution Rules treatment plant APPCB Standard noise levels for specific land use Land pollution due disposal of waste Ensure disposal site away from treatment plant APPCB Water Act, 1974 APPCB standards for waste disposal onto land Impacts during operation and maintenance Avoid stagnant water pools and water logging ULB CPHEEO Manual on water supply Check for water contamination during transmission Increase in energy loads Ensure low energy consumption pumps to installed Integrate with the local Cumulative records energy 261 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference Impacts Operational phase Institution Documents topography consumption _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - O f the city Sewerage Contamination of ground water and surface Minimize detection and repair timing through efficient methods ULB APPCB norms of waste disposal water sources and creation of stagnant pools Ensure proper operation and maintenance shall be done for the system and IS: 458-1988 (sewers) of wastewater due to over flows and all the appurtences should comply with standards IS 2064: 1993 (installation and leakages maintenance of sanitary appliances) IS 11272: 1985 for basic requirements of drainage system Impacts due to overflow of sewers Ensure power supply during sewage pumping so that sewers do not overflow ULB IS: 458-1988 (sewers) Ensure the self-cleaning velocity of the sewerage network CPHEEO manual on sewerage Change in ground water quality due to Control of nitrate and microbial pollution of ground water ULB IS 11906:1986 for guide lines of leaching from treatment plant lining Solid Waste Management Rules Decrease in DO levels of the water bodies Ensure proper treatment efficiency as per design standards APPCB APPCB norms of waste disposal in and eutrophication due to disposal of treated Ensure effluent characteristics as per standards to water bodies and onto land waste/sludge Loss of Aquatic life Protection of aquatic ecosystem near ouffall location APPCB Same as above Increase in noise levels due to running of Noise generating equipments should conform to the standards Adhere to the standards CPHEEO manual for design and treatment plant to the APPCB maintenance CPCB standard on noise levels for specific land use Nuisance due to Insecticides and Flies Cleanliness near the pumping stations, septic tank, and toilets should be ULB maintained Periodic checks for overflows and leakages should be conducted, stagnation of water and sewage should not be there Change in groundwater quality due to Ensure proper maintenance of toilets and constant water for flushing ULB& IS 2064:1993 for construction leaching from toilets and septic tanks etc APPCB CPHEEO manual Health Hazards due to vector formation Avoid leaks and overflow from main trunk lines Stagnation of water or sewage should be completely avoided Spraying of insecticides to avoid spread of vectors is advisable Solid Waste Management Nuisance due to odour also due to flies and Ensure proper frequency of collection and regular disposal of waste ULB Municipal solid Waste Rules, 2000 insects from dump sites Ensure that no residue is left after collection Bins of sufficient capacity should be provided for collection of waste to avoid overflow Ensure proper safety measures like spraying of insecticides etc at the collection centers to avoid spread of epidemics Spillage of solid waste from trucks Avoid open trucks for transporting waste, if incase, ensure that the top is IS - 12402 1988 During transportation covered and there is no overloading Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 Spillageof Identify shortest route from collection l__ l 262 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environrmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference Impacts Operational phase Institution Documents Point to disposal point to minimize the travel distance and there by increasing the frequency of trips Health risk of sanitation workers Ensure safety measures for workers ULB Provide training to the workers with respect to health risk, and safety in handling solid waste Air pollution due to burning of waste Avoid burning of wastes which are Hazardous in nature e.g., plastics, ULB &APPCB Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 biomedical wastes Contamination of groundwater resources due Municipal solid waste managing authority should ensure that waste from APPCB Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 to leaching from solid waste non-residential areas for disposal are approved only after certification from Hazardous Waste Management SPCB that the waste is non-hazardous Rules Others Ensure Biomedical waste is not mixed with the municipal solid waste ULB Bio-medical Waste Management Ensure proper safety measures during epidemics Rules Roads and Transportation Flooding due to change in drainage pattern Ensure alternative drainage facilities ULB IRC: 15-1981: IRC: 19-1977: IRC: 86-1983: SP: 20-1979 for design considerations Land and water pollution due to spillage of Careful operation and maintenance and emergency clean up of hazardous APPCB &ULB Hazardous waste handling and asphalt, materials management rules Tar and hazardous materials IRC guidelines Decrease in ground water recharge due to Ensure alternative arrangements for ground water rechargec surfacing Air pollution and noise due to increase in Ensure standard emissions from vehicles APPCB APPCB ambient air quality traffic Regular monitoring of the noise levels on the road during operational phase standards will help in keeping track of the noise levels over a period of time Ensure proper maintenance of the roads during operational phase, especially during monsoons. One of the main reason for the high SPM levels in the ambient air is poor condition of road network Road accidents Check the speed of the moving vehicles ULB, Traffic police IS 12314: 1987 (safety distance) Avoid stagnant water pools on the network by care full design of road Safety guidelines of IRC drainage facilities For traffic signals and road signs compliance to IRC: 93-1985; and IRC: 67-1977 Storm Water Drainage Change in water quality of receiving body Avoid mixing up of domestic and industrial effluent with storm water through APPCB APPCB norms for disposal proper checking and maintenance Check for uncontrolled run of the system _ Increase in sediment load of the water body Ensure regular operation and maintenance of the system ULB Design as per CPHEEO Manual Area Upgradation Water logging due to improper drainage Ensure proper facilities for disposal of storm water ULB Road/street design and construction 263 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Reference Impacts Operational phase Institution Documents facilities and street design shall comply to IRC: 15-1981, IRC: 19-1977 IRC:86-1883, IRC :SP-20- 1979 CPHEEO Manual Water logging /formation of stagnant water Ensure no leakages from water distribution and sewerage lines U.LB pools Ensure proper maintenance of road network and drainage facilities Unhygienic conditions due to solid waste Ensure collection of solid waste at regular intervals ULB Solid waste