65838 From World Development Indicators The Little Data Book on Climate Change Climate Exposure to impacts Resilience GHG emissions and energy use National-level actions Carbon markets 2011 THE LITTLE DATA BOOK ON CLIMATE CHANGE Copyright ©2012 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing November 2011 ISBN: 978-0-8213-8959-1 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8964-5 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8959-1 SKU: 18959 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 is a product of the Development Data Group of the Development Economics Vice Presidency, the Environment Department, and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Group of the World Bank. Cover design by Peter Grundy Art & Design, London, U.K. Design by Communications Development Incorporated, Washington, D.C. Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v User guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Regional tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 East Asia and Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Europe and Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Income and other group tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Low income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Middle income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lower middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Upper middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Low and middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 High income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Euro area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Small island developing states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Country tables (in alphabetical order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Renewable energy in 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Urban areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Summary of national actions: Renewable energy targets and non-Annex-I country GHG emissions reduction goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 iii Acknowledgments The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 is based on the World Develop- ment Indicators database. Defining, gathering, and disseminating international statistics is a collective effort of many people and organizations. The indicators presented in these resources are results of decades of work at many levels, from the field workers who administer censuses and household surveys to the committees and working parties of the national and interna- tional statistical agencies that develop the nomenclature, classifications, and standards fundamental to the international statistical system. Non- governmental organizations have also made important contributions. We are indebted to many external partners as detailed in World Development Indicators 2011 who have provided substantial help, guidance, and data. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 is the result of close collabora- tion between the staff of the Development Data Group of the Development Economics Vice Presidency (DECDG), the Environment Department of the Sustainable Development Vice Presidency (ENV), and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). Timothy Herzog coordinated the production of the book with substantial contributions from Philippe Ambrosi, Ana Bucher, and Fernanda Zermoglio from ENV, Milen Dyoulgerov and Ian Noble from GFDRR, and William Prince from DECDG. Additional support was provided by Azita Amjadi, Federico Escaler, Mahyar Eshragh-Tabary, Neil Fantom, Tariq Khokhar, Alison Kwong, and Sup Lee, from DECDG; Sameer Akbar, Jane Ebinger, Fernando Loayza, Elisabeth Mealey, Kiran Pandey, Kanta Kumari Rigaud, and Sari Soderstrom from ENV; Daniel Hoornweg and Marcus Lee from Financial Solutions Group; Roshin Joseph, and Ayaz Parvez from GFDRR; Richard Damania from the Latin America and the Caribbean Region (LAC); and Gabriela Elizondo Azuela from the Sustainable Energy Department (SEGEN). The book’s design is done by Jomo Tariku and is based on an original design by Communications Development Incorporated. Staff from External Affairs consisting of Stephen McGroarty, Dina Towbin, and Nora Ridolfi oversaw publication and distribution of the book. The book was prepared under supervision of Shaida Badiee, director of the Development Data Group; Mary Barton-Dock, director of Environment; and Andrew Steer, Special Envoy for Climate Change. iv 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Foreword When President Robert Zoellick launched the World Bank’s Open Data Initiative in April 2010, he said its purpose was to “open the treasure chest of the World Bank’s data and knowledge to every village, to everyone everywhere.� This small book and the much bigger open database behind it are part of this same goal. Solving the problem of climate change requires that our behavior changes. Whether this happens depends on our understanding, which, in turn, depends upon our knowledge of facts and their implications. Access to freely available climate and climate-related data is essential to catalyze the changes in policies, investments, and technologies that will be needed if we are to move toward a climate-smart future. The Little Data Book on Climate Change includes a diverse set of indi- cators selected from the global economic and scientific communities. These indicators recognize the intrinsic relationship between climate change and development and attempt to synthesize important aspects of current and projected climate conditions, exposure to climate impacts, resilience, greenhouse gas emissions, and the current state of efforts to take action. While these indicators are from standard sources and represent professional consensus, many are subject to considerable uncertainties, and the usual care must be taken in their interpretation. The Little Data Book on Climate Change draws upon several online resources, including the Open Data website,1 the Climate Change Knowledge Portal,2 and the Open Data for Resilience initiative.3 These resources from the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) provide free and open access to data and information relevant to climate risk, climate change, and development at the international, national and subnational levels. These resources contain many more indicators than are available in the limited space of this book and include interactive tools, visualizations on the use and interpretation of the data. In addition, there are other tools that will help users and programmers access World Bank data and develop applications. We invite you to visit the online companions to the Little Data Book on Climate Change. In the coming months, we will continue to add to the datasets. We welcome suggestions on how we can improve these resources for everyone. Shaida Badiee Andrew Steer Director Special Envoy for Climate Change Development Data Group World Bank Group 1 http://data.worldbank.org/ 2 http://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ 3 http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/opendri/ The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 v User guide The indicators in the Little Data Book on Climate Change are organized into the following categories, each of which relates to climate change, development, and the intrinsic relationship between the two. For additional information, refer to the definitions of each indicator in the Glossary. Climate includes data on current and projected future average climate conditions, particularly precipitation and temperature. Exposure to Impacts includes data that suggest the degree to which a country or region may be exposed to changes in the prevailing climate and natural environment, with potential impacts on human health, food security, water supply, and physical infrastructure. Resilience includes data on the capacity of human systems to cope with the impacts of climate change, such as economic capacity, institutional capacity, and extent of public infrastructure. GHG Emissions and Energy Use includes data on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), energy use, including measures of energy efficiency and carbon intensity of economy. National-Level Actions includes data that summarize actions being taken to address and respond to climate change at the national and international levels. Additional information is included in the “Summary of National Actions� tables in the appendices. Carbon Markets includes data that summarize project activities under Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism, two of the flexibility mechanisms set forth under the Kyoto Protocol. The data in this book are for the most recent year available. Regional aggregates include data for low- and middle-income economies only. No aggregate is calculated if missing data exceed specific thresholds by indicator. See Statistical methods in World Development Indicators 2011 for more information. Symbols used: 0 or 0.0 indicates zero or small enough that the number rounds to zero at the displayed number of decimal places. .. indicates that data are not available. n/a or blank indicates not applicable, or for an aggregate, not analytically meaningful. $ indicates current U.S. dollars. Data are shown for economies with populations greater than 30,000 or for smaller economies if they are members of the World Bank. This publication also includes three additional economies: Cook Islands, Nauru, and Niue. The word country (used interchangeably with economy) does not imply political independence or official recognition by the World Bank but refers to any economy for which the authorities report separate social or economic statistics. The cutoff date for data was October 21, 2011. vi 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Regional tables The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank’s analytical regions and may differ from common geographic usage. East Asia and Pacific American Samoa, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Democratic Republic of Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nuie, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam. Europe and Central Asia Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Latin America and the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicara- gua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Middle East and North Africa Algeria, Djibouti, Arab Republic of Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza, Republic of Yemen. South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Sub-Saharan Africa Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 1 World Population (millions) 6,840.5 GDP ($ billions) 63,044.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,116 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.6 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 8.8 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 58 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.4 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 4,601 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 61 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,566 Access to electricity (% of total population) 74.1 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.4 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.1 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 485.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 30,649 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7,136 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2,853 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 724 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,803 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 182.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) East Asia & Pacific 1,961.6 GDP ($ billions) 7,579.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,683 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.5 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.3 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.8 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 16.8 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.9 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 24 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 9.0 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 525 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 59 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,860 Access to electricity (% of total population) 90.8 Paved roads (% of total roads) 15.9 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.0 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 14,638 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 827.1 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8,259 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,928 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 707 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,436 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 259.5 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 3 Europe & Central Asia Population (millions) 405.1 GDP ($ billions) 3,055.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,269 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.5 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.0 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.5 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 3.7 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 23 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 89 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,475 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 85.8 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.9 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 22,652 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.7 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 708.0 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3,110 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 937 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 214 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 76 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,833 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 276.8 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 4 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Latin America & Caribbean Population (millions) 582.6 GDP ($ billions) 4,969.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,741 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.5 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.8 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 35 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.0 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 8.1 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.8 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 23 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.8 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 206 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 79 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 93 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,337 Access to electricity (% of total population) 93.4 Paved roads (% of total roads) 28.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.9 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 33,064 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.8 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 285.6 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,584 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,009 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 442 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,245 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 130.6 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 5 Middle East & North Africa Population (millions) 331.3 GDP ($ billions) 1,068.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,903 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 121.9 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 3.6 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.0 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 34 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.8 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 84 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,512 Access to electricity (% of total population) 92.9 Paved roads (% of total roads) 74.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.9 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5,854 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.8 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 604.6 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,230 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 287 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 74 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,399 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 213.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 6 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1,579.5 South Asia GDP ($ billions) 2,088.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,222 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.5 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.4 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 13 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 50.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 40.3 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 67 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 42.5 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,127 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 36 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,728 Access to electricity (% of total population) 62.1 Paved roads (% of total roads) 58.9 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.3 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 73,548 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 86 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 92 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 504.6 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,970 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 846 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 268 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 532 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 193.5 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 7 Sub-Saharan Africa Population (millions) 853.6 GDP ($ billions) 1,097.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,176 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.0 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.2 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 50.9 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.7 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 121 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 24.6 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 26,113 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 60 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,297 Access to electricity (% of total population) 32.5 Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.2 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.6 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 11,957 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 67 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 89 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.8 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 428.6 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 685 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 590 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 334 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 689 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 308.4 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 8 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Income & other group tables For operational and analytical purposes, the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Each economy in The Little Data Book on Climate Change is classified as low income, middle income, or high income. Low- and middle-income economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. The use of the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status. Note: Classifications are fixed during the World Bank’s fiscal year (ending on June 30). Thus, countries remain in the categories in which they are classified irrespective of any revisions to their per capita income data. Low-income economies are those with a 2010 GNI per capita of $1,005 or less. Middle-income economies are those with a 2010 GNI per capita of more than $1,006 but less than $12,276. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle- income economies are separated at a 2010 GNI per capita of $3,975. High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,276 or more. Euro area includes the member states of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union that have adopted the euro as their currency: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Spain. Small island developing states included in this publication are American Samoa, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cape Verde, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, French Polynesia, Grenada, Guam, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Virgin Islands (U.S.). The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 9 Low income Population (millions) 796.3 GDP ($ billions) 413.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 523 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 10 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4,917.2 Middle income GDP ($ billions) 19,561.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,763 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 9.1 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 51 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.9 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 2,574 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 56 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,256 Access to electricity (% of total population) 81.6 Paved roads (% of total roads) 45.0 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.6 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 138,442 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.5 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 622.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 16,604 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5,160 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,830 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 261 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,268 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 224.6 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 11 Lower middle income Population (millions) 2,465.1 GDP ($ billions) 4,312.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,660 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 12 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Upper middle income 2,452.2 GDP ($ billions) 15,246.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,876 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 13 Low and middle income Population (millions) 5,713.5 GDP ($ billions) 19,997.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,315 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.6 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.3 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 8.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 25.2 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.2 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 63 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 22.5 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 4,665 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 54 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,065 Access to electricity (% of total population) 73.7 Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.1 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 144,800 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.0 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 612.5 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 16,822 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5,597 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2,040 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 264 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,173 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 226.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 14 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1,127.0 High income GDP ($ billions) 43,019.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 38,517 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 15 Euro area Population (millions) 331.7 GDP ($ billions) 12,174.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 38,571 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.6 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.6 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 21.5 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,817 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.8 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 11.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.0 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 260.0 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2,633 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 318 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 219 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 84 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,642 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 122.2 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 16 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Small island dev. states Population (millions) 63.2 GDP ($ billions) 575.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 8,226 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.4 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.8 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.7 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 9.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 67 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,922 Access to electricity (% of total population) 81.4 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.9 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 12.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 186 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.7 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 351.5 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 230 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 33 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,416 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 143.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 17 Country tables China Data for China do not include data for Hong Kong SAR, China; Macao SAR, China; or Taiwan, China. Cyprus GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP data refer to the area controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. Georgia GNI, GDP, and population data and data calculated using GNI, GDP and population data exclude Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia Where available, data for each country are shown separately. However, some indicators for Serbia prior to 2006 include data for Montenegro. Moreover, data for most indicators for Serbia from 1999 onward exclude data for Kosovo, which in 1999 became a territory under international administration pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999). Kosovo became a member of the World Bank on June 29, 2009. Moldova GNI, GDP and population data and data calculated using GNI, GDP population data exclude Transnistria. Morocco GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP data include Former Spanish Sahara. Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist on October 10, 2010. Curaçao and Sint Maarten became countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba became special municipalities of the Netherlands. Sudan and South Sudan The Republic of South Sudan became an independent state on July 9, 2011. Data reported for Sudan include South Sudan. Tanzania GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP data refer to mainland Tanzania only. For more information, see World Development Indicators 2011 or http:// data.worldbank.org/. 18 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 34.4 Afghanistan GDP ($ billions) 11.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 290 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 20 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 327 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –58 to 13 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country South Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 4.4 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 13 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.5 2.7 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 42.0 50.6 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.4 6.1 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 149 67 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 32.9 42.5 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 2,428 1,127 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 37 36 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 48 87 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,031 2,728 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 15.6 62.1 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 58.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.7 1.7 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.6 1.3 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 60 73,548 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 160 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 39 86 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 62 92 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 1.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 28.5 504.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.8 1,970 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 846 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 268 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 9 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 532 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 193.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 19 Albania Population (millions) 3.2 GDP ($ billions) 11.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,960 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 996 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –147 to –44 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 /–1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.2 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 5.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.8 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 16.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.8 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 18 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.6 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,315 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 39.0 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.2 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.4 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 137 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 82 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 181.8 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.2 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.4 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 538 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 72.3 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/23/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 20 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 35.5 Algeria GDP ($ billions) 159.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,450 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 89 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –39 to 4 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.5 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.9 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 54.6 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 6.8 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.3 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 36 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.7 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 83 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,654 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.3 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 73.5 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.2 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 237 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 148 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 91 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.2 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 438.8 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 111.3 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -7.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 54.2 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.9 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,138 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 153.5 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/25/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 21 American Samoa Population (thousands) 68.4 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –40 to 237 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 17.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.9 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.3 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 22 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 84.9 Andorra GDP ($ billions) 3.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 41,750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 3 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 973 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –113 to –22 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 23 Angola Population (millions) 19.1 GDP ($ billions) 84.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,940 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,010 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –89 to 75 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 20 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.1 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 25 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.3 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.4 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 54.