?he JohannesburgDeclaration, 2002 The following is a summary of the declaration, which is available in full from the website of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development Consensus, in which developed, developing and transition economy countries pledged to undertake Environment placed environmental and s ~ s t e m o~l~i c v ~ issueson the internationalpolitical matters. It stressed the importance of agenda ior the first time. The Official Development Assistance in conference promoted the ~mportance s u ~ ~ o r t i better governance. The n g of environmental issues a national conference was a major milestone in level, and encouraged the development establishing the basis for the financing of national policies. It gave birth to the U N Environment Program (UNEP) and the Convention on International Trade *Oo2- Iohannesbur% Africa I of Endangered Species (CITES). The World Summit on Sustainable d Development (WSSD)offered a major 4. 1992- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil opport~nityto develop understanding j 8 *:he UN Conferenceon Environment of environmental issues, and have a # and Development, quickly renamed the mature debate on practical achieve progress.It produced the :d "Earth Summit," was an unprecedented event in terms of its size and scope. It Iohannesburg On established the iundamental principle Sustainable that economic development can and must go hand in hand with environmental protection. The parties adopted Agenda 21, a framework for action at the national and international level 2002 - Monterrey, Mexico The culmination of a four-year preparatory process, the International Conference on Financing for Development adopted the Monterrey The challengeswe face ach~evcdthrough increased access to Sustainable development requires Official Dev~lopmentAssistance dnd reduclng poverty, changing ftnancial resources, opening of markets, consumption and production patterns, rapacity building, the use of modern and managing the natural resource technology and the formation of base. stronger regional groupings and alliances. A major threat to global prospcrity, security and stability is posed by the The summit reaffirmed the pledge to evrr-increasing gap between the rich focus on the fight against worldwide and the poor. Globalization has added diseases, to ensure women's a ncw dimension to these challenges, empowerment and emancipation and with a mixed set of opportunities and to recognize the vital role of the risks, while weak governance Ftructures indig~nouspeoplcs in sustainable at the national level may cause citizens development. to lose confidenrr in their government representatives. Making it happen! +$@ Effect~ve,democratic and accountable Our commitment to sustainable ~nternat~onaland multilateral development tnstltutlons are needed to achleve the The WSSD urges the promot~onof goals of sustatndble development Th~s dralogue and cooperation among the must be an tnclus~veprocess worlds civilizations and Only through our actions will our irrespective of race, disabilities, children inherit d world free of the religion, language, ~ultureand indignity and indecency occasioned by tradition. poverty, environmental degradation and It iupports the implementation of patterns of unsustainable development. targets, timetables and partnerships to spccdily increase access to basic requirements such as clean water, sanitation, adequate shelter, energy, health care, food security and the protection of biodiverF~ty.This is to be Copyright 02005 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Ueveloprnerll/ The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20333 Ielephone 202-475-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org E-mailfeedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved ISBN 0-8213-5870-7 Published for the World Bank by Myriad Editions Limited 6-7 Old Steine, Brighton BN1 3E1, UK www.MvriadEditions.com Printed in Iiong Kong The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authoris! and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the \iVorld Bank or the governments they