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Banking Institutions in Developing Markets
Volumnie 2. Interpreting Financial Statemtletits
Chris J. Barltrop and Diana McNaughton
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[loAHbiH CIIHCOK ny6AHKaUHA BceMHpHoro BaHKa o6b4HO npHBOAHTcR B FOAOBOM H3AaHHH CnHcica
rly6AHxaUHHi, B KOTOpOM Bce H9sAaHR HApacioAomeHbl B aAl)aBHTHOM noIpRAKe, a TaKme no aBTopaM, TeMaM,
CTpaHaM H perHOHHM. 3To HBAaHHe MomHo 6ecnAaTHO nOAy4HTb B Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher,
The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Kmw a Publications, The World
Bank, 66, avenue d'lena, 75116 Paris, France.
KpHC AMc. BapATpon xBAeTcS CTapLuHM napTHepom BapATpOn Acc, OaKTOH, BHpAmcHHH. Ha MOMeHT
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Banking institutions in developing markets.
P. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
Contents: v. 1. Building strong management and responding to change / Diana McNaughton ... [et al.] - v.
2. Interpreting financial statements / Chris J. Barltrop, Diana McNaughton.
ISBN 0-8213-2217-6 (v. 1.) - ISBN 0-8213-2218-4 (v. 2.)
1. Banks and banking - Developing countries. 2. Bank management - Developing countries. 3. Financial
statements - Developing countries. 1. McNaughton, Diana, 1942- . 1I. Barltrop, Christopher, 1940-
HG3550.b36 1992
332.1'09172'4 - dc2O
92-27893
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nOxasblBaeT aTH pa3AHqHR, B 'IaCTHOCTH, B 6aHKoBcKHx CHCTeMax, HaXOAHijHXCSI noA BAHRHMCM
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neHaTH pyccKoro 34saHHR 6biAa npoBeAeHa B OTAeAe pa3BHTHH qUHHaHCOB H naCTHoro CeKTOpa
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MepH 3AH8a6eT YOPA.
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OHH BKAioqalOT B ce6si npHHHTHe CpeACTB OT TeX, KTO HMeeT N36blToqHbxe KanNTaAbi
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npoueHT, Map2ma) B pa3Mepe AOCTaTOqHO BbICOKOM, 'qTO6bi o6ecnemHTb 6aHKy AOxOA,
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6oAee nOAe3HO, qieM aHaAH3 (jHHaHCOBbIX OTqeTOB OAHOrO 6aHKa.
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6aHKOBCKHX AOXOAOB, AOCTaTo'IHOCTH AHRBHAHOCTH H aAeKBaTHOcTHco6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa.
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cnoco6HocTb 6aHKa ycnelUHO KOHKYPHpOBaTb Ha pbIHKe, a TaKmKe OlgeHHTb BAHRHHe MaKpo-
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1
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KanHTaAa.
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HaMHOHaAbHOrO pbIHKa. 3To 03HaMaeT pa3AeAeHHe pbIHKa Ha rpynnbi OAHOpOAHbiX 6aHKOB,
KorAa npeo6AaAaioujee HanpaBAeHHe 6H3Heca momeT 6bITb 6oAee Ba2rHbiM, 'eM pa3Mep H
aHaAH3 KamAoro 6aHKa npH cpaBHeHHH C ApyrHMH 6aHKaMH B npeAeAax OHO H TOH me
oAHopoAHoH rpynnbl.1 4ui aToro HYMHO nOHSITb H cTpyKTyHpoBaTb HCXOAHbIe AaHHbie B
qlOpMbl, coAepmau4He BCe OCHOBHble BAeMeHTbi, Heo6xoAHMbie AAR OCHOBaTeAbHOrO
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TOsHO nOBTOpRIOT HeAaBHO pa3pa6oTaHHbie peKOMeHAOBaHHbie qpOpMbi2 OTqeTHOCTH H AOA2KHbl
o6ecneiHTb AOCTaTo'IHO nOAHbie HCxoAHble AaHHb1e B yAo6HOH OpMe BMecTe C KOHTPOAbHbiM
AHCTOM HCXOAHbJX AaHHbIX B3 e2KeroAHbix oTieTOB HAH pa3AHqHbIX CHCTeM peryAHpyAioIJHx
OTqeTHOCTb.
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ogeHKe 3aHMOB, KoTopbie cocTaBARHOT OCHOBHbie cpeACTBa 6aHKa. ECAH -3aeMHbie CpeACTBa
oTpa2KeHbl B 6yxraATepcKoii KHHre 6e3 COOTBeTCTBYIOIqHX nonpaBoK, qTo6bl OTpa2KaTb HX
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H3MepeHHblH B npoUeHTax K cyMMe BCex aKTHBOB, COCTaBAHeT 1%, TO Aio6oe H3MeHeHHe B
nOAHTHKe KpeAHTOBaHHR, KoTOpoe BAeieT 3a co6ofi OAHOnpOreHTHoe yBeAH'IeHHe AOAH
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aAeKBaTHOCTb pa3MepOB co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa H BeAH'IHHy -IHCTbix 6aHKoBCKHX aKTHBOB.
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1 EcAH paCCMOTTpeTh pHMep HHHyCTpHaAbHOH CTpaHbI, To cTpyKTypa 6aAaHcoBoro oT'eTa OAHorO HS Tpex
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perHCTPHPOBaTb geHHbie MeTaA.Abl noA npO'HMH aKTHBaMH, a He sa HaAHMHble AeHbrH; (6) perHcrpHpoBaTh
6aHKoBCKHe pesepBbi AAf nOKpb1THSA COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHbIX Tpe6OBaHHH B KaqecTBe KOHTpaKTHBOB, a He
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HeynfMAeHHb1i KarHTaA HS yCTaBHOrO KanHTaAa AAR coEAaHAH Bbiny1UeHHb1X B pasmepe yCTaBHOrO KanHTaAa
aKgHN KoMnaHHH, He Bb1lKyAeHHbIX caMoK KoMnaHHefi a He perCHTpHpoBaTh HeynAa'eHHblH KanHTaA Kax aKTNB.
OTKAoHeHHA B BeHrPHH AOAKHbl 6blAH o6ecne'M'T nocAeAoBaTeAbHocTh 06yUHx OCHOB 6yxrakTepcroro y'eTa H
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CoarBeTcTByioulHe KOppeKTHpOBKH BweuaiHBaHHR pHCKa aKTHBOB H KOppeKTHpOBKH KanHTaAa nosBoAsnoT, 'To6bi
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2
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qpHHaHCOBOH AHC%UnHAHHbl H cyAe6Hbix npoueccoB HMelOT 6oAbmuoe 3HaqeHHe 4AA aHaAH3a
6aHKoBcKoro AeAa B TOH HAH HHOU CTpaHe.
3HAMEHHE SAHKOBCKHX ,OXOAOB
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Heo6xoAHMo AAR IIpHBAeCieHHR KanHTaAa HHBeCTOpOB, eCAH OpraHH3aUJH rAaHHpyeT pOCT.
OHH AeMOHCTpHUpyOT aqxpeKTHBHOCTb ynpaBAeHHH 6aHKa H CAymaT 6apoMeTpoM, noKa3biBaM,
KaK AeHCTByeT MaKpo-(PHHaHCOBaR CTpaTerHM Ha 6aHKOBcKHe ytlpe2tAeHHM. HaAe2Hble AoXOAbI
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pe3epBOB. IOCTORHHbIe npH6blAH yKpenAHrIT aBTopHTeT 6aHKa B rAa3ax o6ujecTBeHHOcTH.
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KaK 6AaroAapH eMy OHH CBOA4T K MHHHMyMy paCXObl npH KOHCOAHAHpOBaHHH AOAra H
nOAy'alOT AOCTyn K AyqlUHM 3aeMIIHKaM. TaKHM o6paMom, InOCTOMHHbie xopoiiHe AOXoAbl -
aTO 3aaor 2KH3Hecnoco6HOCTH 6aHKoBCKHX y'pe2KAeHHH. AeHCTBHTeAbHO, HaAe2KHbie AOXObA
6aHKa - aTO cMa3Ka, KOTOpaH nO3BOAMeT 6aHKy ripOAOA2KaTb qPyHKUHOHHpOBaTb.
3HAMEHHE AHKBHIJ,IHOCTH
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6aHKoB H He3aBHcHMbie aHaAHTHKH. rpH cpaBHHTeAbHO npocToH 6aHKoBcKOA cHcTeMe, B
KOTOpOH 6aHKH, B OCHOBHOM, npHHHMalOT KpaTKOCPOqHbie BKAaAbl H AalOT KpaTKOCpOqHbie
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AHKBHAHOCTb MO02HO AerKO H3MePHTb C nOMOlIbIO TaKHX COOTHOuieHHM, KOTOpbIe AaHbI BO
BCTaBKe 1.1. B 6oAee pa3BHTOM (pHHaHCOBOM pbIHKe H3MepCTb AHKBHAHOCTb rOpa3AO TpyAHee.
BcTANKa 1.1 noK&n&TeAb upocTOi AH--,AUOCTU
(TeKyigme aXTNBb] - TexyfNje o6KaaTeAbcTBa) x 100
,....................................................
O6fee KoCAHecTBo aRTNDOB
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3
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ouzH6Ke.
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BpeMeHH, KOTOpblii, KaK npeAnoAaraeTcR, OCTaeTCH AO HX BbIrlAaTbI (maturity). 3To Tpe6yeT
c6opa sHaqHTeAbAHoro KOAHMeCTBa AOnOAHHTeAbHbIX AaHHbIX, HO AaeT 6oAbmue rIOAe3HoH
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3HA'EHHE AAEKBATHOCTH KAIHHTAAA
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HIpHBeAeHHbie B Ta6AHge 2.1 UH(PPOBbie AaHHbie noKaSbIBalOT, MTO TaKoe xopoluo AAA
CpeAHero no pa3mepam permOHaAbHoro 6aHKa B CIlIA, rAe YpOBeHb HHcPAa9HH He3HaqHTeAeH.
3TH OTHOUIeHHH Bbipam2eHbl B npOgeHTaX H nepec'HTaHbl Ha roA, HO B TeieHHe roAa MOryT
npOHBHTbCH BamHbIe TeHAeHgHH, nOBTOMy PYKOBOAHTeAH 6aHKa H KOHTpoAepbi H3 cAy2K6bi
6aHKoBcKoro HaASopa, KaK npaBHAO, paCCmHTbIBalOT yKa3aHHbie COOTHOUieHHH He peme OAHOrO
pa3a B KBapTaA, a HHorAa H emeMecsiqHo. TeKyu4He (B TemeHHe roAa) COOTHOIlIeHHR MOryT
6blTb HCKa2eHbl Ce30HHbIMH KoAe6aHHIMH, viTO B oco6eHHOCTH OTHOCHTCH K 6aHKaM,
o6CAy2mHBaIOUHHM ceAbcXoe XO3HHCTBO pa3BHTHe H q)HHaHCHpylOjHm 6yAyU4He ypo2KaH; OHH
MoryT 6bITb HCKameHbI H paCqeTHblMH HapaugeHHHMH, KOTOpbIC OnpeAeAHIOTCH TOAbKO pa3 B
rOA HAH B noAroAa, nOaTOMy 6oAee 'leM nOAe3eH HeoAHOKpaTHbiH B Te'eHHe roAa aHaAH3
BpeMeHHbIX nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTeH, KOTOpbIe nO3BOARIT OTAeAHTb TeHAeH%HH HSMeHeHHR
KAIOieBbIX noKa3aTeAeH OT HX ce3OHHbIX KOAe6aHHH.
Ta6AN!1a 2.1
OCHOBHbIe COOTHOIwemHH, xapaKTepHayioDUe i4pepCKTHBHOCTb pa6oThl 6aHKa
CooTHOLueNhrie HOpMAHbLMi
ypOBeHb, %
AOXOAHOCTb aXTHBOB 1.00
4HCTSal npH6blAb B npoUeHTax OT CpCACTB aKmoHepoB 15.00
4HCTblH cnpeA 1.25
NTHCTaA npojeHTHaA Mapxia 4.50
AOXOA OT OnAaTbl ycAyr 1.00
4NCTaR onepawHoNHaH mapma 6.50
A4MHHHCTpaTKrHO-yi7paBAeHYeCXKHe pacxoAbi (B % CvMMapHhx aKXTBOB)
PacxoAhi Ha OnAaIay TpyAa 2.00
,4pyrHe onepaUJOHHbIe pacxoAbi 1.50
OnepaUJOHHbIe paCXOAbI B CyMMe 3.50
PacxoAbi Ha 6aHKOBCKHe pezepBbi AAA InOKPbITHJ y6blTKOB no xpeAHTaM 0.50
qUCTblH AOXOA AO BbP4eTa HaAOrOB 2.00
lfcTowirix ME;PP.
Ha COOTHOUIeHHM, xapaKTepHsylogHe pa6oTy 6aHKa, BAHHeT COCTORHHe pbIHKa, Ha KOTOpOM
ocyu4eCTBAReT CBOH onepagHH 6aHK, B T.q. q)HHaHCOBaR nOAHTHKa Ha MaKpOypOBHe, npaBHAa
pa3yMHoro peryAHpOBaHHH H HOpMaTHBbl yMeTa, KOHKypeHUHR H npaKTHKa BeAeHHSI AeAa.
10
0NNANcoAmi amNaED
TaKiM o6pasoM, He cyIjeCTByeT YHHBepcaAbHbIX HOPMaTHBHbIX CTaHAapTOB, C nOMOISblO
KOTOpbiX Mo2KHo 6blAo 6bl ycTaHoBHTb, 4TO HMeHHO KOHCTHTyHpyeT npHeMAeMbie noKasaTeAH
AOXOAHOCTH 6aHKa. AHaAH3 (PHHaHCOBb1X COOTHOIueHHH MO2reT 6bITb YCAO2HeH H3MeHeHHNm
BKOHOMH4eCKOrO MHKAa H pbIHO4HbIX CTaBOK npoUeHTa. B pbiHOYHHOH BKOHOMHKe NS cToHiocTH
(PHHaHcHpoBaHHR o6bmsHo BblTeKaeT CTOHMOCTb KpeAHToBaHHH. 3To o3HamaeT, 'TO npu
ymCecTo4eHHH Tpe6oBaHHH nO pbIHO0IHOH AHKBHAHOCTH, 06bl4HO BcAeACTBHe ycHAHf
MeHTpaAbHOrO 6aHKa no 3aMeAAeHHJO TeMnOB HHAUHH, CTaBKH no AenoswTam Bo3pacTaior, a
cAeAoBaTeAbHO AA1 6aHKa yBeAH4HBaeTCq CTOHMOCTb q3OHAOB. IOCKOAbKy B pe3yAbTaTe naAaeT
AOXOAHOCTb, 6aHK nOBbliulaeT KpeAHTHbIe CTaBKH H TaKHM riyTeM B KOHe4HOM c'IeTe
BOCCTaHaBAHBaeT YPOBeHb npOUeHTHOH Map2KH, CyIeCTBOBaBlUlHH AO HsMeHeHHN
aKOHOMH'ICcKOrO UHKAa. Co CHHmeHHeM CTaBOK no mepe oCAa6AeHHR Tpe6oBaHHH B OTHoIueHEH
PbIHO'IHOH AHKBHAHOCTH CHa'aAa CHH2KaioTcH CTaBKH no AenoaHTaM, a 3aTeM - nocAe TOrO xaiK
HOHH2KaTeAbHaR TeHAeHWHR CTaHeT CTa6HAbHOH - KpeAHTHbie CTaBKH. Ho aTOH npHqHHe
npoUeHTHblfi AOXOA 6aHKa o6brIHo yMeHbLllaeTC. B YCAOBHSX nOBbimeHHH CTaBOK H pacTeT,
KorAa npeo6AaAaer TeHAeHgHH K CHH2reHHIO CTaBOK.
Kp,NepNW IIpN6MAbHOCTI
AEna HaH6oAee BaMHb!X KpHTepHR npH6blAbHocTH 6aHKa - AOXOAHOCTb aKTHBOB H RHCTaS
npH6blUb B npoUeHTax OT CpeACTB aKXHOHepOB. 4AA o6oraujeHHR aHaAH3a H ogemHH
aqxpeKTHBHOCTH, npOAYKTHBHOCTH COTpyAHHKOB 6aHKa, cnpeAa, He cBH3aHHoro C npoBeHTaMH
AOXOAa H CTOHMOCTH nocpeAHH4eCTBa MO0HO HcnOAb3OBaTb pRA AOnOAHHTeAbHblx KpHTepHCB,9
KOTOpbie paCCMoTpeHbl HH2Ke.
A4OXOAHOCTb aKTHBOB (B npogeHTax)
IOp'oAOK pacffeTa: 4HCTblfi AOXOA Ao BblmeTa HaAOrOB X 100
Cpe4HHe CYMMapHbie aKTHBbl
3HaYeHHe xoKamaTAH.: loKa3aTeAb onpeAeAIeTc.1 KaK OTHOlUeHHe npH6blAH OT
OnepaIHOHHOH AeHTeAbHOCTH K COBOKYnHbIM ynpaBASeMbiM pecypcam. MHorHe CneUHaAHCTbh
C4HTalOT rTO COOTHOIIIeHHe HaHAy4lUHM eAHHHqHbIM noKa3aTeAeM AAR OCeHKH 9cxfeKTHBHOCTH
pa6oTbl pyKOBOACTBa 6aHKa.
B HAeaAe, B 3HaMeHaTeAe AOAMHa npHCYTCTBOBaTb CpeAHeCyTO'iHaR CyMMa HeonAa'IeHHWC
nAaTe2Kefi. OAHaKo Bo MHorHX cTpaHax eTa UHq)pa HeAOCTynHa. B Ka'eCTBe ee Cy6cTWIyToB
HCnOAbsylOTCH ApyrHe CpeAHHe BeAH4HHbI - CpeAHBR Ha KOHeC MeCHga HAH KBapTaAa.
AOXoA Ha aKIHOHepHbliH KanHTaA (B npogeHTax)
I7OpRAOK pacfera: XHHCTbIH AOXOA A4 BbNqeTa HaAoroB x 100
CpeAHauu BeAH4HHa awlHOHepHOrO KanrHTaa
9 Cnpm - panHHUa Me2KA 3apa6oTarHofi H ynAaqeHHofi npoUeHTHoH CTaBKOH, BbIpa2KeHHof B npoUeHTax.
11
HMTepilpeTopOmaHme immaHcouoBH OTrIeTHOCTM
3HaYIeHNenoxa3aTeAH: KpHTepHii AOXOAHOCTH Ha aKUHOHepHbIH KanHTaA.
Pi B 8TOM CAyIae, eCAH BO3MO2KHO, Ay'Ille npH pacMeTe noKs3aTeAR CTaBHhb B 3HaMeHaTeAb
cpeAHHe BeAH4HHbl.
KpHTepNH .94peKTROHOCTH OhIepaf!HOHHON jeHTeAbHOCTM
He CyJieCTByeT o6ugenpHHAToro onpeAeAeHHH 8THX COOTHOiIIeHHH. HOHHTHI ccnpeA,
MHCTaH npOUeHTHaH MapmKa H CTOHMOCTb nOCpeAHHxIeCTBa OTHOCHTCH K BsaHMo3aMeHReMbiM
B OnpeAeAeHHOH mepe CyHMHOCTHM, oco6eHHO BHe y3KHX paMOK 6aHKoBcKoro aHaAH3a. Am
MeAeH HaCTO.RWero PYKOBOACTBa Mbi npeAAO2HM TOIIHbie OnpeAeAeHHH H MeTOAbI pacmeTa
cOOTHoIUeHHH, HCnOAb3yH TepMHHOAorHio, KOTOpaA nOAyqHAa o6ugee npH3HaHHe.
HHCTblH cnpeA (B npo!4eHTax)
H0p0Jox pacCieTa:
3apa6oTaHHble BbinAaMeHHbie
HpOUCHTbI X 100 npOgeHTbl X 100
CyMMa KpeAHTOB Aeno3HTbi, no KOTOpbIM
BbInAa4HBaiOTCH npogeHTbi
3NaYeHHe moKa3aTeAs 4aHHoe COOTHO1IeHHe OTHOCHTCH TOAbKO K TeM aKTHBaM H
naCCHBaM, no KOTOpbIM BbIlAaqHBalOTCA npOZeHTbI. CAeAOBaTeAbHO, HCKAIO'eHO BARHHe He
cBR3aHHbIX c npoUCHTaMH Aeno3HTOB AO BoCTpe6oBaHH.R, KanHTaAa H He KOMneHCHpyeMblX
pe3epBHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH Ha MHCTblIH 3apa6oTaHHbIH npogeHTHbliH AoxoA, a CAeAOBaTeAbHO Ha
npH6blAH 6aHKa. KpHTepHHi geHeH TeM, MTO BblMAeHReT BAHIHHe CTaBOKI npogeHTa Ha npH6blAH
6aHKa H TeM CaMbiM no3BOAMeT Ayqlue nOHATb HCTO'qHHKH npH6bIAbHoCTH 6aHKa, a oTcIoAa -
cTeneHb YH3BHMOCTH AOXOAHbIX HCTOMHHKOB 6aHKa.
T4HcTaR npoUeHTHaH Map2Ka (B npogeHTaX)
Iopz4oAK pacyeTa:
(HpoieHTHbIii AOxOA - npogeHTHbie pacxoAbl) x 100
CpeAiiH BeAH'iHHa CyMMapHbiX aKTHBOB
3NfaYeHHe no xa3aTeA.AA AaHHoe COOTHOUieHHe xapaKTepH3yeT CYU4HOCTHYIO cnoco6HocTb
6aHKa noAy'aTb AoxoA, a HMeHHO AHI)4epeHgHaAbHblH npogeHTHbIH AOXOA B npogeHTax OT
CpeAHHX CyMMapHbiX aKTHBOB.
AAbTepHaTHBHbIM MeTO,OM pac'ieTa npeAyCMaTPHBaeTCI nIOMeigeHHe B 3HaMeHaTeAb
aKTHBoB, npHHOCHI1qHX AoxoA; npH aTOM HCXOA9T H3 npeAnfoAOmeHHH, 9TO npOgeHTHaR Map2ma
OTHOCHTCH K aKTHBaM, HcnOAb3yeMbiM AAA o6ecne'eHHR npof,eHTHoro AoxoAa. OAHaKo aKTHBbl,
He npHHOCAigHe AoxOAa, H He CBq3aHHbie c npOUeHTaMH naCCHBbI OKa3bBlalOT CHAbHOe BAHRHHe
Ha -IHCTyiO npOgeHTHYIO Map2Ky. 9To o6bRCHHeTCH TeM, 'iTO He npHHOCRWHe AOXOAa aKTHBbl
orpaHH'IHBaIOT BO3MO0KHOCTH yBeAH'eHHH AoXoAa, oco6eHHo eCAH AAA HX (PHHaHcHpoBaHHR
HcnoAb3yioTcH naCCHBbl, no KOTOpbIM BbInAa'iHBalOTCR npOgeHTbi; B TO me BpeMA He
12
MNOaHCOBMM aEa4NB
CBRSaHHbie C npOleHTaMH Aeno3HTbi cnoco6cTByIOT pOCTy AOXOAOB, oco6eHHo eCAH OHH
HcnoAb3yioTc5i AAs ()HHaHCHPOBaHHS aKTHBOB, no KOTOpbIM 6aHK noAyAaeT BbICOKHNe npOeHTbi.
HpOqHHi onepagHOHHbIH AOxOA K CYMMapHbIM aKTHBaM (B npogeHTax)
IopRA4o pacIeTa: IpOqHC onepagHoHHbie AOXOAb1 x 100
CpeAHHf1 BeAHHHHa CyMMapHblX aKTHBOB
3NaYeHNe )oKamaTEAg: ,4aHHOe OTHOIueHHe nOKa.3bIBaeT 3aBHCHMOCTb cPHHaHCOBOrO
nOAO0eHHM 6aHKa OT HeTpaAHUHOHHbIX AOXOAOB. YBeAHMeHHe AaHHOrO OTHOmeHHR Mo2KeT
CBHAeTeAbCTBOBaTb 0 3AOpOBOH AHBepcH)HKaUHH nAaTHbIX ycAyr HAH o He3AopoBoM THroTeHHH
K cneKYARTHBHblM npH6bIA3M AAR noKpbITHq AePHUHTa OCHOBHoro npOgeHTHOrO AoxoAa 6aHKa.
OTHouieHHe MHCToro onepagHOHHorO AoXoAa K CyMMapHbIM aKTHBaM (B npogeHTax)
FIOp.OoK pacYera:
H4HCTbIH npoHoeHTHbl' lpOHHe OnepaFUHOHHbie
AOXOA + AOxOAbl x 100
CpeAHaw BeAHqHHa CyMMapHblX aKTHBOB
3NaYeHNe iIoKaSaTea4K AaHHoe OTHOiIeHHe OTAHYaeTCH OT AOXOAHOCTH aKTHBOB Ha
BeAHIHHY He cBH3aHHbIX C npogeHTaMH onepaglHOHHb[X paCXOAOB, ynAa'eHHbIX HaAOrOB, A106bIX
'pe3BbIqaHHbIX AOXOAOB HAH nOTepb.
'4HCTaH OnepagHOHHaH (HAH nOCpeAHHqecKaH) mapma (B npogeHTax)
Hopz.o0K pacYeTa:
A4OXOAHOCTb aKTHBOB, npHHOCSUI4HX AOXOA + Conpr2KeHHas nAaTa 3a YCAyrH x 100
Bce q3HHaHCOBbie aKTHBbI
EIpogeHTHbie pacxOAbl x 100
Bce q)HHaHCOBbie o6a3aTeAbcTBa
3HaqeHHe noxasa3aTe.r: HOCpeAHHwecKyio Map2Ky MO2KHO OnpeAeAHTb KaK PaBHOCTb Me2KAy
CTOHMOCTbIO qOHAOB H AOXOAHOCTbhO aKTHBOB, npHHOC$1IHX AoxoA, r?ALoc conpH?teHHbliH AOXOA
OT rIAaTHbbX yCAyr. Pa3HOCTb B KOAHmeCTBeHHOM BblpameHHH npeAcTaBASAeT co6ofi MeHy,
KOTOpyio B3HMaeT 6aHKoBcKaA CHCTeMa 3a nIOCpeAHHqeCTBO Me2KAy nOCTaBUlHKaMH H
nOAb3oBaTeARMH q)OHAOB.
HOCpeAHH%eCKHe H3Aep2KKH. 9To 6oAee nOAe3HblH AAR nOHHMaHHS1 aBCpeKTHBHOCTH 6aHKa
KpHTepHA noAyqaeTCR rIyTeM paa3Ao2KeHHR Ha cocTaBAR1o01je He CBR3aHHbiX C npoyeHTaMH
pacxOAOB. AAR aToro H3MepHloT Ka2KAYIO TaKyio COCTaBARHo0U2Yo B npogeHTax OT CpeAHeH
BeAHMHHbl CYMMapHblX aKTHBOB. K H3MepHeMbiM COCTaBsA110UHM OTHOCRTCS, KaK npaBHAO:
* PacxOAbl Ha OriAaTy TpyAa.
* PacxoAb Ha AIOnOAHHTeAbHbie BbIIA5Tb1 H AonAaTbi COTPYAHHKaM 6aHKa.
13
JiHTrepipeTNpOBaaNe IJHHaHCOBOI OT'JeTfocCTf
* ApyrHe onepagHOHHbie pacxOAbl.
* PacxoAbl no oriAaTe 3aHHMaeMbix noMeigeHHH.
* HaAorH Ha onepagHOHHYIO AeHTeAbHOCTb H AH!aeH3HH.
* O6ecUeHeHHe H cnHcaHHe.
* ApyrHe onepagHOHHb1e H3Aep2KKH.
* PacxoAbl no CO3AaHHIO pesepBOB AAH nOKPbITHR COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHbLX
Tpe6oBaHHH.
* PacxoAbl Ha co3AaHHC pe3epBoB 3a Bbl-eToM Bo3BpaTa no 6e3HaAe2HbiM AOAraM.
* ApyrHe HBAepnKKH.
* IOAOXOAHblH HaAor.
