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Kathryn Hollifield, Robert Holzmann, Timothy Irwin, Jaime Jara-  drews, Aida Atienza, Suresh Balakrishnan, Nabhojit Basu, Paolo
millo-Vallejo, Abhas Kumar Jha, Anne Johansen, Olga Jonas, Ruth  Carlo Belli, Surjit Bhalla, Gerry Bloom, Ronelle Burger, J. Edgardo
Kagia, Satu Kahkdnen, Jeffrey A. Katz, Philip Keefer. Damoni Kita-  L. Campos, Indu Bushan, Yero Boye Camara, Jonathan Caseley,
bire, Homi Kharas, Stuti Khemani, Jeni Klugman, Steve Knack,   Prema Clarke, Dave Coady. Alberto Diaz-Cayeros. Richard Crook,
Valerie Kozel, Dan Kress, Jody Kusek, Karen Lashman, Frannie  Monica Das Gupta, Antara Dutta, Dan Erikson, Paulo Ferrinho, An-
Leautier, Danny Leipziger, Brian Levy, Samuel Lieberman, Soe Lin,  gela Ferriol, Varun Gauri, Anne Marie Goetz. Kelly Hallman. Maija
Magnus Lindeldw, Marlaine Lockheed, Elizabeth Laura Lule. Mat-  Halonen. Susanne Hesselbarth, Rob Jenkins, Anuradha Joshi, Hen-
tias Lundberg, Akiko Maeda, Wahiduddin Mahmud, Nick Manning,  ry Katter, Daniel Kaufmann, Philip Keefer, Peyvand Khaleghian,
Bertin Martens, Om Prakash Mathur, Subodh Mathur, Aaditya Mat-  Stuti Khemani, Stephen Knack, Rudolf Knippenberg, Kenneth Leo-
too, Elizabeth McAllister, Judith McGuire, Oey Astra Meesook,  nard, Bernard Liese, Angela Lisulo, Annie Lord, John Mackinnon,
Vandana Mehra, Alain Mingat, Mick Moore, Christopher Murray,  Beatriz Magaloni, Nick Manning, James Manor, Melkiory Masatu,
David Nabarro, Raj R. Nallari, Deepa Narayan, W. Paatii Ofosu-  A. Mehryar, Anne Mills, Mick Moore, Joyce Msuya, Fatoumata
Amaah, Peter O'Neill, Elisabeth Page. Elisabeth Pape, Puspa Pathak,  Traore Nafo, Joseph Naimoli. Andrew Nickson, Rami Osseni, C.
Harry Patrinos, Judith Pearce, Ronald F. Perkinson, David Peters,  Torres Parodi, Harry Patrinos, Mark Pearson, Victoria Perez, Janelle
Guy Pfeffermann, Tomas Philipson, Janelle Plummer, Alexander  Plummer. Benjamin Powis, Didio Quintana, Carole Radoki, Aminur
Preker, Robert Prouty, Firas Raad, Anand Rajaram, Mamphela Ram-  Rahman, Francesca Recanatini, John Roberts, James Robinson. F.
phele, Vijayendra Rao, Ray Rist, Peter Roberts, F. Halsey Rogers,  Halsey Rogers, Pauline Rose, Suraj Saigal, R. Sarwal, Parmesh
David Rosenblatt, Alex Ross, James Sackey, Mauricio Santamaria,  Shah, Maureen Sibbons, Janmejay Singh. Hilary Standing, David
Sarosh Sattar, William Savedoff, Eugen Scanteic, Norbert Schady,  Stasavage, Jonas Gahr Stdre, Denise Vaillancourt, Servaas van der
George Schieber, Ruth Ingeborg Schipper-Tops, Supriya Sen. Ne-  Berg, Wim van Lerberghe, Ayesha Vawda, Emiliana Vegas, and Pe-
mat Talaat Shafik, Monica Singh, John Snow, Lyn Squire, Lynn  ter Wolf.