represent.TheWorld Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Library of Congress c-ataloging-in-publicationdata has been applied tor. Contents Preface The World by Region Part one 7he .' Fertilizers Irrigation Part two Forests Forests Deforestation Part three Biodivem&y. Mammals 24 Birds Protected Areas Part four Energy,Transportand Energy Efficiency 32 Traditional Fuels 34 Electricity 36 Carbon Diox~de 38 Particulates 40 Part five Availability of Fresh Water 44 Withdrawal of Fresh Water Access to Water Access to Sanitation Water Pollution Data Table Index The World Bank is pleased to bring you this guide to some of the most important environmental and natural resources issues facing the world today. It contains easy-to-read maps, tables, and graphs highlighting key environmental data ior 200 of the world's economies. Based on the K'orld Bank's LVorld Development Indicators and the Littk Creen Data Book, the Green miniAtlas complements the rn~niAtlasof Global Development previously pirblished by the World Bank. The information in the Creen min~Atlasis a quick reierence ior monitoring environmental performance across countries. And it links the environment to the broader development challenges of improving health, raising productivity, and fighting poverty. Topics are organized into five themes which capture the environmental challenges facing rich and poor countrics today Rural space Forests Biodiversity Energy,emissions, and transport Water and sanitation The World Bank has long been an advocate of environmentally and socially su3tainable development. One of the great challenges facing both rich and poor countries is iinding a path for development that improves the lives of people and preserves our environment. The Green miniAtlas seeks to raise awareness of the economic and social forces aiiecting the global, regional, and local environment. Only by acting with awareness and respect for the environment cdn we reduce povertv, protect ecosystems, and sustainour future. Ian Johnson Vice Presidentfor Sustainable Development The World Bank THE WORLD BY REGION Low- and m~ddlelncotne rconornles East Asla and High-~nrome Pacit~r econom~es Europe and OECD Central Asia Lat~nAmer~caand other Caribbean M ~ d d l eEast and no data North Afr~ca South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa C a n a d a U n ~ t e dStates Rep Con( 0:. ~:~.b&$@d@ The World by d$on* he World Bank's main criterion for classifying economies is T, ross national income (CNI) per capita. Every economy is classified as low income, middle income, or high income. Low- income economies are those with a CNI per capita of $735 or less in 2002. Middle-income economies are those with a CNI per capita of more than $735 but less than $9,076. High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $9,076 or more. 1 Low- and middle-income economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n ;s&swazbnd A u s t r a l l a &lrsorha middle-income '\ The Rural Space A round 60 percent of the population of the developing world - some 3 billion people - live in rural areas. Agriculture is still the main source of employment in many countries, and for the poorest people it is also critical to subsistence. Most of the land suitable for food production is already in use. Expansion onto fragile and marginal lands, or onto land cleared of forest, may present an immediate solution hut is often unsustainable in the longer term, as poor-quality soil turns to dust and blows away. Intensification of agriculture - the use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and new plant varieties - can make the land more productive, and has been successful in the past. Between 1980 and 2001 agricultural production in developing economies almost doubled, while the population increased by 45 percent over the same period. But productivity increases come at a price, much of it paid in soil degradation, pollution, water scarcity, and loss of biodiversity. Environmental degradation reduces food security and the incomes of rural people, perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty L i e - - - and leading to further degradation. Sustainable