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.4 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 161 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 27.5 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 21,593 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 57 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 50 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 588 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 26.2 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 10.4 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 11.8 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 534 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 172 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.4 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 245.3 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 24.4 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 45.4 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 38.9 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 641 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 116.9 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission .. Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 24 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Antigua and Barbuda 88.7 GDP ($ billions) 1.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 10,590 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,420 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –104 to 37 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 32.4 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 32.3 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.0 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,737 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 33.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.7 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 57 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.1 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 274.0 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) -0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,699 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 89.6 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/10/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 25 Argentina Population (millions) 40.4 GDP ($ billions) 368.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 8,500 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 8 / 21 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 591 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –57 to 52 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.2 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.5 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 39 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.4 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 11.8 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.4 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 14 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.3 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,167 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 97.2 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 30.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.2 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,283 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 113 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 105 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.8 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 364.9 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 192.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -43.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 101.8 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 49.8 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,853 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 139.6 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/7/2008 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 24 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 7,697 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 26 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.1 Armenia GDP ($ billions) 9.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,090 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 1 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 562 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –75 to –7 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 36 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -1.0 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 41.2 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 8.9 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 8.0 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.2 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,230 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.5 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.6 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.2 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 98 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 55 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.8 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 320.9 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5.5 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.0 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 843 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 175.5 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 12 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 27 Aruba Population (thousands) 107.5 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –121 to 24 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 29.6 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 29.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 21.7 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 28 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 22.3 Australia GDP ($ billions) 924.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 43,590 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 535 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –67 to 54 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 58 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.9 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,764 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.6 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.9 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 15 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 18.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 539.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 399.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 54.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 126.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 63.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,636 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 174.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 2000) 5% / 25% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 29 Austria Population (millions) 8.4 GDP ($ billions) 376.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 46,690 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 10 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,110 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –70 to 27 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,133 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) -7.1 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 32 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 224.4 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 67.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -17.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.3 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,944 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 111.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/16/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 30 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 9.0 Azerbaijan GDP ($ billions) 51.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,080 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 7 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 447 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –58 to 3 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 20.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 29.8 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 22 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 150.5 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 29.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.1 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 46 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 8.4 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1 .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 45 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,607 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.6 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.2 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.1 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 124 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 66 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.4 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 670.4 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 47.1 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –1.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 36.6 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.6 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,338 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 155.7 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/7/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 31 Bahamas, The Population (thousands) 342.9 GDP ($ billions) 7.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 20,610 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,292 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –96 to 74 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 72.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 46.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,196 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 57.4 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 11.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 85 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 263.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,156 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 85.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/5/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 32 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.3 Bahrain GDP ($ billions) 20.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 4.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 18,730 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 34 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 83 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –19 to 4 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 39.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 66.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6,375.0 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 10 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.4 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 81.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 38 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 21.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 899.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 22.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 8,096 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 369.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/20/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 33 Bangladesh Population (millions) 148.7 GDP ($ billions) 100.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 700 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,665 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –126 to 120 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country South Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.1 1.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.0 4.4 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 13 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 2.7 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 4.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 50.6 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 52.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 49.6 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.6 6.1 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 48 67 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 41.3 42.5 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,510 1,127 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 53 36 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 87 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,140 2,728 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 41.0 62.1 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.5 58.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.7 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.0 1.3 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 617 73,548 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 122 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 61 86 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 108 92 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 1.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 235.8 504.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 46.5 1,970 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 7.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 92.4 846 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.4 268 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 9 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 201 532 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 141.9 193.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/12/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 34 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 273.3 Barbados GDP ($ billions) 3.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 12,660 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,066 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –154 to 14 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 15.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 15.7 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 76.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,640 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.0 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 267.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.4 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1997, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,476 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 79.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 35 Belarus Population (millions) 9.5 GDP ($ billions) 54.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,130 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 10 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 618 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 8 to 70 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 11.7 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.3 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.3 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 93 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,374 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 88.6 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.1 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.6 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,045 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 69 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.5 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 556.9 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 62.8 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –30.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.5 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.7 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,815 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 236.8 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/3/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 5% to 10% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 36 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.9 Belgium GDP ($ billions) 467.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 45,360 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 847 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –64 to 29 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 9.2 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 9,711 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 78.2 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 13.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 28 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.8 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 291.8 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 104.9 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –1.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,221 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 159.1 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/10/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 37 Belize Population (thousands) 344.7 GDP ($ billions) 1.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,740 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,191 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –189 to 16 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 21 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 9.5 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 15.8 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.9 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 12.4 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 27.9 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.9 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 210 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,972 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 17.0 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.7 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 22 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 93 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 106 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 212.0 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –4.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 571 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 92.1 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/16/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 38 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 8.8 GDP ($ billions) Benin 6.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 780 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,039 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –207 to 97 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 19 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.2 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.1 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.9 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.3 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 47.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 23.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 115 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.2 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 35,555 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 12 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 75 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,424 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 24.8 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.5 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 394 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 175 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 62 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 73 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.5 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 345.0 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.1 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –47.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.1 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.9 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 404 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 284.0 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/21/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 39 Bermuda Population (thousands) 64.6 GDP ($ billions) 5.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 17 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,506 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –97 to 60 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 82.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 82.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.6 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 109 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 40 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 725.9 Bhutan GDP ($ billions) 1.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,880 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 1 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,667 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –112 to 298 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 /–2 Lower Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 13 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.4 2.7 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 50.6 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 6.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 26.2 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 28.3 6.1 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 56 67 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 12.0 42.5 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 100 1,127 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 65 36 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,159 2,728 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 62.1 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 62.0 58.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.7 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.8 1.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 201 73,548 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 142 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 86 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 92 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.0 1.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 242.4 504.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.7 1,970 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –3.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 846 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 268 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 9 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 354 532 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 84.4 193.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/13/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 41 Bolivia Population (millions) 9.9 GDP ($ billions) 19.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,810 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,146 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –91 to 137 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 33 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.9 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 13.6 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.2 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 54 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.5 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 365 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 25 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 86 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,089 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 77.5 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.0 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.4 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.1 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 37 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 153 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 319.8 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 12.8 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2004, MtCO2e) 48.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.3 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.1 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 638 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 150.2 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/2/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 4 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,118 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 42 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Bosnia and Herzegovina Population (millions) 3.8 GDP ($ billions) 16.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) -0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,028 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –116 to -7 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.1 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.4 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.6 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.6 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,539 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 52.3 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.1 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 125 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 125 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.3 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,108.3 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 31.3 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) -7.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.7 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,580 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 217.7 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/26/2010 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 43 Botswana Population (millions) 2.0 GDP ($ billions) 14.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.5 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 416 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –106 to 24 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / -2 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.8 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 8.1 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 31.2 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 30.9 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 48 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 10.7 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 587 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 60 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 569 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 45.4 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 32.6 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.2 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.6 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 59 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 54 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.5 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 197.3 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.8 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –38.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.5 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.1 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,034 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 87.8 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/22/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 44 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 194.9 GDP ($ billions) Brazil 2,087.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,782 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –95 to 136 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 20 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.2 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.9 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 41 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.1 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 3.8 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 28.0 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.2 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 210 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 80 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,533 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.3 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 5.5 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.2 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 16,733 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 126 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 106 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.1 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 214.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 393.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) 1,329.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 492.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 236.0 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.8 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,243 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 131.7 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 196 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 57,990 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 45 Brunei Darussalam Population (thousands) 398.9 GDP ($ billions) 10.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 31,800 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,722 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –185 to 111 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 15 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 42.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 7 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,291 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.7 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 77.2 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 83 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 27.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 588.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 10.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 7,971 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 176.5 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 46 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 7.5 Bulgaria GDP ($ billions) 47.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,250 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 16 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 608 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –127 to -21 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.5 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 16 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.2 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.4 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.1 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 13 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.6 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,413 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 98.4 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.4 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.5 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 488 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 59 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 94 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.6 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 552.2 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 50.5 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –11.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.9 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.2 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,305 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 202.1 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 28 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2,556 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 47 Burkina Faso Population (millions) 16.5 GDP ($ billions) 8.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 550 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 748 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –229 to 88 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 12 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.8 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 7.9 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 56.5 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.9 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 176 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 26.0 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 45,322 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 11 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 76 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,002 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 14.6 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 4.2 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 299 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 150 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 47 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 88 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 113.1 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.9 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –1.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/16/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 48 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 8.4 Burundi GDP ($ billions) 1.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 170 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,218 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –21 to 206 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.8 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.9 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 81.