* YBCAHqeHHe KanHTaAa (npH6blAH).
H1pH6blAH, C TeXHHICcKOH TOqKH 3peHHH He RBARJoIojHecH ,eHOH, B3TMaeMoH 3a
nocpeAHH'qeCTBO, moryT 6blTb, CTaB geHOfi AAA 3aeMJIHKoB, npeo6pasoBaHbl B Hee, nOCKOAbKy
npH6blAH Heo6xOAHMbI AAA BO3Harpa2KAeHHA aXKHOHepOB H yBeAH'eHH.R KanHTaAa 6aHKa.
CyMMa, Bbipa2KeHHaR B npo,eHTaX OT CyMMapHbIX CpeAHHX BeAH'IHH aKTHBOB, CAY2KHT
KpHTepHeM BqX3eCKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbi 6aHKa, nO KOTOpOH ero MO2KHO cpaBHHBaTb C
pOACTBeHHbIMH ylipe2KAeHHAMH Ha TOM 2Ke caMoM pbIHYe, B TO BpeMH KaK pa3AHtIHR
OTHOCHTeAbHbIX pa3MepOB 6aHKOB nO3BOAAIOT CpaBHHBaTb CTpyKTypbl HsAep?KeK.
KpHTepHHN IpfeKETHBHOCTN pa6OTbI COTpyJHHROB 6aaMa
IOCKOAbKy pacxOAbI Ha 3apa6OTHyIo nAaTy o6blqHO COCTaBASHIOT OCHOBHYIO 'iaCTb He
cBa3aHHbIX C npOeHTaMH 6aHKoBCKHX H3AepmeK, npOAYKTHBHOCTb COTpyAHKHOB, OTHeCeHHaH K
pacxoAam Ha 3apa6oTHyio nAaTy HAH HHCAeHHOCTH nepCOHaAa, MOmeT cnoco6cTBosaTb
npaBHAbHOH osCeHKe aq4peKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbl 6aHKa. OAHaKo npOAYKTHBHOCTb COTPYAHHKOB
CAeAyeT OUeHHBaTb C OCTOpO2HOCTbIO, nOCKOAbKy coKpaJgeHHe TeKyu%HX saTpaT 3a C'ieT
qpe3MePHOrO orpaHHMeHHH ypOBHH 3apa6OTHOf nAaTbi Mo2KeT BeCTH K CHHmeHHio KaxecTBa H
a(|XpeKTHBHOCTH CTHMYAHpOBaHHH pa6OTHHXOB, BCACACTBHe 'iero B AAHTeAbHOH nepcneKTHBe aTO
qXaKTH'qeCKH MO2KeT npHBeCTH K CHH2KeHHIO aq" eKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbl 6aHKa.
'-HCTbli AOXOA Ha COTPYAHHKa 6aHKa
IopH4o, pacveTa: 'HHCTbIH AOXOA nocAe BblNeTa HaAOrOB
06Wee 'qHCAO pa6OTHHKOB
3HavmeHe moKasamm: OnpeAeAReT cpeAHHH AOXOA, reHepHpyeMblH KaIAbiM COTpyAHHKOM
6arHia. OTMeTHM, wTO AaHHblH inoKa3aTeAb ropaSAo Bbluile AAR OHTOBOrO 6aHKa, B KOTOpOM
3aHRTo CpaBHHTeAbHO HeMHOrO AiOAeH, HO HX sapa6oTHaH nAaTa BbICOKa, meM AAS pOBHH'HOrO
6aHKa c pa3BeTBAeHHOH ceTblO OTAeAeHHH, B KOTOpOM MHOrO HHKOOIIAa-IHBaeMbIX pHAOBbIX
cAy2KaigHx.
OTHOiueHHe 'HCTOrO AoxoAa K pacxoAaM Ha nepcoHaA
IOpjuO,w pacYera: 'HHCTbIH AOXOA nocAe BbiCeTa HaAOlOB
PacxoAbl Ha 3apa6OTHylo nAaTy
14
0PNNaHCOsJro aoNaAo
3NaYeHNe moKSxamam OnpeAeASeT AOXOAHOCTb HHBeCTHHiHH Ha onAaTy TpyAa. 3TOT
nlOKa3aTeAb, B03MO2KHO, Ay'IUIe 'IHCTOrO AOXOAa Ha COTPYAHHKa 6aHKa, nOCKOAbKy OH
nosBoAReT cpaBHHBaTb yMPpe2KAeHHA pa3HbIX THnOB, XOTH H He nOAHOH Mepe. OH no3BoAHeT
oBeHHTb KOHeHbliH pe3yAbTaT KaApoBbix peLueHHH, He3aBHCHMO OT TOrO, HAeT peYb 0
MaAOOnbITHbIX HH3KOOnAaqHBaeMbIX PHAOBbIX cAy2KaujHx HAH BbICOKOKBaAHqpHUHpOsaHHblX H
BbiCOKOOnAaYHBaeMbiX npo()ecCHoHaAax.
iCTOqHHKH HCKA2KEHHH4
Ha.oroo6Aomemie vpbrmaHeCOROoo HocpegHH-iec2Ba
PaccMoTpeHHbie BblmUe OTHOlleHHH nO3BOAHIOT HaHAyqlUXHM o6pa3oM CpaBHHBaTb HHCTHTyTbi
qPHHaHcOBOH CHTeMbI. OAHaKo pHA IpaKTOpOB, BKAIOYaH HaAorH Ha pHHaHCOBOe
nOcpeAHHqeCTBO, M02KeT HCKa2KaTb aTH OTHomeHHH.10 CKpbITbie HaAorH MOryr HMeTb cambie
paMHble (pOpMbi: YCTaHOBAeHHe npeAeAbHOro YPOBHH npOgeHTHbIX CTaBOK H pa3mepa KpeAHTOB
B flOAbSy onpeAeAeHHbIX ceKTOPOB BKOHOMHKH, pesepBHble Tpe6OBaHHH, o6s3aTeAbHbze
HHBeCTHUHH B rOCYAaPCTBeHHbie leHHbie 6yMarH HAH UCHHbie 6ymarH, BbinyigeHHbie
CnegHaAH3HPoBaHHb[MH HHCTHTyTaMH noA CTaBKH HHmKe pbIHOYHbIX. BcHKoe CHHmeHHe
npH6blAeH 3aCTaBAReT 6aHK KOMneHCHpOBaTb nOTepH nyTeM yBeAHqeHHR C6opoB c
HerpepepeHUHaAbHbIX KAHeHTOB, YTO aqxpeKTHBHO pa6oTaeT Ha Kpocc-cy6cHAHPOBaHHe H
CHHKeHHe Sq)p(eKTHBHOCTH nepepacnpeAeAeHHR peCypCOB Ha pbIHKe.
Kpocc-Cy6CH.HNpOBaHNe
HeKoTopble 6aHKH pa3pa6oTaAH XHTPOYMHYIO CHCTeMy Hc'lHcAeHHR MeH H H3Aep2KeK B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT KaTerOpHH 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa H qpHHaHCOBbIX npOAYKTOB, C TeM YTo6bl
Ka2AbJH npoAyKT HAH KamAaH ycAyra 6blAH caMooKynaiolijHMHcR. Ho Aame B aTOM cAy'ae
H36emaTb KpoCc-Cy6cHAHpoBaHHH He yAaeTcH, nOCKOAbSy AHllb OYeHb HeMHOrHe 6aHKH TaK
yAa'IHO paCgeHHBa*OT CBOH npoAyKTbI H yCAyrH, YITO MOryT o6ecneqHTb BO BCeX cerMeHTax
cBoeli Ae3TeAbHOCTH cKoppeKTHpoBaHHylo c yYeTOM PHCKa npH6blAb. B Tex cTpaHax, rAe
BbICOKH HaAOrH Ha (pHHaHCOBoe noCpeAHHYeCTBO, Kpocc-cy6cHAHpoBaHHe MO2KeT 6blTb OYeHb
3HaqHTeAbHbIM, pacnpoCTpaHHCb Aame Ha 6e3KaAocTHo muTpacpyemblx 33aeMIHKOB H13 YaCTHOrO
CeKTopa, KOTOpbie BblHy2KAeHbI nAaTHTb nOBblIUeHHbIe CTaBKH no KpeAHTaM, nOCKOAbKy
rocyAapCTBO HAH npeq)epeHilHaAbHbie 3aeMUgHKH nAaTHIT no KpeAHTaM nOHHmKeHHble CTaBKH.
Cx phrrMe HpN6HIAN N y6binw
Pesepow Am IOKpbITHf y6bzTKoB no KpeAITam. HeaAeKBaTHbie pe3epBbl AaHHoro THna
RBARIOTCA OCHOBHOH npH9HHoH HcKameHHH. YpoBeHb Tpe6oBaHHH no co3AaHHIo TaKHx pe3epBOB
BcerAa HOCHT HeCKOAbKO Cy6,beKTHBHblii xapaKTep Aame B CTpaHax c 'ieTKHMH yKa3aHHxMH no
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16
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22
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23
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24
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CAeAyeT YeCTHO yKa3blBaTb, BbI'IHTaB COOTBeTCTBY1OU4He pe3epBbl AAR nOKpbITHH COMHHTeAbHbIX
KpeAHTHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH H HeMaTepHa.AbHble aKTHBbl. 4aHHoe OTHOlueHHe xapaKTepH3yeT
YPOBeHb .3auHTbl, o6ecneqHBaeMbifi AenOHeHTaM H KpeAHTOpaM OT HenlpeABHAeHHbIX nOTepb,
KOTOpbie MO2KeT nOHeCTH 6aHK. TaKHM o6pa3oM, OH CBHAeTeAbCTBYeT 0 COnpOTHBAReMOCTH
6aHKa 3KOHOMH'eCKHM TpyAHOCTHM. 4aHHoe OTHOelllHHe paCCMaTpHBaeTCH cneigHaAHCTaMH no
peryAHPOBaHHlo 6aHKoBcKofi AeHTeAbHOCTH H KpeAHTHbIMH aHaAHTHKaMH KaK OAHH H3
OCHOBHbIX HHAHKaTOPOB CPHHaHcoBoro noAo2KeHHR 6aHKa - COOTBeTCTByiouHje OpHrHHaAbHbie
peKOMeHAagHH lnpHBeAeHbI B HpHAO2KeHHH 7. HoAHoe npHmeHeHHe npHHgHna aAeKBaTHOCTH
co6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa conpsmeHo C B3BeIIIHBaHHeM OTHOCHTCAbHO pHCKa KamAOH KaTerOpHH
aKTHBoB, HCKA1O%aR HeMaTepHaAbHbie aKTHBbI H n1pHMHTalOigHeCCH BbIflAaTbl OT CB43aHHb1X C
6aHKoM KoMnaHHH, a TaKme HeMaTepHaAbHble aKTHBbl BOo6uge H KanHTaA, HO BKAiOqag
3a6aAaHcoBbie o6.13aTeAbcTBa B COCTaBe B3BMeteHHblx no pHCKy aKTHBax. (D)OpMaT oT'eTa B
HIpHAomeHHH 1 COOTBeTCTByeT Ba3eAbcKoMy corAaLueHHIO 0 pacCeTe AOCTaTOqHOCTH KanHTaAa,
a pa6oqHe AHCTbl AAR B3BeCiIHBaHHR PHCKa noKa3aHbl B HlpHAO2KeHHH 3.
McnoAb3yloTcH H HeKOTOpble ApyrHe oTHolmeHHH, KOTOpbie moryT 6blTb HOAe3HbiMH B
onpeAeAeHHbIX CAyMaHX, HO HX npHMeHeHHe MomeT Co BpeMeHeM nlpaKTHqeCKH nIpeKpaTHTbCR. K
HHM OTHOCHTCH:
* OTHOTLreHNe aKTREOB, o 7pHHOCHocHWHX aoxoa, K CyMmapHZHM ahKTBaM - npeACTaBAReT
Co6o0i 'aCTHOe OT AeAeHHR aKTHBOB, nIpHHOCRUlHX AOxOA (Aeno3HTbi, pa3MeqleHHsR, KpeAHTbi,
CCyAbl, HcnOAb3OBaHHe co6cTBeHoro KanHTaAa B Ka3eCTBe HHBeCTHUHH, npHHOCRU4HX
npOUeHTHbli AoxOA), Ha CyMMapHbie aKTHBbI. /fHHOe OTHOIeHHe AOA2KHO yKa3bIBaTb Ha
YPOBeHb npOAYKTHBHoro HCnOAb3OBaHHH aKTHBOB pyKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa. OAHaKo Mo2KHo
cqHTaTb HOpMOH H B onpeAeAeHHOH mepe HenpOAYKTHBHOe HcnOAb3oBaHHe aKTHBOB,
25
Hirepi'perwpo"aa e oINUaHCOB0N orT'erToCrT
nOCKOAbKy, XOTHI yCTaHOBKH H o6opyAoBaHHe MoryT He reHepHpOBaTb HenOCpeACTBeHHO AOXOAa,
OHH BaMHbl AAR o6ecneieHHO onepaUHH 6aHKa. KpoMe TOro, Tpe6oBaHHs no coHAaHHHo
PeCePBOB MoryT CAeAaTb HeKOTopb!e aKTHBbl HeAOcTynHbIMH AAR 6aHKa. AaHHOe OTHOJIeHHe He
xapaKTepH3yeT B(p(eKTHBHOCTH HCnOAb30BaHHa aKTHBOB.
* OTNOLUeHJe peSepBoB Ha qOKAbpbTHe y6br7OB 0 no Kpe,HTiaM K CyMMe BIaaHBMX
RpeC4HTOB - nO3BOAAeT B OnpeAeAeHHOH mepe OgeHHTb Ka4eCTBo nopT4)eAR BbIAaHHbIX KPeAHTOB
H HOKPbITHH rLAOXHX AOArOB B cTpaHaX C MeCTKHMH Tpe6oBaHHRMH no KAaccHCPHKaHHH
KpeAHTOB H aAeKBaTHOCTH pe3epBOB AAM nOKPbJTHH COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH.
O AHaKo nOqTH Ha Bcex pa3BHBaioUHXCR PbIHKax aTO OTHOIeHHe He CAHIIKOM nOAe3HO B CHAY
rOTOBHOCTH 6aHKoB CnHCbiBaTb HeBo3BpaTHbie KpeAHTbI, 'TO yMeHbmaeT AaHHOe oTHoiueHHe, a
TaK2Ke B CHAY HeaAeKBaTHOrO nprH3HaHHR 6aHKOM HAH ('no maige) HaAoroBbiM BeAOMCTBOM
OcAa6AeHHSI aKTHBOB, 'ITO yBCAH'IHBaeT AaHHOe OTHOIuIeHHe.16
KanAoe H3 BbULuenepeCHCAeHHbIX OTHOIeHHH M02KHO paCCqHTaTb AAM KOHKpeTHOrO 6aAaHca,
nocKOAbKy KamKAoe H3 HHX OTHOCHTCH K KoKpeTHOH TO'IKe Ha iuKaAe BpeMeHH, COOTBeTCTBy-
BcTania 2.3
COOTHOmeHHU me2riy qDHHaHCOBRbMH nOICaBaTeAWmu
6aAaHCa
AjixBwHbIe aKiTHBbI-HeTTO
CymmapHble aXTNBbi
KoaqxplNWeHT AHXBNAJOCTH (B %%)
KpeAHTbi H AH3HHr AMA noTpe6HTeAeg
Aenoswbi noTpe6HTeAeA
OTHolmenHie CyMMbi 6aHKoscxIx XpeAHTOB K cyMMe AellO3HTOB (B %%)
B3BemeHHbie no pHCry aKTHBbI
CXoppeKTHpoBaHHai BeAHWHHa KanHTaAa
I Ko8PHWIeHT AOcTaTO'HOCTH co6cTneHHoro xanjTaAa 6anxa (B %%)
oujeHi AaTe COCTaBAeHHH 6aAaHca. BeAH'qHHa OTHOIUeHHH AAR 6aHKoB, 3aHHMaioi_HxcR ce3OH-
HbIMH onepaUHRMH, MO2KeT gHKAH'{eCKH H3MeHaTbcR, noBTOMy AAR OTAeAeHHH XapaKTepHbIX
TpeHAoB OT UHKAHqeCKHX KOAe6aHHH MomKeT nOTpe6oBaTbcR conocTaEBAeHHe C POACTBeHHbiMH
HHCTHTyTaMH 3a OAHH H TOT 2me Mecag, 3a HecKOAbKO AeT HAH no rOAOBblM CpeAHHM.
AoInyCTHMbI HeKOTOpbie OTKAOHeHHH OT nPHHRTbiX q)OPMYA - HanpHMep, MO2r.HO npH6aBHTb
AOArOCpO'HblIi cy6opAHHHpOBaHHbli AOAr K co6cTBeHHoMy KanHTaAy npH onpeAeAeHHH
AOCTaTO'IHOCTH co6CTBeHHOrO KanHTaAa 6aHKa, XOTH aHaAHTHKy CAeAyeT no Ka2HAoH
KOHKpeTHOH cTpaHe onHpaTbcR Ha onbIT H co6cTBeHHOe Cy2KAeHHe. B npeACTaBAeHHOM npxMepe
16 HemeAaHHe 6aHKa cnHcaTh KpeAHT, KOTOpblH He Mo2xeT 6brlb BOBBpagleH, 'aCTO 1IpOHCXOAHT Or TOro, HTO
6aHK He xo'ieT cosAaBaTb npeUeAeHT, KOTOpbIH 6yAeT nooInupiTb OTKaH OT nAaTe2Ka ApyrHx BaeMWHKoB, HAH Or
Toro, wITO 6aHK He Xo'IeT KOMnpoMeTHpoBaTb CBOH HCK npIoTHB 3aeMu4HKa. B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX TaKOH HCK
HMeeT CRAy TOAbKO B TOM CAyqae, eCAH qlHHaHCOBaR OTqeTHOCTh 6aHKa CBHAeTeAbCTByeT 0 HaAHUHe AoJVra, a He
KpeAHTHOe CorABfIeHRe H pacnHCKa O nOAy4eHHH CpeACTB.
26
tVNHaHCOBN a Nf&4E
paCC'UTraHO HeCKOAbKO BapHaUHUi nlepBbIX ABYX OTHOLueHHH, HO CAeAYIOUHe Ama
npoHrHoPHPOBaHbl KaK HMeCoi1He orpaHHtieHHoe npHMeHeHHe B paccMaTpHBaeMoi cTpaHe.
TpeHAbl, nIOCTpOeHHbIe BO BpeMeHH H B COOTBeTCTBHH C pbIHO'IHbIMH AaHHbIMH, Mo0KHO
CYHTaTb AOCTOBepHbIMH.
A oa.,a lpH66bhIAeI h y6biTioO
Ha BCT. 2.4 npeACTaBAeH C'eT ipH6biAeei H y6bITKOB, OCHOBaHHblH Ha KOHuenuHH nOTOKOB:
OH HaIHHaeTCH C npogeHTHoro AOXOAa H AoxoAa OT IIAaTHb1X yCAyr, H3 CyMMbl KOTOphIX
BbiqwTaiOTCR OnepagHOHHbie paCXOAbi; 3aTeM CAeAY1OT HeOnepalHOHHble AOXOAbl HAH paCXOAbl,
Pe3ePBbl AAA nOKpblTHH COMHHTeAbHbIX KPCAHTHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH H HaAOrH; B KOHeCHOM CqeTe
Mbl noAyqaem qHCTbl AOxOA. IoKaSaHHbKH CpopMaT COOTBeTcTBYeT OAHOH H3 AByX
peKoMeHAagHi EC; BTOpaH OTHOCHTCH1 K napaAAeAbHOMY qopMaTy, B KOTOPOM Bce AoxoAbi
nPHBOARTcH B OAHOM cTOA6Ue, a pacxoAbI B ApyroM; 'IHCTaR me npH6blAb HAH y6blrroK
OnpeAeAleTCH KaK pa3HOCTb Me2KAY ABYMH CTOA6UaMH. HoKa3aHHoe 3ACCb H OCHOBaHHOe Ha
KOHCen1UHH nOTOKOB npeACTaBAeHHe AaHHb1X C aHaAHTH'ieCKOH TO'KH 3peHHHi ropaaAo noAe3Hee.
B HpHAomeHHH 4 npHBeAeH npHMep aHaAH3a cqeTa npH6blAeH H y6blTKoB HaUHOHaAH3HpOBaH-
Horo KoMMepiecKoro 6aHKa.
AHaAH3 crpyK7ypbr, KaK naOKa3aHO B HppAomeHHH 4, ocyUgeCTBARCTCR C onpeAeAeHHeM
AOAH KamAOH no3uHHH (CTpOKH) B npo1ieHTax OT HTOra. SMCeHeHHe OTHOCHTeAbHOrO Beca
nO3BHUH BO BpeMeHH CBHACTeAbCTByeT o6 H3MCHeHHIX B cq)epax AeRTeAbHOCTH 6aHKa.
HanpHMep, pOCT 3aBHCHMOCTH OT AOXOAa OT IlAaTHbIX yCAyr H KOMHCCHOHHbIX Mo2KeT
CBHAeTeAbCTBOBaTb 0 TOM, 9TO 6aHK HcnbITblBaeT TpyAHOCTH C noAy3eHHeM OCHOBHoro
npOg,eHTHOrO AOXOAa H PYKOBOACTBO, BepoHTHO, lbITaeTCS1 YBCAH9HTb AOXOAbI OT IlAaTHblX
YCAyr H KOMHCCHOHHblX, npeAAaraR HeTpaAHUHOHHbie YCAyrH KAHeHTaM.
AHaAHS Ko9XHMgHeHTO8 BbIXOAHT 3a paMKH 'EHCTOrO aHaAH3a CTpyKTypbl, nOCKOAbKy
Heo6xOAHMO COOTHOCUTb AOxOAbI H pacxOAbI C COOTBeTCTBY1Ou1HMH nO3HUHnMH 6aAaHca, Kax
nOKa3aHO HHme.
BbrBo,4Mb. BaHK, KOTOPOMY He yAaCTCq nlOAyIaTb AOXOAbl OT OCHOBHOH AerTeAbHOCTH XOT5
6bl Ha cpeAHeM YPOBHe cpaBHHTeAbHO C POACTBeHHbIMH 6aHKaMH, eABa AM cnoco6eH BeCTH C
HHMH KOHKypeHTHyiO 60pb6y. ECAH 6aHK RBAHCTCA rOCyAapCTBeHHb!M, T. e. He MOmeT no CyTH
AeAa AonHyTb, OH cKopee Bcero CTaHeT AblpOH B HaUHOHaAbHOM 6ioA2meTe. HHu3Kas
a3xpeKTHBHOCTb pa6oTbI 'aCTHOrO 6aHKa MO2KeT 3acTaBHTb ero npeAnpUHHSTb nOfIbITKH
yBeAHmleHHS AOXOAOB 3a CveT npeAOCTaBAeHHR COnp12KeHHb1X C nOBbliuIeHHbIM PHCKOM KpeAHTOB
27
HHTepnpeIrpoiaawe oHHaocooow orvermocrT
BcTaBKa 2.4
CqeT upH6biAeH H y6blTKOB
npOmeHTHY;i Z@oxoA rfpomHe onepauHoHHbIe AoXOAbM
IlpolLeHTbl no KpeAHTam FHoAy'eHHibe apeHAHble nAaTe2tH
AnKBHAHble aKTHBbi
CCYAbi KPCAHTHbIM HHCTHTyTaM BaAosoia onepaUHOHNUbu JlIoA/(y6biTOK)
CCYAbi KAHeHTaM OnepaunouHae pacxoAu
AerKo peaAH3yembie AoAroBbie HnHCTpyMeHTbJ
llpH6blAb OT pocTa pbIHOMHbIX npoI0eHTHbiX CTaBoK 3apa6OTHag HAaTa H AonoAHHTeAbHbIe BbHlAaTbl
0OXOA OT lAaTmbix yCAyr, CBHI3aHHbIX C pa6oTHHKaM
fpeAocTaBAeHHeM KpeAHTOB 3apa6oTHaR nAaTa
,4oXOA, o6ecnemmBaembiii q)OpBapAHbimm KoHTpaKTaMH fPo'niH AOnOAHHTeAbHble BbIlnAaTbi
4pyr0 e p0, HOBeAHOCTmH npoeHTHoro AoxoAa PacxoAbl Ha COWIaAbHoe o6ecnememHe
ApeHAHble nAaTemH
nlponeHTrbine pacxoAbi MLnaTebKH za Apyrme noMeligeHHJ
3aAoA2KeHHOCTb KpeAHTHbIM HHCTHrylaM HaAorH H AHUeH3HH
3a4oA?meHHoCTh KAHeHTaM AmopTNHaWu
Aeno3HTHbje c9eTa A4 BocTpe60BaHHH AMopT 3a W ryABNAa"
CpoqHbie AenO3HTbl Co CpOKOM 40 1 roAa 4pyrte aAmHHmCTpaTNBHO-ynpaBAeH'qeCKHe pacxoAbl
CpoMHbie AenoBMTbl CO CPOKOM Csbulle 1 roAa 4pyr-e Onepa]AHOHHble paCxOAbl
C6eperaTeAbHbie cmeTa Co CPOKOM 4o 1 roAa 'lHCTbi onepaUKonHii AOXOA/(Y6-R)
C6eperaTeAbHble cmeTa co CPOKOM CBblule I roAa
A,eno3THbie CepTHleHKaTbi H HX 3aMeHNTeAH PacxoAbl ma COBaAHaie peaePBO- AAR noxpKnTU
O6AHraUNH H Apyrme AoAroBbie o6JRBaTeAbCTBa y6MTXOB no XpeAHTam
Flpo9He cpHHaHCoBbIe o6AB3aTeAbcTBa PacxoAbi Ha pC3epBbi H nAoxHe AOArH
'IHCTYiN UPOUCeTHHZii AOXOA & BbJeToM Bo3BpaTa no nIA0XM ACOAraM
4pyrHe onepaumOuHne AoxoJbi Caucanne NuseCTHUii
4OXOA OT iHBeCTHUHdN AoxoA/(y6bzToK) Ao y'eTa qpeaanimaiinbx noomuui
AKCPH m leHHbIe 6ymarm C nAaBaBoqiHM AoXoAoM tpe3maiie npu6uAm/(y6nmu)
4oxo°A O y'aCTHB lpeBhwaHHie npH6YAn
flpHo6peTeHHe q)NAHaAOB 4PC3BbIsaNHbIe OPH6bIAH
ITAaTa aa yCAyrm H KOMHCCHOHHbie abiveroM speaBbiaflHbix y6bNTKoB
3apa6oTaHHblg A0XO0 qHCTbYi AOZOAI/(y6iaTox) Ao yAaTbi HaAora
3a BbI'eTOM noHeceHHbIx pacxoAoB
rlpH6bLAb/(y6blTOK) OT qpHHaHCOBbIX onepaUd 11OZO%OZHYH HaAOr
OnepawNH c j,eHHbIMH 6yMaraMH MHCTYHi AOIOA/(y6bToK)
OnepaUjH no pameigeHeuo ,eHHbIx 6ymar rlepeBOA B 06Ume pe3epBbi
rIpH6blAb/(y6bTOK) OT TOprOBAH HHOcTpaHHOiH 4OXOA/(y6bnToK) norAe cpopmHpoBanHH o6upx peaepBoB
BaAioTor YqacTme B KoMnaHHBx, He AamoWee npaBa KOHTpOAA
Flpo'iee O6mBAeHHbie AHBHAeHAbl
'4HCThIN AOXOA OT AH3NHra B/(H3) HepacnpeAeAeHHYlO npH6blAb
rloAy'eHHbie AHaHHrOBbIe nAaTeNH
3a BbNverM COOTBeTCTBYIOweH amOpTH3aUHH
HAH nAaTHbJX ycAyr, KOTOpbIX H36eraeT AOpO2taUHHH CBOeH penyTaguHeH 6aHK.17 KpoMe TOrO,
6aHK Mo2meT nOnb1TaTbCH CHH3HTb CBOH H3Aep29KH, YCTaHOBHB meCTKHH KOHTpOAb Ha,4 'HCAeH-
HOCTblO nepcoHaAa HAH OTAOMHB Ha BpeMA TaKHe Heo6xoAHMbie pacxoAhb, KaK CBR3aHHbie C
o6yqeHHeM, aBTOMaTH3aUHeH H Co3AamHeM pe3epBOB Ami nOKpblTHH COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHbZX
17 KaK pa 9TO H npHBAeKAO BHHMaHHe no MeHbweH mepe OAHOrO KxpylHoro 6aHxa K npo6AeMaM 6aHKa
XepurrTaAT B HaqaAe 1980-x rr.