Agriculture accounts for production methods, based on environ- 33% of export earnings mentally sound practices, are the key to inalmost50developing improving rural livelihoods. economies LODZ Obbl LOOS 0661 I O O Z 0661 1OOZ-1166 1 e i e p ou ' X 6 I - %0 I m' gs lapun U~,,66t %07 - ' X , O t iuaai puel,>(; X 6 1JAO PUP %>i r, aoiao, i 007 1'.31F PUP( 11'101 10 'v;, Sv aNV1 31gV8V T he total area of arable land worldwide did not change significantly between 1980 and 2001. It increased slightly in developing economies and declined in high-income economies. R u s s ~ a nF c d e r a t o n a,,; Mald,bci* . Madagascar 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 19'10 2001 Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan & Carihhean North Africa Asia Africa FERTILIZER LlSE Fertil~zerper hectare of arable land Low-inco,me Middle-income economies economies P roper use of fertilizers can help offset tlir n:~t~~ralprocess of soil degradation, but excessive use can grneratr 1)ollution - reducing productivity and harming human health. Ferfrlrzerconsumj R u s s l a n F e d e r a t ~ o n is highest in *a* 1 and Pacific, w A u s t r a l i a High-income econornaes IRRIGATED LAND As ,l '%, ot cropland 200 1 8 , ' 6O.OC)%, and over 5.0% - 14.9%~ 1 , F ~ n l a n d j under 5 (1% I rrigated agriculture produces 40 percent of the worltll's food and is a main driver of rural development. But it also poses a growing burden on the availability of scarce water resources. High-income economtes Part two Forests M any of the world's poorest people depend on forests for their livelihood. But forests are shrinking. Population growth and economic development have led to them being felled to create agricultural land and to make way for urban expansion. During the last century 5 billion hectares of forest were reduced to less than 4 billion. Forest loss, mainly concentrated in developing economies, has been driven by a growing demand for timber and agricultural land, and made worse by weak monitoring and poor enforcement of forest laws. During the 1990s, low-income economies lost some 73 million hectares - about 8 percent of their forest. In the same period, high-income economies added about 8 million hectares. Besides timber, forests provide valuable goods and services, such as habitat for other plants and animals, recreation for tourists, and water supply and flood prevention. Forests are also an important sink for CO,, and help to moderate the global climate. As governments have become more aware of the benefits forests provide, many have designated a share of 'their forest land as protected areas. Businesses and citizens can 2' and other forest also help. Conservation mechanisms such produc-scontribute as the trading of "carbon emissions permits," more than $450 billion the sale of certified timber, and the totheworldmarket commercialization of shade-grown coffee, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ are being used to secure financing and lnd;arsc~p promote sound conservation practices. - - FOREST AREA As "4, ot total land area 3000 150.O0/,,dnd over 10.0'70- i9.9"70 30.0"h) - 49.9'/<, under 10.0"/0 no data Trnldsd and Tobago Thc Gambia Low-incope 18 econom~es Forests F orests meet many people's basic, everyday rieeds, providing food, fuel, buildinrr materials, and clean water. Thcv ,*re alw Qatar Arab Rrp n i Lovot r t I a n uu I LOO I Middle-income High-income economies econom~es Average annual 5 change in iorest area 1990-2000 Decrease: Increase: over 2.0% Iover 2.0% 0.1% - 2.0% 0.1%- 2.0% Averdge annual detorestatlon* by reglon and income group ' High-income Middle East & Europe & 1990-20110 economies North Africa Central Asia square Lllornetres negat~venumhers slgnlr) relorestat~on 20 eforestation presents many problems for societies . ~ n dthe environment. The damage done by deforestation i~~clude loss of biodiversity, the destruction of forest-based societies, and climatic disruption. u \ R u s s ~ a nF c d c r a t ~ o n Japan . ~, Cadbod a Phlllpplner ' Brunet L ! w a l a y i a ; . s,,,.b.;d I n d o n e r a Tlmor-Lesle A u s t r a l a Sub-Saharan Africa Biodiversity B iodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth and to the natural patterns it forms. Around 1.2 million animals, and 300,000 plants have been named or described by scientists. Millions more have yet to be identified. Biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, where the sun is strongest, and at sea level, where there is least temperature fluctuatation. Human activities contribute to the loss of biodiversity. The development of urban areas and infrastructure, the extension of agricultural lands and cattle ranching, and the draining and infilling of wetlands cause many species to become locked in ecological "pockets," where they face extinction. Further losses are caused by changes in the food chain, the interruption of biological corridors needed for seasonal migrations, and the intrusion of alien species that dominate local ones. Indirect causes, such as climate change, may also contribute to extinctions. Developing economies contain some of the most important regions of biodiversity. Good policies are needed to ensure their Increasingthreat Critically endangered preservation through sustainable development. mammals: Some of the practical steps that governments 1996: 169 can take are the designation of protected 2003: 184 areas and nature reserves. They must also Critically endangered birds: make sure that economic incentives do not 1996: 168 favor the destruction of pristine areas. 2003: 182 - - MAMMAL SPECIES Number known T here are almost 5,000 mammal specie< in 111 itorid. In % 2003, 23 percent of these - l , l $0 spetics - ncrc r onsidered to be threatened. Rco of Ycrncn vnd Highest n -a, s--~ of mamma Indonesia Madagascar Kenya Australia Mexico Brazil China Irxlia lndoncsia BIRD SPECIES Number of known Number of threatc7nc'd 1 species ot h ~ r d 3 3 3.5 3.5 38 10 2003 selected countries k Tanzania japan Australia Russian Mexico United Ecuador Federation States T here are almost 10,000 specit%\of I,irtl. In L o o : ; 2 percent of these - 1,194 species - were consitlt~rctllo t 11rc a~ened. LEntrs-;. . Om"" Rep of Y m e n New Philippines India China Peru Colombia Br.uil Indonesi.1 Zealand NATIONALLY PROTECTED AREAS As % of total land area High-income East Asia & Europe & economies Pacific Central Asia Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Sahararr & Caribbean North Africa Asia Africa 29 Part four Energy, Transport and tmlss~ons G rowth in energy use is closely related to growth in the modern sectors of an economy - industry, motorized transport, and urban areas. Energy use also reflects climatic, geographic, and economic factors, such as the relative price of energy. Between 1990 and 2001, world energy use grew by 1.5 percent a year. The fastest growth has been in low-income economies, where energy use grew by 2.7 percent a year. But the largest users remain the rich countries, which consume more than half of all energy resources. As this trend continues, the global community faces numerous challenges: the need to meet the demand for energy, to minimize waste and increase energy efficiency, produce energy in a safe way, and minimize damage to human health and the environment. Energy comes in many forms: wood and charcoal, coal, oil and gas, nuclear and hydro power, and renewable sources. Fossil fuels such as oil and coal remain the most Highenergyusers abundant and powerful source of energy People in high-income for most countries, but they produce carbon economiesuse more dioxide, the main contributor to global ~ ~ ~ ~ warming, and particulate emissions, a major ~o,.incomeeconomie, source of ill health in urban areas. EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY USE CDP per unit of energy used .,, 200 1 1995 PPP $ produced per kg of oil equivalent 6.0 and over Iunder2.0 4.0 - 5.9 no data m 2.0 - 3.9 energy demand Nam'b'a n2000and 2030 ome from developing (a Amount of energy used per caplta 480 1990-200 1 k~logramsof 011equ~valent 1990 2001 1990 2001 Low-income Lower middlelincome economles economles Energy Efficiency P roducing more goods with less energy is the most effective way to conserve energy and curb air pollution. Developing