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 142 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 38.9 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 48,475 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 46 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 72 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,319 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 10.4 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.9 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 169 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 52 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 62.9 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) –15.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/28/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 49 Cambodia Population (millions) 14.1 GDP ($ billions) 11.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 760 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,903 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –109 to 95 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 East Country Asia & Low data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.8 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.6 10.3 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 .. 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.9 3.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 6.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.8 10.8 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 28.3 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 24.0 14.9 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 51 24 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 28.8 9.0 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,798 525 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 29 59 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 61 88 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,947 4,860 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 24.0 90.8 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 6.3 15.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.0 2.8 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.9 3.0 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,775 14,638 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 138 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 79 97 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 90 103 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 175.4 827.1 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.6 8,259 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –17.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 20.2 1,928 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.8 707 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 371 1,436 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 201.3 259.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/8/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 11 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 50 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 19.6 Cameroon GDP ($ billions) 22.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,180 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,604 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –71 to 115 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.3 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.2 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.4 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 9.6 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.2 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 136 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.6 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 27,818 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 47 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 74 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,524 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 48.7 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 8.4 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.8 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –0.0 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 575 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 161 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 73 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 86 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 138.4 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5.3 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 22.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 18.5 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.1 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 361 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 177.0 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/31/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 51 Canada Population (millions) 34.1 GDP ($ billions) 1,574.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 41,950 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) -10 / -1 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.6 to 3.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 537 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 17 to 88 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -2 / -2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 44 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.3 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 8.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,301 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 39.9 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 13 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 16.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 455.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 544.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -12.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 89.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 40.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.9 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 7,486 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 212.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/3/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 2005) 17% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 52 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 496.0 Cape Verde GDP ($ billions) 1.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,270 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 424 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –32 to 12 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 15 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.5 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 13.8 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.4 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.8 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 21.0 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.5 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 36 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 23 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 54 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 84 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 224 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 69.0 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.9 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.8 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 16 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 119 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 4.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 189.7 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.3 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 213 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 67.4 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/13/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 53 Cayman Islands Population (thousands) 56.2 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –122 to 39 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 11 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 60.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 59.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 8.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 84 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 54 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Central African Republic Population (millions) 4.4 GDP ($ billions) 2.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 470 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,343 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –73 to 100 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.0 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 62.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.7 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 159 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 35,786 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 34 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 67 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 948 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.5 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 10 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 182 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 40 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 69 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 87.8 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.3 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –139.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/10/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 55 Chad Population (millions) 11.2 GDP ($ billions) 7.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 620 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 322 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –79 to 41 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.5 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.4 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 61.9 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.4 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 173 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 33.9 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 39,508 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 9 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 50 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 880 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 0.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 10.3 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 345 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 183 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 33 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 64 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 36.8 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.5 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1993, MtCO2e) –46.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/29/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 56 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Channel Islands 153.4 GDP ($ billions) 11.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 67,960 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) .. Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) .. Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights .. Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights .. Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 57 Chile Population (millions) 17.1 GDP ($ billions) 203.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,950 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.2 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 716 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –118 to 24 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.1 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.6 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 35 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.5 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 9 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 0.5 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,472 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.5 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.2 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.3 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.4 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,266 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 39 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.4 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 325.0 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 73.1 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –9.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 18.1 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.1 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,826 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 134.3 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/8/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 51 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 7,307 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 58 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1,338.3 GDP ($ billions) China 5,878.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,260 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 1 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 627 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –37 to 86 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.1 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 8.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 19.7 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 10.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 15.9 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.6 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 18 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.5 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 3 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 55 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 89 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,450 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.4 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 53.5 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.1 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 942 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 91 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 929.3 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 7,031.9 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –407.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,333.1 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 467.2 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 141.4 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,695 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 273.2 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/10/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1,604 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 430,696 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 59 Colombia Population (millions) 46.3 GDP ($ billions) 288.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,510 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,612 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –80 to 199 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.9 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 38 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.6 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 16.0 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.4 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.1 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 394 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 74 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,017 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 93.6 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,549 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 42 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 115 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 182.3 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 67.7 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2004, MtCO2e) 26.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 58.1 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.3 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 697 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 84.5 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 34 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,094 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 60 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 734.8 Comoros GDP ($ millions) 541.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,754 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –9 to 140 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 19 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 13.5 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.8 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 46.1 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 86 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 25.0 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 24,619 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 36 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,064 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 76.5 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.9 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 1.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 157 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 81 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 84 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 179.3 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 60 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 59.5 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/5/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 61 Congo, Dem. Rep. Population (millions) 66.0 GDP ($ billions) 13.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 180 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,543 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –48 to 128 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.2 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 59.2 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 170 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 28.2 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 37,400 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 23 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 46 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 789 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 11.1 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 1.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 22.4 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 174 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 178 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 56 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 77 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 151.2 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.8 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2003, MtCO2e) –178.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 56.4 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 54.6 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 357 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,196.4 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/28/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 62 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.0 Congo, Rep. GDP ($ billions) 11.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,150 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,646 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –40 to 134 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 33 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.0 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 54.1 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.4 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 93 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 11.8 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 34,298 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 30 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 71 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 862 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 37.1 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.1 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.9 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 23.7 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 77 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 181 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 74 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 92 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.5 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 147.0 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.9 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -82.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.6 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.6 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 356 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 99.1 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/27/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 63 Cook Islands Population (thousands) 20.3 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,925 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –57 to 174 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 11 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 87.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 62.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.8 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 9 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.9 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 106 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.4 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 64 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.7 Costa Rica GDP ($ billions) 34.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,550 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,926 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –239 to 60 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.1 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.8 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 31 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.4 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.9 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 10 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 51 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,770 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.3 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 25.3 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.3 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.1 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 144 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 121 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.8 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 171.0 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.0 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) -3.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.6 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.3 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,067 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 106.1 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/7/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 8 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 320 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 65 Côte d’Ivoire Population (millions) 19.7 GDP ($ billions) 22.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,160 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,348 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –125 to 73 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.2 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.4 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.8 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 23.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.6 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 123 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.7 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 36,482 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 23 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,900 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 47.3 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.9 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 319 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 167 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 46 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 69 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 223.0 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 7.0 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –18.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.0 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.4 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 535 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 317.2 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/26/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 3 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 66 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.4 Croatia GDP ($ billions) 60.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 13,780 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 16 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,113 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –112 to –2 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.4 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.0 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 99 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,117 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.9 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 719 .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 80 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 303.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 23.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -8.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.9 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,965 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 120.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 5% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 67 Cuba Population (millions) 11.3 GDP ($ billions) 62.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,335 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –108 to 39 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 11 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 12.7 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 19 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 19.8 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.2 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.4 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 91 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,069 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 97.0 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 15.0 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.0 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 60 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.8 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 31.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1996, MtCO2e) –21.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.5 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.4 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,022 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/28/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 171 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 68 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 142.7 Curaçao GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) .. Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) .. Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights .. Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights .. Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 69 Cyprus Population (millions) 1.1 GDP ($ billions) 25.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 30,480 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 24 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 498 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –98 to –44 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 6.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.7 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 20.8 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 900 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 64.6 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 23.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 40 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 103 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 410.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,298 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 121.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 8 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 70 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Czech Republic 10.5 GDP ($ billions) 192.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 17,890 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 3 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 677 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –43 to 55 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 13.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.3 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.1 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,074 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 64 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 11.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 483.3 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 117.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –6.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,022 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 178.3 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 58 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 607 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 71 Denmark Population (millions) 5.5 GDP ($ billions) 310.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 59,210 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 11 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 703 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 21 to 87 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 17.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 18.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 17.4 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.6 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,776 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 18.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) -0.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 5 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 246.4 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 46.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –1.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.9 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.3 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,550 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 108.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/11/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 72 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 888.7 Djibouti GDP ($ billions) 1.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,270 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 220 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –29 to 57 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.6 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.6 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.0 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 6.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.3 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 18.8 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.0 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 91 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 29.6 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 467 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 56 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,111 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 45.0 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.2 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 396 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 170 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 35 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 82 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 302.5 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.5 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 170 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 87.3 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/2/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 73 Dominica Population (thousands) 67.8 GDP ($ millions) 382.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,410 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,436 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -106 to 42 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -3 / -3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 9.4 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.4 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 21.7 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 12 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 81 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,437 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.4 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.1 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 65 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.9 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 214.5 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 628 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 74.4 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/4/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 74 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Dominican Republic 9.9 GDP ($ billions) 51.