28
Tpe6oBaHHi. BnoAHe B03MOMHO TaKme, MTO pyKOBOACTBO nOnbITaeTCH H3BAeqb KaK MO0HO
6oAbme U3 Tepnsrn%ero Kpax 6aHKa, noKa BTO eige AOnyCTHMO, nOCpCACTBOM yBeAHUeHHR
npHpa6OTKoB HAH npeAOCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTOB AIOA9M, CBR3aHHbIM c 6aHKoM.
1HTO6bI BbiAep42HBaTb KOHKypeHyHIO B pbIHO0HOH BKOHOMHKe H o6ecnemHBaTb KaqeCTBeHHOe
o6cAy2HHBaHHe B AAHTeAbHOHf nepcneKTHBe, 6aHKy cAeAyeT CTaTb noCTaBBUHKOM ycAyr npH
HeBbICOKHX H3Aep2Kax H coxpaHHTb npH aToM cnoco6HocTb BKAaAbIBaTb AocTaTO'Hble
CpeACTBa B nepCOHaA H o6opyAoBaHHe. AAH noAAepPKKH 6a3bi o6cAymHBaHrH Heo6xoAHMo
BbIAeARTb 'IaCTb AoxoAa. B pa3AeAax npH6bIAeH H y6blTKOB ( IpHA02KeHHe 4) cTpyKTypa
TaKHX onepaUHOHHbIX pacxOAOB npeACTaBAeHa B npogeHTax OT BaAOBOrO OnlepaiHOHHOrO
AoXoAa. TaKoii MeTOA HarASrwHO nOKa3bbBaeT, KaKHM o6pasoM OnepagHOHHbliH AOXOA
noIAep2KHBaeT 6H3Hec, oco6eHHo B CTa6HAbHbIX YCAOBHHX H B cpaBHeHHH C noAo6HbJMH
6aHKaMH. HOCKOAbKy, oAHaKo, aTH OTHOlIeHHR saBHCHT OT o6Ejero YPOBH.R npH6blAbHocTm
6aHKa, H HeYAOBAeTBOpHTeAbHO pa6oTaioujHfi 6aHK BcerAa 6yAeT xapaKTepH3oBaTbca
HenponopUHOHaAbHO BbICOKHMH 3HaMeHHHMH OTHOtueHHH, B KOTOpble BXOAHT OnepagHOHHble
paCXOAbl, nOCTOAbKy nO0o6HbIi aHaAH3 HMeeT OrpaHH'leHHoe 3Ha'leHHe, eCAH He CqHTaTb
cAyqaH cpaBHeHHH ero c 6aHKaMH, AAR KOTOPbIX THnH'Hbl TaKHe mKe noKa3aTeAH pa6oTbl.
OCHOBHaH qjyHKIgHH 6aHKa - nOAy'qHTb CpeACTBa, B OCHOBHOM, CKAaAbIBaIOI1HecA U3
co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa H Aeno3HTOB, H HHBeCTHPOBaTb HX B npOAYKTHBHbie aKTHBbl,
CAeACTBHeM nero 6yAeT nOAy'eHHe npoieHTHoro AoxoAa (ecAH TOAbKO peqb He HAeT O C/x
6aHKe, 6aHKax, o6ecne-HBaiouHx pa3BHTHC UAH 2HAHIHOC CTpoHTeAbCTBO, OCHOBOU
qpHHaHcHpoBaHHR KOTOPbIX COCTaBARIOT 3aHMCTBoBaHHH, a He Aeno3HTbi). KpoMe Toro, 6aHK
npeAOCTaBAeHT Ha rAaTHON OCHOBe CPHHaHCOBbie ycAyrH, B pe3yAbTaTe (fOpMHpyeTCA AOXOA OT
KOMHCCHOHHbIX H npeAOCTaBAeHHH nAaTHb[X ycAyr. 4kH nOAyMeHHR TaKoro AoxoAa 6aHK
AoA2KeH HHBeCTHPOBaTb CpeACTBa (iacTb reHepHpyemou BaAoBoi npH6blAH) B nepCOHaA H
CHCTeMbi o6ecneneHHA aTOU AeRTeAbHOCTH. BaHKy Heo6xOAHMO KperiKoe pyKOBOACTBo, KoTOpoe
cyMeeT OnTHMH3HPOBaTb paCXOAbl. PYKOBOAHTeAH 6aHKOB Ha KOHKYPCHTHOM pbIHKe CTaAKH-
BaIl*rCH C HeO6XOAHMOCTbIO IIATH Ha KOMnpoMHCCbi, KOTOpbIe MOryr OKa3blBaTb 3Ha4fTeAbHOe
BAHRHHe Ha xapaKTep AeRTeAbHOCTH H 9cXFeKTHBHOCTb q)YHKUHOHHpOBaHim 6aHKa. HanpHMep:
KoHTpoAHpoware HpOgeHRHOI# MapAwH. BaHK MO2KeT yAep2HBaTb Ha HH3KOM ypoBHe
OnepagHOHHbie paCXO4bI, CBH3aHHbie C noAAep2KaHHeM CeTH OTAeAeHHH, COBepuiaH OnTOBbIe
3aKyrfKH CpeACTB, npHBAeKaR noA BbICOKHUi npogeHT KpynHbie CpOMHbie Aeno3HTbi UAH AeAag
3aHMCTBOBaHHH Ha AeHe2KHOM pblHKe. C ApyroH CTOpOHbl, 6aHK Mo2KT HHBeCTHpoBaTb cpeA-
CTBa B nepcOHaA H o6opyAoBaHHe, Heo6xo4HMbie AAA npHBAemeHHR c6epemeHHri noTpe6HTeAeH,
'ITO CBH3aHO C HH3KHMH H3AepmKaMH. OTAeAeHHH HHOCTpaHHbix 6aHKoB H He6aHKoBCKHx
qHHaHCOBbIX HHCTHTYTOB o6blMHO COCpeAOTO'IHBaIOT BHHMaHHe Ha KOHTPOAe OnepafHOHHbIX
paCXOAOB. C Apyroi CTOpOHbl, HagHOHaAbHbie KoMMep'iecKHe 6aHKH (3HHaHcHpyioT CBoio
AerTeAbHOCTb 3a c'eT OTAeAeHmeCCHX Aeno3HTOB, KOTOpbIe CTa6HAbHee, a npHMbie npOUeHTHbie
BblnAaTbl no HHM HH2Ke, XOTR aTO conpameHo c nOBbiiuIeHHbIMH OnepaUHOHHbIMH H3AepmaKMH
AAA nAAAep2KaHHI uHHpaCTPYKTypbl oTAeAeHHi. B npHHUHne, HagHoHaAbHbli KoMMepqecKHfi
6aHK AOA2KeH xapaKTepH3oBaTbc.I nOHHmKeHHbIMH npogeHTHbIMH H3Aepm2KaMH (B npoueHTax OT
CYMMapHblX aKTHB0B H (HHaHCOBbiX o6sIaTeAbcTB), nOBbIm11eHHb!MH pacxOAaMH
29
HsrepnperTipoBamNe ipoHaHcoBoi or0weTHocrm
BCTaBKa 2.5
AHaAH3 ai"eKTHBHOCTH pa6oTb 6aHKa
(B rOjAOBOr HCqHCAeHHH)
noKaBaTeAH AOXOAHOCTH CCyAbl KpCAHTHbIM HHCTHTyTaM
CCy~ab KAHeHTaM
FpH6bIAb Ha yCpeAHeHHbIe aXTHBbl
AerKo peaAH3yembie AoArOBbie HHCTpyMeHThb
FIpH6blAa Ha KanIHTaA
CpeAHHB BbIfAa'HBaeMan CTaBKa
HOnnHaAbHbJlC Tenlbi pOCTa 3a4oA2KeHHOCTb KpeAHTHb1M HHCTHTYTaM
KpeAHTbl H AH3HHrOBbIe onepaumm 4eno3HTbl A0 BocTpe6oBaHHR H cpoIHbie
AenO3HTbl KAHeHTOB C6eperaTeAbHble ACnO3HTbl
KanHTaA CnpeA
WITaT PeaAbNbue npOjeNTmbie CTaUKH
PeaAblble TCMNbU pocTa CpeAmR. nOAymaeMaq CTaBxa
MH4eKC nOTpC6HTeAbCKHX UeH CpeAHRh BbinAa'HBaemaa cTaBKa
TeMnbi HHqJIHH CTONMOCTb nocpeAHHYeCTBa (B %% OT cymap-ix
KpeAHTbl H AH.3HroBbie onepauHH aKT-ROB)
A4eno3HTbI KAHeHTOB PacxoAbl Ha 3apa60THypo nAaTy
KanHTaA
TPacxoAbi Ha noMeCIIeHHJI
flpO,yxTHBNocTb nepconaAa HaAorH H AHUeHaHH
,4OXoAbi Ha CoTpyAHHKa (x 1000) 06ecUeHeHHe H aMopTH3aWui
HpH6bLAb Ha paCXOAbl Ha 3apa6OTHyio nAaTy 4pyrHe aAMHHHcTpaTHBHo-ynpaBAeCH'ecKUe pacxoAb
HoumNaAbNble npOUCHTHbIC CTasXN Pe3epBbl AAR nOKPbJTHR y6bNTKOB no KpeAHTaM
FloAoxoAHble HaAorH
CpeAHalh noAy'aeMaa cTaBKa YBeAHqeHHe KanHTaAa
AHKBKAHble aKTHBbl 6
.6ujag CTOHMOCTb nocpeAHHICCTBa
Ha nepCOHaA H nOMeu4eHHA no CpaBHeHHIO C HHOCTpaHHDIM 6aHKoM HAH He6aHKoBcKHM
(pHHaHCOBbIM HHCTHTyTOM. OqeBHAHo, 'ITO 6aHK, AAA KOTOpOrO (pHHaHCHpOBaHHe o6xoAHTcR
Aopo2Ke, MeM AAR KoHKypeHToB, 6e3 HaAAeKau ero CHHŽKHHH OHepgHOHHbIX paCXOAOB He
CM02KCT 3aHHMaTbC.R npH6bIAbHbIM KpeAHTOBaHHeM nps npOgeHTHbIX CTaBKaX Ha YPOBHe
pbIHO'IHbIX. 'HTO6bi nOAy'HTb 6oAee BbICOKHH AOXOA emy ripHAeTCH rOBbICHTb KpeAIITHble
CTaBKH BbIlIIe PbIHOqHOrO ypOBHR, %ITO, KaKl npaBHAO, Bo3MOmKHO TOAbKO npH AOnyiJeHHH
KpeAHTHbIX pHCKOB Bblllle HOpMbI. HPOUeHTHbie AOXOA H paCXOAbl H 'qHCTblH npogeHTHbli
AOXOA, a TaK2Ke CpeAHHe CTaBKH npH KpeAHTOBaHHH H q4HHaHCHPOBaHHH XapaKTepH3ylar
nOAo2KeHHe 6aHKa B CpaBHeHHH C ero KOHKypeHTaMH, a nocAe COnOCTaBAeHHSJ BpeMeHHbiX
nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTeH noKasbIBaloT, B KaKOH Mepe AaHHOe OTHOU1eHHe H3MseHHeTc DO BpeMeHH.
MaXCHMHUagHH Hemp;OffHewwwX .4XoaoB cnoco6CTByeT yBeAH'eHHIO AOXOAOB 6aHKa 6e3
yBeAH'ieHHa 6aAaHca. OAHaKo, 3aMacTylo nAaTHble YCAyrH TpyAoeMCH H Tpe6yioT AoCTaTO'HOi
KBaAH(cHKIaHH OT nepCOHaAa, noBTOMY HeHs6e2KeH POCT OnCepaiHOHHbIX paCXOAOB. HOBTOMy
BnoAHe eCTeCTBeHHO, KorAa 6aHr C AOXOAOM OT nAaTHbIX yCAyr BbIDile cpeAHero YPOBHH HMeCT
H pacXOAbl Ha 3apa6oTHyIo nAaTy BbilIe HOpMbl. KoMMep'ICCKHiH 6aHK, y KoToporo AOXO4bA OT
rLAaTHbIX ycAyr OTHOCHTeAbHO HH2Ke B CpaBHeHHH C ero CYMMapHbIMH aKTHBaMH, tieM y
KOHKypeHTOB, CTOAKHeTCR C TpyAHOCTRmH COXpaHCHHH npH6blAH Ha axTHBbI H co6CTBeHHbli
KlanHTaA Ha YPOBHe pbIHO4HbIX cTaHAapTOB. BHe3aIIHbIi pOCT AOXOAOB OT nAaTHbIX yCAyr
MomKeT CBHAeTCAbCTBOBaTb 0 TOM, ITO 6aHK nyCTHACH B pHCKOBaHHbie npeAnpHRTHR, HS6era-
eMble ApyrHMH 6aHKaMH - BblAa'ly rapaHTHHi, BaAIOTHblH ap6HTpam HAH ApyrHe conpSDeHHble C
30
BblCOKHM pHCKOM q)opMbb AeHTeAbHOCTH, HTO OCO6eHHO OTHOCHTCH K CTpaHaM, He npHHSBHIHM
CTaHAaPTOB no PHCKOBOMY KanHTaAy.
KoHmpoAmpoBauHe Om1epaNHoHHhX pacxo4oB. OnepaIHOHHbie paCXOAbl Ha npHeMAeMO
KOHKypeHTHOM pbIHKe o6bI'HO BeCbMa cTa6HAbHbI. PacxoAbI Ha onAaTy TpyAa BO Bcex 6aHKax
npHMepHO OAHHaKOBb1 no npHnHHe nOABHmeK Ha KOHKypeHTHOM pbIHKe TpyAa HAH
CyIIeCTBOBaHHM CTaHAaPTH3HPOBaHHbix npo(pcoio3aMH UIKaA onAaTbi. PacxoAbl Ha 3apa6oTHyio
nAaTy Hm2Ke pbIHOiHOrO YPOBHH AAA 6aHKa KOHKpeTHbIX Pa3MepOB MOryT CBHAeTeAbCTBOBaTb
AH6o c 'pe3Bbi'aAHO BbICOKOU 3c4eKTHBHOCTH ynpaBAeHHs KaApaMH, AH60 o HeBO3MO2KHOCTH
HHBeCTHPOBaTb AOCTaTO'iHbIC cpeACTBa B OCHOBHOH npOAYKTHBHbIH pecypc 6aHKa. 3Ta
HeBO3MO?KHOCTb MOmeT nPOHBARTbCA B nOHH2KeHHbIX CTaBKaX OnAaTbI, H3-3a 'erO Ka'eCTBO
nepcoHaAa 6aHKa 6yAeT nocpeACTBeHHbIM, AH6o B OTCYTCTBHH aA4KBaTHbiX npOrpaMM
nOArOTOBKH KaApOB. BoAee BbICOKHe, MeM pbIHO-iHbIe pacxOAbI Ha 3apa6oTHyio nAaTy MoryT
yKa3blBaTb Ha noTepIo KOHTpOAH HaA PaCXOAaMH Ha onAaTy TpyAa HAH Ha rOTOBHOCTb nAaTHTb
3a KBaAH(HKaI,HIO, 'TO BcerAa HBAmeTCSI BbIrOAHbIM BAO2eHHeM CpeACTB H o6eWaeT xopoluHe
AOXOAbi 6aHKa B 6yAyWeM. XOTX pac4eT yPOBHeM AOXOAOB Ha PYKOBoARH_qero H Ha pHAoBoro
pa6oTHHKa momeT cnoco6CTBOBaTb ogeHKe npOAYKTHBHOCTH nepcoHaAa 6aHKa H
aqKpeKTHBHOCTH KaApOBOUi nOAHTHKH ero, npHMHHy 6oAee BbICOKHX, 'jeM pbIHOMHbie, paCXOAOB
Ha 3apa6oTHyio nAaTy TpyAHO onpeAeAHTb, He noceTHB 6aHKa. HIoAo6HbIM o6pa3oM HH3KHe
PaCXOAbl Ha noMeu_eHHR MOryT CBHAeTeAbCTBOBaTb 0 TOM, tITO nepeA aHaAHTHKOM yCTOHBUIHHCSH
6aHK C co6cTBeHHoii HeABH2KHMOCTbIO, HAH 0 TOM, 'ITO Ha COAep2KaHHe nOMeIeHHM BbIAeAHeTCH|
HeAOCTaTO'IHO CPeACTB, B TO BpeMH KaK paCXOAbI BbIlue pbIHO'HOro YPOBHH MOryT yKa3bIBaTb
Ha TO, mTO 6aHK apeHAyeT npaKTHmeCKH Bce 3aHHMaeMbie HM nOMeiIeHHq. K nPHmepy, eCAH
6aHK PeIiHT nOAy'iHTb nPHPOCT KanHTaAa OT npOAaa2H cBoero aAMHHHCTPaTHBHOrO 3AaHHH H
BRTHTU ero B apeHAy y noKynaTeAH, nplOgeHTHbie H aMOpTH3ailHOHHbie pacxOAbi ero nOHH3HITCH,
a pacxOAbl Ha pa6o-fHe nOMeU4eHHH Bo3pacTyT (CKpbITbie pe3epBbI TaKmKe yMeHbiIIaTcH). YICHO,
'ro Aio6bie OTKAOHeHHH OT pbIHO'qHOrO YpOBHH B Aio6of KaTerOPHH AaHHbIX roBopHT 0
HeO6xOAHMOcTH 6eceAbl c PYKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa AAA YCTpaHeHHq OnpaBAaHHOCTH OTKAOHeHHH.
ANmaANg DIJMeeKTHzBocTH pa6oTri 6aHAka
HaH6oAee rAy6OKHA Ha HaCToH5iuee BpeMH nOAxOA K aHaAH3y a)4peKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbl 6aHKa
npoHAAIOCTPHPOBaH B Pa3AeAe FlpHAOmmeH 4, nOCBRUeHHOM aHaAH3y, H pHC. 2.5. AHaAH3y
noABepraiOrcH AaHHbie KBapTaAbHbIX H rOAOBbIx c'eTOB npH6biAeA H y6bITKOB, npH BTOM
paCC'qHThBa[OTCSI CpeAHHe OCHOBHbie KaTeropHH 6aAaHca 3a nepHOA, OXBa'ieHHbIH CcmeTOM
npH6blAeM H y6blTKOB,18 a TaKme:
* HOKa3aTeAM AOXOAHOCTH, Bblpa2KaeMbie 'epe3 npH6bIAb Ha ycpeAHeHHbie aKTHBbI H
Ha KanMTaA.
* TeMnbi pocTa, OTHOCRAHeCH K OCHOBHbIM KperHTaM, AenO3HTaM, KanHTaAy H
uIraTaM 6aHKa.
18 B cHCTeMe 6a3bl AaHHbIX STO BbinoAHAeTCA llyTeM nIpOmHTbiBaHHI AaTbt H nepHoAa sanHcH 0 npH6bILH mm
y6brTme H ycpeAHeHsE HH()opMaUHH 6aAaHca sa npoLueALune 4 MecSl4a AAA KDapTaAbHoro OT9eTa HAH 13 mecAFeB
AA roBouoro oT'eTa (Ha'aAbHasI Toqxa Heo6xoAHMa AAA noAy'eHHA HCTHHHOrO ycpeAHeHHoro SHa-ieHHiH,
nosTomy 4 mecAjga, a He 3 AAi KBapTaAbHoro omeTa).
31
HffTepupernpoBamwe ipmfaHcoBoi orTerHocrB
* IPOAYKTHBHOCTb nepcoHaAa, onpeAeAHeMaH KaK AOXOA B pacqeTe Ha OAHOrO
pa6oTHHKa H KaK npH6blAb B COOHeCCHHH c pacxoAaMH Ha 3apa6oTHyxo rLAaTy.
* CpeAHHe noAy'iaeMb!e H BbinAa-HBaeMbe ripogeHTHbie CTaBKH.
* CTOHMOCTb nocpeAHHmeCTBa.
4AH paccmaTPHBaemoro noAxoAa Heo6xoAHMbl AaHHbie 6aAaHca H cieTa npH6blAeH H
y6blITKOB, nORBOARlOIIHe nOAy'HTb OCHOBHble noKa3aTTAH aq4CeKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbl
(OTHOmeHHH), KOTOpbIe He 3aBHCHT OT pa3MepOB 6aHKa H HOTOMY HeriOCpeACTBeHHO
ConOCTaBHMbl C noKa3aTeA3IMH ApyrHx 6aHKoB H MOryT 6blTb pa3BepHyTbi BO BpeMeHH.
HIOCKOAbKy AOXOAbI H PacxOAbi aHaAH3HpyIOTCH OTHOCHTeAbHO YCpeAHeHHbIX aKTHBOB H
naCCHBOB 3a riepHOA, K KOTOpOMy OTHOCHTCH c'eT npH6blAeH H y6blTKOB, Mo2KHo cpaBHHBaTb
nOKaSaTCAH no nepHoAaM pasHoH AAHTeAbHOCTH. KOHe'HO, STO B03MOmKHO, eCAH AAR 6aHKa He
XapaKTepHbI 3HaHHTeAbHbie CeSOHHbie KoAe6aHHM,' MTO THnHqHO, HanpHMep, AAR c.-x. 6aHKoB.
HIpHMep H3 lpHAO2KeHHR 4 oxBaTbIBaeT AAH nOAHbix roAa, OKOH'IHBIUIHXCR 30 HIOHII 1989 H
1990 r., IIJeCTHMeCHqHbIH nepHoA C OKOHqaHHeM 31 AeKa6pa 1990 r. H KBapTaA,
3aBepHIHBMUHicm 31 MapTa 1991 r.
Bce ynpaBAeH'1eCKHC peiucHHa H BHCUIHHe OrpaHHIeHHA BAUHIOT Ha AOXOAHOCTb
co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa H aKTHBOB (onpeAeAeHbl BblIe), KOTOpbie npeAcTaBAIIOT ABa
OCHOBHblX H3MepHTeAR cnoco6HocTH 6aHKa reHepHpoBaTb co6CTBeHHblH KanHTaA, Heo6xoAHMbXH
AAR o6ecneqeHH.R POCTa H npeOAOAeHH5I BKOHOMH1CCKHX TpyAHOCTCH.
,JOXO4HOCm D Ha aKgHOHepHbIH XaBJHTBrA - OnpeAeAHCT YPOBeHb npH6blAH AAR HHBecTOPOB H
nOTeHUHaA yBeAH'ieHHH KanHTaAa. B YCAOBH1X HHCPARHHH AaHHOe OTHOIIIeHHe AOA2tHO 6blTb no
KpaHHeCi Mepe aKBHBaAeHTHo 6a3oBblM TeMriaM HH(pA¶1HH: B aTOM cAy'ae 6aHK COXpaHaeT B
peaAbHOM Bbipam2eHHH CBOIO KanIHTaAbHylo 6a3y, XOTH Ha AHBHAeHAbi Mo2IeT HHqero He
OCTaBaTbcH. CooTBCTcTByIOu4Hui peaAbHblHi pOCT co6CTBeHHoro Kan TaAa H O6XOAHM A11
Aio6oro peaAbHOrO pa3BHTHR AeAOBOH aKTHBHOCTH 6e3 co3AaHHR H3AHI11Hero AaBAeHHH Ha
aAeKBaTHOCTb co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa 6aHKa. OAHaKo, aHaAHTHK AOA2KeH nOMHHTb 0 TOM, 'TO
BbICOKaH AOXOAHOCTb co6cTBeHHoro KainHTaAa MomeT 6blTb o6paTHo nponopUHOHaAbHoU
AOCTaTOqHOCTH co6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa. HeaAeKBaTHO KarIHTaAH3HpoBaHHbiH 6aHK, T. e.
Map2HHaAbHO upH6blAbHbIH, M02KeT HMeTb nOBbIIu1eHHyiO npH6blAb Ha co6cTBeHHblfi KanHTaA
no CpaBHeHHIO C XOpOIDO KanHTaAH3HpoBaHHbIM H pa6OTaioJjHM 6aHKoM. IlOCKOAbKy Aio6aI
HeaAeKBaTHOCTb pe3epBOB AAA nOKPbITHH COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH o3Ha'iaeT
3aBbiU1eHHe KanHTaAa, AaHHOe OTHOUIeHHe MO2KeT 6bITb CHAbHO Ae(pOpMHpOBaHO, eCAH
yKa3aHHbie pe3epBbl CTa6HAbHO H 'ieCTHO He oTpa2KalOT BO3MeCqaeMOCTb nOpTqpeAR BbiAaHHbIX
KpeAHTOB.
,Joxqo4HocTb aNTHBOB - onpeAecAeT 'HCTbHi AOXOA, reHepHpyeMbiH B pe3yAbTaTe
HCnOAb3OBaHHR CYMMapHbiX aKTHBOB 6aHKa, nO8TOMY AaHHbiH noKa3aTeAb MeHee nOABep2KeH
HcK2ameHHMm, x'eM AOXOAHOCTb co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa, nOCKOAbKy Aio6oH HenOPRAOK C
pe3epBaMH AAH nOKpblTHSI COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHb]X Tpe6oBaHHH OKa3bsBaeT MeHbUCee
OTHOCHTeAbHOe BAHRHHe Ha CyMMapHbie aKTHBbI, meM Ha MeHbIIIHH no BeAHqHHe co6CTBeHHb1fi
KauHTaA. KOAe6aHHn aToro OTHOiuIeHH.9, KOTOpOe 3aBHCwT OT 6oAee OrpaHHqeHHbIX
onpeAeAeHHH aKTHBOB, HanpHMep, aKTHBOB, npHHOCHUHX 4cxo4 (Bce Kpe4HTbl cCyAb1,
32
HCTOIIHHiCN NMRaNCOBOH MNHOpMamNN
HHBeCTHUHH H npHHOC$HIMHe npOUeHTHblH AOXOA AenO3HTbi), nomoraioir rAy6me o0eHHTb
pa3AHmHR Me2KAy 6aHKaMH HAH H3MeHeHHJI BO BpeMeHH.
AHaAIS n;pogeHTHbix CTaBOK. AHaAHTHK Mo2KeT IOAy'qHTb AOnIOAHHTeAbHYIO AAA ce6A
HH4popMaguHo O xapaKTepe AeRTeAbHOCTH 6aHKa H H3MeHeHHRX Ha PbIHKCe BO BpeMeHH,
paCC'IHTaB cpeAHHHf npOgeHT, BbinAaYHBaeMbif no (pHHaHCOBbIM o6HsaTeAbcTBaM. 3TOT aHaAH.3
AOnOAHReT aHaA3 npOgeHTHOH Map2KH, no3BOARX HanpHMYIO OgaeHHTb CTOHMOCTb
(pHHaHcHpOBaHHH AAH 6aHKa H KpeAHTHbie CTaBKH. Aame B cAy'ae, eCAH 6aHK npO4oAmaeT
Hapa,eHHe npOUeHTOB no 6e3HaAe2HbIM KpeAHTaM HAH 3aBblinaeT npHHOC He 4OXO4 aKTHBbI,
AaHHble BpeMeHHbIX nOcAeAoBaTeAbHocTeH Bce euge MoryT CBHAereAbCTBOBaTb 0 HanpaBAeHHH
npOHCXOAHuHX BHYTpH 6aHKa H.MeHeHHH, a eCAH pbIHOHaH npacKTHKa B UeAOM yAOBAeT-
BOpHTeAbHa, - nOCAy2KHTb 6a3ofi AAH CpaBHeHHH. OAHaKo noKla3aTeAb qPyHAHPOBaHHR HMeeT
orpaHHqeHHYIO geHHOCTb, eCAH OH HCKa2reH BKAiOMeHHeM B pac'eT pe3epBOB AAH nOKPbITHR
COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHbIX Tpe6OBaHHH. KaK rOBOPHAOCb BblUle, nlOKa3aTeAH 8)NplCKTHBHOCTH
pa6OTbi 6aHRa MoryT OKasaTbcH nOA cyUgeCTBeHHbIM Bo3AeHCTBHeM H3M3eHqiouiHxcR
8KOHOMHYeCKHX UHKAOB.