management rules, dumping Increase awareness among the slum dwellers regarding handling waste 2000 Unhygienic condition due to toilets Ensure regular maintenance ULB Ensure proper waste collection and disposal facilities Awareness among people towards health and hygiene Health hazards due to flies and insecticides Ensure that there no stagnant water pools, sewage overflows and improper ULB dumping sites Spraying of insecticides and pesticides are advisable at regular intervals Critical City Wide Infrastructure Congestion due to non availability of parking Provision of space for parking ULB facilities near the crematorium Change in water quality due to discharge of Ensure proper collection and disposal of waste water APPCB effluent discharge waste water from hospitals, crematorium Ensure proper treatment of hospital waste prior to its disposal. Regular standards testing and monitoring is advisable Health risk due to storage, collection, Ensure proper training to the personnel involved in the process from storage APPCB Bio-medical waste management transportation and disposal of bio-medical to disposal Rules waste Regular monitoring is a must. Avoid burning of bio medical waste Ensure proper treatment and disposal of biomedical waste Health impacts due to continuous exposure Care shall be taken for storage of ash in the premises. Storing in a closed APPCB to electric waves container or covering is advisable. Avoid open/crude dumping of ash, especially in natural drainage areas. Care shall be taken while transportation of ash to disposal site. Ensure that, ash is transported in closed containers Organized Market Areas Impact on surface and groundwater sources Ensure proper collection, treatment and disposal of waste water especially APPCB APPCB due to effluent from slaughter hoses from slaughter houses Norms on effluent disposal Regular monitoring of effluent form slaughterhouses is a must. Impacts due to storing, dumping/disposal of Ensure regular collection frequency of waste from markets/slaughter house APPCB & Solid waste management rules solid waste Care shall be taken in disposing bio-degradable waste ULB Hazardous waste management Avoid open/crude dumping of vegetable/markets waste especially in natural rules drainage areas Health hazards due to unhygienic conditions Care should be taken to a void stagnant water pools ULB Ensure proper frequency of collection, of market wastes 264 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Environmental MMitigation measures Monitoring Reference Impacts Operational phase Institution Documents Spraying of insectides and pesticides is advisable Odour nuisance from biodegradable waste Cleanliness near storage and cleaning sites should be maintained. Stagnation of water pools should be completely avoided. Ensure collection frequency of solid waste at regular period Create suffficient buffer areas Nuisance due to insectides and files Ensure proper cleaning and maintenance of surrounding areas ULB Spraying of insectides at regular intervals is advisable Fire hazards especially in cold storage units Ensure proper fire fighting measures with skilled persons ULB Fire safety and hazard rules Ensure with proper safety measures for workers Provide training to workers Land pollution due to disposal of waste from Ensure proper storage and regular collection of waste from market to avoid CPCB Hazardous and Solid waste slaughter houses and vegetable markets leaching management rules Water Act, 1974 Increased stress on water resources and Ensure that rate of extraction shall not exceed the permissible limit. ULB change in groundwater characteristics and Alternative source of water shall be identified ground conditions due to over exploitation Increase awareness among the people to conserve water Decrease in ground water recharge due to Ensure altemate arrangement for ground water recharge ULB new development and surfacing Contamination of water resources Avoid improper dumping of solid waste near the water bodies APPCB APPCB norms Ensure the effluent treatment to standards before discharge Change in air quality due to increase in traffic Provide sufficient green belt along roads APPCB Ensure regular maintenance of road network Ensure proper surfacing of road network Environmental Improvement Provide noise barriers to avid disturbance to birds /animals ULB, MoEF Wildlife Act Impacts on natural Avoid /minimize noise and disturbances as far as possible Bio-diversity Ecosystem due to increased movement Increase awareness among the tourists about the environment and Conservation rules *_______________________________________ ecosystem Ensure proper collection and disposal of waste Impacts due to disposal of waste from Ensure proper treatment of waste before disposal APPCB tourism related activities Provide solid waste collection bins in the tourism Areas Air pollution due to increased activities Ensure proper surfacing of roads, proper maintenance, vehicle emission well APPCB Air pollution norms within standards, parking area Out break epidemics during peak tourists Ensure proper sanitation facilities and proper maintenance shall be taken ULB visits care, Check for proper cleanliness around tourism site 265 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessrnent Report 8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Environmental Monitoring plan: Construction Phase Monitoring Item Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsible Institution Construction Noise Measure Noise level in dB Once in two weeks (Randomly ULB in co-ordination with Construction noise near sensitive areas. Noise levels shall confirm to selected) APPCB Plan showing sensitive areas such as CPCB/APPCB standards hospitals/schools near the project area shall be prepared Dewatering Flooding & Inspect for flooding and erosion control measures Flooding area Once at each stage: Before ULB Erosion Protection as specified in EMP Erosion control; construction and during Cleared off area and protected area construction Air quality Measure the air quality around the Sources and SPM, S02, NOx in ambient air. Check Once in two weeks (24 hours ULB in co-ordination with surrounding area. the machinery emissions against Monitoring on a randomly APPCB Check the emissions from construction equipment CPCB standards selected day) and other machinery Inspect dust suppression Measures Check the effluent characteristics from the project Physical and Chemical Parameters, Once in two weeks ULB in co-ordination with Water Quality site. Colour, temperature, TS, Do, BOD, APPCB, ULB has to Collect water samples form down streamside of the MPN) undertake quality checking) disposal point. Compare with CPCB/APPCB Follow standards sampling procedures standards and water quality (pre- construction period) Construction waste and Inspect disposal system Quantity of waste disposed Once in four Weeks ULB other non-biodegradable Disposal site as specified in EMP waste Bio-degradable waste Check collection, storage and disposal system. Waste characteristics Once in two weeks APPCB in co-ordination with Leaching at the disposal site Quantity of waste ULB Disposal system Disturbance