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,000 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,410 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –128 to 30 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.1 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 22 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.8 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 16.6 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.3 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.1 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 27 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.4 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 46 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 83 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 86 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,846 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 95.9 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.4 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.7 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.2 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 69 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 108 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.2 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 289.4 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 21.6 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –18.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.1 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.3 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 826 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 104.7 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/17/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 12 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 75 Ecuador Population (millions) 14.5 GDP ($ billions) 58.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,290 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 16 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,087 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 22 to 273 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.3 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 31 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.7 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.5 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 12.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.4 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 25.1 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.2 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 63 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 92 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,974 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 92.2 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.8 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.1 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.3 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 239 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 130 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 106 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.9 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 263.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 26.8 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) 46.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17.1 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.6 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 796 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 111.0 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/15/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 17 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,184 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 76 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Egypt, Arab Rep. 81.1 GDP ($ billions) 218.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,440 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 51 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –20 to 1 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.0 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 25.6 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 19 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3,788.9 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.9 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.8 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 94 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,571 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.6 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.9 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.4 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.9 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,588 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 110 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.7 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 514.8 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 210.3 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) –9.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 47.0 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 19.0 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.2 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 903 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 164.5 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 9 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 7,012 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 77 El Salvador Population (millions) 6.2 GDP ($ billions) 21.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,360 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,724 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –205 to 14 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.5 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 25 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.8 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 7.8 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 5.1 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.8 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.1 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 87 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,727 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 86.4 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.8 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.0 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.0 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 152 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 112 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.0 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 158.9 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 6.1 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 3.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.1 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 828 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 137.5 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/10/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 6 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 790 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 78 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Equatorial Guinea 700.4 GDP ($ billions) 14.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 14,540 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,156 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –16 to 129 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 19.2 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 121 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 10.6 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 27,726 .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 51 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 43 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 155 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 50 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 83 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 234.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.8 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,732 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 94.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission .. Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 79 Eritrea Population (millions) 5.3 GDP ($ billions) 2.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 384 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –55 to 26 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.1 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.2 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 7.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 20.8 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 61 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 34.5 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 762 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 14 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 61 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 500 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 32.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 21.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 40 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 180 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 48 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 77 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 171.0 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 142 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 288.2 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/16/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 80 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.3 Estonia GDP ($ billions) 18.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 14,370 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2/9 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 626 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 33 to 93 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.9 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.2 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,761 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 28.8 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 10.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 24 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 100 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 13.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 731.7 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 18.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –7.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,085 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 249.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 12 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 81 Ethiopia Population (millions) 82.9 GDP ($ billions) 29.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 16 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 848 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –42 to 79 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 21 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.7 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.4 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 4 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.4 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.6 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 39.0 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.4 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 106 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 34.6 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 11,509 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 12 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 38 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,677 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 17.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.7 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 111 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 55 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 88 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 109.9 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 7.1 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –9.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 52.2 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.5 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 402 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 464.6 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/16/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 82 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Faeroe Islands 48.7 GDP ($ billions) 2.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4/8 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 0.6 to 1.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,578 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 16 to 95 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.5 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 14.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 83 Fiji Population (thousands) 860.6 GDP ($ billions) 3.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,580 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,593 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –93 to 271 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 11.4 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.3 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.3 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,458 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.2 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.4 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.3 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 90 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 77 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 348.5 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.3 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –7.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 627 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 145.9 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/18/2006 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 36 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 84 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 5.4 Finland GDP ($ billions) 238.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 47,160 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –2 / 6 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 3.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 536 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 37 to 103 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.4 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.8 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,760 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 65.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 11 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 316.3 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 56.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –40.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.7 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 6,639 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 210.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/23/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 3 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 245 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 85 France Population (millions) 64.9 GDP ($ billions) 2,560.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 42,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 7 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 867 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –112 to 2 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 22 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 15.9 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.1 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,456 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 29 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 193.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 377.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –63.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 77.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 49.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,073 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 137.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/8/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 17 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 3,535 86 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) French Polynesia 270.8 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –79 to 283 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 37.6 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 19.8 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.9 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 87 Gabon Population (millions) 1.5 GDP ($ billions) 13.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,740 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,831 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –51 to 148 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.5 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.9 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.9 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 74 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 8.8 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 29,451 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 33 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,389 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 36.7 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 10.2 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.3 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.3 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 125 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 156 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 70 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.7 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 126.8 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.5 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –500.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.2 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,214 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 93.3 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/22/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 88 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.7 Gambia, The GDP ($ millions) 806.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 450 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 837 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –87 to 26 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 16.6 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 33.4 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.0 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.4 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 34.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.5 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 98 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 15.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 31,925 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 67 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,049 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.3 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 35 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 149 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 72 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 209.4 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1993, MtCO2e) –50.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 84 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 71.5 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/6/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 89 Georgia Population (millions) 4.5 GDP ($ billions) 11.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,690 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 0 / 11 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,026 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –77 to -3 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.3 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 25 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.6 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.8 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 15.3 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.7 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.3 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,918 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 94.1 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.4 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.7 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 61 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 16 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 107 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.2 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 262.8 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5.2 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.4 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.0 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 723 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 167.4 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/2/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 53 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 90 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 81.7 Germany GDP ($ billions) 3,309.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 43,290 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 700 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –38 to 57 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.4 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 36.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 40.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.1 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,201 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 14.4 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 19 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 283.8 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 786.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 17.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 67.6 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 56.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 31.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,057 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 121.1 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/11/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 11 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2,087 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 91 Ghana Population (millions) 24.4 GDP ($ billions) 31.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,230 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,187 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –159 to 83 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.8 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.3 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.2 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.2 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 30.0 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.0 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 74 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 14.3 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 31,179 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 13 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 82 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,660 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 60.5 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.9 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.1 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.1 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 290 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 63 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 83 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 267.6 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.6 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1996, MtCO2e) –19.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.0 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.9 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 388 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 275.0 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/2/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 92 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 29.2 Gibraltar GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 22 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 618 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –100 to –26 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 100.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 100.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 14.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,597 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 93 Greece Population (millions) 11.3 GDP ($ billions) 304.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 27,260 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 20 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 652 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -110 to -40 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -2 / -2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 6.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.9 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 29 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 12.2 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 16.9 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,103 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.8 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.7 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 100 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.7 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 323.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 97.8 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –3.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,387 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 95.5 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/18/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 94 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 56.5 Greenland GDP ($ billions) 1.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 26,020 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –23 / –10 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 585 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 6 to 74 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 16.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 52.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 40.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 95 Grenada Population (thousands) 104.5 GDP ($ millions) 627.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,550 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,535 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –245 to 7 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 15 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 21.7 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 21.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.7 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 11 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 97 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 989 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 61.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 10.1 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 14 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 73 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 126 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.4 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 290.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 784 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 96.5 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/21/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 96 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 179.9 GDP ($ millions) Guam .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –25 to 230 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 19 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 20.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 26.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 26.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 99 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,333 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 97 Guatemala Population (millions) 14.4 GDP ($ billions) 41.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,730 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,712 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –186 to 22 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.6 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.3 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.7 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 11.7 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 30.6 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 32 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 17.7 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 184 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 81 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,966 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 80.5 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 34.5 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 971 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 97 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 94 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.9 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 199.4 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 11.9 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) –39.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.3 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.4 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 701 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 163.8 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/1/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 11 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,023 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 98 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.0 Guinea GDP ($ billions) 4.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 400 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,651 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –122 to 104 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 20 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.1 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.6 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.9 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 43.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 130 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 40,585 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 19 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 71 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,339 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.1 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.2 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 71 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 179 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 62 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 77 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 145.0 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –17.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/28/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 99 Guinea-Bissau Population (millions) 1.5 GDP ($ millions) 878.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 590 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,577 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -69 to 130 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 9.5 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 18.8 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.1 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 48.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.1 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 150 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 17.4 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 34,043 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 21 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 61 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,445 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 27.9 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.0 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 19 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 1.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 176 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 31 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 65 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 186.6 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.3 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 67 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 64.8 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/1/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 100 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 754.5 Guyana GDP ($ billions) 2.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,300 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,387 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –158 to 72 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.7 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 31.3 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 7.