AHruINs 7pOHSqBO,4HTeAbHOCTf nIO3BOAxeT H3MepHTb aqXpeKTHBHOCTb OAHOrO B3 TpeX
OCHOBHbIX pecypcoB 6aHKa - ero pa6OTHHKOB, peryTaUHH H (pHHaHCOBbiX o6a3aTeAbcTB, AAR
'jero paCCYHTb1BaIOTCH AOXOA Ha PYKOBOAH1gerO HAH AOXOA Ha pHAOBOrO pa6oTHHKa 6aHKa.
H3MeHeHHe AaHHOrO OTHOlueHHB BO BpeMeHH HenOCpeACTBeHHO oTpa2KaeT cnoco6HoCTb 6aHKa
ynpaBARTb CBOHMH KaApaMH H BcI4eKTHBHO Ha YPOBHe H3BepKeRK KOHKYPHpOBaTb C
POACTBeHHbIMH 6aHKaMH.
AmaAoD JIoroToB maJAHlHOCTH
B aHaAHS KOpnOpagHOHHb1X 3aeMUjHKOM o6blYHO COCTaBHoU maCTbIO BXOAHT aHaAHB nOToKOB
HaAHqHOCTH, no3BoAR1OIIHjH nOHRTb, KaK KOMnaHHH reHepHPY1OT H HCnOAb3ylOT CBOH (OHAbl.
9TOT aHaA3 HCKAlOqHTeAbHO Ba2meH AAH cerTopa yqeTa, rAe HaAH'qHbie H 6e3HaAHqHble
no3HMHH qeTKo AH4CepeHIHpyIOTcH, noS3BoAHI BbIHBAHrTb HCTO1HHKH HaAH%IHOCTH,
Heo6xOAHMbie AAi o6CAy2KHBaHHR AOAra. OAHaKo, nO4TH C KamAbiM aCneKTOM 6aHKOBCKOff
AeHTeAbHOCTH cBR3aHO ABH2ReHHe HaAH'HoCTH, a HMmeHeHHe Kaccbi Mo2KeT 6blTb AOCTHrHYTO
npOCTbIM 3aBblHleHHeM npOMeHTHbIX CTaBOK BbllUle pbIHO'lHOrO YPOBHH UAH OTKa3OM HaAe2HbIM
3aeMUAHKaM B KpeAHTHbIX AHHHBX. B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX Tpe6ypoT COCTaBAHTb oTeITbl no
nOTOKaM HaAHqHOCTH, ROTOpbIe BXOAHT B ny6AHKyeMbie q(HHaHCOBbie OTqeTbl; B ApyrHx
HaMeTHAOCb ABH2ReHHe B CTOpOHy 6oAbuierO HHTepeCa K aHaAH3y nOTOKOB HaAH'HOCTH AAJH
6aHKoB. ABToP AaHHOH pa6OTbI HcnOAb3yeT MeTOA aHaA3a nOTOKOB HaAHqHOCTH npH
Hsy'ieHHH AeHTeAbHOCTH He(HHaHCOBb1X KopnopapHu, aBTOp npeAnoqHTaeT aHaAH3HpoBaTb
HMseHeHHH CTPYRTypb1 6aAaHca, OCHOBHbie COOTHOHeHHR (HHaHCOBbiX noKa3aTeAefl H
Hec6aAaHcHpoBaHHOcTb CpOKOB (CM. rAaBy 6), 9To6bl noHRTb, KaKOH YPOBeHb pHCKa rOTOB
IpHHRTb Ha ce6Hi 6aHK B CBR3H C TpaHclpopMaaUHeH KpaTKOCpO'HbIX AenoSHToB B AOArOCpO'qHble
(OTHOCHTeAbHO) KIpeAHTbi H HaCKOAbRO aq)XelKTHBeH npoUecc ynpaBAeHHH aKTHBaMH H
naCCHBaMH B 6aHKe C TOMlKH 3peHHH o6ecne4eHH aA4eKBaTHOH AHKBHAHOCTH B 6yAyugeM.
33
HuTepapeTNpowrnme iJNIIaNCOOn orTFerTHocTm
HTorH
5ICHO, 'TO AAs 6aHKOBcKoro aHaAH3a Heo6xoAHMa cTa6HAbHocTb B npeACTaBAeHHH AaHHhlX
B 6aAaHce H c'ieTe npH6bIAeH H y6blTKOB. B HeKOTOpb1X 6aHKOBCKHx CHCTeMaX 6aHXaM
pa3pellIeHO BblqHTaTb pe3epBbl AAS nOKPbITHR COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH HS
npOUeHTHOrO AOXOAa, BCAeACTBHe qero nepBbie OKla3blBalJOTC CKpblTblMH, a BTOpOH
3aHHreHHbIM. B YCAOBHRX (PHHaHCOBOH CTa6HAbHOCTH pe3Koe naAeHHe npojeHTHoro AoxoAa
MO2KeT yKa3bIBaTb Ha pOCT CKpblTbIX pe3epBOB AAR IOKPbITHE COMHHTeAbHbiX KpeAHTHbIX
Tpe6oBaHHH. aTo MomeT He npoRBARTbcR, eCAH pbIHOI[Hbie CTaBKH no Aeno3HTaM H KpeAHTwM
KoAe6AIOTcA. IHOAo6HbIM o6pa3oM B HeKOTOPbIX CTpaHaX opraHbi 6aHKoBcKoro peryAHpOBaHHE
He BbicTaBASiaT 2KeCTKHX Tpe6oBaHHH K OT'eTHOCTH B OTHOIuelHHH MemoTAeAeH'iecKHX
onepagHH, pe3epBOB AAA nOCKpbITHR COMHHTeAbHbIX KpCAHTHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH HAM
peBaAbBa1HoHHbIX peSepBOB, XOTH Ka2KAaR H3 BTHX no3HgHH MOmeT BAHUTb Ha pe3yAbTaTbi
aHaAHaa. BMeCTe B3RTOe, BCe 3TO rIOATBep2BAaeT Ba&HOCTb nOHHMaHHR npaKTHKH y'eTa, a
TaR2Ke TaKoro npeo6pa3oBaHHA AaHHbIX, KOTOpoe o6ecneqHBaeT aHaAHTHKa HaAe2rHOH 3HaqHHMOH
HHqiopMaaHeH. Ka'ecTBO aHaAH3a 3HaqHTeAbHO nOBbiiuaeTCH, eCAH B ero OCHOBe Ae2KaT
emeMeciqHbie 6aAaHcbl sa UeAbIH roA, nOCKOAbKy TaKHM rIyTeM HHBeAHPYCTCq Bo3AeiCTBHe
Ce3oHHbIX HSMeHeHHH.
3aBepUIHB paCCMOTpeHHe CTpyrTypbi (HHaHCOBbiX AaHHbiX H aHaAH3 npHMepa C OTqeTaMH
HeKoero KOHKpeTHOrO 6aHKa, Mbl MomeM CAeAaTb HeCKOTOpbIe BbIBOAbl.
1jeAHN PesyAbTaToM Aa2Ke caMoro KatiCCTBeHHOrO aHaAH3a HBAHIOTCH BCe-TaKH BonpOCbl, a
He rOTOBbIe OTBeTbi. rOBTOMy eAbJo aHaAH3a AOA2KHo 6blTb YCTaHOBAeHHe ypoBHR AoBepHR K
6aHry, CyAHf no KOTOpOMY Te, KTO BOCnIOAb3yeTCR pe3yAbTaTaMH aHaAH3a, 6yjiyT pemaTb -
CTOHT AH PHCKOBaTb H noMeC_gaTb B 6aHK CBOH cpeACTBa (HAH BKAio'aTb 6aHK B npOrpaMMy
MHOrOCTOPOHHero KpeAHTOBaHHH) HAH Hy2HO PaCCMaTPHBaTb npo6AeMbl oKa3aHHR TeXHHqecKoH
H peryARTHBHOM nOMOJgH AaHHOMy 6aHKy. OTHoiueHHH, CBHAeTeAbCTBYIOI1He o0 Ha-IHTeAbHOM
OTKAOHeHHH noKasaTeAeH npoBepaeMoro 6aHra OT nOKa3aTeAeH POACTBeHHbiX eMy 6aHKoB, a
TaK2Ke TpeHAbi, OTKAOHRIOIIHeCH OT CpeAHHX AAM perIpe3eHTaTHBHOH rpynnribi 6aHKoB, CAeTyer
CAeAaTb npeAMeTOM noApo6Horo o6Cy2AeHH.R c PYKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa.
MerT,aoAorim. HpHBeCTH nIepBHIHbie AaHHbie K CTa6HAbHOMy q)opMaTy H paCC'IHTaTb
OCHOBHbie OTHOmIeHHH. 3aTeM CpaBHHTb nOAy'eHHbie BeAHWHHbl C aHaAorH'HbJMH OTHOlICHHRMH
AAHi noAo6Hbix 6aHKoB, 'To6bi YCTaHOBHTb oTHoCHTeAbHbIe nOAo2KeHHe H ypoBeHb noKa3aTeAeH
o6cAeAyeMoro 6aHKa B cpaBHeHHH C POACTBeHHbIMH, a TaXKme - pa3BePHYB AaHHbie BO BpeMeHH
- OnpeAeAHTb, yxyAUIlalOTCH HAH yAy4lUalOTCa nOAO2KeHHe H YPOBeHb nlOKasaTeAeH. 3Toro
Mo2KHo Ao6HTbCn CTpyKTypaAH3a4UHeH aHaAH3a, H TOrAa pasAH-4HS HRBHITCH aHaAHTHKy, Kax
noKasaHO B AaHHOH pa6oTe. HpH TpaAHUHOHHOM noAxoAe OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe yAeA.9eTCS
noApo6HoMy aHaAHsy KamAoH KoMnOHeHTbI Bce HMelOJIHXCR AaHHbIX, rIpH BTOM 3aTpa'1HBaeTCH
HenOMepHO MHOrO BpeMeHH, a AepeBbeB H3-3a Aeca TaK H He BHAHO. CAeAoBaTeAbHo, caMoe
BamHoe - BbDlAeHHTb qpaKTOpbl, KOTOpbie AeHCTBHTeAbHO CyUeCTBeHHbl, H HCnOAb3OBaTb HX
AAR TOrO, mTo6bi nOHRTb, 'TO me HMeHHO npeAnPHHHMaeT pyKOBOACTBo 6aHKa.
34
HCrOquirNXN OVJNaoCOBON NHVrOpMaUNN
YHHBepcaAiIHMe cragaap ml. H4AeaAbHaA CTpyxTypa AaHHbIX H 3HaqeHHe KamAoro
OTHOHIeHHR BapbHpylOT OT OAHOrO qpHHaHCOBOrO pbIHKa K ApYrOMy, B npeAeAax OAHOrO pbIHKa
H B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna 6aHKa. CpaBHeHHe C HeKHMH HAeaAbHbIMH CTaHAapTaMH MomeT 6blTb
nOBTOMy HenpOAYKTHBHbIM H o6ycAaBAHBaTb HeBepHbie BbIBOAbI. Aio6oii HHAHKaTOp nOAe3eH
TOAbKO B TOM CAy'ae, eCAH 6aAaHc H c'ieT npH6blAeH H y6bITKoB 'ieCTHO oTo6pamaioT
CTOHMOCTb" H cnoco6HocTb 6aHKa K nOAy-ieHHIO AOXOAOB. HpuHemAeMbii YPOBeHb KamAoro
OTHOIIIeHHH 3aBHCHT OT npaBOBbiX, nIOAHTH%iCcKHX H ()HHaHCOBblx nepaMeTpoB CpeAbl, B
KOTOpOH cJ3yHKIHOHHpyeT 6aHK. B cpeAe, HeyoBAeTBOp OrpaAeHHOH OT HHHCOBbX
noTp.RceHHH, YPOBeHb 6e3onacHocTH AOA2KeH 6biTb Bbllle, T. e. BbiUXCe AOAMHbl 6blTb
Tpe6oaaHHH no aAeKBaTHOCTH co6cTmeHHoro KanHTaAa, 'qTO 6yAeT o3HaqaTb yMeHbuieHHe
npH6blAH Ha co6cTBeHHblfi KanHTaA H yxyAuieHHe nOAO2KeHHR 6aHKa, eCAH He yAaCTCSI
CKOMneHCHpOBaTb BTH He6AarOnpHATHbIe MOMeHTbi COOTBeTCTBYIOJIHM yBeAHqeHHeM AOXOAHOCTH
aKTHBOB. AMA He6OAblIIoro 6aHKa, 6oAee noABep2KeHHoro KOHUeHTpalHH PHCKOB, YPOBeHb
AOCTaTOqHOCTH co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa AOA2eH 6bITb enMe Bbluile.
CpawReaa'e C rpyIION pO4'TBeHNMZ 6aHKoB
Ha npOTASmeHHH BCefi rAaBbi Mbi noA4epKHBaAH BamHOCTb CpaBHeHHH AaHHbIX no
npoBepsleMoMy 6aHKy C AaHHbIMH no 6aHKaM pOACTBeHHOfi rpynnbl Ha TOM me CaMOM pbIHKe.
IIpH TaKOM noAxoAe M02KHO C'IHTaTb, 'qTO 6aHKH, noKasaTeAm KOTOpblX oKa3blBaioTcR BbllXe
CpeAHHX, HaXOARTTCR B 6AaronoAyiHoM COCTO1HHH, a HH2Ke CpeAHHX - B COCTORHHH no MeHbIHleC
Mepe COMHHTeAbHOM. ApyrHMH CAOBaMH, KaK 6yATo MO2KHO nOAaraTb, qTO CpeAHHfi ypOBeHb B
rpynne aBAHeTc3 npHeMAeMbiM - HO 3TO He BcerAa TaK. Bo MHorHX cTpaHax ;JeAbie
pOACTBeHHbie rpynnbi HAH BCA 6aHKOBcKaH CHCTeMa HenAaTe2Kecnoco6Hbl, H B BTOM cAy4ae
CpaBHeHHH BH"TpH pOACTBeHHOH rpynnbi nOAe3Hbl TOAbKO B TOM OTHOUIeHHH, 4TO no3BOAuoT
BbIBHTb 6aHKH, HcnbITbIBaIOUJHe HaHMeHbUIHe TPYAHOCTH. SICHO, qTO AAAI CpaBHeHHHi TaKoro
THna Heo6XOAHMO HMeTb o6qMee npeAcTaBAeHHe o6 yCAoBHRX, B KOTOpbIX npoxoAHT
AeHTeAbHOCTb 6aHKoB, HO B Aio6oM CAy'ae AaHHbIiH MeTOA nO3BOAAeT paH2KHPOBaTb 6aHKH no
YPOBHIO OTHOCHTeAbHoro PHCKa AAH Tex, KTO HMeeT C HHMH AeAO.
I7paKTHrlecl(IIH lpHMep. HeAaBHO Ha3HaieHHbie KOHTPOAepbI H3 BO3o6HOBHBmefi CBOIO
pa6oTy cAym6bi 6aHKOBcKorO HaA3opa CAcAaAH nepBoHaMaAbHyiO OmeHKy, corAaCHO KOTOpOH
npHMepHO H3 70 6aHKOB H He6aHKOBCKHX CUHHaHCOBbIX HHCTHTyTOB 5 HaXOARTCA B
3aTPYAHHTeAbHOM nOAomeHHH. OAHaKo B TO me camoe BpeMR BeAyUHCe npcACTaBHTeAH
6aHKoBcKoro coo6tgecTBa yKa3aAH, 'To He MeHee 17 6aHKOB HeMH3Hecnoco6HO H ITO B CTpaHe
CyUeCTBYeT o'eBHAHag HepapXHii 6aHKoB no npH3HaKy npOCTOTbl AocTyna Ha AeHe2KHbli
pbIHOK. AHaAH3 AaHHb1X CTaTHCTHIecKoro oTAeAa MeHTpaAbHoro 6aHKa no3BOAHA pa36HTb Bce
6aHKH H He6aHKOBCKHe (PHHaHCOBbie HHCTHTyTbl Ha 8 rpynn no npH3HaKy pHcKa, HCXOAH H3
AOCTaTO'IHOCTH co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa, OTHOuiCeHHS CYMMbl KpeAHTOB K CyMMe Aeno3HTOB,
3aBHCHMOCTH OT AellO3HTOB rOCyAapCTBeHHbIX npeAnpHRTHfi, npH6blAbHOCTH H
COOTBeTCTBYMoI_HX TpeHAoB. B pe3yAbTaTe 10 6aHKOB 6blAH onpeAeAeHbl KaK cKopee Bcero
HenAaTe2Kecnoco6Hbie. HIpoBepKa HX - B HeKOTOPbIX OHa BbIlnOAHHAaCb BnepBbie - noKa3aAa,
wTO AaHHble H3 oT'1eTOB 6bIAH iepecqyp ofrTHMHCTHmeCKHMH, H Bce yKa3aHHbie 10 6aHKoB
npocTo He2KH3Hecnoco6Hbl. AHaAH3 nO3BOAHA BbIHBHTb eiie 17 6aHKOB, HaxoARIXHxcR y
35
Hm*epnperposamrne 4DrmaHcoB o0 orYerNoCrN
nlorpaHH'qHOH 'qepTbl. XoTH aHaAH3 He AaA BO3MO2KHOCTH npOBeCTH 'eTxylo rpaHHugy,
OTARo1myI 6AaronoAyqHbie 6aHKH OT He6AaroInOAyqHbIX, OH TeM He MeHe nO3BOAHA
PaH2fHPOBaTb HX no OTHOCHTeAbHOH npo'HOCTH noAOmeHHsI, a AaAbL.e opraHbl peryAHpoBaHHn
6aHKoBcKofi AeHTeAbHOCTH CMOrAH YCTaHOBHTb npHOpHTeTbl B CBOHX ycHAHRx no 0HCTKe
UHHaHCOBOi CHCTeMbi.
C geHmaJHIIPO&wHHMre 6a&HKh. B Haniem o6cy2AeHHH A0 CHX nop OCTaBaAHCb B CTOpOHe
cnegHaAH3HpoBaHHblfi 6aHKH, HanpHMep, o6cAyMHBa1oIjHe CeAbCKOe XO3HUCTBO, MHAHJgHoe
CTpOHTeAbCTBO H rpOMbljuAeHHOe pa3BHTHe. HpHMHeHHTeAbHO K HHM OTCyTCTBYeT AOCTOBepHaR
6a3a AAR cpaBHeHHS, H 3a-aacTyi0 HeBO3MO2mHO C AOCTaToqHOH HaAem2HOCTbJO OUeHHTb
2K3Hecnoco6HOCTb 6aHKoB 6e3 nlpOBeAeHUH yrAy6AeHHoro aHaAH3a CpOAHH TOMy, KOTOpblU
npMeHHReTCH B npogecce rLAaHHpOBaHHH H COCTaBAeHHR 6oAmeTa. FIPH aTOM KamAaR
CylgeCTBeHHaR KaTeropHs aKTHBOB, naCCHBOB, AOXOAOB H paCXOAOB paCCMaTpmBaeTcH C
nOMOU;bio nporHoCTH9CecKo MOAeAH, KOTOpaR no3BoAHeT aHaAH3HPOBaTb npoLA&oe H Ha
OCHOBaHHH Pe3yAbTaTOB aHaAH3a H nAaHOBbIX ripoeKTHPOBOK PYKOBOACTBa nporHo3HpoBaTb
6yAyiMee.
YcilewHmwir ipmaHcoRmmif aiaaAii
rAaBbI 4 H 5 11OCBRUzeHbi npaKTHKe y'eTa H 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa Ha OCHOBAHHH 4aHHb X,
co6paHHb[x BO MHorHx cTpaHax. OCHOBOU ycnexa qHHaHCOBOro aHaAH3a HBAReTcH nOHHMaHHe
orpaHHqeHHfi, C KOTOpbIMH CTaAKHBaeTCq PYKOBOACTBO, H HMeCou4HxcR 0O3MOmHOCTei Bbi6opa
(OTHOCRU.HXCA KaK K BHemUHeH cpeAe, TaK H K pecypcaM). 4AR aToro CnegHaAHCTy no aHlaA3y
CAeAyeT MbicAeHHO nOCTaBHTb ce6H Ha MeCTO PYKKOBOATeAeH 6aHKa, pa6oTa KoToporo
npOBepaeTCA, H nOnbiTaTbCH nOCTHUb KOHKpeTHbie npo6AeMbi, KOTOpbie cKopee Bcero BCTaiOT
nepeA 6aHKoM. Pe3yAbTaTbi (HaHCOBoro aHaAH3a nomoryT 3aTeM nOATBePAHTb HAH
onpoBeprHyTm HCXOAHbie npeAnoAo2KeHHg. YMeHHe BbInOAHHTb TaKOH yrAy6AeHHbii aHaAH3 H
oTAHsaeT xopoiero cnegHaAmcTa OT flAOXOrO. ICXOAHbie rIpeAnOAOmeHHA Cy6'beKTHBHbi H
ocHoBbiBaioTcA Ha onbITe. OnblTHblu cne;jHaAHCT no aHlaAH3y He AoBepHTCH HHKaKHM IIH4paM,
nOKa He no3HaKOMHTC C cPYKOBOAHTeARMH 6aHKa H He nofiMeT, qeM HMeHHO 3aHHMaeTcH 6aHK.
0VoRaHcOBMa' aHlaAO. H CTPyApaO MepecTpoMIiia 6aHaa
Ba2nHo nHHFTb 4HHaHcoBylo CTpyKTypy 6aHKa H AeTepMHHaHTbi ero cnoco6HOCTH K
noAy)eHHIO AOXOAOB, npemAe 'ieM rLAaHHPOBaTb CTPYKTypHyIO nepecTpo Ky 6aHxa. AAR aToro
o6bHlio Tpe6yloTcA HAeHTHtpHKaIHR H yAaAeHHe Hepa6oTalOU4HX aKTHBOB, peKanwTa&3azuHn
6aHKa, peKoHqPHrypHpoBaHHe 6aAaHca H HaAe2KAa Ha KoMMep'iecKyio 2KH3Hecnoco6HoCTb 6aHKa
nocAe nepeCTpoHKH. Heo6xoAHMo AaAee o6MeH5ffb Hepa6oTaioigHe aKTHBbl H3 6aAaHca Ha
rOCyAapCTBeHHbie o6AHraUHH, o6ecne-IHBaiouHe npOUeHTHblI 0 AOXOA, 'TO AOA2HO CAeAaTb
rOcyAapcTBo, eCAH peqb HAeT o rocyAapCTBeHHOM 6aHKe, UAH HaIHoHaAbHbli HHCTHTyT
cTpaxoBaSHH AenosHTOB (HAH BKBHBaAeHTHaHI opraHH3aHm), eCAH coxpaHHOCTb Aeno3HTOB
(OpMaAbHO UAH HMrLAH&HTHO rapaHTHpoBaHa rOCyAapCTBOM. TaKHM nyTeM ocyIMeCTBASeTC1i
KocBeHHaR peKanHTaABH3auHR 6aHKa H o6ecne'fHBaeTca npHTOK AOXOAOB. AAbTepHaTHBHblH
cnoco6 peKanHTaAH3agHH - yAaAeHHe cepbe3Ho nocTpaAaBiuHx aRTHBOB, a 3aTeM
aHHiyAHpOBaHHe o6a3aTeAbCTB B CyMMe, KOTOpaR npeBblmlaer CTOHMOCTb aHHYAHPOBWHHb1X
36
HCTo'1HNXHm OxivaNCODOR NNVIPOPMgNN
aKTHBOB. &TOT BapHaHT Bo3Mo2KeH, KorAa o6n3aTeAbcTBa 6aHKa npeAcTaBAsnor co6of 3aAOACH-
OCTb nO KpeAHTaM OT rOCYAaPCTBeHHbIX OpraHH3aUHfi HAH HHOCTpaHHyiO 3AOA2KeHHOCTh nOA
rapaHTHH rocyAapcTBa. A,pyrHe npo6AeMbl, cBS3aHHbie Co CTpyKTypHOfi nepecTpOAKOUi,
HanpHMep, rapaHTHfiHble COrAaEieHHR H corAaeneHsH 0 B3STHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no o6w3aTeAb-
TBaM Apyrofi cTOpOHbi, iaCTUHoe cnHcaHHe naKeTOB aKUHH H 3sMeHa pyKOBOACTBa, He BXOART
B 3aAa'IH AaHHOrO pyKOBOACTBa.
37
I
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3. HCTOHH4K1 UHHAHCOBOH HH4IOPMAUHH
lpOaHaAH3HpOBaB geAH (PHHaHCOBbIX OTYeTOB 6aHKa, BbIHCHHM, OTKyAa 6paTb
Heo6xoAHMble AAq HHX AaHHbIe H MTO OHH o6o3HamaioT. B raaBe 3 paCCMOTpeHbi HCTO'IHHKH
AaHHbIX AAR qHHaHcoBbix oT'IeToB, a B nocAeAyiolgHx - npoaHa.AH3HpoBaHbi cMbicAoBbie
sHaqeHHH 3THX AaHHbIX.
HIEAAbHbIE 4AHHbIE
B HpHAoKeHiHX I H 2 nOKa3aHbI HAeaAbHble C HOpMaTHBHbiX nO3HUHH OTqeTHbie opMbi
- emeMecH4Hblfi 6a.&aHc, emeKBapTaAbHblui c'eT npH6biAefi H y6blTKOB, a TaKme
BCnOMOraTe.AbHbl OT'eTbl C OlCeHKOH pHCKa. YpoBeHb AeTaAH3aIHH H KOAHqeCTBO HHlpopMaUHH
AOCTaTO'qHbI Am noAyseHHH HCHOrO npeACTaBAeHHH o qPHHaHCOBoM nOAO2KeHHH H
9q4CKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbi 6aHKa, a TaK2Ke AA TOIHOrO onpeAeACHHH aAeKBaTHOCTH Ba3CAbcKoMy
KOHKOPAa7y KanHTaAa, B3BeuieHHOrO B COOTBCTCTBHH C YpOBHeM pHCKa; B TO me BpemH
Tpe6oBaHHH K oTseTHoH AOKyMeHTaUHH OrpaHHmeHbl TaKOH HH(pOpMauHefi, KOTOpaR B CaMOM
AcAe noAe3Ha H peaAbHO MomeT 6bITb HcnOAb3OBaHa.
aaHHbli qOpMaT npeACTaBAeHHH oTmeTHoH AoKyMeHTaUHH pa3pa6OTaH AAAH HaA3opHoH
cAy2K6bi UeHTpaAbHoeBponeHcKoro BaHKa COBMeCTHO c MBPP, BMCI) H BaHKoM AHrAHH
(AoKyeHaHaU cAerKa MOAHcpHUHPOBaHa, WTO6b1 YCTpaHHTb ynOMHHaHHe KOHKpeTHOH CTpaHbl).