energy-saving technologies, and abolishing perverse economic incentives to consume more energy, are central to improving 2,027 2 , 7 4,847 I 5,423 New Lea and --- -- 1990 2001 1990 2001 Upper middlejncorne High-income economies econornles U S E OF TRADITIONAL F U E L S Use of combustible renewahles and waste as of total fuel 200i Iceland 1 60.0% and over 5.OCY' - 9.9% 1 20.0% - 59.9'b under 5.0% 1 10.On/O- 19.9% no data .." . .... .. . . . ..,. . . . ..,.... ... . ' C a n a d a U n ! t e d S t a t e s Japan:2% ,, c Traditional Fuels T he use of traditional fuels such as wood, charcoal and dung for cooking creates indoor air pollution. This contributes to lung and eye diseases among women and children, and is a major cause of infant mortality in low-income economies. R u s i i a nFederation b .," Use of traditional fuels: A u s t r a l i a ELECTRICITY FROM COAL %Iof electric~ty produced from coal sources 2001 I60.0%andover under 1O.O0/~ 30.0"/0 - 59.9'2 no data 10.0% - 29.5"/, 1990-2000 1990 2000 Low-inco,me 36 econornles B urning coal is an affordable, yet often polluting, way o producing electricity. Most coal-fired electricity productior takes place in high-income economies, but the low-incomc economies' share is increasing. l n d o n e s a Middle-income High-income economles economles EMISSIONS Enl~ss~unsof carbon d~oxide(GO2) per caplta 2000 rnetrlc tons 1 15.0 and over l 0- 4.9 1 1 0 . 0 - 1 4 9 under 1.0 5.0 - 9.9 no data Trlndad and Tobago The Gam Carbon Dioxide C arbon dioxide emissions, largely a by-product of energy production and use, account for the largest share of the greenhouse gases associated with global warming. Sudan ' , . Rep o f Y ~ r n e n V~rtnan, ' , .'p,,ba"ti cambc p,,l,pp,ner Wz~Dirne~~bT;;: %...a Coledoi,to :iil Erhoo8a 8 , ~h,,k.~ Th"'and .-.-;1,~ ,- Maldlv~r ' .'Kenya ~ :~i_,"y~~ 1 seyrhr~lcr Gyza Papya Tanzana I n d o n e s i a Middle-income High-income economies economies COST OF AIR POLLUTION Damage from particulate ~ P h l l emlsslon5 " ~ as % ot Gloss N,?t~onalIncome (GNII '002 1 051and over 0 2"" - 0 3",> , -9 / U n i t e d S t a t e s ~ a b o d ,+ e-r B r a z i l Dem Rep of Conqo Particulates I Putinriate matter (PMlO) Nam1M8 J South Afnca Low-incqme Middle-income economles economles Particulates I n many towns and cities, exposure to particulate air pollution is the main environmental health threat. Proloneed e:uvosure carries heavv economic. as well as human. casts. esoeciallv in - ~ n a n d a ?~ururund Papua New Tanranra Gu nea Madagascar zamb que A u s t r a l i a +Lerotho New Zcaland Water and Sanitation A s the world's population increases, and people use water at a faster rate, supplies of clean fresh water are diminishing. In addition, many people lack access to a safe and reliable source of water. Water shortage and poor water supplies limit the prospects for economic development. Countries with less than 1,700 cubic meters of fresh water per person are considered to be in "water stress." Where populations are increasing, this will only get worse. Water pollution and wasteful practices further reduce the available supply of water. When the level drops below 1,000 cubic meters per person, countries are in "water scarcity." Access to water and sanitation services is closely linked to human health. Even countries with abundant water supplies may not do a good job of providing water services. Paraguay has more than 17,000 cubic meters of water per capita, but 40 percent of the rural population lacks access to an improved source such as piped water or a covered well. And yet in water-scarce Jordan more than 95 percent of the population receive adequate water services. Providing potable water is often the simolest wav to reduce Freshwater infant mortality in the world's poorest Only 2.5% ofthe countries. Yet in many African countries, ~n~~~~'~r~~~~~'t less than half the population has access to ;,...;labre for human safe drinking water. consumption FRESHWATER RESOURCES A v a ~ l a b ~ lperv perion oer \ear ~ t cub~cmetres High-income East Asia & Europe & 44 economies Pacific Central Asia -- " * . Availability of Fresh Water M ore than 430 million people live in countries facine, ~ t a t c r stress or scarcity. Population growth will add to the tlc~na~it for water. Bv 2050 the number of ~ e o v l efacine watcr cttcss Latin America Middle East & South Suh-Sah'iran & Caribbean North Afr~ca Asia Africa - - FRESHWATERWITHDRAWALS As a % of total water resources Withdrawal W ater resources are cruci,il for ccono~nit ~ r c ~ w tand h development. The main uscr of ccatcbr i* ~ l i ~,~yl.iculture b sector (70% of total withdrawals), iollowed b\ intluylrv (20%). 