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 8.7 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.9 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 30 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 10.8 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 2,194 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 81 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,568 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.4 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.4 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 26 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 114 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 109 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.0 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 780.2 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.5 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1998, MtCO2e) –30.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 667 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 260.8 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/16/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 101 Haiti Population (millions) 10.0 GDP ($ billions) 6.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 650 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,440 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –125 to 34 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 /–3 Latin Country America & Low data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.9 1.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.4 3.8 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 35 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.5 2.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 9.2 2.0 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 54.9 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.3 20.8 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 165 23 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 18.9 3.8 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,891 206 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 17 79 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 63 93 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 991 3,337 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 38.5 93.4 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 24.3 28.1 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.2 2.3 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1 33,064 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 174 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 102 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 102 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 2.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 238.9 285.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.4 1,584 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.0 1,009 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 442 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 263 1,245 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 247.5 130.6 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/3/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 102 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 7.6 Honduras GDP ($ billions) 15.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,880 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,976 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -204 to 15 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -2 / -2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.2 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.2 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.2 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 23.3 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.2 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 24 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 8.6 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 335 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 71 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 86 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,752 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 70.3 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.4 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.9 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.2 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 321 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 128 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 107 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.2 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 326.6 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.7 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) 4.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.2 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.9 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 592 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 169.2 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/15/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 19 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 568 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 103 Hong Kong SAR, China Population (millions) 7.1 GDP ($ billions) 224.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 32,780 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,240 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –83 to 73 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 10 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 24.6 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 26.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 100 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 41.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 30.7 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 2 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 136.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 38.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,133 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 54.2 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 104 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.0 Hungary GDP ($ billions) 130.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 12,980 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 589 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –75 to 23 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 89.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.8 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,712 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 37.7 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.4 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –32.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,645 .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 51 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 312.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 54.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –3.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.6 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,542 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 153.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/10/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 11 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 1,321 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 105 Iceland Population (thousands) 317.4 GDP ($ billions) 12.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 33,990 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –1 / 5 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 0.9 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 978 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –1 to 101 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 13.1 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 2 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 36.6 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 20.4 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 23.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 9 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.0 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 191.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 0.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 16,876 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 512.0 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 30% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 106 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1,170.9 GDP ($ billions) India 1,729.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,083 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –91 to 135 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Lower Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.8 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 13 13 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 2.7 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 4.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 47.8 50.6 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 35.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 41.6 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.3 6.1 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 63 67 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 43.5 42.5 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,124 1,127 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 36 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,572 2,728 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 66.3 62.1 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.3 58.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.9 1.7 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 1.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 71,898 73,548 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 132 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 86 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 92 92 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 1.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 549.8 504.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,742.7 1,970 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 14.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 584.0 846 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 212.9 268 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.4 9 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 585 532 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 195.4 193.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/22/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 727 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 118,184 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 107 Indonesia Population (millions) 239.9 GDP ($ billions) 706.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,500 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,702 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –160 to 234 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 17 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.5 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.2 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 5.6 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 16.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 18.7 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.1 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 35 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 17.5 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,645 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 52 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,813 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 64.5 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 59.1 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.3 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.9 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,408 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 129 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 109 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.7 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 484.1 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 406.0 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 164.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 208.9 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 123.3 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 851 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 230.3 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/27/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 70 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 3,007 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 108 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Iran, Islamic Rep. 74.0 GDP ($ billions) 331.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 10 / 24 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 228 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –51 to 6 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.6 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.0 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 24 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 72.5 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 19.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.1 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 26 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 18 .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 83 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 93 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,289 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.4 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 73.3 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.5 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.9 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 486 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 144 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.4 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 716.3 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 538.4 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 31.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 114.6 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 26.6 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.6 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,951 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 282.1 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/31/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 7 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 109 Iraq Population (millions) 32.0 GDP ($ billions) 82.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 216 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –38 to -2 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –1 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.0 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 23 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 187.5 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.0 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 39 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 7.1 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 73 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 79 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,222 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 86.0 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 84.3 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.1 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 956 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 164 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 64 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 81 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.4 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,057.0 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 102.9 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.9 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.4 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,035 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 317.1 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 110 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.5 Ireland GDP ($ billions) 203.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 40,720 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 0.9 to 1.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,118 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –13 to 78 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 25 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 99 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,798 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 15.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 13.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 10 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 252.9 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 43.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -2.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,333 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 94.7 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/3/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 111 Isle of Man Population (thousands) 82.9 GDP ($ billions) 4.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 48,910 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –13 to 56 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 12.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 27.8 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 112 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 7.6 GDP ($ billions) Israel 217.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 27,170 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 435 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –41 to -11 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.8 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 57 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 241.9 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 28.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,182 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.7 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 34 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 200.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 37.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2007, MtCO2e) -0.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.8 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,873 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 110.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 22 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,160 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 113 Italy Population (millions) 60.5 GDP ($ billions) 2,051.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 35,150 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 10 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 832 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –108 to –11 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.2 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.8 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 18.8 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,035 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.5 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 87 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 264.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 445.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –94.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 40.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 28.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,814 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 105.2 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/17/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 114 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 2.7 Jamaica GDP ($ billions) 14.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,770 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,051 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –102 to 28 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.1 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.8 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.2 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.9 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 24 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.2 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 83 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,262 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 92.0 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 73.3 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.5 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.6 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 170 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 88 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.5 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 618.4 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 12.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.3 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,208 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 169.3 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/21/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 211 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 115 Japan Population (millions) 127.5 GDP ($ billions) 5,497.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 42,130 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 7 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,668 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –47 to 80 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 16.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 49 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 20.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 35.2 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,920 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 79.6 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –0.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 20 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 302.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,208.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -71.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 42.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 29.8 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 53.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,883 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 125.7 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/21/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 25% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 116 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 6.0 Jordan GDP ($ billions) 27.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 111 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –28 to -3 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.0 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.2 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.6 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 136.5 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.4 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.9 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,044 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.9 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.5 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.2 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 301 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 96 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.7 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 723.4 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 21.4 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) 0.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.8 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,260 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 246.3 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/8/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 986 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 117 Kazakhstan Population (millions) 16.3 GDP ($ billions) 143.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,440 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 1 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 250 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –1 to 37 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 6.7 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 42.1 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.5 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 33 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.9 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 97 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,254 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 89.9 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.8 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.0 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 596 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 47 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 108 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 15.1 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,444.1 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 237.0 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 47.1 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17.6 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,134 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 396.5 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/4/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1992) 15% NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 118 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 40.5 GDP ($ billions) Kenya 31.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 692 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 0 to 144 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.4 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.7 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 6.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 13.2 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 19.7 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.6 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 85 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.4 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 30,307 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 59 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,204 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 16.1 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.1 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.1 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 492 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 109 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 187.6 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 10.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –28.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 22.1 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.5 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 474 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 329.4 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/22/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 119 Kiribati Population (thousands) 99.5 GDP ($ millions) 151.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,010 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,942 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 81 to 385 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -2 / -2 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 96.7 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 95.2 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.8 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 5.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.0 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 49 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 61 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.4 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 115 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 118 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 107 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 134.6 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.0 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 116 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 49.9 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 120 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Korea, Dem. Rep. 24.3 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 0 / 11 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,062 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –9 to 129 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 East Country Asia & Low data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.4 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.3 10.3 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 12 .. 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.4 3.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.3 10.8 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.0 14.9 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 33 24 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.6 9.0 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 284 525 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 59 59 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 88 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,513 4,860 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 26.0 90.8 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 2.8 15.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.4 2.8 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 47 14,638 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 103 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.2 4.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 78.4 8,259 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) –14.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 18.2 1,928 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.4 707 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.8 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 795 1,436 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/7/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 121 Korea, Rep. Population (millions) 48.9 GDP ($ billions) 1,014.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 19,890 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 7 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,404 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 0 to 181 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 48 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 39.3 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 51.6 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 8 .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,238 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 78.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –0.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 8 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 410.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 509.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2001, MtCO2e) –34.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 32.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 13.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,044 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 186.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/1/2003 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 64 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 77,317 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 122 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.8 Kosovo GDP ($ billions) 5.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,300 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –148 to -34 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.4 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 117 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 123 Kuwait Population (millions) 2.7 GDP ($ billions) 109.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 47,790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 121 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –19 to 4 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 22.8 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 84 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.6 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 11 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.7 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,084 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 100.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 85.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 67 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 30.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 602.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 76.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.4 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.9 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 11,402 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 217.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 124 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Kyrgyz Republic 5.4 GDP ($ billions) 4.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 880 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) -5 / 8 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 381 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –32 to 35 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Country Central Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 0.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 20.6 6.5 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.4 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.9 7.5 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 38 23 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.7 .. 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 93 89 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 95 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,034 2,475 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.1 85.8 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.0 9.9 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.1 2.8 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 14 22,652 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 70 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 94 95 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 97 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.2 7.7 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 575.9 708.0 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 6.2 3,110 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) –0.