to other Inspect project area if proper care is taken to Inspect site according to EMP/Contract Once a month ULB services mitigate or reduce the disturbance as specified in EMP/Contract ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN: OPERATION PHASE Monitoring Item Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator | Frequency Responsible Institution Groundwater quality in Monitor groundwater depletion groundwater quality Depletion rate per year Twice in a year pre monsoon ULB in co-ordination with case of groundwater and groundwater balance Change in groundwater quality and post monsoon season HMWSSB APPCB- quality source _ Water quality Examine source water quality be employing proper Physical, chemical and biological Daily before treatment and after ULB sampling methods characteristics treatment (shall comply to drinking water standards after treatment) 266 Andhira Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessinent Report Monitoring Item Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsible Institution Leakages and overflows Monitor the leakages and overflows from water Leak detection and repair timing Once in a month ULB supply system No of leaks per month Cumulative records % of wastage to total water supply Noise due to running of Measure noise at sensitive locations such as Noise levels in dB 24 hours day ULB treatment plant Schools/hospitals and at the treatment plant Once in 4 months Waste from treatment plant Check waste water disposal system Characteristics of solid waste and Once in a months APPCB/ ULB Solid waste disposal system quantity of waste. Once in year Characteristics of disposal site- soil and ground water Efficiency of water supply nt Efficiency Once in year ULB system Consumption UFW __ Sewerage System Leakages and overflows Monitor the leakages and overflows in the system Leak detection and repair timing Once in a month ULB and creation of stagnant water pools NO. of leaks per month Quantity of sewage reaching the treatment plant Sewage treatment Examine the effluent characteristics Chemical and biological characteristics Twice per day at inlet & outlet APPCB of sewage Change in water quality Examine the water quality of the receiving body Monitor bacterial contamination of Twice in a year (dry season and and aquatic life of the near the down stream of discharge point surface waters wet season) with in 500m and receiving body Characteristics of receiving water 1000m of U/S and D/S stream boides Flora & Fauna of ouffall sewer Seepage from community Ground water quality and surface water quality Monitor coliform in surface waters Twice in a year ULB toilets and septic tanks Groundwater pollution Check soil and groundwater quality near the sludge Groundwater characteristcs Twice in a year (pre & post disposal site monsoon seasons) Noise due to running of Measure noise at sensitive locations such as Noise levels in dB 24 hours day ULB treatment plant Schools/hospitals near the treatment plant once in 3 months Vector Formation Check formation of stagnant polls due to choking, Sanitary checks Once in 3 months ULB leakages and over flow of sewers, septic tanks, treatment plant etc and un-healthy conditions due to operation of sewerage system Storm Water Drainage Change in water quality of Monitor water quality before and after discharge Monitor SS, DO, BOD faecal coliform, Daily ULB in coordination with receiving body with in 1000m of U/S and D/S and APPCB Turbidity of receiving waterbody Monitor Fisheries production Mixing of sewage with Monitor sewage mixing into storm drains Measure of quantity of sewage at SPS Once in a week during rainy ULB storm water Monitor fish production season Increase in sediment load Monitor regular operational and maintenance of Silt accumulation rate Twice in year before (before ULB and irrigation dept. with in the water body system Physical and Chemical and after monsoon) APPCB Characteristics of water. Flooding due to improper Follow flooding and water logging measures as Area effected by Flooding/water logging Thrice in year before, after and ULB 267 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Monitoring Item Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator Fre uency Responsible Institution drainage facilities mentioned in EMP dn oso Solid Waste Management Nuisance due to flies and Inspect measures taken as specified in EMP Frequency of waste collection Once in week ULB coordination with insectides Sanitary checking APPCB Spillage during Overloading and top covering Loading, top cover in case of open Once in a month ULB transportation trucks Condition of transporting Check operation and maintenance vehicles Check for vehicle exhaust Once in six months ULB in coordination with Health department Health risk of sanitation Monitor the health status of the workers Health status/ loss of man days due to Once in three months ULB in coordination with worker health conditions Health department Air pollution due to burning Ambient air quality Measure SPM, SOX NOX dioxin and Once in six moths ULB in coordination with buming of solid waste hazardous gases and vapour APPCB Ground water pollution Check soil and ground water level near the disposal Ground water quality Twice in a year (pre and post APPCB/HMWSSB point Approval of non hazardous waste from monsoon season) ULB in coordination with concemed authority Health department Roads and Transportation Increase in Noise due to Monitor noise levels near sensitive area and Noise levels in db Once every two weeks ULB/APPCB traffic movement residential areas Erosion Protection Inspect whether erosion mechanisms are followed Flooding area Once in each period during ULB along with UDA as in EMP Cleared off area with erosion control construction and after completion Dust Ensure proper dust suppression mechanisms as Measure SPM levels Check the ambient air quality APPCB specified in EMP every month Air pollution due to Monitor emissions from vehicles SPM, S02 CO and Nox and Ensure Once in week APPCB increase in traffic Inspect maintenance of roads as in EMP with CPCB norms Road accidents Proper maintenance of street appurtences Speed of moving vehicles Twice a year ULB Avoid stagnant water pools along roads Check for proper street appurtences Reduction in ground water Ground water recharge and depletion Ground water depth Twice a year ULB in co-ordination of recharge Check measures taken as specified in EMP HMWSSB Area Upgradation Water supply system As specified under water supply project Sewerage system As specified under sewerage project Storm water drainage As specified under storm water project Roads As specified under roads project Solid waste management As specified under solid waste management project Un-hygienic conditions Sanitary checks Monitor at Once a week ULB Monitor health status of slum dwellers Public water taps Public toilets Once a Month Solid waste collection points 268 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Monitoring Item Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsible Institution Water pollution due to Waste water characteristics Water quality parameters Twice a year (Once in