DopMbi npOBepeHbl (pHpMOH FlpaHic YoTepxayc Ha COOTBeTCTBHe Me2KAYHaPOAHbIM HOPMaM
6yxra.ATepcKoro yqeTa H 6aHKoBCKOHU npaKTHKe, AHpeKTHBaM EC H peKOMeHAa1aHHM BaseAbKoro
KomwreTa no 6aHKoBcKoMy HaA3opy H peryAHpoBaHHIO. PaccMaTpHBaeMbif q)opMaT npHBeAeH
TaRme B COOTBeTCTBHe C 3aKOHaMH TOUi HAH HHOU KOHKpeTHOH CTpaHbI B c(pepe 6yxraATepcKoro
y'IeTa H 6aHKoscKoro AeAa, a TaKme Co CTaHAaPTHbIMH riAaHaMH 6aHKoBCKHX cIeToB,
cocTaBAeHHbIMH AAR o6ecneqeHHH eAHHoO6pa3HH, a CAeAoBaTeAbHO Co3AaHHH1 BO3MO2KHOCTH AAA
paspa6oTKH eAHHbIX HagHOHaAbHbIX CTaHAapTOB Ha npeACTaBAeHHe H TepMHHOAOrHIo
npHMeHHTeAbHO K 6yxraATepCKHM KHHraM AAA BHyTpeHHerO nIOAb3oBaHHH, IIy6AHKyeMbiM
(pHHaHCOBbiM OT'eTaM H HOpMaTHBHb!M OTMeTaM Ha YPOBHe 6aHKoBcKHx rpynn, npH
OAHOBpeMeHHOM co6AioAeHHH AOCTaTOMHOH rH6KoCTH BHe YPOBHM 6aHKOBcKHx rpynn. 11aHafl
CHCTeMa COCTaBAeHHM OTqeTHOH AOKyMeHTaIHH OnHpaeTCH Ha KOMnblOTepHYIO CHCTeMy
npoBepKH H aHaAH3a AaHHbIx, KOTOpaf o6ecnemHBaeT o6paTHyio CBfl3b B peaAbHOM BpeMeHH
AAR cneCHaAHCTOB no 6aHKoBCKOMy HaA3opy H no3BoAReT HM OnpeAeAHTb npeACTaBAeHHyIO
AoKymeHTaLUHIO Ha COOTBeTCTBHe HOpMaTHBHbIM Tpe6oBaHHRM, BbIHBHTb H COnOCTaBHTb
PaSBHBaIOU.HeCR H 3apOflAaKIOUHeCC TeHAeHUHH, paCCMaTpHBafl nOCAeAHHe KaK npHeMAHMOe
CpeACTBO CBOeBpeMeHHOO O OBnoegeHHR O npOHCxoA4HueM.
,4aHHbliH pOpMaT HCrIOAb3yeTCS B HaCTORMueM pyKOBOACTBe KaK 'eTKO O(OpMAeHHaf
CTpyKTypa, no3BoAioMagafl npoHAAIOCTpHpoBaTb Bbi6paHHbie npHHUHnbi. HpHAomeHHe 3
OTo6pa2raeT MOAeAb aHaAH3a, B KOTOPOU COeAHHeHbl AaHHbie c4eTa npH6blAeH H y6blTKOB H
peAeBaHTHbIx 6aAaHcoB B ,eARX pac'eTa COOTHOiIIeHHH Me2KAy pa3AHMHbIMH q)HHaHcoBbiMH
nOKa3aTeASIMH, KaK OHH npeACTaBAeHbl B HaCTORuleM noCo6HH. Hlpocb6a o6paTHTb BHHMaHeHe
39
HimepigperTposamH'e opmiaiaHcoBoNi oTmerWocrN
Ha TO, '(TO B IIpHA02KeHHH 3 npHBeAeHo 6oAbue nOAeH AaHHbIx, HemeAH B npHAo2reHHRx I H
2, HO 6AaroAapq BTOMY MO0KHO, HanpHMep, 6aHKoBcKHe pe3epBbl AAA noKpblTHH COMHHTeAbHbNX
Kpe4HTHbIX Tpe6OBaHHH C'lHTaTb KaK KOHTpaKTHBbi, yMeHbuialOlHe -IHCTyIO CYMMY
HeorIAa'(eHHbIX KpeAHTOB, AH6o KaI pe3epBbI npTOTHB o6a3aTeAbcTB; y'HTbIBaiOTc.R TaKHM
o6pa3oM TaKme cy6cTHTyTbI KanHTaAa no (PHAHaAaM HHOCTpaHHbix 6aHxoB, 'iTO He Tpe6yeT
o6s3aTeAbHoro oTpa2KeHHH B HopMaTHBHOH OTMeTHOCTH.
K CO2KaAeHH1O, MHOrHe CneHHaAHCTbi no 6aHKOBcxoMy aHaAH.3y HMelOT AOCTyn TOAbKO K
AaHHbIM qpHHaHCOBbIX opraHH3agHH OCHOBHbIX pa3BHTbIX pbIHKOB; 3AeCb OT'eTbl OpraHOB
6aHKOBCKoro HaA3opa H HOpMaTHBHbie OTqeTbl (JOHAOBbiX 6Hp2K MoryT coAep2aTb Aame ege
6oAbhue AeTaAeH. B AaHHOH rAaBe paCCMOTpeHbi HCTO'IHHKH AaHHbXX AAA (PHHaHCOBOH
OT"eTHOCTH H HeKoTopbIe npo6AeMbl OgeHKH KanecTBa TaKHX AaHHbIX.
BAHKOBCKOE 4EAO HIO-HCAAMCKH
IHO'TH BCe 6aHKoBcKHe CHCTeMbi BblnAa4HBaIOT npogeHT AenOHeHTaM H B3HMaioT npoueHT c
3aeMII4HKOB, pa3HHUa Mem2Ay BTHMH npOi2eHTaMH AaeT 6aHxy npOUeHTHbiH AOXOA.
IlpeAcTaBAeHHe (PHHaHCOBbIX AaHHbIX H COOTBCTCTBYIOIIHe o6bRcHeHHR B AaHHOH pa6oTe
npeAnoAaraioT noBceMecTHoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe OCHOBaHHOH Ha npogeiTax 6aHKoBcKoi
CHCTeMbI. OAHaKo HeKOTOPbIl CTpaHbi HCAaMcKOrO MHpa nepeiilAH Ha CHCTeMy, OCHOBaHHYIO Ha
COrAaCHH C IlapHaTOM HAH 3aKOHaMH HCAaMa, KOTOpble 3anpeiijaioT HcnoAb3oBaTb pe6y
(npogeHT). B 3TOM CAyqae 3aHMOAaBeM H 3aeMhHK co3AalOT coBMeCTHoe npel p eHTHC no
HCnOAb3OBaHHIO CpCACTB KpeAHTOpa B KOMMepeCKOAH onepaUHH, KOTOPaH npHHeceT AH6o
npH6bIAb, AH6o y6blToK, KaKoBbl aTH o6a no cnpaBeAAHBOCTH H pa3AeAHCT B COOTBeTCTBHH C
AOAeH y-'aCTHH B AeAe Ka2KAoro. KOMneHcagHH 3a npeAOCTaBAeHHbIe CpeACTBa AOA2KHa TorAa
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a4xpeKTHBHbIC npOgeHTHbJC BbinAaTbl, KaK B HeHCAaMCKHX CTpaHaX.
40
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41
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3axacTyio He nBACeTcs rAaBHOH geAbJO A 6aHKa.
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CAeAyeT OTHOCHTbCR C H3BeCTHbIM CKenTHMH3MOM, H eCAH TaKHe AOKYMeHTbl H cnoco6Hbl
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42
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43
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44
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45
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46
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47
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ynpaBAeH'IecKoH HH(pOpMaUHOHHOfi CHCTeMbi QBAReTCR CAO?KHOH sa4a'aeH, KOTOpaSI Tpe6yeT
npHBAe'qeHHH pecypcoB BeAYU4HX MHpOBbiX 6aHKoB. PsiAOBOHi 6aHK, KaK npaBHAo, He B
COCTOHHHH nAaTHTb 3apa6oTHyIo nAaTy nepcoHaAy, KOTopbiH o6ecneqHT BbicoKoKa'ieCTBeHHyIo
onepaTHBHylo o6pa6oTKy AaHHbix 6e3 OTKa3a OT YCTaHOBHBLUeiHC. IM1KaAbi CTaBOK OflAaTbi 3a
TpyA, nOBTOMy eMy npHXOAHTCH Bbi6HpaTb Me2KAy npHo6peTeHHeM roToBOH CHCTeMbi, KOTOpaSI
TOAbKO 'qaCTHqHO yAOBAeTBOpHT ero Tpe6oBaHHsHM H MO2KeT OKa3aTbcq TpyAHOH AMA
noHHMaHH.R, H pa3pa6oTKoH co6cTBeHHofi CHCTeMbi pyKaMH CBOHX CneUHaAHCToB, H TaKasl
CHCTeMa OKa.bIBaeTCH Bcero-HaBcero cnoco6Hofi K pacne'iaTKe COAepm2HMOrO riaMRTH CHCTeMbl
y'eTa H He cnoco6Hofi K o6pa6oTKe AaHHbIx, KoTopasl npeBpaWaeT HX B noAeC3Hyio AAR
pyKOBOACTBa HHq)OpMagHio. TeM He MeHee HeKOTOpbIe 6aHKH pa3pel1HAH aTy npo6Aemy,
CO3AaB noApa3AeAeHHH no pa3pa6oTKe nporpaMMHoro o6ecne'ieHHSI, H aTH noApa3AeAeHHR He
cwLsaHbi 06biqHoii npaKTHKOH KOMnAeKTOBaHHE H oI1aTbI IuiTaTOB 6aHKa. OnbIT nOKa3aA, qTO
6aHK 6e3 XOpOueIH ynpaBAeH'eCKOH HHq)OpMaiHOHHOH CHCTeMbI eABa AH cnoco6eH K
BqXpeKTHBHOH KOHKpeTHoH 6opb6e, a 6aHKH, npeTepneEaioiAHe TpyAHOCTH, o6biqHo He
pacnoAaraioT noAo6HbIMH CHCTeMaMH.
OrVem,br,T W HoaX9OPHphX OprMAOM
FOqTH Bce 6aHKH o6J3aHbi nIepHOAHqeCKH IIpeAOCTaBAITb AaHHbie opraHam 6aHKOBcKoro
HaA3opa. B TaKHe oT'ieTbl, KaK npaBHAo, BKAioliaioTcH e2KeHeAe.AbHbie HAH C HHTepBaAOM B ABe
HeAeAH AaHHb1e no AHKBHAHOCTH, ememecMCWHbie 6aAaHcbI, roAoBoH c'ieT npH6bIAeH H y6bITKOB
H HeKoTopbie AOnOAHHTeAbHbIe CBeAeHHR, npH aTOM 2KeAaTeAbHo npeAcTaBAeHHe
48
FCT0OV1iHH omfamlCO.Oo mNOOpaMAgN
emeKBpTa.AbHbNX cneToB np6biAeAi H y6blTKOB. B HAeaAe KOnHio e2KemeMCRHblX OT'ieToB AAs
HaA3OpHbIX OpraHOB Ha AeHb ny6AHKaUHH npOBepeHHbIX (JHHaHCOBbIX OT'eTOB, AOA2KHbM
o6pa3oM 3aBepeHHYlO H conpoBomAaemyio nOICHeHHHMH no nOBOAy Bo3Mo2rHbIX pacxo2ImAeHHA,
KOHTPOAbHoe BeAOMCTBO AOA2KHO Tpe6oBaTb B KaieCTBe cpeACTB KOHTpOAH HaA He
COBnaAalOU%HMH AaHHbIMH. XOTS TaKHe OTTeTbI MOrYT He COAep2aTb NcqepnbiBaioujea
HHq)OpmaUHH no npH6blAbHOCTH, Ka'eCTBy nOpT(PeAsi H HeCOBnaAeHHHM no CpOKaM nAaTe2re,
ecAH OHH Heo6xoAHMbi AAH MeAeH HaUHOHaAbHOH CTaTHCTHKH H BbinOAHCHHR HeKoTOpbIx
BTOPOCTeneHHblx npaBOBbIX Tpe6oBaHHH, OHH TeM He MeHee MoryT npeACTaBARTb co6ofi camyio
Ka-eCTBeHHYIO H HaH6oAee nOCAeAOBaTeAbHY1O BpeMeHHYIO COBOKynHOCTb AaHHbiX H3
HMeiOuj1HXCR H COAep2KaTb 6oAblue noApo6HocTeC, neM ony6AHKoBaHHbie 6aAaHcbi. TaKue
AaHHbie MOryTXpaHHTbCH B MHHHCTepCTBe CTaTHCTHKH B qpOpMe AHCTOB C o6o6u4alonjefi
HHqopMaagHeH, a MOryT 6bITb nepeHeceHbI Ha AHCKCeTbI AAR nOCAeAyKlOuerO HCnOAb3OBaHHR B
UeARX aHaAH3a AHIJaMH, KOTOpbIe HaAeAeHbl COOTBeTCTBYIOI1HMH nOAHOMOHHRMH.28
COCTaBAAiOujHHi OTTeTbi 6aHK o6blMHo CTpeMHTC. H36eraTb KOH(pAHKTOB C OpraaHMH
6aHKoBcKoro HaAsopa. AaHHbie moryr npeAOCTaBAHTbCa B "IHCTOM BHAe, HHOrAa Aa2e 6e3
npoBepKH HX KOHTpOAcpaMH 6aHKa, KorAa, HanpHMep, OHH HAyT Ha Hym2Abl HaMHOHaAbHOHi
cTaTHCTHKH. 3TH AaHHbie MoryT 6bITb MeHee HaAeMHbIMH, eCAH 6aHK sHaeT, 'ITO HX
HCnOAb3ylOT AAR KOHTPOAH KaYIeCTBa oTseTOB, eCAH TOAbKO nOCAeAHHC He npoBepHAHioTcH Ha
MecTe B npogecce npHHRTOH npoBepKH.
CpauMeHXe Mmo.wecT7a HCTOYNMvKOB
nO BO3MOKHOCTH nOAe3HO HMeTb HeCKOAbKO HCTO'iHHKOB AaHHbiX AAAI nepeKpeCTHOiH
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npHBOAHMbIMH B ny6AHKyeMbIx OTnIeTaX, H oT'eTax AAA HaA3OPHbIX OpraHOB, HanpHMep, A
LIeHTpaAbHoro BaHKa, no3BoAHioT yCTpaHHTb COMHeHHR B TOM, HTO Tpe6yeTCR AaAbHefiluaR
npoDepKa. TaKofi noBOPOT AeAa Mo2KeT 6bITb HenpHRTeH cnegHaAHcTy no aHaAHBy, nOCKOAbKy
HeCOBnaAeHHe AaHHbIX H3 HecKOAbKHX HCTO'HHHKOB HHOrAa HeyCTpaHHMO.
28 Fo KpaBHeU Mepe B oAHoi cTpaHe TaBxe AaHHbie nocTynaloT HenOCPeACTBeHHo HS KOMKpeTHbiX OTreAOB
y'eTa 6es CyiMeCTBeHHOH npOBepKH HX Ka4eCTBa CO CTOpOHbl pyKoBoAcTBa 6aHKa. UeHTpaAbHbIi 6aHK aTKaSaACE
OT nlOrlbrTOK IlOAy'aTb CBoeBpeMeHHylO HHq)OpMaUHlo ar pyKOBOACTBa 6aHKOB, nlOSTOMy OH B o6xoA pyKoBoAcTIa
AO6bzBaeT HymHylo MHHopMaUMio noCpeACTBOM onepaTHBubIX KOHTaKTOB BHyTpH 6aHxa. TaKHM o6pasoM,
UeHTpaAbHblH BaHK BSRA Ha ce6x pOAb napaAAeAbHOH ynpaBAetMecKoH H4¢OpMa[OHHOH CMcTeMbl.
49
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OT4eTHOCTH, KOTOPaH COCTaBARCTCH B TOM HAM HHOM BHAe Ha KOHeg (pHCKaAbHOrO roAa H
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e2KeMecsHHo HAH Aame eeKCHeAeAbHO AA opraHoB 6aHKoBcKoro HaA3opa. KpynHble
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pHCKOB B AyXe Ba3eAbcKoro corAalueHHH, TeKCT KOTOporo npHBeAeH B HpHAO2KeHHH 7.
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onepaUHH c ApyrHMH 6aHKaMH MO2KeT oKa3biBaTb 3aMeTHoe BAHUHHe Ha noKa3aTeAH
Ae4STeAbHOCTH 6aHKa H ero penyTaUHlo B rAa3ax o6WecTBeHHoro MHeHH.I. B HeKOTOPbIX
CTpaHaX YCTaHOBAeHbi npeAeAbi AOnYCTHMoro yKpallieHtM BHTpHHbl HAH Tpe6oBaHHH,
corAaCHO KOTOpbIM 6aHKH o6R3aHbI ny6AHKOBaTb ycpeAHeHHble 6aAaHcbi CO crAam2eHHbiMH
aqxKeKTaMH MaHHnyAAIUH. EmeMec5MHbie OTqeTbI AAA peryAHPYIOUJHX opraHoB o6bii0o 6oAee
penpe3eHTaTHBHbl, XOTH9 AaHHbie no HaxOnAeHHsIM, aMOpTH3agHH H pe3epsaM AaioTcS 06b1qHO
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AonOAHHTeAbHb!X OTMeToB - 0 HeCOBnaAeHHSx no cpoKaM, npH6AH2KeHHH CpOKOB no
OTAO2KeHHbIM nAaTeKaM, KAaCCHcpHKaIlHH 3aHMOB, KOHUeHTpaUHH aKTHBoB H naCCHBOB,
CBR3aHHOM KCpAHTOBaHHH H pacnpeAeAHHH KCpeAHTOB no ceXTopam. 3TH OT'eTbl AOnOAHRIOT
6aAaHc; OHM paccMOTpeHbi oTAeAbHO B rAaBe 6.
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(CM. BCT. 8), onHcaHa npHpoAa aKTHBOB, yKa3aHO, KaK H rAe MO0HO MaHHnYAHPOBaTb TeM HAM
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KOTOpas onpeAeAAeTcH KoM6HHagHeH 'HCToro KpeAu.rHoro H PbIHO'Horo pHCKOB. HanpHMep,
HaHMeHee PHCKOBbIMM HBAHIOTCH HaAH'HOCTb H Ka3HaqeHcKHe BeKceAA, a Hau6OAee pHCKOBbiMH
- CCYAbl H HHBeCTHUHH. CUHKCHpOBaHHbic aKTHBbl o6blqHO HRBAAIOTCH HeKOHBWPTHpyeMbiMH,
eCAH TOAbKO 6aHK He xoqeT BbliTH U3 AeAa; ApyrHe aKTHBbl, Kax npaBHAO, HMeioT HeonpeAe-
AeHHYIO CTOHMOCTb. B qIHHaHCOBbIX OTmeTax 6aHKa peAKO npIHBOATCH aAeKBaTHaA KOAHICcT-
BeHHaH OCeHKa pHCKOB, COnpR2KeHHbIX C KOHKCpeTHbIMH aKTHBaMH. ECAH MmeeT MeCTO Heonpe-
AeAeHHOCTb, npaBHAbHee OTHOCHTb aKTHB K 6oAee, a He K MeHee pHCKOBbIM.
51
H,nepn'perApozamme IpmNHaNCOBOM orTweTHocTN
BCTaBKa 4.1
AKTHBbi
Hawuu cT OCTbe 3a Oer HaKOrAeHHOfl aMopTx3aam
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OCTaTKH Ha cseTe B UeHTpaAbHOM 6aHKe, BKA3o9-a XmCeNpODaDHOM AOXOAWCTbfl
pemepsbl rOCyAapCTBeHHbIe JLeHHble 6ymaru
BaJoTa H MoHeTbi Hs cTpaH, He BXOAR4WHX B SOHy A UeHHbue 6yMarH UeTpaAbHOro npaBHTeAbcTBa
AImznNble axT=sbl UeHHbIe 6ymarm MeCTHoro npaHToeAbCTBa
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DpyrNe nepey'mmrnsaeMl.e BeHHbIe 6yManu
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PHcKoBbie KommepqecKHe jLeHHbIe 6yMarH AOXOAHOCTbND
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IHOCTpaHHble KasHa'IeHCxHe BeXCCeAJI
CTPaH 3OHbi A 6ymarH
flpoqme Apyrme UeHHbJe 6ymarH c nepeMeHHblM AOXOAOM
Aeno3HTb Ha npeAbRBACHHe Co6cTmeNNble a*Ypu
B KpeAHTHbiX ympemAeHHRX C06CTBeHHOH CTpaHbI H 4buNaNco3Oe yqacT e
cTpaH 3OHbi A, He CBESaHHbiX c 6aHKom B Apyrut KpeAHTHbix yqpeIuAeHHMX
B NHocTpaHHbix KpeAHTHbix ympemAeHHRX, He B A AeThbIX flCfH4THfX
CBRsuHHbIX C 6aHKOM BpyrHe HecTH pm
AenosTab AeHeCKHorO pbHlHKa Ha CpOK MeHbiIe ro4a apyrue HHBCCTHIH
B 6aHKax Co6CTBeHHHOH CTpaHbI H CTpaH 3OHbi A, He KOHTpOAbgbul DnXCT
CBR3aIHbIX C AaHHbiM 6aHKoM B ApyrHx Kpe4HTHbix y'pemAeHHRx
B He6aHKOBCKHX pHHaHCOBbiX yqpemAeHHRX B ApyrHx qppmax
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B ApyIHX HHOCTpBHHbIX KpeAHTHbIX y4Pe2KAeHHRX
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CpoMHbie CCyAbi C nepBoHamaAbHbIM CpOKOM CBbiiue rTOAa He6amoscme maTepNabHble aKTHBbl (HeTT)
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OXBaTbIBaTb HaAHqHOCTb B ceHpax, HHOrAa Ao OflpeAeAeHHOrO npopeHTa OT CyMMbi Aenlo3HTOB,
a MOmeT 6blTb HcKAIOneHa H3 OnpeAeAeHHH HOpMaTHBHbiX KOaq)(pHUHeHTOB AHKBHAHOCTH, 9ITO
saUHCHT OT 6aHKOBCKoro 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBa Ka2tAOA CTpaHbi.29 HaAHqHOCTb RBAReTCR CaMbiM
29 O6br'No no onpeAeAe4HHIO B soHy A BKxAomalOT BCe CTpaHbi, BXOAWHCe B O3CP, a TamCte Bce Te
cTpaHbl, y KOTOpbIX HMeiOTCR 4pOpMaAbHble COrAaIeHN c MB(D.
52
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XOAHMa AA.I HOpMaAbHOrO BeAeHHH 6aHKOBCKHX onepa^uH H ce CYMMY Heo6xoAHMo cyUqeCT-
BeHHO yMeHbUlaTb; TaKHM o6pa3oM, aTa HaAH'4HOCTb He o6ecneMHBaeT no cyrH AeAa npHpa-
ljeHHR AHKBHAHOCTH. IlepeA HCKOTOPbIMH HagHOHaAH3HpOBaHHbIMH KOMMmepeCKHMH 6aHKaMH
CTaBHTCH 3aAala BbinOAHATb CPyHKUHio rocyAapcTBeHHoro KaCCHpa. Pe3yAbTaToM MOmeT 6biTb
qpe3mepHoe HaKOnAeHHC HaAHHHOCTH B OTAeAeHH.9X, a, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, nOBbUIweHHe npOUeHTHOH
AOAH HaAHMHOCTH B ceHcpax OTHOCHTeAbHO o6IMHx aKTHBOB no CpaBHeHHIO C ApyrHMH 6aHKaMH.
lenOBHTbl B UeHTpaAbHOM SaHKe OXBaTblBa)OT:
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KAHeHTOB H HcnOAb3yCMbie AA noAAKHaHCHpOBaHHe TOprOBAm OXBaTbIBaeT KpeCATOBaHHe ABH2KeHHH TOBapOB Mew.AY
BTanaMH H3rOTOBAeHHR H npOAa2KH HX KOHe4HOMY noAb3oBaTeAIo, a, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, pacxoAbl
no neperpy3Ke TOBapoB B nyTH H XpaHeHHIO HX Ha cKAaAaX. Pa3HOBHAHOCTHMH KpeAHTOBaHHR
3AeCb MoryT 6bITb:
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H3rOTOBAeHHR TOBapa.
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aKKpeAHTHBa, B KOTOpOM 6aHK 3aBepeHT H33rOTOBHTeAH HAH ero npeAcTaBHTeAR no
nopy'ICHHIo noKynaTeA.R, 'TO onAaTa ToBapa 6yAeT npoH3BeAeHa, CCAH AoKyMeHTbi,
noATBepAaIoIuMe npaBo Co6CTBeHHOCTH, HaAH9He CTpaXOBKH Ha TOBap H COOTBCTCTBHe
oTrpymeHHOH napTHH 3aKa3y, nOAHOCTbIO OTBeqaloT nepexiHCAeHHbIM B aKKpeAHTHBC.
* KpeAHToBaHHe 3anacoB, nOATBepmAaemoe TOBapHbIMH KBHTwaHUHMH HAH npaBOM
KpeAHTOpa Ha TOBap B CAy'iae ero HeonAaTbI.
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cAeAyiougero noKynaTeAR.
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TeXHOAOrHH KpeAHTOBaHHS ToproBAH. HanpHMep, BO (UpaHUHH HCnOAb3yeTcR nOSBHBIUHC.I
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rapaHTHPOBaTb onAaTy, eCAH TpaccaT (noKynaTeAb) He cMOmeT aKflenTOBaTb ee B CpOK. aaAee
36 4acTo HaabIBalOT BeAHqHHy 60%. flocKoAbKy CTOHMOCTh no oIeHKe Mo2KeT COCTaBARTh OKOAO 60%
pacxoAoB Ha 3aKynKy H MOHTaM, TO qaKTH4ecKax cyMMa KpeAHTa Mo2reT cocTaBHTb acero 36% Tpe6yeMoH
HaAHqiHOCTH. XOTR BTa CyMMa MO2eT nOKaBaTbCA iieAOCTaTOMHOH, B HaAe2?HOM 6aHKOBCKOM AeAe Tpe6yeTCx,
'fTO6bi oTHomeHHe co6cTBeHHbIX H saeMHbix cpeACTB y 3aeMU4HKa He BbIXOAHAO Ba 1:i, Aame KorAa pemb HAeT o
XOpOmuHx KAHeHTaX B PaSBHTbhX cTpaHax C B(PeKTHBHOA tHwpacTpyKTypOA, nosToMy Tpe6oBaTm OTHomeHHI
1:1.78 Ha cAa6oM pbiHKe npH HeOnpeAeAeHHOM npaBoBoM o6ecnfmeHHH 6yAeT BeCbMa pasymHbiM, H 3To He
o6xSaTeAbHo CBHAeTeAbCTBYeT o6 OTCYTCTBHH KOHKxypeHjH Ha TaXOM PbIHKe.
61
HDwepoperopoaairme ipmmaNCeoB orVermocrCN
6aHK HMeeT BO3MO^HOCTb nepeyqeCTb (H TaKHM iy-rem peqpHaHcHpoBaTb) TpaTTy B
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TpaTTa no nopy'ieHHIo yieTHoro 6aHKa BbiCTaBAReTCSI 4eHTpaAbHblM 6aH}KoM 6aHKy TpaccaTa
AAA npeAcTaBAeNHi ee K onAaTe TpaccaTOM. HeonAaTa TaKoro HHcTpyMeHTa MO2leT npHBeCTH B
AeiCTBHe MexaHH3M "npoTecTa, KOTOpblH npHBeAeT TpaccaTa K BbiHy2AeHHOMy 6aHKpOTCTBy,
eCAH TpaTTa oKa?KeTcH HeonAaqeHHOH, a TpaccaHT He OCTaBHT aToro 6e3 BHHMaHHa; no
MeHbIIeH Mepe TpaccaT nonaAeT B qepHblH CnHCOK UeHTpaAbHOrO 6aHKa. rO aTOH npHwHHe
xopoiUo ynpaBAHembie npeAnpHATHs H.36eraloT HenAaTe2KeH. Alo6aA HeonAaqeHHaH TpaTTa
Bo3BpaJgaeTCA B y'eTHblH 6aHK BeHTpaAbHblM 6aHKOM, a y'eTHblH 6aHK HanpaBAAeT
HHCTPYMCHT Ha3aA HCXOAHOMy TpaccaHTy.
TaKHM o6pasoM, AaHHaH CHcTeMa HaAeAReT yqeTHbxH 6aHK TpaTToH, B KOTopoH yKa3aHbi
ABa HMeHH - TpaccaTa. HBAHioneroca OCHOBHbIM HCTO'IHHKOM nAaTema H BecbMa
saHHTepecoBaHHoro B TOM, oTO6bi BO-BpeMA 3arIAaTHTb, H TpaCCaHTa, HBAAiOIn4erOCH BTOpH'qHbIM
HCTOIHHKOM. CAeAyeT OTMeTHTb, 'TO B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX npeAnoAaraeTcH, wTO 6aHN
BbICTRYnaeT B KaqeCTBe qpHAygHapa no nopy'ieHHIo TpaccaHTa, a (PHHaHCOBbiH pHCK arTOrO 6aHKa
nOKpbiBaeTCH UleHTpaAbHbiM 6aHKOM, noaTOMy y"eT H nepey'eT OcyuJIeCTBAReTCH BHe 6aAaHca.