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.6 937 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.5 214 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 76 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 566 2,833 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 271.4 276.8 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/4/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 125 Lao PDR Population (millions) 6.2 GDP ($ billions) 7.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,040 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,834 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –95 to 70 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.8 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.6 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 33.9 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.3 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 54 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 31.6 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 327 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 53 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 57 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,808 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 55.0 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.5 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.2 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.7 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,860 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 165 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 75 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 87 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 125.3 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.5 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) –104.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/2/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 2 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 126 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 2.2 GDP ($ billions) Latvia 24.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 11,620 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2/9 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 641 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 31 to 89 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 23.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –1.0 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.4 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 17.8 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 10 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 78 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,075 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.8 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 122 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 21 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.3 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 213.9 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 7.6 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –20.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.1 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.3 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.9 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,871 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 144.9 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/16/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 0 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 127 Lebanon Population (millions) 4.2 GDP ($ billions) 39.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,080 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 22 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 661 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –75 to -27 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.7 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.1 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 46 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 26.3 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 19.9 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.5 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.2 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,832 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.9 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.8 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 12.7 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 104 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 85 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.1 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 372.5 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 17.1 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,580 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 133.2 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/31/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 128 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 2.2 Lesotho GDP ($ billions) 2.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,040 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 19 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 789 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –66 to 89 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 10 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.7 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.0 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 43.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.5 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 85 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.6 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 29 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 85 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 421 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 16.0 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.3 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.7 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.5 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 11 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 143 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 69 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 107 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 9 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 7.0 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/17/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 129 Liberia Population (millions) 4.0 GDP ($ millions) 986.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 200 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,391 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –115 to 81 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.3 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 30 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.7 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.9 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 83.7 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.1 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 103 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.4 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 29,994 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 17 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 68 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,610 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 6.2 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 25.1 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 135 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 151 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 58 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 72 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 447.7 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 130 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 6.4 GDP ($ billions) Libya 62.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 12,320 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 57 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –18 to 5 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.8 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.7 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 718.0 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.6 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 97 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 54 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 569 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.8 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 57.2 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.7 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.5 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 619.1 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 58.3 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.7 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.3 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,258 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 212.1 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 131 Liechtenstein Population (thousands) 36.0 GDP ($ billions) 4.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 137,070 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2/9 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,539 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –66 to 32 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 42.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 2 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 107 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/25/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 132 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.3 Lithuania GDP ($ billions) 36.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 11,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 10 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 656 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 22 to 83 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.6 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 17.7 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.5 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 7 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,450 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 28.6 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 11.0 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 104 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 27 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.5 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 255.8 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 15.1 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –3.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.5 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,512 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 166.3 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/22/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 12 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2,408 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 133 Luxembourg Population (thousands) 505.8 GDP ($ billions) 55.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 79,630 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 934 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –86 to 26 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 19.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,202 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 279.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 50 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 84 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 21.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 291.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 10.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –0.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 8,313 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 116.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/14/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 134 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Macao SAR, China 543.7 GDP ($ billions) 21.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 40,030 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,219 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –83 to 73 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 10 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 35.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 79.9 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 46.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 135 Macedonia, FYR Population (millions) 2.1 GDP ($ billions) 9.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 619 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –150 to -43 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 28.8 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 7.3 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.8 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 12 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.8 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 89 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,373 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 56.5 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.9 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.2 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 86 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 22 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.8 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 655.2 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 11.8 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2002, MtCO2e) –2.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,352 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 155.6 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/15/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 136 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 20.7 Madagascar GDP ($ billions) 8.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 430 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,513 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –104 to 56 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.3 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.9 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.4 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 67.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.9 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 62 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 36.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 3,735 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 11 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 41 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,582 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 19.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.6 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.9 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 132 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 137 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 79 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 102.9 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.9 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –233.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 137 Malawi Population (millions) 14.9 GDP ($ billions) 5.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 330 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 17 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,181 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -53 to 91 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.0 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 8.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.0 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 73.9 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 92 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 15.5 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 33,773 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 56 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,163 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 9.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 45.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 116 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 1.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 145 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 59 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 120.1 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.2 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 17.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/2/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 138 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 28.4 Malaysia GDP ($ billions) 237.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,760 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,875 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –160 to 117 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.5 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.1 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 17.9 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 75 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,750 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.4 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 82.8 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.7 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.8 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,201 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 18 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.6 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 585.7 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 208.3 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –220.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 46.5 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.1 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,391 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 191.2 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/14/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 101 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,475 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 139 Maldives Population (thousands) 315.9 GDP ($ billions) 1.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,240 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,972 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –2 to 319 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 22 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Upper Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 100.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 100.0 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 13 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 2.7 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 50.6 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 6.1 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 15 67 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 25.7 42.5 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 1,127 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 36 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,042 2,728 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 62.1 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 58.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.0 1.7 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 11.1 1.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 490 73,548 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 79 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 119 86 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 92 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.0 1.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 580.8 504.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.9 1,970 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 846 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 268 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 9 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 985 532 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 200.3 193.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/5/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 140 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 15.4 GDP ($ billions) Mali 9.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 600 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 36 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.5 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 282 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –142 to 43 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.6 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.9 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 51.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.4 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 178 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 27.9 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 25,366 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 36 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 56 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,588 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 254 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 146 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 64 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 80 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 44.2 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –9.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/13/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 141 Malta Population (thousands) 413.0 GDP ($ billions) 8.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 18,430 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 23 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 383 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –67 to –28 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 19.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 21.8 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.9 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 53.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 22.2 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 17.2 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,431 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 100 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 274.3 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,935 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 87.5 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 7/27/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 142 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Marshall Islands 54.0 GDP ($ millions) 155.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,450 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,705 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 8 to 240 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 21 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 99.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 99.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.1 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 26 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 73 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.1 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.6 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 1.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 106 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 94 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.9 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 610 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/24/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 143 Mauritania Population (millions) 3.5 GDP ($ billions) 3.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,030 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 92 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –113 to 9 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 11 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.0 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 20.4 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.0 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 399.8 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 21.2 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.5 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 111 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.7 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 17,325 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 26 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 49 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 876 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 26.8 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 133 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 159 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 64 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 343.6 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.0 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -1.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/6/2008 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 144 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.3 Mauritius GDP ($ billions) 9.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,041 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –165 to 67 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.1 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.6 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 26.4 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 21.4 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.5 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 15 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 91 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 8,307 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.4 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 98.0 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.8 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.4 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 26 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 23 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.1 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 269.6 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.0 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –0.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 947 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 85.9 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/28/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 145 Mayotte Population (thousands) 204.1 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 4.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –24 to 112 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 20 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 21.6 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 21.6 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.2 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 146 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 113.4 Mexico GDP ($ billions) 1,039.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 8,930 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 752 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –178 to 10 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.9 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 35 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.9 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 19.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.1 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.4 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 3 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 85 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,434 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 35.3 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.9 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6,360 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 53 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.3 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 332.6 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 475.8 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2006, MtCO2e) 70.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 128.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 42.5 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.6 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,497 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 119.8 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/20/2010 (4th) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 132 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 10,122 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 147 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Population (thousands) 111.1 GDP ($ millions) 287.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,700 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –85 to 411 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 26 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 33.4 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 54.9 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 31.2 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.0 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 42 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 27 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,450 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 17.5 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.5 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 140 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 196.8 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 148 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.6 Moldova GDP ($ billions) 5.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,810 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 553 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –72 to 11 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.3 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –0.8 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 191.5 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.4 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.2 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 79 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,340 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 85.8 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.3 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.3 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 35 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 81 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 483.1 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.8 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) –1.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.4 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 687 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 263.6 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/27/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 4 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 149 Monaco Population (thousands) 35.4 GDP ($ billions) 6.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 183,150 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 10 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 894 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –114 to 1 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) Population below 5m (% of total) 100.0 2.2 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 100.0 7.7 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. .. Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 1.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. 10.4 Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. .. Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 23.7 13.4 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4 6 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 132 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/25/2011 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 30% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 150 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 2.8 Mongolia GDP ($ billions) 6.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,850 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –8 / 6 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 241 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 1 to 50 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.4 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 22.4 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.4 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 32 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.3 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 50 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 76 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,552 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 67.0 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 3.5 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.3 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 23.9 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 86 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.1 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,146.7 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 10.9 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2006, MtCO2e) –2.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.1 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.5 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,194 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 345.1 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/10/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 3 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 15 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 151 Montenegro Population (thousands) 631.5 GDP ($ billions) 4.