wet APPCB slaughter houses (SS, DO, BOD, COD and season and dry season) faecal coliform) Receiving water body characteristics treatment and disposal Soil quality Land pollution due to Waste water disposal sites Same parameters as above Once a year APPCB slaughter houses Solid waste disposal sites Solid waste characteristics, treatment and disposal _______________________________________Soil quality Ground water pollution Monitor waste disposal sites Leaching from disposal sites Monitor Once in year APPCB ground water Quality near the site Nuisance due to insects Check formation of stagnant pools due to leakages Sanitary Checking frequency of waste Once a week ULB and flies and overflow of waste water, solid waste dumping collection Health status Odour nuisance From slaughter houses and markets Odour Once month ULB Monitor measures taken as mentioned in EMP Increase in noise levels Monitor of noise levels at sensitive locations near Noise in decibles Once a month ULB markets Solid waste disposal Mode of disposal Frequency of collection Once in week ULB Collection of solid waste Dumping site Distance from collection Point to disposal point Public safety Monitor accidents and No of acciden Once in month ULB health status Disease pattern Fire hazards Monitor measures taken No of fire hazards Review once in three months ULB As mentioned in EMP Preparedness by means of time taken Monitor availability and preparedness of fire fighting unit Critical Infrastructure Traffic congestion Compliance with EMP measures Vehicle speed V/C ratio Once in three months ULB Health risk Monitor bio-medical waste handling and disposal Collection system Disposal method Once in a nth ULB Change in air quality due Monitor ash storage transportation and disposal Monitor air quality (SPM) Twice in a year ULB in co-ordination with to ash from facilities Spillage due to transportation APPCB crematorium Method of dumping Health impacts due to Health status of workers Disease pattem Once in six months ULB continuous exposure to Safety measures electnc waves Integrated Area Development Flooding and water logging Monitor measures taken as specified in EMP Area affected by water logging Thrice in a year before, after ULB due to change in 1 and during monsoon drainage pattern 269 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report Monitoring Item Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsible Institution Increased stress on water Monitor measures Ground water depletion rate Once in three months ULB sources As specified in EMP Ground water quality -hardness, Ground water depletion chlorides Sulphates) In case of ground water source Supply to other parts areas in the city in terms of Iped Air pollution due to Ambient air quality provision of green belt along SPM, Sox, Nox parameters in the Twice a year ULB in co-ordination with increased traffic pathway ambient air APPCB ; movements Proper surfacing of road network Increase in noise levels Measure noise near sensitive areas Noise levels in db Twice in a year ULB in co-ordination with i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A P P C B Environment Improvement Flooding and water logging Monitor measure taken as specified in EMP Area affected by flooding and water Thrice in a year before after and ULB due to change in drainage logging during monsoon pattern No of people affected Decrease in DO levels due Monitor water quality flora and fauna Measure water quality parameters (TS< Once a month ULB in co-ordination with to discharge effluent DO< BOD and faecal coliform) APPCB Erosion of soil Erosion of banks and bed due to increased river Physical observation Once a year ULB in co-ordination with water velocity Silt content in the water body Irrigation dept Increase in noisy levels Measure noise near sensitive areas Noise levels in db Twice in a year ULB in co-ordination with APPCB 270 ANNEXURES I I i Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Proj ct Social and Environmental Assessment Rep rt ANNEXURE I URBAN SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL TOWN PROFILE TOWN PROFILE Identification 1 Name of The Town 2 Address 3 Pin Code I I I 4 Phone STD CODE | NUMBER 5 Fax No. 6 e-mail Address 7 Civic Status of Municipal Corporation/Board/Municipality/Town Committee 8 Year of Formation 1 i i i i Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report GENERAL TOWN INFORMATION 1 General Information i Location of nearest Airport and the distance in kms ii Location of nearest railway station and distance in kms| iii Distance from nearest National/ State Highway in kms Note: Please provide/collect a regional level map showing the linkages with nearing towns/talukas/states 2 Geo Climatic Information Si. Item Description i Location Latitude: Longitude: ii Temperature Minimum: Maximum: iii Average Rainfall (cms) IV Humidity (%) v Soil Type ;' I i i I I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Pro ect Social and Environmental Assessment Re ort 2 -> - Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Proj( ct Social and Environmental Assessment Rep )rt TOWN PLANNING 1 Does the Municipality/Town have a Development/Master Plan If YES, Who Prepared the Plan When was the Plan Prepared?- When was it Sanctioned? | 2 Are there local area Dians prepared? If YES: Name: Si. Scheme Year Area (Sq.M) Scheme Prepared by Scheme Implemented? 2 3 _ _ 4_ 6. _7 Total Please provide us with a map showing the various scheme areas 3 Land Use Particulars Base Year of Development Plan (DP) Horizon Year of Development Plan (DP) Please provide land use maps (existing and proposed) for the town Si. Land Use Existin Proposed Current (2003) Ha 0/0 Ha / Ha 0/| Urbanised Area 1 Residential 2 Commercial 3 Industrial _ 4 Governmental 5 Recreational 6Public & Semi- public 7 Tourist Facilities 8 Pavements/ Circulation areas 91Other Developed Total Urbanised Area _ Un-Urbanised Area _ 10 |Government Reserved ___ 11 JAqricultural _______ Irriaated Non-irriqated _ Area sown more than once 12 Other Vacant Land 13 Water Bodies ll . 14 Restricted Zones/ Defence 15 Others Total Un-Urbanised Area Grand Total Area Is the town part of an Urban Agglomeration? If Yes, UA Area=----------------------Hectares & Population=------------------------- 4 Land approved for Non-Agricultural Purposes in the City Landuse 1997- 1998-99 1999- 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 98 00 *. 16 Residential 17 Commercial _ H L | 18 Industrial _ 19 Others 20 ZO Total 3 - - Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Proje Social and Environmental Assessment Repo t DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Si. Particulars 1981 1991 2001 1 Area (km2) 2 Number of Wards 1 POPULATION i Male _ ii Female Total 2 AGE WISE POPULATION 0-7 . _ 7-14 _ 14-35 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ >35 _______ iii Slums- No.s _ _ _ _ 1 iv Slum Population r r 3 VITAL STATISTICS Si. Description 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 i No. of Births Registered _ _ _____ ii No. of Deaths Registered __1_____1 4 i I I i i i i Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project Social and Environmental Assessment Re ort WARD LEVEL POPULATION FIGURES 1991 Census 2001 Census Ward Ward Ward Ward Rank No. Name/ Ward Area Popula Rank according No. Namer Ward Area Popula according to Locality (km2) tion to Pop. Density Locality (km2) tion Popn Density 2 _ -2 3 ._ 3 __ 4 _ _4 _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 6 6 _ 7 _ 7 8 ___ 8 ____ _____ = 10 .10 11 ._ _ 9 11 13 _ = 13 -- ___ = _ __ 16 .