PHCK, COnpRmeHHblH C OnHCaHHbIMH CAeAKaMH, o6blqHO HeBbICOK, HO eCAH H TpaCcaT, H
TpaccaHT He B COCTOHHHH 3anAaTHTb nOAo2KeHHoe, 6aHK AH1IlaeTCR CpeACTB, KaK B cAy'qae,
KOrAa CaeMUgHK He MOmeT BepHyTb CCyAy. 4SI UeAeH aHaAH3a AaHHyiO xaTeropHIo CAeAyeT
noaTOMy BKMAIO'aTb B KaTeropHio aKTHBOB C HOpMaAbHb1M PHCKOM, Aame eCAH OHa RBAReTCH
sa6aAaHcoBofi nO3HUHefH B OT'eTaX 6aHKa. OnHcaHHblH npogecc MO0HO HcnOAb3OBaTb,
Ha'iHHaR C Aio6oro SBeHa genH - OT CbIPbH AO KOHe4HOrO nIOAb3OBaTeAH, OAHaKO y Hero eCTb
HeAOCTaTOK - H36blTOK AOKyMeHTaUHH, a OTCIOAa nOBbIlIIeHHbie paCxOAbi.
B AHrAHH H CIA TaKaAH qopMa KpeAHTOBaHHR TOprOBAH 6oAee He HCnOAb3yeTCA.
ToproBA&s B OCHOBHOM OCyIgeCTBASRCTCM Ha OCHOBC OTKpblTblX C'ICTOB 6e3 y'leTa TOpeOBbTX
BeKceAeH. BaHKH npO(pHHaHCHPYIOT Ae6HTOpCKyio 3a4OAmeHHOCTb HaAe2KHbIX 'KAHeHTOB H
3aqacTyIo nOMOryr CBOHM KAHeHTaM B KAHpHHre 'eKOB, BblAaHHbIX Ha KopriopaUHio B
noraineHae cqeToB-axTyp. Ho, B o6JgeM H 1eAOM, BTO pearKTHBHbliH npoUecc, B KOTOpOM 6aHK
B OCHOBHOM noAaraeTcA Ha KpeAHTocnoco6HOCTb OTAeAbHbIX KAHeHTOB H He HMeeT npaBa
peKypa K KAHeHTaM cBoero KAHeHTa. HeKoTopble 6aHKH H He-6aHKH 3aHHMaioTCS (paKTOPHHrOM
(y'eT T¶roproBo Ae6HTOpcKo 3aAOA?KeHHOCTH Ha AOAMHHKOB), KOTOpblH AOCTHraeT npHmepHo
aNaAOrH'IHb[X UeAeH, HO 6e3 pe(pHHaHCHpOBaHHI UeHTpaAbHbiM BaHKOM.
KpeAHToBaHIe nO OBepApaipTy. KpeAHToBaHHe nO OBepApacpTy sBAAeTCR AOMHHHPYIOWePI
(pOpMOH qIHHaHCHPOBaHHA BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX, oco6eHHo B Tex, KOTOpbie yHaCAeAOBaAH
aHrAHHCKyiO HAH cppaHUY3CKy1o 6aHKoBcKHe CHcTeMbi. KpeAHTOBaHHe AAA nOAKperAeHHR
o6opoTHoro KanHTaAa 3aeMIgHKa OCyigeCTBAReTTCR npeHMyIgeCTBeHHO nyTemM OBepApaPTOB C
TeKyi_qerO c'eTa, KOrAa TaKoe KpeAHTOBaHHe o6ycAoBAeHo aKUenTOBaHHeM m'eKoB, nOAnHCaHHb1X
62
AepmaTeAem clieTa, 'iTO C'IHTaeTCH IOPHAH'IeCKH AOCTaTO'IHHbIM CBHAeTeAbCTBOM AoAra.37
KpeAHToBaHHe no oBepApa4ry xopomo pa60TaeT B AHrAHH, rAe 6aHKaMH PYKOBOAHT
KBaAHHpoBaHHbe cnelAHCTb KpeAHTHbie npoUeAypbi qo)pMaAH3OBaHbl H aq)xeKTHBHbl, a
6aHKH cnoco6Hbl 2KeCTKO KOHTPOAHPOBaTb cHTyaUHio 6AaroAapa HaAH4HIO y HHX BOS3MOMHOCTH
BocTpe6oBaTb AOAr B A1o6OH MOMeHT BpeMeHH H HeMeAAeHHO 3axBaTHTb o6u;He aKTHBbl
3aeMIHKa, nOA KOTOpbie OH nOAy'iHA ccyAy. TeM He MeHee npaKTHKa HcnoAb3oBaHHR npaBa Ha
apecT HMy1ieCTBa AOA2KHHKa, a B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM CAy9ae Ha ero aKTHBbl, MO2KeT HaAeKHO
EpHBH3bIBaTb KAHeHTa K OAHOMy 6aHKy, noCKOAbKy KpeAHTop o6blrHo 6yAeT HaXOAHTbCH B
nO13HUHH o6AaAaTeAx geHHb1x 6yMar BTOpH'iHoro pbIHKa, a HCXOAHbiH 6aHK Mo2KeT He
nO2KeAaTb npeAOCTaBHTb TOMY CTaTyc pari passu 38 Pa3BHBalo0UHecH CTpaHbi, KOTOpube
yHaCAeAOBaAH OT AHrAHH CHCTeMy KpeAHTOBaHHH no oBepApa(YTy, 3axiacTyIo He o6AaAaioT
paBHOMeHHbIM onbiToM ynpaBAeHHA KpeAHTaMH HAH a xpeKTHBHoH npaBoBOH noAAep2KKoH,
nOBTOMy CHCTeMa MO2KeT AerKo BbIXOAHTb H3-noA KOHTpOAR, 'ITO, KaK npaBHAO, BeAeT K
HapaMl.HBaHHio npogeHTOB H npH6aBAeHHIO HX K 6aAaHcy no oBepApa(pTy 3a4OAro nocAe TOrO,
KaK BO3BPaT KpeAHTa CTaA HeBo3Mo0KeH.
KPpeJHTOBaHHe ceAbcKoro xoMMiHcTna macTo HBAHeTcHi rAaBHOH MeAbIO B pa3BHBaioI14HxcSI
CTpaHax. K MHCAY Tpe6yiOQUHX pa3peCieHHR 3aAa,I OTHOCHTCHR CHH2KeHHe paCXOAOB Ha HMnOpT
npOAOBOAbCTBHB 'lepe3 AOCTH2KeHHe caMoo6ecne'ieHHsi npOAyKTaMH nHTaHHH, OHTHMH3aMHR
npoH3BOACTBa TOH nIpOAyKIHH, KOTOpaH MOmeT nlpHHOCHTb CTpaHe AOXOA OT BKCnOpTa,
npOCToe CTpeMAeHHe CHHSHTb AaBAeHHe HaceAeHHH Ha ropoAa, no6y2KAaH q)epMepOB OCTaBaTbcR
Ha 3eMAe. Bo3BpaT c/x KpeAHTOB 3aBHCHT OT ypomaR, a ypo2ttaH B CBOIO O'epeAb 3aBHCHT OT
noroAbl. HIOCKOAbKy H3AHIKH npOAOBOAbCTBHR, o6pa3yloWlHecR B ypo2aAHbie roAi, peAKo
coxpaHHlOrcR AAR nOKpbITHH AeclH!jHTa B nAoxHe rOAbl, KpeAHTHbie yqpemAeHHI CTaAKHBa1oTCH
C BeCbMa pa3HbIMH YpOBHRMH Bo3BpaTa AOArOB. CeAbCKOXO3$iiCTBeHHOe KpeAHTOBaHHe
eCTeCTBeHHblM o6pa3oM o'eHb pHcKoBaHHo. KpeAHToBaHHe B ceAbcKoM xoBiHiCTBe HMeeT
HieCKOAbKO q)OpM:
* pe.4HoaHNIe PaskBHTHR HHMpacrpyxTypbh, HanpHMep, HPPHragHOHHbIX COOpy2KeHHH,
CHCTeMbl XpaHeHHH, nepepa6OTKH H pacnpeAeAeHHH. COOTBeTCTByioqlHe npOeKTbl He
AaioT npHeMAeMoro o6ecnemeHHH noA KpeAHTbl (TpyAHo CTaTb HOBbIM BAaAeAbueM
KOAOAUa H npoAaTb ero).
37 B CWlA saeM1aHK AOA2eH npH3HaTh AOAr, noAnHCaB corAauleHHe B OnpeAeAeHHOa q4opMe, C TeM 'To6bi
AOAr Mo2K.Ho 6bLAO B3bicxHBaTb npHHyAHTeAbHbIMH MeTOAaMH, nosToMy KpeAHTOBaHHe no oaepApaqrry (ecAH He
c9HTaTb qpaKTOB nOKpbiTHR CAyqaAHbIX 01UH60K KAaeHToB) 3Aecb q)aKTH'iecxH OTCyTCTByeT.
38 Pan passu (napH naccio) - oaHa'aeT paBeHCTBO HAM BKBHBaAeHTHOCTb. B cAy'iae AHKBHAa8a &aaAora,
6aHK, HMieoIHa nepBoo'epeAHoe npaBo Ha arTaBbI saemMUHKa, nOky'IHT nepBbIM CBOH AeHbrii, B To BpeMfl KaM
6aHK, HMelOUyHia npaBo BTOpoa owepemH, noAy'HT CBOH AeHbrH Ha3aA TOAbKO B TOM CAy ae, eCAH OCToynAeHHR OT
npoAamaH aAora npeBbICHAH Tpe6oBaHHn nepBoro 6aHKa. EcAH 6aHK corAaluaeTcsl npeAocTaBmHTb Apyromy 6awKy
CTaTyC rnapH naccio", TO OHH HMeloT paBHblA npHopHTeT. T.e. B cAy'ae AHKBHAaglHH saora 6aHKH pa3AeART
nocTyrrAeHHn OT npoAa2KH nopoBHy. aTo maCTO InpOHCXOAHT B TOM cAy4ae, eCAm 6aHKH o6pasymOT KpeAHTHbnl
cHHAHKaT B KOTOpOM KamAbiH BAaAeeT AoAeH KpeAHTa H aaAora. Ho npH STOM Hy2KHO OTMeTHTh, mTO 6aHt, yme
HMeiOWHH npaBo nepBoro Tpe6oBaHHn, BPRA AH oTAacT ero H He nyCTHT Apyro0i 6aHK B CBOH OTHOmeHHNE C
KAmeHToM, a BTOpOH 6aHK 6yAeT MyCTBOBaTb ce6x HeyCoTHo , HMeR TOAbKO npaBo BToporo Tpe6oBaHHR.
63
HirepuperNpoaaHNe fmHaucOaOi oTrIerHocTm
* Iper,HToBaHHe o6opy4oBaJiHs no KOH1enIgHH cxomKe C TeM, xITO OnHCaHO BblUIe, HO
IOTOK HaAH4HOCTH B AaHHOM CAyqae ropa3Ao meHee OripeAeAeHeH, BeAb peqb HAeT 0
(pHHaHCHpOBaHHH 3aKynoK TpaKTOpOB HAH Apyroro c.-x. o6opyAoBaHHa.
• Wf:HfaHcHpoBaHfe 6yylero ypomag, OXBaTb1BaeT ceMeHHOH q3OHA, yAo6peHHR H
npo'He COCTaBARIOu4He, HeO6xOAHMbie AAR BbipalgHBaHHR XepHOBbIX, C BOSBpaTOM
KpeAHTa H3 Bblpy'IKH OT npOAa4KH co6paHHoro ypoman. HenoralneHHble CCyAbi, TaKHM
o6pa3oM, TeCHO CBH3aHbl C UHKAOM 3epHa. BaHKH, KOHIMeHTpHpy1OgHeCH Ha
CeAbCKOX03SHCTBeHHOM cpHHaHCHpOBaHHH, o6bPJHO noAsepmeHbl 3Ha'MTeAbHbXM
KOAe6aHHRM pa3mepa H CTpyKTypbi 6aAaHca Ha IpOTI2KeHH roAa, paBHO KaI( H
BeAHqHHbl AOxoAa.39
AaHHbie 1o KpeAHTOBaHH10 CeAbCKorO X03HHCTBa KaK B pa3BHTbIX, TaK H B pa3BHBa1OUYHXCH
cTpaHax noKa3biBaloT, MTO Aio6oH 6aHK, 3aHHMaioIH4HHCI BTHM Bcepbe3, cKopee Bcero
cTaAKHBaeTcH C npo6AeMaMH BblpyqKH H Ka'ieCTBa nOpTqeAH KpeAHTOB.
KpeARToBaHHe ApyrHX (pHHaHCOBbIx ympeCAeeHnii 3a HcKAjo0eHHeM HOpMaAbHOH
ynpaBAeHqecKoH (lYHKUHH Ka3HaeieHCTBa, 3amAIo'alOefiCs B pa3MeigeHHH H36bJTosHbIx cpeAcTB
B HCepBHqHb1X 6aHKax, MOmeT npeAcTaBARTb HHTepec, oco6eHHo eCAH npaKTHKa ynpaBAeHHH
KpeAHTaMH B CTPaHe HC B [OAHOH mepe pa3BHTa. BblAa9a Kpy1HbXX KPeAHTOB CAa6biM
yqpemAeHHHM MO2KeT nOP°AHTb 3aTPYAHeHHH B APYrHX yqpe2AeHHMX, BO BCeX OTHOIIeHHHX
CHAbHblX, eCAH 6bl He CAa6oCTH CAa6bix yspemAeHHi, a TaKme - BbiqBaTb HAH ycyry6HTb
KpH3HC 6aHKoBcKoii CHCTeMbi. HexoTopble CTpaHbl npHH1AH K BbIBOAy, sTO B AaHHOM BOnpoce
HeO6XOAHM Ti_aTeAbHbIH H OCTOPO2KHblH KOHTpOAb.
IKPCA'NHaN npamwxma
OqeBHAHO, 'TO Ka'eCTBO 6aHKOBCKHX KpeAHTOB RBAReTC.I Ba2KHeHIBHM AAR aHaAHsa, a
xopoiuee nOHMmaHHe npaKTHKH H o6CTORTeAbCTB KpeAHTOBaHHS1 CyU_eCTBeHHO AAR Ka'eCTBa
aToro aHaAHsa. Pa3yMHoe yripaBAeHHe pHCKOM COCTaBA5eT caMyio CyTb 6aHKoBcKoro Aeka,
HeAapoM roBopHTcH, 'ITO Aio6oH AypaK Mo2KeT CCyAHTb AeHbrH, HO Hy2KeH 6aHKmp, 'To6bi
BepHyTb Hx". B HpHAomeHHH 9 HpHBeAeHa aHKCTa Ha TeMy BHyTpeHHero ynpaBAeHHM H
KOHTpOAr rOPT"AH BbiAaHHbIX 6aHKOM KpeAHTOB, a B HPHAO2reHHH 8 ziAomeHa npoljeAypa
OMeHKH TaXoro nOpTcAR. K comaAeHHIO CrielHaAHCTy rio aHaAH.3y peAKo BbinaAaeT
Bo3Mo2r.HOCTb B nOAHOH mepe H3yqHTb KpeAHTHyio npaKTHKy 6aHKa, noIToMy B cBOeM AeAe eMy
npHXOAHTCI OrpaHH'IHBaTbC5[ HeKOTOpbiMH OnHCaHHb1MH Hm2Ke BAeMeHTaMH. AaAee cAeAaHa
1ionb1TKa KpaTKO paCcMOTpeTb, 'TO CKpblBaeTCH 3a TeMH HAH HHblMH gH(ppaMH, B HaAe2KAe
paCuIHpHTb npeACTaBAeHHM CnegaHAHCTa no alHaAH3y B KpeAHTHOH npaKTHKe.
BHYTPeHHHe UOAMTHKa n uPOCeAYPbh 6aHKa 3aqacTyio onpeAeARiOTCq BO BHyTpeHHeM
PYKOBOACTBe no KpeAHTHOii nOAHTICe H ripaKTHKe. Hopa3HTeAbHo 6oAbmuoe qHCAO 6aHKOB B
39 Bo MHOrHX cTpaHax TaKaR (popMa KpeAHTOBaHHR, aApecoaaHHaR MeAKHM HAM 6eAHbIM q)epMepaM,
o6ecne'IHaeTcE HeqmopMaAmsoBaHHbIM pbHIKOM: HarlpHMep, onTOBHK HAH seMAeBAaAeAeU MO2KeT npoAaTa
Heo6xoAHMbie qpepMepy TOBapb1 nOA KoHTpaKTHoe o6n3aTeAbcTBo nepeAa'H ypomah, KOTOpbIU OTrTOBHK saTeM
npoAacT H HbinAaTHT qlepMepy noAyieHHylo CyMMy 3a BbrieTOM HeorAa'ieHHoH CyMMbi no cmeTy sa noCTaBKH
ToBapoB. CoMHHTeAbHo, mTO6bl TaK1OH HeqopMaAbHblH KPeAHT 6biA CaMbIM a(JNlCKTHBHbIM cnoco6oM
qBHHamcHpoBammm MCAKHX XOBiHCTB Ha seMAe.
64
pa3BHBalOIIHXC5¶ CTpaHaX He o6AaAaeT KpeAHTHbiMH npogeAypaMH H nOAHTHKOH, KoTopbie
onpeAeAMAH 6bl KpeAHTHb1c npOAYKTbl H YCAOBHH n1peAOCTaBAeHHH KpeAHToB. He o6AaAaioigHe
H3AomeHHb1MH nHCbMeHHo npogeAypaMH H nOAHTHKOH B AaHHoH o6AacTH nOAarayrOTc Ha
cy6,beKTHBHO oKpaLueHHbIH npogecc, nOCpeACTBOM KOToporo BblCIuee PYKOBOACTBO 6aHKa
npHHHMaeT peuieHHB no KpCAHTaM B COOTBeTCTBHH Co CBOHM nOHHMaHHeM PbIHKa H AH'IHbIM
3HaKoMCTBOM C KOHKpeTHbIMH 3aeMUyHKaMH. XOTa OTCYTCTBHC O PYKOBO4CTBa
no KpeAHTaM He o6n3aTeAbHo cBHAeTeAbCTByeT 0 HeBamHo HAYIIHX AeAax, 6aHKH, TeprinH%He
HeyAa,iy, KaK npaBHAO, He HcnOAb3yIOT KpeAHTHYIO nOAHTHKY B CKOAbKO-HH6yAb nocTOSHHOM
BHAe. KpeAHTHble npoi.eAypbi H nOAHTHKa AOA2fHbl OXBaTbIBaTb B44IeKTHBHyIO CHCTeMy
BHyTpeHHeH KAacCHq)HKaUHH KpeAHTOB H qeTKOe onpeAeAeHHe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no
Ha6AioAeHHIo 3a pHCKOBblMH aKTHBaMH, npH aTOM He AOA2tHbI 6bITb ynyujeHbi no KpaHHeH
Mepe CAeAyloigIHe Bonpocbl:
* KpeaHm8I%blN pRCK, KOTOpbIAH EBAReTCR CMbc M OimeBHAHbIM. BaHK 6epeT cpeACTBa CBOHX
AenOHeHTOB H OTAaeT HX 3aeMU4HKaM. HlocTynaH TaK, 6aHK 6epeT Ha ce6m PHCK, cBa3aHHblH C
TeM, MTO HeKOTOpbie 3aeMUHKH He CMOryT HAH He 3aXOTRT BepHyTb AOAr. Aio6oe
HeB03BpaWeHHe KpeAHTa CHHm2KaeT CTOHMOCTb (T.e. yMeHblllaeT KanHTaA) 6aHKa H AOA2HO 6blTb
KOMneHCHPOBaHO nOCTynAeHHHMH OT Tex, KTO rOTOB nAaTHTb, HHaMe 6aHK MomeT CTaTb
HenAaTe2Kecnoco6HbIM. TorAa, 'eM Bblllle AOA HeBO3BpaU4aeMbix KpeAHToB, TeM BbiIue
npOgeHTHaH Mapma, KOTOpyIO BblHy2mAeH YCTaHaBAHBaTb 6aHK, 'To6bi OCTaTbCR Ha nAaBy, H
TeM HH2Ke aKOHOMH'ecKaS aqXpeKTHBHOCTb H KOHKypeHTHocnoCo6HOCTb 6aHKa. XOTH Bce BTO
MO2KeT Ka3aTbCH caMooMeBHAHbIM, MHorHe 6aHKH CKAOHHbl K arpecCHBHoMy KpeAHToBaHHIO
BbICOKOPHCKOBbIX 3aeMUqHKOB H CAOBHO 6bl HrHOPHPYIOT oMeBHAHb1e HCTHHbl.
* PHCK HapynLieHHu CpOKoB. B CHT7yalHH rlOAO2KHTeAbHOrO AoxoAa 6aHK MO2eT 6paTb
KpaTKOCpO'lHbie CPOHAbi npH OTHOCHTeAbHO HeBb!COKHX IpOlleHTHb1X CTaBKaX H CCy2taTb HX Ha
6oAee AAHTeAbHbie CpOKH H noA 6oAee BbICOKHH npogeHT. 3TOT npogecc TpaHCq)opMaUHH
CpOKOB, B KOTOpOM 6aHK Ao6aBAqeT CTOHMOCTb", o6ecne'HBaeT TaKme 3HaqHTeAbHblH
npOmeHTHblH AoxoA. B3aHK BnOAHe MO2eT nOAaraTbCH Ha onpeAeAeHHbIH YPOBeHb
CTa6HAbHOCTH, o6ecnemHBaeMblii ero KpaTKOCPOMHbIMH cpeACTBaMH, - 3HaqHTeAbHyIO 'qaCTb ero
Aeno3HTOB A4 BoCTpe6oBaHHA npeACTaBAAioT co6o0 "pa6oqHe" OCTaTKH Ha cqeTax, KoTopbie
Mo2mHo 6bICTpO Bo3o6HOBHTb; OAHaKo eCAH pbIHOK H penyTaUHR 6aHKa CTa6HAbHbl, CHRTbhe
CpeACTBa 6yAyT BO3MeLueHb1, npH BTOM Ha COCTOHiHHe KaCCbi nO'ITH He 6yAyT OKa3biBaTb
BAHRHHH He3HaqHTeAbHbie KOAe6aHHH o6LUefi CYMMbI AenoI3HTOB. ECAH pHCKH npHeMAeMbl H
npeo6AaAaeT cHTyagHA nOA02tHTeAbHOrO AoxoAa, pyKOBOACTBo 6aHKa 6yAeT HCKaTb
B03MOmHOCTH yBeAH'HTb CpOKH, Ha KOTOpbie BbAaxrOTCH KpeAHTbl, C UeAb1O yBeAHqeHHR
noCTynAeHHH, B pey3AbTaTe 3Ha'eHHe npogecca TpaHCq)OpMaiHH CPOKOB Bo3paCTaeT.
FOTOBHOCTb HHq1OpMHpoBaHHOrO pyKOBOACTBa 6aHKa nOHTH Ha HeC6aAaHCHpOBaHHOCTb
CpOKOB 3aBHCHT OT Ce3OHHbIX KOAe6aHHH o6ujeHi CyMMbl AeriO3HTOB H OT CTeneHH YBepeHHOCTH
PYKOBOACTBa B aKOHOMH'ecKo0i H nOAHTH'ecKofi CTa6HAbHoCTH BHyTPH CTpaHbi. KAIO'OM K
aTOii yBepeHHOCTH CAY2IHT ypOBeHb 3aS_HTbl OT ry6HTeAbHblx npOBaAOB, o6ecneqHBaeMbHif
pa3yMHblM 6aHKOBCKHM HaA3opoM; OTCYTCTBHeM npoHH3BOAbHbIX H pa3pymHTeAbHbIX HMmeHeHHH
pbIHOqHOH AHKBHAHOCTH; OTcyTCTBHeM H3MeHeHHHi B XoAe KpHBOH AoxoAa; aBxpeKTHBHOCTb H
npeAcKa3yeMoCTb AeHCTBHH CHCTeMb1 npaBOBoH HnoAAepMKH B cAy"ae 3aTpyHeHHHH C B03BpaToM
65
HIepn'permpomaome oirmaacosoi orTermocrm
KpeAHTOB. HeHH(popMHpoBaHHoe PYKOBOACTBO MO2KeT 6blTb H3AHuiXHe KOHCepBaTHBHNM H
BblAa1BTb TOAbKO KpaTKOCPOsHbJe KpeAHTbI, TaKHM rlyTeM OTKa3bIBagCb OT MaKCHMHN34jHH
AoxoAa, a Mo2KeT BeCTH ce6a arpecCHBHO, B cTpeMAeHHH yBeAH9HTb AOxOA CTapaRCb YAAHHHTh
CpOKH KpeAHTOB BrLAOTb A0 TOrO, 'TO aTO MOmKeT CTaTb npH-IHHOH noTepH 6aHKoM
AHKBHAHOCTH. BaHKoBcKHe KOHTPOAepbl H BHyTpeHHBB ynpaBAeHqecKaR HH(pOpMagHOHHaR
cHcTeMa (eCAH OHa HMeeTcHi) yAocToBePaRCb B TOM, 'TO onpeAeAeHHa9 'aCTb AenOsHTOB
nepeBeAeHa B AHKBHAHbie aKTHBbl, HAH, eCAH HCnoAb3yeTcTC 6oAee nporpecCHBHaa CHCTeMa,
HCnOAbBYR rpa(PHK CpOKOB, OTHOCHU4HXCH K aKTHBaM H rIaCCHBaM AAR OTCAe2rHBaHHA
O2KHAaeMoH B KoHKpeTHbliH MOMeHT B 6yAyujeM nOSHTHBHOH HAH HeraTHBHOH
Hec6aAaHcHpoBaHHOCTH CpOKOB. 3Ta TeMa 6oAee noApo6HO paccMoTpeHa HH2Ke.
ECAH cyujeCTByeT oT'eTHOCTb nO paccmaTpHBaemomy npeAMeTy, TO KOHTPOAb npOqpHAa
Hec6aAaHcHpoBaHHOcTH CPOKOB Aio6oro 6aHKa B rpynne eMy noAo6HbIX no3BoSAReT
HAeHTHcFpHHpOBaTb 6aHKH, 3aMeTHO OTKAOHSUOIJHeCH OT HOpMbI, H BbIlBHTb nepeMeHy
nOAHTHKH B AaHHOH o6AacTH BO BpeMeHH (HAH q)aKT OTCyTCTBHR BqXpeKTHBHOrO ynpaBAeHHa
naCCHBaMH). KpoMe TOro COOTBeTCTBYOU4He AaIHHbie MolyT CAYMHTb noAe.3HbiM HHAHKaTOpoM
O2KHAaHHH pbIHKa B OTHOLueHHH H3MeHeHHH npOgeHTHbXX CTaBOK B 6yAyumeM, a TaK2Ke AAR
aNaAHsa peaKIHH TeX HAH HHbiX rpynn 6aHKOB Ha HMmeHeHHe peryAHTHBHbIX MAH
BKOHOMHqeCKHX caKTOpOB, pey3AbTaTbI KOTOpOrO moryT CbirpaTb POAb o6paTHOH CBHBH AAR
aKOHOMH'ecKOH BeTBH pyKOBOACTBa UeHTpaAbHorO 6aHKa.40
a PHCK I1pAogeTH7Wo CT'aBKH HMeeT MeCTO, KorAa 6aHK yBAeKaeTCR 3HaqHTeAbHOH
TpaHcq)opMa4HeH CPOKOB, He o6ecneqHB ce6e HaAe2KHOH 3aUjHTbi OT KOAe6aHHH CTOHMOCTH
4pOHAOB. ECAH HOpMbi qpHHaHCHpOBaHHa CTaHOBETCR HeyCTOHqHBbIMH, Heo6xoAHMo
OrpaHHqHTbCa KpaTKOCpO'HbIM KpeAHTOBaHHeM HAH cAeAaTb nOABH2KHb1MH npOgeHTHbie CTaBKH,
C TeM qTO6bl paCXOAbl Ha (HHaHCHPOBaHHe OCTaBaAHCb HHKe [IpOUeHTHOrO AOXOAa OT
KpeAHTOBaHHR. B HAeaAe npOgeHTHbDe CTaBKH npH KpeAHTOBaHHH AOA2KHbl HeKOTOpbiM o6pa3OM
COOTHOCHTbCR C pbJHOqHblMH HAH C 3aTpaTaMH Ha npHBAeC'eHHe cpeACTB, TaK 'To6bz
nOBblXIleHHe pbIHO'HbIX CTaBOK Mo2KHo 6blAO nepeHeCTH Ha 3aeMUJHKOB, no6y2KAaR Tex, KTO He
B COCTOHHHH C npH6blAblO HcnoAb3oBaTb KpeAHTHbie CpeACTBa npH 6oAee BbiCOKOM npoJeHTe,
orpaHH'HBaTb HCnOAb3OBaHHe KpeAHTOB. Oco6eHHo 'yBCTBHTeAbHbl K paCCMaTpHBaeMOMy
pHcKy HnOTeqNb!e 6aHKH, nOCKOAbKy OHH q)yHKUHOHHpy1OT B "3aperymposamofi" cpeAe, B
KOTOpOi rOCyAapCTBO MO2reT nOnbITaTbCR 3aBOeBaTb o6ujeCTBeHH3yO noAAep2rKy, yCTaNOBHB
BbICOKHe MHHHMaAbHble CTaBKH no AenO3HTaM H aAMHHHCTpaTHBHO 3aHH21eHHbie CTaBKH no
KpeAHTaM.