Stephen, Mark Sundberg, M. Helen Sutch. Jakob Svensson. Jee-                                    L- L lWJI  Q L.OUJ I  LJI 31 l,aV
Peng Tan, Judith Tendler, Gregory Toulmin. Emmanuel Tumusiime-  J"L v, _1 http://econ.worldbank.org/wdr/wdr2004/ Y  I  A
Mutebile, Brian van Arkadie, Caroline van den Berg, Dominique van  J,,  Y 131I_,VI  A  i 4 1a ,tIJII .5W) ,  1 )  y
de Walle. Rudolf van Puymbroeck, Hema Visnawathan. Adam Wag-                          Jiil LA 4) ,i j1     t.fl 4) ; ,WU
staff, Jeffrey Waite, Wendy Wakeman, Christine Wallich, Maitree  Ca21_,    I t   _ l   ,9J3  J  b LJA    ,    i t 
Wasuntinwongse, Hugh Waters, Dana Weist, Michel Welmond,      Christopher Adam, James j,.e L...3 .rLAL3.zel3. z*U. .*Ij ill
Richard Westin, Howard White, Mark Williams, James D. Wolfen-  Adams, Orville Adams, Olosodji Adeyi, Shafiul Azam Ahmed. Asad
sohn, Michael Woolcock, Alan Wright. Ian P. Wright, Salman Zah-  Alam. Aya Aoki, Omar Azfar, Raja Rehan Arshad, Yvette Atkins,
eer, Abdo Yazbeck, and Jiirgen Zattler.                       Melvin Ayogu, Raja Bentaouet Kattan, Peter Berman, Paul Bermin-
Mary Bitekerezo, Soucha Borlo, v w.k         L        _ US    ghan, Markus Berndt, John Besant Jones, Robert Beschel, David
John Garrison Johanna Cornwell,,.9)11 &J-21 ;,  ..  - ,) &tLW,j  Bevan, Anil Bhandari, Helena Bjuremalm, John Briscoe. Colin
Phillip Hay, Rachel Winter Jones, Agnes Kaye. Emily Khine, Zenai-  Bruce, Barbara Bruns, Donald A. P. Bundy, Pronita Chakravarty,
da Kranzer, Angela Lisulo, Precinia Lizarondo, Joaquin Lopez, Jr.,  Vandana Chandra, Mae Chu Chang, Robert Chase. Marian Claeson,
Jimena Luna, Karolina Ordon, Carolyn Reynolds.                 Paul Collier. Michael Crawford, Jishnu Das, Angelique de Plana,
elPI M21 L.J    ~   ~i 1    l .    l3 ,LJI l  i     4s       5Jean-Jacques Dethier, Annette Dixon, Paula Donovan, William Dor-
LJLWI I .t.L',) Ilt Jy~Wl   >- )          jii  i    -   Lt     otinsky, Mark Dumol, Ibrahim Elbadawi, Poul Engberg-Pedersen,
.,511 y         ailg  ,,1 .......          . 11 ,LWI  .11 ...-..   -, JL&.... Gunnar Eskeland. Antonio Estache. Barbara Evans, Shahrokh Far-
1\ vQ j ,L .UW     i;                   _,  _ ,A  .Wl  1  doust. Armin Fidler, Ariel Fiszbein, Jonas Frank. Ahmad Galal, Ma-
lJJ~.o    A    *  =s 3t 9 <9f)  t   .  .    .   .     ,    Lae !  eJU11 L L)  rito Garcia, Varun Gauri, Alan Gelb, Ejaz Ghani, Elizabeth Gibbons,
.,> fl             L, ,. J,  a iG   L 4 c,l I  Indermit Gill. Daniele Giusti, Philip S. Goldman, Mark Gradstein,
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Leonard (2002). -rA   (2002).
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4..U -~..J 1.. .I ,O aUl   A.-  91,g .1     0L > -JI    I                                                       Scott (1998). -Yr
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UNESCO (2002). -£v                                      Jimenez and Sawada (1999). -YA
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Rowe and others (2001). -A   &SLlA            i . V\      _    AS_I I L  (t. 4        -O)
Lakshman and Nichter (2001). --- ji                                              1 r  i  7  * i  . ^I Al
Bruns, Mingat, and Rakatomalala (2003) or JUI J- ;  l -Y                               .         djYI >,1 1    j !1
Pritchett and Filmer (1999).                                   International Forum  for Rural Transport and Development, -c
Millot and Lane (2002). -s  2002 input to WDR team.
World Bank (1998b). -jo     i   lLI i_   1    .U :- V ui 1    ;  ij Y... j     1
Waitzkin (1991). -Aa l      (Y - -) U_--1   lj    JIo     UL-        4   -1
Betancourt and Gleason (2000) and Koenig, Foo. and Joshi -W       y.L , Jy JI &1l- v I ,iL-11 4 1     ,, <yUI    )LI
(2000).                                                         o-J ;>-j4a  ae - - S _ a ,s) LhUI Z;J.o L51 ALI  4 r ZioiL
Lewis, Eskeland, and Traa-Valerezo (1999). -hA                                      - s l (uJ" 
Jaffre and Prual (1994). -Mt                  . 
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Schneider and Palmer (2002). - -        ,. L     Y ,L U ,                      -  u t ,
Narayan and others (2000b). -*. l U y           4 ; V° "                           ,
Haddad and Fournier (1995). -N .r                          .(bLJl 1     ,i) &-1,iL tLc Z
Davis and Patrinos (2002).-\ .  Filmer, Lieberman, and Ariasingam (2002). An evaluation of -oA
l 3        u.k) Rao and Walton -N °  the enrollment and labor market outcomes of the program are
Dutta (2003). - .A                                          in Duflo (2001).