__--_____=__ 11- L__ __ _ -_____ =_ _ _ __ ___ _ _ __ 12 _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ =__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 12 _ _ ___ _____ = . ___ _ _ ___ 13 _ _ __ = __ __ __ _ 13 =__ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 14 14_ __ _ _ 1 _ _ _ 15 __ =___ ___ 16 16__ = __ 16 _- _ 17 __ _ _17 _ _ _ _ _ _ 18Z __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ____=___i__ 18 ______32_ _ _ _______ ___ __ l__ _ _ _ 19 _19 ______3__ _19 20 20 21 21 . __ _ 2 2 __ _ _ _ _2 2 __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 3 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 4 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 2 26 A 2 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 28 2 9 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 2 9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 3 30 _ 3 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 Tol32 __ _32 3 3 _ _ _ _ _ _33 __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3 4_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 6 _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 7_ _ _ _ 3 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 39__ __ 4 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 1 _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 4 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 2 _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 4 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 _ _4_5 46 _ _ 46 _ 47 __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 _ _ _ _ _ 48 _ _ _ _ _48 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 9 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _5 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ T o tal __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ T otal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Note: Please furnish ward maps for 1991 & 2001 5 I I I i I i Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Pro ect Social and Environmental Assessment Re ort SLUM INFORMATION Name of Ward Ownership ol Area No. of Units Popn Year of Ind. Water No. ' Indi Public St.Lighti Ec BaHwadis Dist. to Dispensaries/ Si th lm n the land .r~ 'o to Con. PSP's Sanitary convenience ng Electric Bl.i rmr rmr the Slum no (in2) Formation ~~~~~~~~~~nis (eas)Con Primary primary Govt./Pvt. P/ K/ SP 2001 Yes/No noes Yes/No Yes/No YeS°No Yes/No Yes,No School health centre) 1 2 3 4 5 7 83 ____ ___= _ _ _ 9 10 11 123 13 ____ 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 41 46 47 48 49 so 51 52 53 54 55 56 97 58 A' 59 60 L Total Please Attach a ma.p showing slum locations. K KUC HA 6 i I i i I i I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Proj ct Social and Environmental Assessment Rep rt DETAILS OF SLUM PROJECTS DONE IN THE PAST 5 YEARS S.No. Name of the Project Year & Period of Project Details Beneficiary Implementation households -6l 7~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 _ __1 2_ _ _ __ _ _ _ 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Proj act Social and Environmental Assessment Re ort ECONOMY 1 WORKFORCE DATA Years 1991 2001 i Main Workers Male Female Total Inc Male Female Total p/c _______ ______ Income __ _ _ _ _ _Incom e 1 Cultivators _ l 2 Aqricultural Labourers 3 Live stock/ Forestry/ Fishing, etc. 4 Mining & Quarrying 5a Mfg and Processing in Household (HH) Industries 5b M&P other than HH Industries 6 Construction Workers _ 7 Trade & Commerce 8 Trans/ Storage _ _ 9 Other Services _ X _ Total Main Workers _ _ _ ii Marginal Workers _ iii Non-Workers l Total Population l __ Main Workers lWorkers who work for 296 days as per Census Definition Marginal Workers lWorkers who work between 183 days-296 days as per Census Definition _ Non-Workers workers who work for less tha8n 183 days or six months as per Census Definition Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services ProjE Ct Social and Environmental Assessment Rep rt 2 MAIN ECONOMIC BASE OF THE TOWN Tourism Industries lCnTrade merc Agriculture L Others l I i TOURISM DETAILS a Places of interests I I I I L I b Tourist Season c Tourist General Characteristics 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2 )02-03 Average Stay of Tourist (Days) Average Expenditure of Tourist (Rs) d Tourism Infrastructure 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2 [02-03 Number of Hotels l l l l Average Room Rent in Rs l_L Average Occupancy in 0/0 3 ARE THERE ANY STATE INDUSTRIAL ESTATES / PRIVATE INDUSTRIAL AREA IN THE TOWN/SURROUNDING AREA? Yes I I No If Yes please furnish following details S.No. Industrial estates Area in ha Developed area Functioning Investment in Pr dominant in ha units lakhs i dustries Map showing location of industrial estates 4 TRADE AND COMMERCE l iTotal no. of establishments 1998-99 1999-2000 | 2000-01 01 12-02 2002-03 l No of establishments registered under the Estab_ishment Act _ _ No of informal establishments J 9 i i Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Pr :ject Social and Environmental Assessment R port ROAD AND STREET LIGHTING 1 Municipal Roads Length (Km) Si. Surface Type 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 1 Concrete 2 Black Tooped/ Bituminous Topped 3 Water Bound Macadam 4 Stone Paved 5 Earthen 6 Others Total! .__ _ . T o ta l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 Roads maintained bv other Aqencies NH, SH MDR & ODR passing within Municilal Limits Si. Category Length (km) 1 National Highways 2 State Highways 3 Maior District Roads 4 Other District Roads 5 Others Tota l 3 Other Road Infrastructure Si. Category Number 1 1. River Bridges Mafor Minor 2 Level Crossings 3 Road Over Bridges 4 Culverts I 4 Maior Roads Si. Major road stretches Carriageway (m) 1 2 4 6 7 8 5 Road Widths S.No. Road width ranges No. of roads- Length a >32m b 24.1m - 32.Om c 15.1-24.Om d 12.1-15.Om e 7.0-12.Om Please furnish a map) showinq the road network of the town 10 I I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Pro ect Social and Environmental Assessment Re ort 1 1 I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Proj ct Social and Environmental Assessment Re rt 8.4.3 Bus Terminal Name of Terminal: 1 Location: 2 No. of Entry Points: |(If common, Please mention) 3 No. of Exit Points: 4 Total Area (In Square Meters): 5 Number of Passengers Handled Per Day: 6 Incoming and outgoing Buses per day: 6a Incoming _ _ _ 6b Outgoing 7 Any Proposals for expansion/relocation of Terminal in near future Expansion / Relocation (If yes provide following details) Type of new S.No facility cost 1 2 3 In case of Relocation the name of new location 8.4.4 Truck Terminal Name of Terminal: 1 Location: 2 No. of Entry Points: (If common, Please mention) 3 No. of