* HayvcAeHHe n7pogeHMB. B npHHgHne, npo4eHTbi CAeAyeT Ha'HCAHTb TOAbKO Ha
pHcKoBbie aRTHBbl, KOrAa BePORTHOCTb BO3BPaTa OCHOBHOU 'iaCTH KpeAUTa BbIcoKa, nOCKOAbKy
eCAH HeT HaAe2KAbi Ha Bo3BpaT OCHOBHOH CyMMbl, TO nOAyqHTb llpOMeHTbi no xpeA*rry TeM
6oAee HeBOSMO0KHO. KaK rOBOpHAOCb Bblwe, npOUeHTbl Ha HeHHKaCCHpyeMb1e OBepApa(pThE
40 XopoIuo ynpaBAnemble 6aHKH, RcaK npaBHAO, yAAHHRIOT CpeAHHH CpOK BOsBpaTa SaHMCTBOBaHHbix CPeACTB,
HaAeHCb Ha InOBbiujeHHe pblHOmHbiX IIpOUeHTHbIX CTaBOX, C TeM oTO6bl 3aq)HKcHpoBaTh cpeAcTBa, npeMKAe qeM
CTaBKH nOAHHMyTCR BbHife CTaBOK llpeMHH sa Bb1Aep2iUfBaHHe CpOKa, H yMeHbMlalOT CpOK, eCAM npeAsBHMT
H4AeHHe pbnO'mHbIX CTaBOK.
66
SaAaNC
TpyAHO KOHTpOAHpOBaTb. CaMoe pa3yMHoe npeKpaTwTb HapaugeHHe npoUeHToB, eCAH AenO3HTbi
Ha oBepApacyroBoM cqeTe B TeqeHHe onpeAeAeHHoro nepHoAa BpeMeHH He MOrYT
KOMneHCHPOBaTb npolleHTOB, HapaigeHHb1X 3a BTOT nepHOA. TpYAHO TaK2Ce HAeHTH(HUpHPOBaTb
HOBbie CCyAbl, BblAaHHbie KAHeHTaM KpeAATHOrO 6aHKa AAR nOKpblTHB npocpoqeHHbIX
npo0eHTOB HAH OCHOBHOH CyMMbi, noKa He 6yAeT BbinOAHeHa nOAHaR npoBepKa nopT"peAu
BbIAaHHbIX KpeAHToB. 3AeCb cneUHaAHCT no aHaAH3y 3aBHCHT OT npeo6AaAaouJHx HOpM ayAwra
H 6aHKOBCKoro HaA30pa, KOTOpbie AOA2KHbi npeAyCMaTpHBaTb HaAHqHe CHCTeMbl
KAaCCHcPHKaUHH KpeAHTOB, cnoco6HOH BblBBASTb KpeAHTbi, no KOTOpbIM npOBeAeHbl HOBbie
neperoBopbi o6 yCAoBHRX, H orpaHHqHBaTb nepoHA HapaiUeHHR npOUeHTOB Ha InAOXHe AOArH.
OqeBHAHO, 9TO Ao6aBAeHHe Hapal eHHbIX H HeBblnAa-iCHHbIX n1pOueHTOB K CyMMe
npoCpOqeHHbIX KCpeAHTOB noHanpacHy yBeAHqHBaeT HOMHHaAbHYIO CYMMY TaKHX KpCAUTOB H
o6ugx aKTHBOB, a, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, H coo6u%aeMoro AoxoAa, KanrHTraAa H KOauHUHeHToB
AOCTaTOqHOCTH KaUHTaAbHOH 6a3b1, TeM 6oAee WTO npOlcHTbi BCe paBHO He 6yAyr BbinAaqeHbi.
* Kpe4HTOBaHHe mo70Ka T0NcenNbrx cpe,4cTB 3aBHCHT OT o0iCHKH Bo3Mo2r.HOCTeH
3aemMIHKa nOAyMaTb AOXOAbi B 6yAyiMeM. FpaKTHKyeTcfc TOAbKO B TeX CTpaHaX, rAe BbiCoKa
AHCUHnAUHa y-ieTa, YCTaHOBAeH nOpHAOK paCKlpblTHH qHHaHCOBbIX AaHHbIX H cyUgeCTByeT
npaBOBa% CHCTeMa, nOAAep2KHBaIO1Ia KOHTaKTHb1e COrAaniIeHHR. 4AM XFePcKTHBHoro
KlpeArTOBaHHS nOTOKca HaAH'iHOCTH HeO6xO4HM nOApO6HbiH aHaAH3 q)HHaHCOBbIX oT'eToB
3aeMqHKa, a TaK2Ke noApo6Hbie nporHO3bi 3aeMu4HKa B OTHOIuIeHHH H3MeHeHHS TpaAHUHOHHbIX
HanpaBAeHHi AeffCeAbHOcTH, HCXO4A U3 6H3Hec-nAaHa 3aeMu4HKa, o2KuAaeMoro H3MeHeHHJ
TexHoAorHH H KOHKypeHTHOH cpeAbi. IpoUecc oKa3blBaeTC.R CAO2KHbIM. lpaKTH"eCKH HH B
OAHOH pa3BHBaiOiAeUHc. CTpaHe He Co3AaHO HH¢paCTPYKTypb1 y'ieTa H npaBosoro o6ecne'eHHs,
OTCyTCTByeT OnbIT (pHHaHCOBorO MOAeAHpOBaHHH, a TO H Apyroe Heo6xOAHMO AAR
KpeAHTOBaHUH nOTOKa HaAH%IHOCTH; 6e3 Bcero 8Toro nOnbITKH KpeAHTOBBaHH TaKoro poAa
6yAyT npemAeBpeMeHHbIMH.
KfpC4TOBaHHe no npHsHaKy xapaKrepa AHqHOCTH 3aeMu HKra onipae CH TOAbKO Ha
OleHKy MOpaAbHbIX Ka'ieCTB H nOCAymHoro CnHCKa noAy'aTeA.R 3aHMa, HMeeT cpOpMy npsMoro
KCpeATrOBaHHR UAH KpeArrTOBaHHR TpeTberO AHua ('aCTo HeAOCTYnHOrO B OTHOUIeHHH B3oBpaTa
3aIMa) nOA raparrHTHO AHUa, MopIAO'IHOCTb KOTOpOFO XOpOiuo H3BeCTHa. 3TOT MeTOA XOPOIII
AAR1 aHMOAaBUeB, ccy2taiougHx AeHbraMH, KOTOpbie MOrYT Ha3HatIHTb POCTOBUlHm'CcKHH
nfp0oeHT H HCnpOAb3OBaTb cnoco6bi B03BpaTa AOAra, KOTOpbie HeAOCTynHbi AAH 6aHKa.
PaccMaTpHBaeMblii nOAXOA nepemieA H B (popMaA3OBaHHbdi CeKTOp KpeA4TOBaHHR B
HeKOTOpbiX 3aMKHYTbIX coo6u4ecTBax, rAe KAefiMO HenAaTeAbUJHKa HMeeT o6igCcTBeHHbIi
xapar.Tep, a Mo6UAbHOCTb HaCeAeHUHS O'ieHb HHBKa. TeM He MeHee nOTeHUHaAbHblfi
HenAaTeAbII2HK AOA2KeH CTaAKHBaTbCB C AOCTaTO'IHO HenpUHTHbIMH nOCAeACTBHRMH
HeBbInOAHCHHH B31TbiX Ha ce6si o6f3aTeAbcTB, 'To6bi OHM no6ymAaAH ero 8TH o6R3aTeAbcTBa
BbinOAHHTb. K comaAeHH1o, BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX npOH3OIUeA YnaAOK TpaAHUHOHHbIX geHHOCTeH,
%ITO cACAaAO npHeMAeMbiM PHCK TaKoro KpeAUrTOBaHUH TOAbKO B OTHOCHTeAbHO 6AaronOAy-iHbiX
CAOHX o6u_ecTTaa.41 3a PeAKHMH H HenpeAcCKa3yeMbiMH HCKAIOx1eHHBMH KpcAHTOBaHHe no
41 KAaccwqecKHM npHMepoM cAy2HT CKaHAaA C AeBHAm HAa(HaHAInnHHaX B CrepeAHe 80-x rr., KOTOpbli
B44 eKTHBHo onpoBepr CBATOcTh npyHUHnoB KpeAHToBaHHR no npSHBaKy xapaKTepa saemqpmxa,
pacnpocTpaHeHHoro cpeAH KTraBea, npOM2KHB8OUHX Ha aTaX OCTpOBaX.
67
HUTC poperopoBwaae l>AJHacoBojI orTeTrocrm
npi3Haxy xapaKTepa AH'HOCTH 3aeMLqHKa B paMKax c)OpMaAH30BaHHou cHcTemMbl a4eKTHDBHO
(YHK1UHOHHPYeT AHIIIb B pa3BHTbIX cTpaHaX C MOJ1Hb1MH npaBOBblMH OCHOBaMH H npeKpacHo
pa6oTabouJHMH KpeAHTHb1MH HH)OpMagHOHHbIMH 61opo.
* HOAHHKwa yCraHOBBAeHH gem KpeC4H7B oKa3biBaeT peiaiouiee BAHqHHe Ha
npH6blAbHocTb 6aHKa H ero roTOBHOCTb HATH Ha 6oAee BbICOKHU pucx. FInp pagHoHaAbHOM
tIoAxoAe y"HTbIBa[OT CTOHMOCTb qOHAOB (co BCeMH HaA6aBKaMH, oTpamalOJuHMH BblnAa-jeHHbie
npOyeHTbl H COOTBeTCTByIOUjHe onepagHoHHble pacxoAbl), CTOUMOCTb KanHTaAa, BblAeAeHHOrO
Ha KpeAHTbl, pacxOAbl Ha aHaAH3 H o6pa6oTKy AaHHbIX B CBH3H C ogeHKOH H perHcTpaMHeii
KpeAHTOB, MHHHMaAbHYIO iCeAeByo npH6bIAb, 9KOHOMHt1ecKH onpaBAb1BaIOH4ylO y'IaCTHe B
KpeAHTOBaHHH, OTHOCHTeAbHY1O npeMHIo 3a BbIAepf2HBaHHe CpOKOB C BeAb1O KoMneHcaKHH
pHCKOB HM3eHeHH.f npoUeHTHoH CTaBKH H AHKBHAHOCTH B npoMecce TpaHCOpMayuHH CPOKOB, a
TamKe OTHOCUTeAbHY1O npeMH1o 3a PHCK, HCXOAR Hs3 xapaKTePHCTH KPeAHTa H
COOTBeTCTBYIOIgerO nPOCKTa H nOKa3aTeAef aqcXPeKTHBHOCTH pa6OTbl 3aeMU1HKa. ECAU 6aHXU
qyHKRHOHHpyIOT B yCAOBHaX, orpaHH'HBalOIIUHX B03MO2KHOCTH KoppeKTHPOBaTb CTOHMOCTb
KPeAHTOB C yqeTOM BbimenepeHiHCAeHHbIX IpaKTOPOB HAH cnoco6CTBYIOxUHx nOBbIlDeHHIO
KPCAHTHOrO pHCKa K1-3a BMemaTeAbCTBa B pa3pemeHHe CHTyagUH C "nAoXHMH AOAraMH HAH
no npH'IHHe OTCyTCTBHS BqaCeKTHBHOUi npaBoBoH noAAep2KKH, npaKTHKa 6aHKoB CTaHOBHTCH
KOHcepBaTHBHOU, 6aHKH nepexoAHsT Ha BbiAaqy KpeAHTOB TOAbKO HaHAyquHM H HaH6OAee
Ha4C2KHb1M 3aMU.JHKaM, B TO BpeMH xaK yCAOBHR, _1OPOfeAa10XHe HeYAOBAeTBOpHTeAbH310 no
CBOHM XapaKTePHCTHKaM KOHKypeHUHio, MoryT o6yCAOBAHBaTb 3aBblmeHHe CTOHMOCTH
KpeAHTOB.
* KoHgemTpagMH pHCIoB. 3AeMeHT npogecca ynpaBAeHH.l pHCKaMH, fIOApa3yMeBalOliHHH
pacripeAeAeHHe pHcKa C TeM, qTo6bi 6aHKpoTcTBo OAHoro 3aeMIUHxa HAH rpynnbi CBRHaHHbIX
3aeMUiHKOB HAH npo6AeMbl B OnpeAeAeHHOM ceKTope aKOHOMHKH He nPHBeAH K 6aHKPOTCTBy
6aHKa. Ha npaKTHKe BTO O3HaqaeT yCTaHOBAeHHe npeAeAa KOHUeHTpaUHH KpeAHTOB B pyxax
04HOrO SaeM%UJHa HAH rpynnbi B3aHMOCBR3aHHbIX 3aeMU4HKOB He Bbllll OnpeAeAeHHOH
riPoUeHTHOH AOAH KanHTaAa, O6blIHO 10-25%, npH ewe 6oAee 2KeCTKHX orpaHH'ieHHSX B
OTHO11eHHH oTpaCAeH XO3HHCTBa HAH reorpaqjHniecKHx perHOHOB.42 Hecnoco6HOcTb
BblAep2mHBaTb npeAeAbl KOHUeHTPaUHH PHCKOB momeT cygeCTBeHHO HapyIaTb PHHaHCOBY10
cTa6HAbHOcTb 6aHxa; BTOMy acnexTy cAeAyeT yAeARTb BHHMaHHe npH aHaAH3e.
* FapaHwH TrperTeI cropoHbI. B 6aHx Mo2KeT nocTynHTb npOCb6a npHHRTb rapaHTHio
TpeTbeH CTOpOHbl B KaMeCTBe o6ecneqeHHR" nOA KpeAHT. OAHaKO TaxaH rapaHTHR omaHaaeT He
6oAee, qem npaBo o6paTmTbCR B CyA C npeTeH3HeUi, ecAH HCXOAHTb U3 Ba XIeKTHBHOA CHCTeMbI
cyAonpoH3BOACTBa. KoMneTeHTHble 6aHxHpbl 06bl-IHO He npiHHuMaloT rapaHTHH B Ka'iecTBe
BKBHBaAeHTa o6ecneqeHHHs Aame eCAH rapaHTom RBAReTC9 cepbe3HbIi H ripoBepeHHblH
KAHeHT. XOTR OH1 MOryT paccMaTpHBaTb rapaHTHIO KaK BcnoMoraTeAbHblH HAH
AOnOAHHTeAbHbli HCTO'IHHK AaBAeHHH Ha rapaHTa, C TeM MTo6bI B cAytae tero 3aCTaBHTb
BepHyTb AOAr nepBH'lHOrO 3aeMJJHKa, KpeAHT OHH He BblAaAyT, noxa He 6yAyT yBepeHbl B
npHeMAeMOCTH KpeAHTHOrO pHCKa B CBRBH C nepBHqHbIM 3aeMU4HKOM. ECAH 6aHX rOTOB
42 IlpaBAa, B iieKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX AOr1yCKaioTCR H 6oAee BbiCOxHe ypOBHH, HO o6b1iHO no noAmTH'ICcrHM,
HemeAH no pasyMHblM SKOHOMHeCCKHM npHMHHaM.
68
ELIAARC
npHHHTb rapaHTHIo B Ka'eCTBe AonOAHHTeAbHoro o6ecneqeHHHw, TaKoe npHHHTHe AOA2KHO
nOApa3yMeBaTb, WTO rapaHT o6s3yeTcH y4OBAeTBOpHTb Tpe6oBaHHe o nAaTeme, eCAH
nepBHMHbiH 3--aeMUHK He cMomeT BbIlnAaTHTb AOAr. TaKHM o6pa3oM, C rapaHTHeH COnpRmeHbl
Te me pHCKH HenAaTemeH, MTO pacnpoCTpaHRIOTCH Ha o6fl3aTeAbCTBa nepBHqHoro 3aeMI HKa,
noaToMy rapaHTHIO CAeAyeT PaCCMaTPHBaTb B TeX me, MTO H 3aHBAeHHe 0 BbiAa'e KpeAHTa,
acneKTax KpeAHTOCnOco6HOCTH H cpeACTB KOHTpOAH HaA nepBH'HbIM 3aeM MHKOM. TeM He
MeHee Bepa B rapaHTHH TpeTbHX CTOPOH Ha YAHBACHHe UHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHa B 6aHKax
Pa3BHBalOqnHXCH CTpaH, KOTOpbIe OnpaBAbiBalOT CBOio nO3HUHIO TeM, MTO 6e3 rapaHTHH 6aHK
npOCTO He MOmeT BbIAaTb KpeAHT. lO CyTH AeAa BTO CTaBHT rapaHTHio Ha nepBoe MecTO.
3a'iacTyIo nOAomeHHe ycyry6AHeTcH TeM, WTO npaKTH'eCKH OTCYTCTByeT KOHTpOAb HaA
KOAH'IeCTBOM rapaHTHH, npHHHTbix OT OAHoro rapaHTa HAH B nepec'ieTe Ha BCiO KpeAwrHyio
AoKyMeHTaUH1O. B TO me BpeMH B HeKOTOPbIX CTpaHax npHHRTHe rapaHTHH OT npOBepeHHOrO
AHga npoHcXOAHT no'ITH aBTOMaTH'ecKH H no CyTH AeAa 6e3 npOBePKH MHCAa rapaHTHH,
BblAaHHbIX BTHM AHgOM. BaHK He oKa3blBaeT rapaHTy HHKaKOH yCAyrH, paspeiLaH eMy
npeBbIfIaTb CBOH BO3MOKHOCTH B nOAb3y 3aeMU_HKOB, He CAHMKOM geHHTCH H rapaHTHH TaKoro
ugeAporo rapaHTa, Aame eCAH npeAnOAO0HTb, 9TO Cy1geCTBYIOT 3aKOHHbie CpeACTBa
3aCTaBHTb ero OTBel'aTb no Bb[AaHHbIM rapaHTH.M. 4pe3MepHaH Bepa B rapaHTHH MomeT
yKa3biBaTb Ha CAa6OCTb ynpaBAeHHR H CAOmHOCTH C nOpTcpeAeM BbiAaHHbIX KpeAHTOB.
HaH6oAee CAa6oH pa3HOBHAHOCTbio rapaHTHH HBAReTCH "nHCbMO B yTeiueHHe. KpynHaR
me2KYHapOAHaH KOMnaHHH MOmeT OTKIa3aTbCR BblAaTb q3OpMaAbHY}O rapaHTHIO,
pacnpocTpaHHIoUJyIocR Ha AOArH OTHAHaAoM.
56 B CWlIA 6aHKH o6bmIHO He npHHMmalOT Co6CTseHHbIe aK8HH B KaqeCTBe o6eCfie-4eHHs KpeAHTOB, H He
HHBeCTHp)lOT CpeACTB B TaKHe aKRHH, eCAR TOAbKO He npeCAeAyeTCR UeAH COSHaTeAbHOrO yMeHbeUC
KanHTaAbHOH 6asbl 6aHKa.
79
HilTepilpeTipoBaHie xHiaHCOzoi orwermocrm
HemamTepma.bNlre FaTHBbr
OrIpeAeAeHHbIe pacxOAbI, cBH3aHHbie c OTKPbITHeM HAH nIpH06peTeHHeM 6aHxa H He
AMIMoHe B pe3yAbTaTe HHKaKoro npH6aBAeHHH peaAbHbix aKTHBoB, MoryT 6biTb
KOMneHCHpoBaHbi TOAbKO BnOCAeACTBHH 6AaroAapH AoArocpo'IHoM rpH6blAbHoCTH HoBoro
y'ipe2KAeHHH. 9TH peaAbHo nOHeceHHbIe PacxOAbI HBAHIOTCX TeMH aKTHBaMH, KoTopbie He
HMelOT HHKaKoH PbIHO4HOH CTOHMOCTH, H HX CAeAyeT BbIqHTaTb H3 KanHTaAa 6aHKa B 6aAaHce
KOHCOAHAHPOBaHHblaHi ry^ABHA HAH ,eHa (1HPMbI RBAHeTCH peC3yAbTaToM npHo6peTeHHR
qpHAHaAa, sa KOTOpbIH noKynajou4HH 6aHK nAaTHT 6OAbule 'MHCTOM KHHMHiOH CTOHMOCTH
npHo6peTeHHbix aKgHM, TeM CaMbIM npHSHaBaS UeHHOCTb penyTaUHH Ha pbIHKe, nOAO2eHHR Ha
pbIHKe oco6oii KBaAHMHKaUHH COTPYAHHKOB KynAeHHoro y'ipe2KAeHHs. aTy penyTaH1io CAeAyeT
nOABeprHy-Tb amopTH3agHoHHOMy cnHcaHHIO B npOAoA2meHHe M HKCHpOBaHHOrO riepHoAa
BpeMeHH, HpHBegA. B CTpOKe 6aAaHca MHCTYIO CYMMY HaKoriAeHHoH aMOpTH3agHH.
ApyrHe HeMaTepHaAbHbie aKTHBbl o6briHo OXBaTbIBalOT paCXOAbi Ha co3AaHHe -
H3AepmKH, cBH3aHHbie c ytipemAeHHeM 6aHKa, KOTOpbie He RBAHIOTCH qaCTbIO o6blqHb[X
OnepaflHOHHbIX pacxoAoB 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa. K TaKHM pacxoAam MOryT OTHOCHTbCH nAaTa 3a
YCTaB H AHUeH3HH, CpeACTBa, HCTpa'ieHHbie Ha npHo6peTeHHe o6opyAOBaHHH H pa3MeiJMeHHe
nepCoHaAa, Heo6xOAHMoro AAA HaqaAa pa6oTbl 6aHKa.
rOCKOAbKy yKa3aHHbie aKTHBbl He HMelOT peaAbHOH CTOHMOCTH, HX CAeAyeT BblIHTaTb HS
nepBHmHorO KanHTaAa npH OripeAeAeHHH AOCTaTOMHOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6a3bi.
MaTepHaAhbHle aKrTHRM
fiaHKIo3cKHe aKTHBbl. CVHKCHpOBaHHbie HAH peaAbHbie aKTHBbl npeACTaBASIIOT co60iH
HHBeCTHMHH 6aHKa B peaAbHoe o6opyAOBaHHe, Heo6xOAHMoe AAA BeAeHHR 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa.
3TH AoArocpo-IHbIe HHBeCTHUHH, KOTOpbie o6bIqHO HeAHKBHAHbi, MOrYT HMeTb creCHaAbHoe
HaSHa'eHHe H npeACTaBARTb orpaHHleHHyIo MCHHOCTb AAA noTeHUHaAbHbIX BHe6aHKoBcKHx
noAb3OBaTeAeH, a KpoMe Toro OHH He npHrOAHbl AAR npHMoro noAy'eHHA Aox6Aa.57 TaKHe
aKTHBbl CAeAyeT (JHHaHCHPOBaTb H3 aKUHOHepHoro KanHTaAa, a He H3 AenoSHToB; HeKoTOpble
CHCTeMbi 6aHKoBcKoro HaA3opa YCTaHaBAHBa1OT OrpaHHqeHHH Ha OTHOiIIeHHe co6CTBeHHnor
KanHTaAa K HHBeCTHMHHM B qHKCHPOBaHHbie aKTHBbl.58 HeAocTaTo'Ho KariHTaAH3HpoBaHHbie
6aHKH MoryT, TaKHM o6pa3oM, HCnOAsb3OBaTb Aeno3HTbi AAR q)HHaHCHpOBaHtm qaCTH HX
(HKCHpOBMHHbiX aKTHBOB.
Bo MHOrHX CTpaHax peaAbHbie aKTHBbl nlOKasbiBaIOT HeAHMxpepeH4HpOBaHHbIMH H 3a
BbIMeTOM aMopTH3agHH. 3To MO2KHO onpaBAaTb, eCAH CqHTaTb, xiTO B OTAHqHe OT KOMnaHHH B
o6pa6aTbiBaioquefi npOMbliuAeHHOCTH YCTaHOBKH H o6OpyAOBaHHe HCTOpHqecKH cocTaBARtAH
57 HanpHmep, xpaHHAHiIe RBAAeTCR BamHbIM, HO AOPOrHM H, Kax npaBHAO, CTaIHOHapHbiM SAeMeHTOM B
OTAeAeHHH 6&MKa; B TO me BpeM0 OHO MOmeT BbIsBaTb pasBe mTO Aio6onblTCTBo y nOAbsoBaTeAi, KOTOpOMy, K
npHMepy, HeT AeAa Ao 6aHKa.
58 IlpaBAa, TaXHe ()OpMaAbHble orpaiH'eHHS HMeIOT COMHHTeAbHYIO UeHHOCTh. AHMmT, paBHblH 150%
co6cTBeHHorO KanHTaAa, 6biA nOMTH npeBblwueH 6aHXOM, KOTOpbiH COSAaA AHSHHrOBbiH I)HAHaA, 4IHHaHcHpoBaA
ero Ha npeAMeT npHo6peTeHHA H cAaHH 6aHKy 2me B apeHAy BbmHCAHTeAbHOrO o6opyAOBaHHA, HeO6XoAKMOrO AAm
npoeKTa aBToMaTH3saHH 6aHKOBCKHX ycAyr.
80
EAA axC
He3Ha HTeAbHYIO maCTb 0611HX aKTHBOB. OAHaKo C BHeApeHHeM aBTOMaTHmecKoH o6pa6oTKH
onepa4mHH H COBepiUeHCTBOBaHHeM o6opyAoBaHHH q)HAHaAOB C 4eAbiO nOAT3irHBaHH9 HX A0
MHpOBorO YPOBHR AaHHaR KaTeropHH aKTHBoB CTaHOBHTC.1 6oAee SHaqHMOA H noAAaioueHCR
MaHHrIyAx1HSM qepe3 npogecc aMOpTH3agHH, nepeoCeHKy HAH npoAa2Ky H AH3-68Ka, noaTOMy
2KeAaTeAbHO AOBOAbHO noApo6Hoe pa36HeHHe peaAbHb1X aKTHBOB Ha COCTaBAwOIioHe, Ka}1
noKa3aHO B Ta6A. 1, XOTSI C aTHM peAKo yAaeCTC. BCTpeTHTbCH B ony6AHKOBaHHbix MaTepHaAaX
B pa3BHBa[OI1_HXC. CTpaHax. Y-IHTbIBaTb CAeAyeT TOAbKO co6cTBeHHocTb, HcnoAb3yeMyio B XOAe
HOpMaAbHbIX 6aHKOBCKHX onepagHH - CneKyAHTHBHaH HeABH2KHMOCTb He HBAReTCR HOpMaAbHblM
6aHKOBCKHM aKTHBOM, a TaK2me He 5iBAReTCH HM co6cTBeHHocTb, 3a6paHHaR y He BbinOAHHBHHx
CBOH o6a3aTeAbcTBa KAHeHTOB, noKa OHa He HaulAa HOpMaAbHOro 6aHKoBcKoro npHMeHeHHH.