Coady (2003) and Levy and Rodriguez ,Ik ilBUlYl O.   . -% .                         Alderman and Lavy (1996) M  iLi   . l -ot
(2002).                                                                                       World Bank (2002s) ,pl -
World Development Indicators database             - i  :.l -' .A                                    Radoki (2003). -E
Bruns, Mingat, and Rakatomalala (2003). -N - 1~                     Leonard, Mliga, and Mariam (2002). -Y
Indonesia: Ministry of National Education (2002): Indonesia -N.                                   Yip and Berman (2001). -i
Ministry of Religious Affairs (2002) and Filmer, Lieberman,                             Leonard, Mliga. and Mariam (2002). -Ar
and Ariasingam (2002).
Ht chinsn (2001).         Samrasinghe and Akin (1994) and Akin and Hutchinson -lo
,sJj'      Y   r...      YA... - %9 A -         yrv... -yY
;Jlg=v          *Jo     l4>     Ses     j5. .Yo--i_.ll          Pakistan Institute for Environment Development Action and -Al
S;) ~iWl7;, LeWI iilSi71 , I 4H aslzl ,    -   . .^ EY- * *3 ,j *1_11Project Management Team (1994).
Alderman and Lavy (1996) and Lloyd and others (2001). -\V
Chaudhury and Hammer (2003). -1A
Hutchinson (2001 ). -8 ES                              NRI and World Bank (2003). -A\
Peters and others (2003). -                                    Chomitz and others (1998). -V .
.in Stiglitz (2000) PsZ and ote , 20) ,-M     PROBE Team in association with Centre for Development Eco- -vN
Articles 25 and 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human  8   nomics(1999).
Rights (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html).                               Schleicher. Siniscalco, and Postlewaite (1995). -VY
.WHO (World Health Organization) (2002) JLll J. Lr L   --                                            World Bank (2001e). -vr
Articles 23 and 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human -NA                             Thomas,Lavy,andStrauss(1996).-v£
Rights. (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html).                                              Alderman and Lavy (1996). -vo
Hunt (2002). -N N                            Thomas, Lavy, and Strauss (1996). -VI
in Green (1990), Pritchett (2002), and Kremer ,   ' t _,. - Y.                 Schleicher, Siniscalco, and Postlewaite (1995). -vv
and Sarychev (2000).                                           PROBE Team in association with Centre for Development Eco- -VA
in Gradstein and Justman ,.i 9,1 LLUtlt JU) J.  _rL .     Y    nomics (1999).
(2002) and empirical exploration in Ritzen, Wang, and Duthil-                  Schleicher, Siniscalco, and Postlewaite (1995). -vs
leul (2002).                                                                                        World Bank (2002m). -A.
Appleton (2001). - Y Y             GfK Praha-Institute for Market Research (2001). -AN
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(1996), and Savedoff and Schultz (2000).                                                         Langsten and Hill (1995). -a..



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i .tL. _ tl <*LlI  j.i J." .  .s U      >LiL  ,     l .ii -U  ° Y                        Hammer, Nabi, and Cercone (1995). -.r 
Y. .Lz              -t ., iU         iVj J,;;J                                  van der Berg and Burger (2003). -Nr N
Ramachandran (1996) and Dreze and Gazdar (1996). -N or  a,-,lj Duflo (2001). Filmer, Hammer, and Pritchett (2000) -Nrt
Mencher (1980), Nag (1989), and Antia (1994). -\oi £                                      j.iLJ %AIj-JI & 
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.Shah and Rani (2003) ,i -\            °                          kn   4W( U.k jI    iLj
Dreze and Sen (2002). -\ov  ,          .  Y l              I ) LL J.io v 
Keefer and Khemani (2003), Shah and Rani (2003). -N oA OJ , jLa) A71 jLdL                                     "I
Chandran (1999). -yO                                     J!                (Y)Y  el^Y 51pJ 
Dreze and Gazdar (1996). p. 111. -A-. Fm                                         and Picet(  -  Er£
~~ ~~~ ,~~~ ~~  J-  L                                                                     Filmer and Pritchett (1999b). -Vti
Ramachandran (1996) p. 268 Ut~ oBidani and Ravallion (1997) and Wagstaff (2002). -ro
.Ramachandran (1996), p. 268 L.Lc o o . AVY  i  I;l
Narayan (2002). -.AY                       Gupta, Verhoeven, and Tiongson (2002). -V\
World Bank (2001h). -NA'    Rajkumar and Swaroop (2002); Gupta. Verhoeven, and Tiong- -mv
Hammer and Jack (2001) and Gertler and Hammer (1997b). -. £   son (2002) find corruption to be important, but Jayasuriya and
Das and Hammer (2003). -NA     Wodon (2002) do not.