Exit Points: 4 Total Area (In Square Meters): 5 Number of Trucks Handled Per Day: j 6 Incoming and outgoing Trucks per day: 6a Incoming _________ 6b Outgoing 7 Any Proposals for expansion/relocation of Terminal in near future Expansion / Relocation (If yes provide following details) Type of new S.No facility cost 1 2 3 In case of Relocation the name of new location a I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Proje t Social and Environmental Assessment Rep rt WATER SUPPLY 1 Service Drovided bv: S. No. Please list the months of: Normal Season Dr Season 4 No. of M onths __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 2 Inventory of Water Sources S.No Surface Sources Quantum Non- Dedicated/ If shared, with S.No Surface____________________ _ Sorcsavailable /Yield Perennial Perennial Shared whom 1 ICanals _ _ __ _ _ 4 2 River _ _ 3 IPond _ _ _4 4 Springs _ _ 5 Other Sources -I F - B Ground water [ a ILevel of Development in the region (0/) I b [Depth of ground water table 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002 03 I Depth (m) I c Sources Quantum available/Yield Utilizable Not utilizable 1 O |en Wells 2 *Tube Wells/ Bore Wells 4 Others 1 _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _i 5 Others 2 INormal Season: June-February lDrv Season: March to May 12 I I Andhra Pradesh Urban Refors and MunciPal S-ers R Pr not Social and Envionmental Assessment R !p.0 2.1 OTHER WATER SOURCES S. Other Sources Quantity in ML/ Purchase ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ _Dav R ate Rs/M L1 2 3 4 2.2 S mmary of Water Supplied Si. Ilten,I Descr ption A Total Quantity of Water Supplied (Million Litres per Day) Normal Season Dr Season I Surface Water Sources 2 Sub-surface Sources 3 Through Other Sources (Private) 4 Total B Frequency of Water Supply 1 Normal Season Once in Days & | Hrs/ Day brtmes/ davy .I Hrs/time 2 Dry Season Once tn Days & Z Hrs/ Day I ... I.J timies/ da y I Hrs/ti,me * Water Distribution svstemn existing Yes Nol fs If yes, Area covered Percentage of Population coveredl * Age of the Distribution network * If No, how demand is met? S.oTpe of Source =Prcentarqe of population covered 2 lWelisll E. Please provide a map showing areas covered, water supply zones, location of water works, water distribubon stat,onws,ater transmission mains and Normal Season: Junu-Februarv Dry Season: March to May 13 i i I I j Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Plojc t Social and Environmental Assessment Re rt 3 Treatment Plant Details A. Is water treatment plant present? Yes No B. If Yes, Please furnish following details Si. |Treatment Particulars Description I Type of Treatment 2 lDesi n Capacty of Treatment Plant (MLO) 3 |Utlised Capacity (ML) 4 Year of Commiss,oning S Is water moninorq done at the treatment Dlant7 If Yes, than Quality of Inlet water Normal Summer pH TDS Hardness Flourndes Outlet Water Qualuty RH Hardness Res,dual Chlorine 4 Summary of Storage Capacity SlI. Description OHT UGT Total t N,mber of Reseryo.rs (ML) 2 Total Caacity (ML) I |Pubhc Stand Posts PSPs: PubiC Wells 2 lHand Pumps Si. Surface Source Particulars Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 I Name of the Rhoer /Tank/ Water Works 2a Y,eid (Quanty In Mlilon Litres)- Normal Season 2b Yield (Quantit In M1illon Litres)- Dry Season 3a Water Drawr (Mllion Ltres/ Dayi- Normal Season * ~~~~3b Water Drawn (M,11,on LUtres/ Day)- Dry Season_ 4 Water Transmitted (Mlhon Utres per Day) 7 Transmission Ty e (Gravity / Pumpinq) S Estimated Transmission and DOstrnbut,on losses (% of Total Water Dran)_ 9 Year of Commiss,ononq of Scheme 10 Desiqn Horizon & Populatbon Prolect Cost at time of Commission nq (Rs Lakhs) For 3a & 3b above, Is the quantity of mater measured or estimated' Does the Municipality/Local Body employ Water Tankers to supply water to Un-covered Area l If YES Si. Capacity in Lakh Litres Own/ Rented Year of Purchase (Own No. of Trips per Tankers) Day 4 Any organisation/institution (say NGOs, Trusts) engaged in public water supply If Yes, Mode of Supply and other details .Normal Season: June-February |Dry Season March to May 1 4 i I I i Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Pr ject Social and Environmental Assessment Re ort I 1 4 i Andhra Pradesh Urban Reto-ms ard Muicipal Services rolect Scr-al and Environmental Assessment eport 6 What is the average depth of Ground Water Table? I Normal Season metres 2 Dry Season metres Details of Individual Sub-surface Sources Yield (MLD) Year of Installation Current Si. Source Location Status No-rmal r eao Age Yes/ No A Open Wells/ Bavris 2 3 4 5 B Tube Wells/ Bore Wells _ -2 3 4 S 6 7 8 90 iTotalI Please attach addtional Sheets if required Details of Individual Storage Reservoirs Si. Location & Year of Construction Type (OHT/ UGT) (Lakh LitreNo. of Pu . 2 _ 3 4 -S__ 6 7 Total Has any water supply project been carried out in the past 5 years? Yes No If yes please f.rnish follo,in" deta,ls S No Protect 1Protect Details Project Cost [Persod of Imp ementat,on Pop,lation A,ea CO,erod coivered a Please provide proIject repourts and map showin the are covered under different psrojects 1 Has any Water Leak Detection studv been conducted? Yes No IfYe I N WItbCh (Year)' l WVhat is the estimated evel of leakase' In What wvas the extent of Leakage D detected7 tn % , During Transmisson Coring Transmission I During Interna Distrihution Durinn Internal Distrihvtionn t .t What are the major causes of Leakaqe? What are the mavr causes of Leaka a? 2 Is any Private Sector involvement in water supply of city? (If yes, Terms and Conditons) *Normal Season: Jue-Februar lDySao:MarchtoM I r_flfl[t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 4 Andhia Pradesh Urban Relonms and M,unicipal Se-wces Pro ct Soc,al and Ensironmental Assessment Re orn WASTE WATER AND SANITATION 1 Sanitation- Service Levels Si. Sanitation Facilities Nos. of Houses Population Covered 1 Septic Tanks 2 Under Ground Drainage Connection 3 Low Cost Sanitation Units 4 Dry Latrines 5 Oen Drains 6 Others- specify Does the Town have a UGD System If the Town has an Underground System, please provide following details 2 Details of Under Ground Sewerage System Please rovide a map showing sewerage network, outlets, sewage pumping stations, treatment plants Si. Description Particulars A General 1 Year of Commissioning of Scheme 2 Design Horizon (Period) 3 Design Population 4 Length of drainage network- sewers (Kms) 5 Area Covered (Sq. Kms) 6 No. of Wards Covered 7 Population Covered B Treatment Plant Details 1 Distance from Town (Kms) 2 Type of Treatment c 3 Designed Capacity of Treatment Plant (Lakh Lctres/ Day) 4 Utilised caacitY of Treatoient Plant (Lakh Ltres/ Day) 5 Outflow location of treated sewaTe (Dlstance from Town In Kms) 6 Does the town authoritjes discharre Sewage into any rive?Y7 If YES, Name of the River -If Tertiary Treatment- area of sludge drying beds (Sq. m) C No. of Public Conveniences connected to System 3 Sewerage connection charges C 1 Taxes/Chargesl 4 Details of Public Sanitation Facilities Sl. Facility ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~Blocks Seats | Total _ 1 Public Urinals Male_ 2- Pubic Latrines - Flush Type (Water is available for flushing and IS Male_ _ connected to a septic tank or Under Ground Drainage network) _ Female 3 Public Latrines - Dry Type (Water IS not provided and scavengers are Male_ _ required for cleaning) Female :_ 4 Public Bath Rooms Male_ =5 Mobile Toilets Fmale= 6 No.of houseshaving ovwn Toilet Facilitiesll 5 'What are the Charges for Septic Tank Clearance by the Muni.? Rs.