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,620 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –138 to –27 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.3 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.2 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 92 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,464 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.5 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 19.0 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 56 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.1 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 293.7 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.0 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2003, MtCO2e) –0.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,384 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 139.9 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/12/2010 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 152 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 32.0 Morocco GDP ($ billions) 91.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,900 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 23 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 346 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –62 to –5 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.7 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.8 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 19 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 43.4 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 2.5 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.5 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 36 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 9.9 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 69 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 81 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,911 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 97.0 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 67.8 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.5 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,124 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 94 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 88 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 379.0 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 47.9 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) 3.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.6 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.8 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 477 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 113.7 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/3/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 6 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 330 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 153 Mozambique Population (millions) 23.4 GDP ($ billions) 9.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 440 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,031 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –69 to 61 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 15 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 7 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.7 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 59.6 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 135 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.2 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 32,555 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 17 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 47 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 877 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 11.7 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.2 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 80 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 139 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 61 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 89 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 133.6 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.3 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 7.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12.8 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.5 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 427 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 529.7 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/2/2006 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 154 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 48.0 Myanmar GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 8 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,091 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –84 to 97 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 East Country Asia & Low data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.6 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.0 10.3 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 .. 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 3.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.3 10.8 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 24.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.3 14.9 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 66 24 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 29.6 9.0 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 7,943 525 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 81 59 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 71 88 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,949 4,860 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 13.0 90.8 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.9 15.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.3 2.8 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 556 14,638 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 97 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 103 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 12.8 8,259 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 77.2 1,928 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.9 707 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 316 1,436 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission .. Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 155 Namibia Population (millions) 2.3 GDP ($ billions) 12.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,500 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 285 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -67 to 23 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.3 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.9 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.0 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.9 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 49.1 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.5 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 40 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 17.5 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 4,589 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 33 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 365 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 34.0 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.8 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.2 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.0 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 9 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 78 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.8 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 311.4 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.0 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) -5.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.1 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.8 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 764 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 135.4 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/7/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 156 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 10.3 GDP ($ millions) Nauru .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,445 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –60 to 565 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 18 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 40.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 40.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 40 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 50 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.6 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 112 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 13.9 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 157 Nepal Population (millions) 30.0 GDP ($ billions) 15.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 480 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,321 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –116 to 231 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country South Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 4.4 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 13 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.8 2.7 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 5.1 50.6 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 27.7 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 55.1 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 17.0 6.1 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 50 67 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 38.8 42.5 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 103 1,127 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 36 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 87 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,374 2,728 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 43.6 62.1 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 55.9 58.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.7 1.7 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 1.3 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 34 73,548 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 107 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 70 86 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 82 92 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 1.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 120.0 504.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3.5 1,970 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 8.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 22.1 846 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.5 268 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 9 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 338 532 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 323.2 193.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/1/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 4 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 92 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 158 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 16.6 Netherlands GDP ($ billions) 783.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 49,750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 778 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –18 to 50 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 58.5 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 61.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 12 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 105.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 10.6 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 9,032 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –2.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 31 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 100 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 277.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 173.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 2.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,016 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 135.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/19/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 159 New Caledonia Population (thousands) 254.0 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,498 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –122 to 118 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 34.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,391 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 12.8 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 160 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.4 New Zealand GDP ($ billions) 126.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 29,050 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.1 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,732 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –44 to 53 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 12.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 32 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.3 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 3.2 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 25.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,924 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 65.9 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 13.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –1.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 3 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.8 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 304.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 33.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –26.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 27.6 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,193 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 162.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/23/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 10% / 20% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 7 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 1,898 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 161 Nicaragua Population (millions) 5.8 GDP ($ billions) 6.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,090 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,391 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –220 to 19 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.6 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.5 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 23 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.2 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 15.8 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 36.7 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 27 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.3 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 26 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 52 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 85 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,077 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 72.1 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.0 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.8 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 547 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 118 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 75 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.8 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 308.2 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.3 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –13.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.0 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.3 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 540 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 222.8 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/22/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 602 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 162 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 15.5 GDP ($ billions) Niger 5.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 370 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 151 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –71 to 36 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 7 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.9 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 7.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 67.5 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 43.1 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 143 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 39.9 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 37,958 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 9 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 48 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 380 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.7 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 17.1 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 107 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 173 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 41 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 78 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 90.3 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.9 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –16.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/9/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 163 Nigeria Population (millions) 158.4 GDP ($ billions) 193.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,180 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,150 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –128 to 89 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 19 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.5 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 15 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.7 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 64.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.8 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 143 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 26.7 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 38,259 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 32 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 58 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,528 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 50.6 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 15.0 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.0 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.1 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,036 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 133 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 79 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 85 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 326.6 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 95.8 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 105.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 130.3 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.6 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 701 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 345.1 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/17/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 312 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 164 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 1.5 GDP ($ millions) Niue .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) -2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,210 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –9 to 153 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 15 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 10.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.2 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 19.0 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 126 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 129 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.5 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.0 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/2/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 165 Northern Mariana Islands Population (thousands) 60.9 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 24 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 7,369 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 1 to 197 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 17 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 28.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 39.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 94 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 166 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.9 Norway GDP ($ billions) 414.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 85,340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –2 / 5 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,119 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 41 to 131 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,105 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 80.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 18.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.8 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 6 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 100 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 215.9 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 50.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –25.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 16.9 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.7 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 6,332 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 134.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/22/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 30% / 40% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 167 Oman Population (millions) 2.8 GDP ($ billions) 46.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 18,260 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 125 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –16 to 31 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 94.7 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.0 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 9 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 87 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,473 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 43.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 49 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 17.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 703.9 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 45.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,554 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 229.3 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 168 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 173.6 Pakistan GDP ($ billions) 174.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,050 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 3.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 305 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –60 to 36 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Lower Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.3 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 13 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.1 2.7 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 313.8 50.6 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 73.9 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 22.6 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.3 6.1 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 87 67 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 31.3 42.5 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 881 1,127 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 45 36 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,790 2,728 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 62.4 62.1 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 65.4 58.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 1.7 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.2 1.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 437 73,548 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 105 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 61 86 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 82 92 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.0 1.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 420.7 504.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 163.2 1,970 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 6.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 137.4 846 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 26.8 268 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 9 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 502 532 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 212.7 193.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/15/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 12 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 2,983 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 169 Palau Population (thousands) 20.5 GDP ($ millions) 169.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,470 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 24 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,259 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –89 to 172 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 25 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 21.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 55.6 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.0 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 83 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 84 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.2 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 116 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.5 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 827.5 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/18/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 170 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.5 Panama GDP ($ billions) 26.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,980 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,692 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –228 to 107 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.7 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 39 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 2.4 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.7 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 35 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 69 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 93 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,019 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 88.1 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 38.1 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.3 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.8 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 339 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 61 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.0 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 173.8 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 6.9 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 23.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 896 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 75.5 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 7/20/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 7 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 138 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 171 Papua New Guinea Population (millions) 6.9 GDP ($ billions) 9.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,300 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,142 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –163 to 421 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.0 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 35.8 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.1 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 61 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 18.1 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 18,012 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 45 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 40 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,415 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 3.5 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.3 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 150 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 101 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 53 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 158.0 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.1 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/27/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 215 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 172 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 6.5 Paraguay GDP ($ billions) 18.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,940 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,130 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –48 to 112 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 31 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.5 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 5.1 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.4 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 25 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 16 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 70 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 86 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,358 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 96.7 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.8 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.9 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 45 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 102 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.7 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 151.9 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.1 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 19.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.4 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.1 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 749 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 182.3 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/10/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 173 Peru Population (millions) 29.1 GDP ($ billions) 153.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,780 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,493 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –57 to 181 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 31 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.2 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 5.9 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.6 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.4 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 478 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 68 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 82 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,910 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 85.7 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.9 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.2 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.8 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,663 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 41 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.4 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 178.7 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 40.5 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) 56.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.6 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 550 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 69.2 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/28/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 25 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 620 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 174 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 93.3 Philippines GDP ($ billions) 199.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,060 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,348 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –136 to 140 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 6.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.5 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.6 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 16.5 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 22.6 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.9 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 29 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.7 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 96 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 76 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,229 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 89.7 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.9 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.2 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.9 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,817 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 136 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 94 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.9 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 272.6 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 83.2 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 51.9 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 13.0 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 424 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 125.9 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/19/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 57 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 245 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 175 Poland Population (millions) 38.2 GDP ($ billions) 468.