181 3 Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan & Caribbean North Afr~ca Asia Africa WATER ACCESS 'YO of ~ o ~ u l a t ~ o~ nt haccess to it rn~ddle-lncomeeconomies w ~ t h ~ ~ r h a n rural access to Improved water wurce Latin America & 1990 d ~ i dLOO0 & Pacific Caribbean Access to Water R eadily available water from a reliable source greatly rcduccs the risk of disease. Some progress has been made in the provision of improved sources of water, but many challengck urban rural url~an rural South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa SANITATION ACCESS % o f population with access to improved sanitation facilities 2000 IlOO0/0 40% - 59% ISO%, -99% under 40% 1 60% - 79% no data [ facltler\. rn~ddle-~ncome economies urban rural urban rural w ~ t haccess to Improved East Asia Latin America & k1990 and 2000 S & Pacific Caribbean ' 50 1 ~ "~----- Access to Sanitation L ack of sanitation facilities is linked to the sl)rc,a~l 1 to which children are especially susceptihlc. f)cncl-rli 1 ' 2 since 1990, 2.4 billion people, especially thow I ~ ~ \ i r i ! r areas, still lack access to adequate sanitation. Deaths frorn poor hygiene At least 1.7 millio~ipeople die . . each year from diseases caused by lac-k oi sanitation, unsafe watcr . Re. C h i n a KO, I n d i a' 2 i Sirng rs v e 1 ' i ~ i o r e ; i a South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa .-.. ~ ORGANIC WATER POLLUTANTS Weight of pollutants emitted per worker 10110 or latest ava~lahledata grams per day lrrland 250g and over under 150g 200g - 240g no data @# 150s - 1908 -pfB'l'ze '- lama~ca , CapcVrrdc Guatemala 1~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ d u ~G r: ~:n al d~a -cL ,s, , ~ ~ :~ ~h~ ~i ~~T o a b a o Costa Rlca2, Low-incomeeconomies Bra111 (exclud~nglnd~a) from organlc waste by Income and reglon 1998 52 Water Pollution E missions of organic pollutants from industrial activiticls are a major cause of poor water quality. High- and middle-income economies account for 87 percent of the world's water pollution. contributes 31X of the world's A u s t r a l i a Ncw Zealand COUNTRY PROFILE R U R A L S P A C E Albania Algeria Angola Argent~na Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Hong Kong. China Colombia Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo. Rep. Costa Rica Cote d'lvoire Croatia lumbers sign~Fyreforesfaton COUNTRY PROFILE R U R A L S P A C E Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt. Arab Rep. El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan ! COUNTRY PROFILE R U R A L SPACE Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Macedonia. N R Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Maur~tan~a Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand N~caragua Niger N~geria Norway 1 2.7 1.7 ' 8.1 8.0 i; 1.8 0.3 / 2.6 8.5 6.9 1 3.5 9.1 1 1.5 2.2 21.9 I 15.0 3.2 0.9 3.0 13.4 / 4.1 1 2.5 0.5 3.2 3.5 0.2 i - 1 1.7 0.1 I o.l 1 . 9 10.3 3.7 3.4 7.1 i - I 5.5 11 , 4.3 - I 0.1 11.2 j - 0.1 / 5.7 3.6 6.2 3.7 ! - 0.1 1.7 10.2 j 5.3 4.3 1.4 ! 1 7 I 1.5 11.5 , 1 3.1 / 0.7 9.0 1 1.3 8.4 0.1 ! 0.3 1 - 0.2 1 1 13.6 9.3 , 8.9 3.5 / 14.2 , 5.2 8.7 1 29.6 1 4.0 8.3 , 0.7 3.3 j 1.1 0.3 1 6.8 ! 5.5 11.1 1 (iqnifk reforestation COUNTRY PROFILE R U R A L S P A C E Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Somalia South Africa Spa~n Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syr~anArab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago COUNTRY PROFILE R U R A L SPACE Turkcy Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela, RB Vietnam West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low H middle income East Asia H Pacific Europe h Central Asia Latin America 8 Caribbean Middle East h North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income 1 European Monetay Union j 'Negatrvenumbersslg~lfyreforestat~on agriculture 9, 10-1 1, forests 17-2 1 rural areas 9 17, 20, 23 clearance of 9, development of 15, air pollution 33, 35. 