| 6 Has any sewerage project been carried out in the past S yrs? Yes llNol If yes, Please furnish following details: S.No. Project & Project components Project Period of Population covered Area covere a b c d e Please provide project reports and map showing the area covered under different projects 7 Is any Private Sector involvement in sanitation of city? (If yes, Terms and Cond tons) 16 I Andhra Pradesh Urban ReJorms and Municipal Services Proj ct Social and Environmental Assessment Re rt STORM WATER/SURFACE WATER DRAINS 1 Storm Water Drains Details SI. Drain Type Length (kmi) 1 0pen Drains- Pucca 2 Open Drains- Kutcha 3 [Closed Drains Total Length of roads having drains on both sides 2 Coverage Area covered Population covered l Please provide a map showing the drainage system and the areas not covered Return Period (Years) 3 Has any storm water project been carried out in the past 5 yrs? Yes No Poet Period of Pplto S.No. Project & Project components Project Implementa covered Area covered Cot tion cvrd Ae oee a d = e Please provide project reports and map showing the area covered under different projects 17 i i i Ii - -J At LA LAO At - I.)  I A A C C U') CaneA 2 toO A U UtALAt..A A .0AA.t.U. - -,  to Croa,-taO, 00 fA o CA A . AJAtAAanC-AwA.A, - * A A A -. to -- C A 0.0 to .0   C to IC-A> ICA4Zt to A - 0  A0'  -, A3 AC  AaA0 7   A COACAC A o tttA.,OZ A CA2to c C--A tA A2.2 -. A A o r-tA A ALCA 2 A -, AaCA3A.A 2AAA A CA AtA A **4 Atm ***I 3AAA flAAAIAC ABAto 2  C A A  C ACaA A C A A A C A .0 JAt A A%CC o A A a  - A A  ffl  2 A... A L. A, a-. I 21A  CA 7 0 WA t.0 A A o . C A o A  .-... A A 0 A A 0 -  A *CA,-.A - - A A A - A CA A  m CA o - A 2 A a C S A to to r A - A A A 0 C tO A A ASO - At A 7 A A -. CA -. SA Ato . A a o A = A,.. - A 2 .0 A A iii A to C S CA A z - A A A 0 * A 2 C Co -. m -A . A -. ALA A C A z 2' A. A -. A o AC A 2 A -I Ca A A C A A A A 2 0 ,. A A -< A 0 7 A A A a A. C LA A A A -J A z C A 2 2 C 7 0 .0 A C A A A o a 2 7 A I A CA.0 A AAA C AA tO C - A AC *.** a,, p A A .C 0.0 z C r A 0 to.0 C c A7 A CA I I A,,dhra Pradesh Urban Relorms and Mun-rpa Ser--es Pr iec socol and EnvProrrratenral Assassrrenl Pe a-rt Please provide project reports and map showing the area covered uinder different projectsll 18 I Andhra Pradesh Urban Relonms and M.n,c,pal Sen.ces Pr ject Social and EnvIronmental Assessment Ri on URBAN ENVIRONMENT 1 Water Quality Monitoring 1. Is water quality monitoring done? 2. Who conducts water quality tests? If the local body conducts water quality tests, please furnish following details i Human resources S.no Designation No. Qualification Function 3 7 ii If water quality monitoring is done, please provi e following details: Other Other _ Name of Monitoring Stations DO (mg/L) BOD COD (Please (Please v' VlI VI] XI Map showing the water monitoring locations 2 AIR QUALITY MONITORING 1. Is Alr quality monitoring carried out? If yes, please prl vide following details: Name of 1999 2000 Monitoring SPM S02 NOx SPM S02 _ NOx _ Stations (Pg/Cu.m) (pg/cu.m) (g/cu-m) _ (pg/cu.m) _pg/cu.m) | (pg/cu.rn IvT1 Vl S _______________r____ Name of 2001 2002 Monitoring SPM leS02 p i NOx SPM foS02 dtNOxis Stations (pg/cu.M o S ti g/cuDm) (pg/cum) (pleg/cu.m) (Pg/culm) IV Vill I Map showing the air monitoring locations 2. Who conducts airquality tests? If the local body conducts air quadity tests, please furnish following details i Human resources S.no Designation . Qualification Function Montoin 1P S0 NI IP 0 O -6 19 I I i i Andhra Praiesh Urban Rlorms and M-n c,p Sorv coo mImi Socal and Environm-ni-W As snlnnn upon HEALTH 1 Health/ Medical Facilities in town area SI. Health Centre / Centres Doctors Nurses Beds Agi Nt of Dispensaries C per Day 1Itunici al Local odv Run 2 Government floe i 3(Dstrict Panchia t Run 4 Volontay Oranisations S Private Sector 2 Incidence of diseases 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 S ns Details During 500esDuring dry Specific Drng - Dsring dry Specific During Duri ng di Specific mosoo Jne sao Raos oso season Reason .monOn seson Reasons. 1MalariaP) Water-borne disease 2 Cholera 4 Jaondicei S f-eniniltlsi 6 Diarrhea 6 Gastro-enteritis Air-borne disease 8 Rfinsirator Problems 9 Eve IrritationI 10 Skin irritation I1 Cooqhini 12 13 3 Disease Pattern in town Si. |Disease Type 1999-00 joj d2000-01 2001-02 M orbidit Mrtal itV Mortality | Morbidity I Mortality IMa aria Water Borne Diseases | |Cholera 3ITypho,d I I I 31 hOd~~~~~1-= 1 -4 -a,Iace j 6Diarrhea j D1astro-enrenitis lAr-borne diseases Resp-atory Problems 9 'ye IrrItatinn 15 I Skin irritationII IIIIIII I 1Coqh,nqi 12 SI. Disease Type 2002-03 Mo-bidity Mortality I IMalariaII i Water I 2 Choera 4 joaundice 6 6Dianrnea i 7 Gastro-entert,is Air-borne diseases. 8 fins nato Pnoblems 1 P E e IrritationII I 1| Skln irritation 12 jOthers(Please specfy) A 13 Others(Please specfy) 4 Details of outbreak of any epidemrncs | S.. Type of Epidemic Year Period Cause Effect | - |- l l l 4 | Morbidity _ Mortality 2 3 4 S S 1ocidence of AIDS so - Year jNo of cases | e of medical facilities existin Problems Soiqestions 2j1999-00 3 12000-0111 412001-02 5T2002-03 6 Other Problems and Possible Actions FIRE SAFETY 1 If Local Body does not prooide Fire Services, which is the closest facility7 1 Na-e of Ton.- 2 Distance (li Kcs) 2 What are the charges payable to avail services from other Towns? Rs. 3 Please prooide a map showing the location of fire stations, their service areas/zones 20 I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal SeNices Pro ect Social and Environmental Assessment Re Or EDUCATION 1 Education Institutions __l Si. Description No.s Central State Municipal/ Voluntary Private Total Govt Govt. Local Body's Organisation 1 Anganwaadis Institutions Students Teachers 2 Play school/ Nursery Institutions Students Teachers 3 Primary Schools Institutions Students Teachers 4 Secondary School Institutions Students Teachers S Higher Secondary Schools Institutions Students _ 6 Teachers 6 Total Institutions ______ Students Teachers _ _ 2 Details of Universities/colleges, Departments and professional institutes Si. Description Name of Name of Deptts Courses Offered Seats Enrolment university/professional available _______ institutes Issues Possible solutions/Suggestions 21 i Andhra Pradesh Urban Relorms and Municipal Services P oject Social and Environmental Assessment F eport PARKS & OTHER AMENITIES 1 Open Spaces 1.1 Recreation, Leisure, Parks and Play fields Si. Description Nos. Area ( sq. m) Location Facilities 1 -2 -6 8 Map showing location of different types of open spaces in the towr 2 Other Facilities Si Other Facilities/ Information Number Ya 1 Post office 2 Bank (Nationlised) 3 Bank (Co-operative) 4 Bank (Private) S Police Stations 6 