Cornell and Kalt (1995); Cornell and Kalt (1997); Cornell and -' t11              41. . i  - I. JI I .U. g.P Jil J~ , k -VYA
Kalt (2000).                                                     Filmer and Pritch-:,! SA J. ;_ Jg jgLI,. JJ,.S U LL.I
Mamdani (1996). -8tv    ett (1999b); Anand and Ravallion (1993); 76 and 56 in Jayasu-
Cohen (1957). -NIA   riya and Wodon (2002); 22 in Gupta, Verhoeven, and Tiong-
de Soto (2000). 'a    son   (2002); 32  in  Gupta, Verhoeven, and     Tiongson
Public Services International and Education International -NV.   (forthcoming);1 16 in Gupta, Davoodi, and Tiongson (2002);
(2000).                                                          32 in Wagstaff (2002); 35 in Bidani and Ravallion (1997).
Stasavage (2003). -NVN  There is a parallel, although somewhat less developed literature
Tumusiime-Mutebile (2003). -NVy   on education outcomes and spending: for example, Wol3mann
Reinikka and Svensson (2001), Reinikka and Svensson -vr                      (2003); Gupta Verhoeven, and Tiongson (2002).
(2003a).                             Shreenivasan (2002).                     This discussion is based on Lieberman (2003). -Nrs
Shreenivasan (2002). -m           ILiJ1.8V£           j     I ,     U11-I~LI         -E
Akin, Guilkey. and Denton (1995) and Peters and others -wvo      ;        Y   l.1    g ;         I ,  gLiiYI j ;L.y ,)4 -' -
(2003).                                                                L5               4'1     "iJ' v v 4- Ls Yg *i- I L" 471g;~ v7
Pritchett and Woolcock (2002). -_v.  t]t' j' ^       L I v     i7 LU .iL       I L0-( 4.'1  I 
Appadurai (2001). -Nvv a-JYL.,                                   L _  A 9  CLal -l Ji 
.(L.i  o )  vil19 lJo  7z4 i' il gLjI igei 4ii; LoYI 5i 1 4 .i  -\VA  4  ^) i~ . 1 ^ -  xLIl V   .WU  6   L-- W( . 4 ;il-l 4j11
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- I.,  _      i  _  c  -;I vfi; a;jl k 1 1    'A Y  -\A.                                              Foster (1990). -V £ Y
-       1LIj I 5--i _LL;                                         World Bank (1994a). -Nt'r
Probe Qualitative Research team (2002). -WAi                       Filmer, Hammer, and Pritchett (2000).  E E-'



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* 2t._ 1,  U(OLA;;YI LP &  LUL 6 1LU        " jL 7L_ jl         Leonard (2002).
_ 1 _p.:U)    Z1 J;l     ai            tjqll1 &c LL1                                                   Becker (1971). -NAr
LD     W--   uLi_I  I      (           U L; 1 u      5                                                     Lewis (2000). -MA
*.  1 4i LA M    'a1  U; '1 yL L1t L.9X                                      Tan, Soucat, and Mingat (2000). - AO
Shah (2003a); http://www.mampu.gov.my/Circulars/ Li& A-  -YYl                                         Wolfensohn (1997). -)Al
Clients_Charter.htm.                                                                          Gertler and Hammer (1997b). - AV
Hossain and Moore (2002). -YYv            1     LL     ? ,     P   4111 _l.   L r E   JL;l -WAA
&-f 41           ? 59 ii U&; 1 ;..l k5,tZ11 (Y  T)  ; Y3L -YYA                           Nichols, Prescott, and Phua (1997). - A,
-  J  lS1121 Jl  , G5.>? U laij ;1 A 1 isal,:l Z-:-I                                                Case (200 1). - i.
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AL .,      s 1i  5ii laY, IJli J,l ,       1 j , bLI                                  Wemer, Thuman, and Maxwell (1992). - 
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Hesselbarth, Susanne. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation
and Development. "Program of Action 2015: Alliances against
Poverty Chances and Challenges for the Water Sector."
Singh, Janmejay, and Parmesh Shah. "Making Services Work for
Poor People: The Role of Participatory Public Expenditure Man-



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0.8        66.9              .       3 7            8.2     10.7           19 3       1.7           2.9       37             52       234           302
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Barbara A. Buckingham
00803   ISN    1
MC C3-302  WASHINGTON DC
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