36, 20-21 48, 50 41 genetic resources in population in 10 animals 23, 24-25, 19 26-27 fossil fuels 3 1 sanitation 50-5 1 arable land 10-1 1 seas 29 human health 13, 31, soil quality 9, 13 biodiversity 9, 21, 35, 43, 51 sustainable 23-29 development 23 birds 26-27 indoor air pollution 35 production 9 industry 31 carbon dioxide 17, 31, infant mortality 35, 43 threatened species 23, 36, 38-39 irrigation 9, 14-1 5 24-25, 26-27 climate 17 tourism 17 change 21, 23, 31, mammals 24-25 trade 9, 17 39 motor veh~cles40 traditional fuels 34-35 coal 36-3 7 transport 31, 40 conservation 17, 29 particuldles 31, 40-41 pesticides 9 urban areas 23, 31, 50 deforestation 20-2 1 plants 23 development o i 48 pollution 9, 13, 52 see expansion of 17 economlc alto air pollution, dcveloprnent 43 indoor air pollution, water 43-53 electricity 36-17 water pollution access to 43, 48-49 emissions 31 population increase 17, availability of 44-45 energy 31-41 43 iniproved sourcc of efficiency 31, 33-34 poverty 9 48-49 protected areas 17, 23, pollution 52-53 fertilizers 9, 12-1 3 28-2 9 shortage of 9, 15, 45 food production 9 litica?independence Population: All residents who are present oroiiicial recognition k;Ec World Bank but reeardlesso i leeal status or cltizenshi~- erceD1 refers to any economy for wh~chthe author~ties r,,t..gt't's ncjt p,~rm.inzntli r,.n,,.(l n In*.t ....ntl, report separate social or economic statistics. I sr as. ..m \\or When data are not available, rhc name of that a r tgt.ner.1 \ crmr Ilert'c p.,rt It tile p,,~,.(.it on (,Itt ,,I country is not reported in the map. t ,r <.uf~tr$<,rfgn Rural population: Estimatedas the diiierence Data andText Sources -~ betweenthe tutal population and urban The data and indicators presented In the Green populdtion. rn~n~AtIaq derived primarily irom the i<,llowing are Sanitation, improsed: - 2 ~ 1 ~ ,t~ i e t ~ (1 suurces: \ 1,851 - 3 , I1es pr .,iw j, st,,,rt~cl?;!~n~.tp..r~l < t L $1 ..in,.~te.t World Development Indicators2004 i t . \pre\c"r r,..man 17 rtl., .,no nr,.,: contact w~thexcreta, Improved facilities range World Bank thematic websites from simple but ~rotectedpit latrines to ilush The Pen uinAtlas of EndangeredSpecies, 2002 toilets wi'th a seweraeeconnection. To be (for thefiodiversity texts) etiective, facilities m;st be correctlv constructed The 2003 IUCNRedList of ThreatenedSpecies ! and properly maintained. (for the Biodiversity texts) ' Water source, improved: An adequate amuunt oi Contact us -- water from an improved source, such as a . For more ~nformat!unaboutworld Bank data or householdconnection, public standpipe, ,!net \ \ ( . I{IHI~, CII~,~[..!I c ;I .n\ k I.J-. 11111 horehole, protected well or spring, or ralnwater .,,,r, ,\ ,-n73 -, \ 'C 'It .,\\ . A < . ,,I In*c,1;<1,1,, I t collection. Un~mprovedsource5 include vendors, 1 I . , 3 0 1 +-"I,-. .?,,.-L* -"A ,,--.-*""."A ..,-I,* ...A A I 0 3 <...:m-F Protection of the environment is viewed by many as a rich-countryluxury. It is not. Environmental degradation has the greatest impact on the world's poorest people in the world's poorest countries. At the same time, poverty is one of the greatest threats to our planet's environment. The second volume in the miniAtlas series, the Green miniAtlas, is a survey of the most pressing environmental problems around the world. It draws on data from the World Bank's World Development Indicators and Little Green Data Book, providing a wealth of information on key environmentaltopics for over 200 countries and territories. Providing an "at-a-glance"guide to such critical issues as agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emissions and pollution, and water and sanitation, the Green miniAtlas is a unique and timely resource, enabling a better understanding of the world's most urgent environmental challenges.