Commnunity Halls 7 Libraries (Municipal) 8 Libraries (Others) _Bus Stand 10Railway Station 11Burial Facilities 12Cremation Facilities 22 l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~1______ _____________ ______________ __________________ 2 ________ ___________________ ____________________ ___________________________~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t I I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Munictpal Services Pr ect Social and Environmental Assessment R por MUNICIPAL ASSETS 1 Municipal/Local Authorit Property or Commercial Complexes Name/ Type of Year of P Commercial Annual Si. Municipal Purpose Used For Yea r of So Revenue Property Construction Number of Shops (Rs. Lakhs) -1 -2 3 4 6 7 8 -9 10 12 Map showing the location of properties 2 Markets, Mandis, Slaughter House Details Annual Si. Type Location Area (sq. m) No. of Shops Facilities available Revenue (Rs. Lakhs) 1 4 5 -6 3 Other Remunerative Activities SI. Type of Activity Fee/ Charge per No. of Day (Rs./ Unit) U ats per 1 Road-side Vendors 2 Hand Carts (Laaris) 3 Parking Lot 4 Others 5 6 2 -7 -8 23 ! .3 .:o~~~~-~~c .~~. ------- - 0 i------ - - -- to 01 3 C 10-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a 01m 0 0 0 n 0 0~~~~~~~~~01-0 00- 003>7> *. - 0 o ~~~~~~~~~0-0 - -- 00-b -a- - ~~0ZZ0Ia, 01 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S , o o~~~~o 3~~ ~ ~ 00~~~ 001 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o &~~ A 0~~ -I~ -. 0000 3~~~~~~~...-.to;00to010o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 9 H 0Z~~~~~~~0'~~= 0 ~~ 0 01 ~ ~ 0 0 - ->- - - - - - - - 0 - - - - - - - - - 0303030330 .003'.-, ~ 030...0 ' 00. 030010' o~0..o ~ 00 00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 00 - 0 - -0 .. C 0 - = a 01 .0 0 0. 0 ~~~0 C 02 0~~~~~-0 0 13~0 - -~~~~~~ 30 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - -0 - - 0 .10~~~~~~~~ l i Andhra Pradesh U,ban Reforms and Municipal Servrces roject Social and Environmental Assessment leport New Connection charges/ Deposits (in Rupees per Connection) Si. Connection Domestic Commercial Industrial Year of Last 0/0 Revised Size Charge Deposit Charge Deposit Char e Deposit Charge Deposit Charge Deposit r~~~~I _ I 1 D2 23Ia 4I" S 6 Summa of Water Connections Si. Connection Description 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 1 Domestic Connections Metered Un Metered Total Domestic 2 Commercial Connections Metered Un Metered Total Commercial 3 Industrial Connections ____Metered ____Un Metered Total Industrial _ _l Grand Total Connection! _ _i 4 PSPs (TaPs) S Public Hand pumps Demand, Collection and Balance Statement- Water Charqes Rs. Lakhs Si. Description 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 1 Demand a. Arrears b. Current |Total 2 Collection/ Recovery a. Arrears b. Current |Total Sanitation and Drainage Tax | Basis for Tax Tax Rates Rupees per Connection per 0% of Prop Tax l l ~~Si. lBuilding Use General |Special |Drainage N r of A- S n TxSanitation Sanitation Tax umbe of Assessments- Dra e TaTax Tax I Domestic 2 Commercial 4l 3 Industrial Number of Assessments- Sanitation Tax Si DType of Assessment 1998-99 1999-00 1 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 l l | ~~~~~~~~~~Number of Assessments | 1 Domest'cj jj j j2 |Commercoalj j jjjj 3 llndustrial | Tootal I l | YP | ~~~~~~~~~~Number of Assessments. | | 1 2 |Doomestic 2 Commerci alRecovery | j ~3 |Industrialjjjj | Total Tota New Connection charges/ Deposits (in Rupees p~eorConenrection) ; Si. UGID Connect* m DoetcCmecial Industrial |::: Year of Last | %Revised | | i 1 ~~~~~Charge Depo. jCaq e0 Charge| Depe.|ohrg Depo. |Caq Depo | j 1 |Amt. per Connection I E ll l Demand Collection Balance Statement- Sanitation Tax Rs. Lakhs SI. IDescription 1998-99 1999-00 1 2000-01 | 2001-02 2002-03 1 Demand a. Arrears b. Current Total 2 Collection/ Recovery a. Arrears b. Current ______|Total | Demand Collection Balance Statement- Drainage Tax Rs2Lakhs | | Sl. |~Description 1998-99 l 999-00 ) 2000-0l1 2001-02 12002-031 I I 1 Demand a. Arrears | [ T~~b. CurrentT T 1 TI * l ~2|Collection/ Recoveryi a. Arrears i F TotalI I T111 25 i I I I I AMnhra Prodosh Urban Rform and Mun-ipal Soroosroos Socia -fl tE-r-onmIa Asssso-tRc 1 Please provide the following: a. Annual reports/balance sheets of finance department (1998-99 to 2002-03) b. Budget paper/Finance proposals 2003-04 2 Details from Accounts Department 20.5 Which is the Last year of Audit 1. Details of Capital Expenditure by the Municipality Rs. Lakhs 2. Other Liabilities as on 31/03/2003 Si. Sector 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 Si. Agency/ Creditor 1 Genenal Administnation 1 Salanies 2 OctnTi & T-ti 2 PP & Other 3 Waten Sopply 3 4 PublC Health & Consen 4 S P.bSlc Woks (R & Bl 5 6 Medical Senvices 6 7 Ed-m-tion 7 a Ma-kets/ Com Corpleo 8 9 Town Planni1 9 10 F,ie Senvices 15 11 Othens 1 Total 12 Total 3.3 Outstanding Loan Statement St. Namne of Loan Amount Interest Period Disbursal Amount Re aid till 31/03/2003 Ove*due Lending Rate 4Years) Date/ Year Pnrci I7. Total P-ic. Mot. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8= 9 15 (6+ 7) 2 4 76 S S 15, 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total = - = 26 I Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Pro ect Social and Environmental Assessment Re orl HUMAN RESOURCES 1 'Municipal Sta fing Pattern - 2002/03- No. of Staff 1 Fire Services 2 Street Lighting 3 Water Supply 4 Public Health & Conservancy S Medical Facilities 6 Education Dept 7 Public Works 8 General Administration & Municipal Staff 9 Commercial Activity & Others 11 ______ Total Staff 2 STAFF DETAILS 2.1 Department-wise Staff Details Si. Department Design Qualification Functions/ . Number of Permanent No. of Daily Wage l_____ l ation &i Responsibilities [ Sanct. Filled Vacant Employees Officers Technical Staff Please enclose the organization chart of the Municipality, including the functions and responsibilities of the various departments. 2.3 Problems/Issues 2.4 Possible solutions/Suggestions Has the Municipality formulated its Citizen's Charter? Yes/No If so, please provide a copy of the same 27 I i i Andhia Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Se-vces Prol Social and En-vonmental Assessment R. FELT NEEDS OF THE MUNICIPALITY Please indicate the felt needs of the Town, which may be based on estimations and/ or studies 1 Wa'ter Supply Estimated Cost Si. Item Description EstiatedaCost 1 Source Auqmentation 2 Storage Capacity Enhancement 3 Internal Distribution 4 Issue of House Service Connections 5 7 2 Sewerage & Sanitation Si. Ite Description ~~~~~Estimated Cost SI. Item Description ~Rs. Lakhs) Underground Sewerage System Provtsion/ Extension 2 Treatment Capacity Enhancement 3 Enhancing System Coverage & Reach 4 Low Cost Sanitation 5 Others 6 7 3 Roads Si. Item Description ~~~~~Estimated Cost S3 . Roa Itsem Description rRs. Lakhs) 1 Need for By-pass 2 Road Over Bridge at Level Crossings 3 Construction of Bridges 4Construction of important link roads/ Ring Roads SNeed for Traffic Management Plans, junction Improvement, etc. 6 Road upgradation/widening 7 8 9 4 Storm Water Drains