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 12,410 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 600 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –12 to 64 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 4 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 21.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,475 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.2 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.9 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4,638 .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 62 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 503.8 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 316.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –37.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 70.0 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,663 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 153.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 17 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 176 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.6 Portugal GDP ($ billions) 228.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 21,850 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 10 / 20 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 855 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –113 to –7 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 39 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 31.3 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 11.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,455 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 30 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 103 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 241.4 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 56.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –14.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12.2 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,210 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 102.0 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/11/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 177 Puerto Rico Population (millions) 4.0 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,054 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –133 to 37 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 69 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 14.0 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 8.5 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,878 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 95.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 43 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 178 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.8 GDP ($ billions) Qatar 98.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 6.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 74 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –23 to 8 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 13.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 23.1 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 6.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 471.4 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,746 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.7 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 10.1 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 36 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 108 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 120 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 49.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 636.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 68.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.7 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 14,911 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 203.7 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/20/2011 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 179 Romania Population (millions) 21.4 GDP ($ billions) 161.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,840 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 637 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –92 to 2 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –0.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 21.7 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.1 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 14 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.5 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 72 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,825 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 30.2 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.1 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.1 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 680 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 72 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.4 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 373.1 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 94.7 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –36.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 24.3 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.5 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,602 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 148.2 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/15/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 15 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2,405 180 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Russian Federation 141.8 GDP ($ billions) 1,479.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,910 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –10 / 0 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.6 to 3.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 460 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 24 to 79 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –0.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.5 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.0 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 12 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 87 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,281 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 80.1 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.8 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.9 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 16,097 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 120 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 12.0 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 815.1 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,708.7 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –656.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 562.8 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 76.1 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 59.7 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,561 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 334.8 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/16/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 15% / 25% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 25 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 7,211 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 181 Rwanda Population (millions) 10.6 GDP ($ billions) 5.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 12 / 24 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,212 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –12 to 211 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 8.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.6 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 76.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 91 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 18.0 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 11,429 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 54 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 65 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,829 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.5 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.8 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 63 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 45 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 54 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 71.1 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.7 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2002, MtCO2e) –7.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/6/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 3 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 182 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 183.1 Samoa GDP ($ millions) 565.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,860 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 24 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,991 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –41 to 196 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.3 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 15.6 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.4 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.2 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.2 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 60 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 4.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.9 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 213.0 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 320 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 80.4 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/14/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 183 San Marino Population (thousands) 31.5 GDP ($ billions) 1.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 50,400 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 8 / 16 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 840 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –111 to 3 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 2 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2007, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 8/24/2009 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 184 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change São Tomé and Príncipe Population (thousands) 165.4 GDP ($ millions) 196.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,200 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,169 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –42 to 137 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 20 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.7 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.1 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.3 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 29.7 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 80 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 13.1 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,961 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 26 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 89 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,056 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.1 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.4 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.5 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 50 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 163 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 85 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.8 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 496.2 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1998, MtCO2e) –1.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 280 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 180.0 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/19/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 185 Saudi Arabia Population (millions) 27.4 GDP ($ billions) 434.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 16,190 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –27 to 9 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.5 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 39 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 943.3 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 31.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 18 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.3 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 7 .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 99 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,161 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 21.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 12 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 91 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 16.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 805.7 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 433.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) -15.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 48.2 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,888 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 292.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/29/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 186 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 12.4 Senegal GDP ($ billions) 13.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,090 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 687 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –124 to 37 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.5 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.8 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 23 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.2 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 8.6 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.7 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 33.5 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 24.1 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 75 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 14.5 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 7,077 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 51 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 69 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,135 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 42.0 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.5 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 258 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 154 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 57 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 246.0 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5.0 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –10.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.1 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.1 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 243 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 142.2 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/16/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 187 Serbia Population (millions) 7.3 GDP ($ billions) 39.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) -0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,810 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –125 to -15 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.1 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 15 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.0 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 7 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.8 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 92 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,623 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 47.7 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.5 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.4 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 107 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 92 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.8 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 663.2 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 49.9 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1998, MtCO2e) –8.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.8 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.6 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.5 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,974 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 198.1 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/29/2010 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 188 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 86.5 Seychelles GDP ($ millions) 936.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,760 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,970 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –75 to 226 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 18 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 43.9 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 41.3 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 42.0 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 14 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 96.5 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.4 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 39.4 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 15 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 103 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 105 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.8 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 404.4 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.7 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –0.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,411 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 120.0 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/15/2020 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 189 Sierra Leone Population (millions) 5.9 GDP ($ billions) 1.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,526 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –96 to 128 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.1 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.7 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.3 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 53.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 174 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.3 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 36,141 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 13 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 49 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,402 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 8.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.5 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 168 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 141 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 68 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 332.2 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.3 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/8/2007 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 190 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 5.1 Singapore GDP ($ billions) 222.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 41,430 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,497 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –134 to 49 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 12.1 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 95 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.3 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 100.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 17.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 1 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.7 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 139.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 32.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.2 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,704 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 80.2 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/12/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 191 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) Population (thousands) 37.9 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) .. Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) .. Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights .. Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights .. Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 192 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Slovak Republic 5.4 GDP ($ billions) 89.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 16,210 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 824 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –44 to 45 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.0 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 23.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,327 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.6 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 48 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 338.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 37.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –3.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.9 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,178 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 165.1 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/15/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 0 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 193 Slovenia Population (millions) 2.1 GDP ($ billions) 47.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 24,000 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,161 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –93 to 5 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –0.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.9 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,257 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 10.6 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.8 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 37 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 312.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 17.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –8.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,455 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 138.3 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/6/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 194 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Solomon Islands 538.1 GDP ($ millions) 678.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,030 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,028 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –107 to 314 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 22 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 11.5 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 13.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.3 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 27 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 11.5 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 13,718 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 29 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 69 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,265 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 2.4 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.6 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 35.0 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 74 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 94 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 160.1 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 129 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 55.5 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/29/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 195 Somalia Population (millions) 9.3 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 282 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –4 to 111 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 21 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.6 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.2 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 16 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.9 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 4.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 55.0 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.6 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 180 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 32.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 8,711 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 23 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 30 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 371 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.1 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 53 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission .. Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 196 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 50.0 South Africa GDP ($ billions) 363.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,090 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 495 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –78 to 33 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 10 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.5 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 34 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 27.9 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 17.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.9 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 57 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 80 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 77 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,414 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 75.0 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 17.3 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.9 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,107 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 35 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.9 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 930.3 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 435.9 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –18.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 63.8 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 24.0 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.6 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,921 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 312.7 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/11/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 20 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,900 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 197 Spain Population (millions) 46.1 GDP ($ billions) 1,407.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 31,750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 8 / 19 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 636 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –112 to -18 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 24 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 33.4 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 11.9 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 8.6 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,940 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 99.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 44 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 103 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 255.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 329.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –28.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 36.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 26.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,781 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 103.2 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/18/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 3 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 198 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 20.9 Sri Lanka GDP ($ billions) 49.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,240 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,712 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 11 to 196 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Lower Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.9 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.4 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 13 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 2.7 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.5 50.6 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 7.0 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.8 6.1 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 67 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.6 42.5 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 21 1,127 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 91 36 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,664 2,728 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 76.6 62.1 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 81.0 58.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.9 1.7 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.0 1.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 72 73,548 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 89 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 86 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 92 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 1.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 138.5 504.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 11.8 1,970 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) 379.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.2 846 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.1 268 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 9 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 449 532 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 105.5 193.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/6/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 7 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 238 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 199 St. Kitts and Nevis Population (thousands) 52.4 GDP ($ millions) 526.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,133 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –102 to 32 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 19.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 22.1 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.6 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.8 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 24.3 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 13 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 95 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.9 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 350.5 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,645 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 122.1 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 200 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 174.0 St. Lucia GDP ($ millions) 932.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,970 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,301 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –159 to 14 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.1 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 20.9 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.3 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 89 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.6 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 13.0 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 11 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 52 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 4.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.3 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 253.7 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) -0.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 760 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 82.7 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 201 St. Martin (French part) Population (thousands) 30.2 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) .. Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) .. Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights .. Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights .. Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 202 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change St. Vincent & the Grenadines Population (thousands) 109.3 GDP ($ millions) 561.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,850 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,583 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –165 to 15 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 15 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 22.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 22.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.9 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.9 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 21 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,387 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 70.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.5 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 17.8 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 35 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 75 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 109 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.8 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 215.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1997, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 642 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 75.7 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/21/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change