* 3emJH HN 3,4aHHH. 3eMAH, 3aHRTbie 3AaHHHMH 6aHKa, RBARIOTCH KBa3HnepMaHeHTHbiMH
HHBeCTHDHSIMH, coxpaHHioigHMH CBOIO CTOHMOCTb H He npeTepneBaoI0UHMH H3HaIIIHBaHHH. K
3AaHHHM OTHOCHTCHI Te, B KOTOpbIX pa3MeLMeHbl IlTa6-KBapTHpa, OTAeAeHHSI, onepagIHOHHb1e
geHTpbl, KAaccbi lAH nOArOTOBKH H nOBbluIeHHSI KBaAH(HKagHH H T.n. CpoK aMopTH3agHH HX
o6bi,Ho cocTaBAReT 20-30 AeT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT llpHHHRTOH B CTpaHe npaKTHKH y'eTa.
omeBHAHO, 'TO geHHOCTb 3AaHHS 3aKA0o4aeTcsi B ero npHrOAHOCTH AAR 6aHKa, H TOAbKO
HBpeAKa 3AaHHe paCCMaTpHBaeTC1 Ka}K npHrOAHblIH K npoAame aKTHB. HOBTOMy HeMaAoe
3HaqeHHe npHAaeTCTC coAep2KaHHio 3AaHHH, COOTBeTCTBHio ero AeHCTByIOIIHM CTpOHTeAbHb1M
CTaHAapTaM, CTPaXOBaHHIO H 3aWHTe OT nomapa. B up3HHaHcoBb1x oT'eTax HHKaKHX cBeAeHHi
o6 BTOM o6HapymHTb HeBO3MOMHO, XOTHi npaKTHKa BHeIIHero ayAHTa B 6oAee pa3BHTb1X
CTpaHaX npeAycMaTPHBaeT OAeHKy nOTeHIHaAbHOrO AeAOBorO pHCKa C y4eTOM BblUleCKaSaHHOrO.
ECAH aMOPTH3agHOHHb1M OT'qHCAeHHaM nOCBHiCeHa OTAeAbHaH cTpOKa, TorAa OgeHKa ypOBHeH
rOAOBbix aMopTH3agHOHHb1X OT'IHCAeHHH MomeT noKa3aTb, 3HaqHTeAbHO AH OHH KOAe6AIOTCR B
CMbICAe npOTHBOAeHCTBHH H3MeHqiol0HMCM YPOBHHM onepaonHHHoro AoxoAa.
3eMAio H 3AaHHH1 npH KOHCepBaTHBHOM nOAxoAe M02KHO yKa3bIBaTb no iCeHe npHo6peTeHHH
HAH pbIHO'IHOH gCHe, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TorO, MTO HHme. OAHaKO, B YCAOBHHX HH()ARUHH 8TO
BeAeT K HeAoo0eHKe TeKylige CTOHMOCTH 6oAee CTapbIX aKTHBOB, 'ITO HaBOAHT Ha MbICAb 0
CKPbITbIX pe3epBax, eCAH npeAnOAO2mHTb, qTO npH npoAame peaAbHaS pbbIHO'HaH CTOHMOCTb
aKTHBOB oKa3aAaCb 6bi 3HaHHTeAbHO Bbliule npHBeAeHHOH B OTmeTC KHH2HOH CTOHMOCTH. B
HeKoTopbIX CTpaHaX 6aHK Mo2KeT BbI6HpaTb, KorAa emy npH3HaBaTb aTH CKpblTbIe pe3epBbl B
CBOHX q)HHaHCOBbIX OTqeTaX. TaKoHi nOp3iOK MO2KeT KaMyq)AHPOBaTb MAX4llCeHHe noKa3aTeAeH
pa6oTbl, MTO He BcerAa oqeBHAHO, nOKa He HcqepnaHbI Bce HMeIOHCHeCH B03MO2KHOCTH
nepeoCeHKH, a K 8TOMY BpeMeHH TeHAeHgHH yxyAuieHH5l nOAO2KeHHR 6aHKa MoryT CTaTb
HeO6paTHMbiMH.
HeABH2KHMOCTb HBACeTCR CpeACTBOM 3aigHTbI OT HH(PA341HH, noBTOMY B YCAOBHRX
HHCpAAlgHH HAH TaKHX, KOTOpbie He Cnoco6CTByWOT HOpMaAbHAOH 6aHKoBcKofi AeHTeAbHOCTH,
pyKOBOACTBO MomeT BnIaCTb B HCKyICeHHe BKAaAbIBaTb B 3eMAJo H 3AaHHH %lpe3MepHo 6oAbnIUe
CpeACTBa. xHpe3MepHaR CTOHMOCTb TaKHX aKTHBOB B noAo6HbIX YCAOBHRX nopomAaeCT
onpeAeAeHHbie Bonpocbi. 06ecneqeHHe 2KHAbeM COTpyAHHKOB RBAReTCR Cyu 4CTBeHHOH AbroToi
BO MHorHx CTpaHax, nOBTOMY CTOHMOCTb 2KHAbH, npeAocTaBAeHHoro COTpyAHHKaM, M0CeT
CTaTb 3Ha'iHTeAbHOH 'aCTbMO qHKCHPOBaHHbiX aKTHBOB 6aHKa. 9TH aKTHBbi MOryT TaKme
nepeOgeHHBaTbCR B CTOpOHy yBeAHqeHHR.
81
HoTepopermpoAraHoe pHiaHcoBoN or;TermocrTN
HepeoMeHKa aKTHBOB C MeAb1O Co3AaHHH peBaAbBaUHOHHb1X pe3epBOB o6biqHo HpHBOAHT K
nomBAeHHIO o6AaraeMoro HaAoroM AoxoAa, 9ITO O3Ha-IaeT pOCT paCXOAOB Ha ynAaTy HaAOrOB.
HIOCKOAbKy peBaAbBa1gHR He npHHOCHT AOxOA B HaAHqHOCTH, a yrnAaTa HaAOrOB - STO
OnpeAeAeHHO pacxOAb! HaAH'IHOCTH, KOHe'HbIM pe3yAbTaTOM TaKoH nepeogeHKH 6yAeT OTTOK
HaAHqHOCTH. HOCROAbKy OCHOBHbIe aKTHBbl HMelOT HeH3MeHHYIO CTOHMOCTb He3aBHCHMO OT
nepeoUeHKH, KOHBePCHJq CKPbITbIX pe3epBOB B OTKpblTbie nPOHCXOAHT HH2Ke napHiTeTa, a
paBHHUY o6pa3ylOT HaAOrOBbie BbIlnAaTbI, 'ITO BAetieT 3a Co6oH yMeHbIeHHe BHyTpeHHeCi
'HCTOH CTOHMOCTH 6aHKa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, noAo6Hbie peBaAbBaUHH cKopee ycyry6A3lioT,
Hem?eAH paspemuaioT TpyAHOCTH. AAR cnegHaAHCTa no aHaAH3y, 3aHHMalO1jCeroca
HAeHTHqHKagHeH nepeogeHoK, Ay'qiue, eCAH AaHHbie 0 COOTBeTCTBy1OIeM yBeAH'eHHH
co6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa npHBOARTCH KaK oTAeAbHaJ KaTeropHH B pasmeAe KanHTaAa (CM. HHme
HAH BbiiJIe, B pasAeAe, nOCBHujeHHOM OT'eTy 0 npH6blAHx H y6bITKax).
* 06opy.4oBaHre. ABTOMaTH3aUHR CpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa 6aHKa (nosBAeHHe 3aAHero
3aAa, B KOTOpOM npOHCXOAHT o6pa6oTKa 6aHKOBCKHX onepaUHH H aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHbliH yqeT)
o6ycAoBHAa 3HaqHTeAbHOe yBeAH'ieHHe KOAH'eCTBa o6opyAoBaHHH B 6aHKe. aqxpeKTHBHb1H
Bbi6op HAH pa3pa6oTxa aAeKBaTHoro nporpamMHoro o6ecneieHHns, npHo6peTeHHe Heo6xOAHMoro
annapaTHoro o6ecneqeHHr, TeXHH'ieCKoe o6cAymHBaHHe TOrO H Apyroro CTaAH KpynHeiiuiHMH
COCTaBA$IIUJHMH paCXOAOB H (paKTOPOM, 3Ha-IHMbIM AAR cnoco6HOCTH 6aHKa KOHTpOAHpOBaTb
paCXOAbl Ha 3apa6oTHyIo nAaTy nepcoHaAa H KOHKYpHpOBaTb B OTHOIIueHHH npeAOCTaBAeHHR
ycAyr qpHHaHcOBOMy pblHKy. TeXHOAOlNveCKHR pHCK" aBTOMaTH3aUHH CTaA 3HatIHTeAbHbIM,
TeM He MeHee PYKOBOAHTeAH He6oAbMHx 6aHKOB, KOTOpb!e eu4e He o6omrAHcb Ha
npOBaAHBII1HXC.9 npoeKTax aBToMaTH3agHH, qaCTO HeAOOUeHHBa1OT ero. 9To oco6eHHO
HeraTHBHO npOEBAHeTCR B Pa3BHBaIOIqHXCE CTpaHaX, KyAa npOAaB4bi annapaTHoH qaCTH MOryT
c6biBaTb rpoMO3AKHe ycTapeeBiiHe CHCTeMbi, BHeproCHa6meHHe H o6CAyMHBaHHe Moryr 6blTb
HeHaAe2KHbIMH, a AoCTyna K npoAaBUaM npoBepeHHoro 6aHKoBcKoro nporpaMMHoro
o6ecneqeHH.R Mo2KeT He 6blTb Boo6Hje.59 HeAoHHBeCTHpOBaHHe aBToMaTH3aUHH Mo2KeT
npHBeCTH K yAyq'ieHHIO OTHOiIIeHHR OnepagHOHHbIX H3Aep2KeK K o6UjHM aKTHBaM B 6Ai2HeA
nepCneKTHBe, 0 seM rOBOpHAOCb BblIIC, H He o6ecne'iHTb 6aHKy yAep2KaHHE
KOHKypeHTOCnoco6HOCTH B AaAbHeH nepcneKTHBe. 3aBbIlIIeHHbie HHBeCTHUHH B pe3yAbTaTe
BHeApeHHM CHCTeM C spe3MepHoH npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTblO AH6o o6AaAaJoUJHx BOSMO2KHOCTHMH,
Heo6xoAHMbiMH Ha npOTameHHH cpoKa npoeKTa B MeAOM, HAH B pe3yAbTaTe cTpeMAeHHH
oKa3aTbc.I Ha nepeAHeM py6eme TCXHOAorHH (B npOTHBOBeC 3Ha'IHTeAbHO MeHee AoporoMy
npeAbiAyueMy BapHaHry) MOrYT HCTO1IHTb HHBCCTHUHOHHbIe BO3MO2KHOCTH 6aHKa, npHBR3aTb
ero K HecOOTBeTCTBy1OgieH TeXHOAorHH H nepeHanpH5b onbIT pyKoBOACTBa. TaKHM o6pa3oM,
59 3TO M2KeT nlOATaAKHBaTh K HCnOAbsOBaHHio ycTapeBllHlx ripoMeccos YIpHHJTHx pemeHHi: T. e. cHa'aAa
Dbi6HpaloT annapaTHoe o6ecne'eHme, a 3aTeM noA Hero coBAalOT o6ecneqeHHe nporpammnoe. Tarofi noAxoA
BOcMpOHMBOAHT /sApaBbzA cMblcA/ 60-70-x rr., KorAa annapaTHbme cpeAcTBa 6biAH OTHOCHTeAbHO Aopo23e
nporpammHoro o6ecnemeHHn. OAHaKo cerOAHJ KaMecTBeHHoe nporpaMMHoe o6ecne'eHHe sa4acTyxo 3Ha'HTeAbHO
Aopome annapaTHblx cpeAcTB, nOBTOMY npouecc npHHJTHKR peuieHHJI AOA2tCeH Ha'HHaTbCS C OnpeAeAeHHs
nOrpe6HOcTei aBTOMaTH3aUHH, H4AeHTH(PHKaUHH nporpaMMHoro o6ecnemeHHR, KoTopoe yAOBAeTBopHT
nOCTmBAeHHOH BaAame (npH sTOM CAeAyeT oTAaBaTb npeAno'TeHHe nporpammHomy o6ecne'eHI, KOTpOe MO0KHO
HcnoAbsoBaTb Ha paSHoM o6opyAOBaHHH, B oco6eHHocTH MecTHOrO npoHsBoAcTBa), noAo6paTb cooTBeTcTByioIuZIO
annapaTHyio macTm H MOAH(pH;IpOBaTb BHyTpeHHHe npoUeAypbl nO4A XapaKTepHCTHRH nporpaMMHoro o6ecnemewui.
82
SaAame
4AA. OeHKH BCAHnHHbl PaCXOAOB Ha o6opyAoBaHHe Heo6xOAHMbi nOHHMaHHe CTpaTerHH 6aHKa B
o6AacTH aBToMaTH3aUlHH CBoeH AeRTCAbHOCTH H BepHaH oUeHKa BO3Mo2KHocTeH pyKOBOACTBa.
TpaHcnopTHble CpeACTBa MoryT HMeTb 6oAbuxoe 3HaMeHHe AAR 6aHKoB C pa3BeTBAeHHOH
cHcTeMoM oTAeAeHBH B ceAbcKoH MeCTHOCTH, oco6eHHo B CTPaHax C nAoxoiH Aopo2KHoH ceTbIO.
KpoMe Toro aBTomO6HAb - BTO o0eHb npHBAeKaTeAbHaR AbroTa, oco6eHHo B KOHTPOAHPYCMbIX
rocyAapCTBOM 6aHKax HAH B CTpaHax c BbICOKHM ypOBHeM noAOXOAHoro HaAora AAR IacTHbIx
AHU.
* Me6eAI, H o6cTaHoBKa. 3AeCb HMeeTCH B BHAY CTOHMOCTb CTOAOB, CTYAbeB H Apyroni
o6bllHOfi KOHTOpCKOH Me6eAH, a TaK2Ke pa3AH'IHbix neperopoAoK H AeKoPaTHBHbIX BaeMeHToB.
CPOK aMopTH3agHH o6bl'qHO npeBblluaeT 5 AeT. TonHOCTb o0eHKH BTOH KaTeropHH aKTHBOB
3aBHCHT OT aB"eKTHBHOCTH 6aHXOBcKOHi CHCTeMbI KOHTPOAR 3anacoB: yTpaTa Me6eAH MomeT
npoAeAaTb 3aMCTHyio 6pelub B pecypcax 6aHKa.
* HesawepmeHmoe CTPOHTeAbCTBo npeACTBASAeT co6ofi aKTHBbl, B CBH3H C KOTOpbIMH
3aqacTyio ymKe 6blAH noHeceHbI 3HaqHTeAbHbie pacxoAbl (B qpopMe nepHOAH'eCKHx nAaTemeeH),
TeM He MeHee CTpoHTCAbHbie o6'beKTbi Bce euie He npHroAHbI K HcnOAb3OBaHHIO.
* .3a Bb!eToM HaKOIaeHHog aMOpTH-agHH. 3Ta nO3HUHR, eCAH OHa HMeeTCH, He
npeAycMaTpHBacT o6brIHO pa36HeHHH no BHAaM aKTHBOB; AaHHbie no Me6CAH H o6opyAoBaHmio
MoryT 6blTb noKa3aHbI 3a BbNCeToM HaKonAeHHOH aMopTH3alHH. 5ICHO, wTO npH OTCyTCTBHH
a4qKCKTHBHbIX OpraHOB HaA3Opa HAH o6u4enpHHHTblx HOpM y'eTa, aMOPTH3agHOHHb1e
OTqHCAeHHH 3a A1060H roA Mo2KHO H3MeHHTb B CeARX KoMneHCaUHH H3MeHeHHu noKa3aTeAeH
OnepaTHBHOH AeCTeAbHOCTH. BecbMa 2KeAaTeAbHa npO3pa-IHOCTb AaHHbIx.
He6arnaoncKCHe MaTepHaAbHbie aKTHBbl, KaK npaBHAO, OXBaTbIBalOT 3AaHHR H 3eMAIO,
KOTOpbic HaMepCHHO HAH HeHaMepeHHO 6bIAH npHo6peTeHbI Ami qeAeH HHbiX, HemieAH
6aHKoBcKoro AeAa. 3To MOlKCT 6blTb co6CTBeHHoCTb, nepeieAliaH K 6aHKy OT -3aeMUJHKa, He
BbInOAHHBiI1ero yCAOBHH KpeAHTa, B O2tHAaHHH npoAamH HAH cneKYAHTHBHble HHBeCTHUHH.
HopMaTHBHble AOKYMeHTbl AOA2KHbI OnpeAeAMTb pasyMHbie npeAeAbi B OTHOUIeHHH
npoH3BOAbHbIX HHBeCTHgHH B M3eMAIo H 3AaHHR He6aHKoBcKoro Ha3Ha%ieHHH, a TaKe2K
4AHTCAbHOCTb CpoKa, B TeC'eHHe KOTOporo 6aHK Mo2KeT yAepCKHBaTb A0 npoAa2KH nepemeAuWo
K HeMy co6CTBeHHOCTb, HOBTOMY AaHHaR KaTerOpHH aKTHBOB He MO2KeT 6blTb 3HaqHTeAbHoH.60
ECAH 2Ke CTOHMOCTb aKTHBOB 3AeCb CTaHOBHTCH 3aMeTHOH, eCTb CMblCA nOCTaBHTb noA
COMHCHHe npeACAbI yKa3aHHbIX HHBeCTHgHH.
.4pyrr7e ajmKTbr
AKTHBbl, He ynOMHHyTbie HH B OAHOH CTaTbe 6aAaHca, 06b1i-HO KOHCOAHHPYIOTCrC B OAHOH
HAH 6OAbIIeM 'IHCAe rpynn noA Ha3BaHHeM ApyrHe aKTHBblI. HeKoTopbie TaKHe aKTHBbl MoryT
6blTb BbiAcAeHbI OAHOH CTPOKOH, a OCTaAbHbie KOHCOAHAHPOBaHbl B HeKOeH o6ujefi KaTerOpHH,
KOTOPa8 MO2KeT CAy2KHT`b AAM lpHKPbITHf MH02KeCTBa nlperpeIlleHHH. B HeCKoTopbix 6aHKax
60 3AoynoTpe6AeHHA He6aHKOBCKOH HeABHNHMOCTbIO Co CTOpOHbI psAa 6amKOB CWA o6yBAOBHAH BBeAeHKe
Ha 5 AeT npeAeAbHoro cpoKa yAep2KmaHH nepeueAlleA K 6aHKy CO6CTBeHHOCTH SaeMuHKOB, He BbinoAHNBIm
CBOHX KpeHNTHbiX o6J3aTeAbCTB.
83
Horepipemwpomaawe fHmaucoaOjI orTerHocrm
aKTHBbl, He BXOAHBUHe B nepeqHcAeHHble B 6aAaHce C AOCTaToqHOH onpeAeAeHHOCTbIo, MoryT
OTPaMaTb KpynHbie CYMMbl H BKAIO0aTb CpeAH npoMero CAeAylogee:
HeonpeAeeHHbie CTaTbH, KOTOpbIe OXBaTbIBalOT HenOATBep2tAeHHbie 3anHCH B CHCTeMe
6aHKoBcKoro yqeTa. 9TOT BAeMeHT MO2meT 6blTb He3HaqHTeAbHblM; eCAH me cymma,
oTpamaioigaa ero, 3HatiHTeAbHa, CAeAyeT TUjaTeAbHO npoaHaAHHPOBaTb BaXfPKTHBHOCTb
BHyTpeHHeH CHCTeMbi 6aHKoBcKoro KOHTpOAH.
HlpoqHe aKTHBbl OXBaTbIBalOT PHA MeAKHX M03H4HHA, KOTOpbIe HHKaK HHa'Ie He
y'IHTbIBaioTcHI: COOTBeTCTBYIOa5aI CTOHMOCTb HX AOA2Ha 6blTb He3HaqHTeAbHOji. OAHaKco B
HeKoTopbIX 6aHKax c cepbe3HbIMH TpyAHOCTRMH B CHCTCMe BHyTpeHHero KOHTPOAR CTOHMOCTb
ApyrHX aKTHBOB MO?KCT OKa3aTbCSi KpynHeHlfleH eAHHH9HOH COcTaBAqiOu eH 6aAa cal
CnegHaAHcTy no aHaAH3y CAe4yeT paccMoTpeTb Bce 3aMeTHbie CyMMbl B AaHHoH KaTeropHH;
IPH BTOM aAeMeHTaMH no3HUHH MoryT 6blTb:
* 3-ROAAweHHOCTb OT4e4eHH1 B CBoeN cTpaHe, KOTOpaH Mo2KeT 'rOKa3blBaTbCR OTAeAbHOH
CTPOKOH HAH KOHCOAHAHPOBaHHOH B KaTeropHH ApyrHx aXTHBOB. OTAeAeHHH H OTAeAb! urra6-
KBaPHTHpbl nepeBoAsT nAaTem?H Apyr Apyry, o6bi-Ho 'jepe3 CHCTeMy BHyTpeHHHX KAHpHHrOBb[X
pacqeTOB, KoTopaH Mo2KeT 6bITb HaAe2KHOH HAH HeHaAemHoH. HanpHMep, oTAeAeHHS HaqHHaloT
npogecc BHyTpeHHerO eiCKOBoro KAHpHHra, Ha KOTOpblH oTAeAeHHe-TpaCCaT HAH OTAeA-TpaCCaT
mTa6-KBapTHpbI pearHpyeT C sano3AaHHeM, BbIlnOAHHR 3ameT Tpe6oBaHHH TOAbKO Co CBOeC
CTOpOHbl, B pe3yAbTaTe mero B 6yxraATepcKHx KHHraX noApa3AeACHHR, Ha'ai3iuero BTOT
npoUecc, niOHBAHeTC3I BpeMeHHaH 3aAoAmeHHocTb. KAHpHHr - 6yMaroeMKau npogeAypa,
Tpe6yIoU4aH aqxpeCKTHBHoro ynpaBAeHHH, B npOTHBHOM cAy4ae 'IHCAO OHAalOUgHX SaxieTa
no3HUHH MOmeT CTaTb O9eHb 3Ha'iHTeAbHbl. B TeopHH, no YCAOBHHIM npaBHAbHOH
KOHCOAHAa4HH Heo6XOAHMO B3aHMHO -3aqecTb 3aAOAmeHHOCTb oAHHx noApa3AeAeHHH ApyrHM H
nOAy4HTb eAHHH'HyIO 4HCTYK0 BeAH'HHy aKTHBa HAH nacCHBa, KOTOpaH AOAKHa OTpa2KaTb
HOpMaAbHOe PaCX0CAeHHe B cpoKcax nOATBep2IAeHCHH nepe'IHCAeHHH. Ha npaKTHKe me
HeCOTOpbie 6aHKH BBOAST B OT'ieT AaHHbIC no 6pyrro-aKTHBaM H 6pyrro-naccHBaM;61 eCAH
6aHK yTpaTHA KOHTpOAb HaA CBOeC BHyTpeHHeH CHCTeMOH KAHpHHFOBbIX paCqeTOB,
COOTBeTCTBYpoLMHe nO3HUHH MOryT CTaTb KIpynHb1MH H HcKa2Kaio1IHMH CyMMy o6ujHx aKTHBOB H
pe3yAbTaThI aHaAH3a COTBCTCTByJ.liHX OTHOIneHHH. ABTOP AaHHOH pa6oTbl npeAnoqHTaeT
BapHaHT BmaHMowameTa B ny6AHKyeMbIx (PHHaHCoBbIX oT-IeTax H B AaHHbIx, npeACTaBAReMb1x
AAR aHaAH3a, C TeM mTo6bi no KaKAoMy oTAeAeHHIO OHH npHBOAIAHCb oTAeAbHOH CTpOKONi, HO
OAHOBpeMeHHO - BapHaHT BeAH'HH-6pyrTo B oTmeTax AAR peryAHpyIOWHX opraHoB, C TeM
oTo6bl Aio6as noTepa ynpaBAHeMOCTH MorAa 6blTb Bbi3BAeHa 6aHKOBCKHMH KoHTpoAepaMH.
61 rOCyAapCTBeHHblH KoMMep9eCKHH 6aHK Co3AaBaA BHAHMOCTb lpeBBOCXOACTBa B pasmepax no paspBAy
MecTHbIX onepagHHi HaA KpynlHbIM Me2AyHapOAHbIM 6aHKOM; OH nOKaBbIBaA OrpOMHylO saAoAmeHHocTm emy cBOHx
oTAeAeHHH no AaHHbIM q,HHaHCOBbIX OT'ieTOB nIOCAeAHHx, TeM CaMbiM o6yCAoBAHBax HH UHmo HX aKTTHBOB H
naccHBoB, a MemAyHapoAOHbiH 6aHx HCXOAHA H3 nlpHHUHnla B3aHMo3ameTa. FlocAe TOrO KaK HagUOHaM3HpOBaHHbiH
KoMMep9ecKHH 6aHK nOCTynHA TO"HO TaK me, OKa3&AOCb, 'TO OH CTaA ropaBAo MeHblue Me2KAyHapO4HOFO 6aHKa.
3ToT npHMep nOKa3blBaeT HeCOBnaAeHHe npHOpHTeTOB: ecAH FoCyAapCTBeHHbie 6a&KH 6oAbLe osa6oIembl
paaMepaMH OnepaUHA H CBHR3aHbIM C STHM npecTH2eM, TO 'iaCTHbli 6aHK HHTepeCyeT BqxpeKTHBHOCTh pa6omi B
BHAe npH6biAH Ha CBOH aKTHBbl (a MomeT 6blTb, H HH3KHi ypOBeHb PHCKOB).
84
EaA&mc
TpaHsNHwbre Uo3HgHH B npHMepHOM HOpMaTHBHoM OT'ieTe HpHAomeHUh1s I noKa3aHbI B
CTaTbe 3aHMbI KpeAHTHbIM y'pe?iAeHtHM (CM. BbIlme). OAHaKo BO MHOrHX CTpaHax npiHHTO
npHBOAHTb aTH no3HUHH B pa3AeAe ApyrHx aKTHBOB. CIoAa BXOAHIT seKH H ApyrHe
o6paigaioujHecH HHCTpyMeHTbI, KynAeHHbie y KAHeHTOB, o6biMHO C npaBOM o6opoTa, KOTopble
BblnHCaHbi Ha ApyrHe 6aHKH H HaxoAHqTCH B npoi3ecce KAHpHHra HAH HHKaCCaUHH. 06blqHO
pHCK, conpH2KeHHbiA C aTHMH no3HiHRMH, HesHatIHTeAeH, eCAH HaAem2Hbie KpeAHTHb1e
npogeAypbi H cpeACTBa onepaTHBHoro KOHTpOAH o6ecnemHBaIoT HX sa'ieT B COOTBeTCTBHH C
MeCTHb1MH npaBOBbIMH HOpMaMH, C TeM 'ITO6bI TaKHe nO3HUHH HHorAa nOHBARAHCb B CTaTbe
TeKyujHX HAH 6e3pHcKoBbix aKTHBOB. Ho nocKoAbKy aTH onepaHH npeAcTasBA.ioT co6oi
pc3yAbTaT HOpMaAbHOH 6aHKOBCKOi Ae4HTeAbHOCTH H nOTOMY CTa6HAbHbl, CCAH 6aHK
npoAoAmaeT 3aHHMaTbCq CBOHM AeAoM, HX o6beM He HHTepeCYeT PyKOBOACTBO C TOIKH 3peHHfl
AHKBHAHOCTH, XOTH B nAoxo ynpaBAMeMbix 6aHKax MO0KCT HMeTb MecTO TaKoe OTKAOHeHHe OT
HOpMaAbHOH 6aHKOBCKOHi npaKTHKH, 'TO paccmaTpHBaemble nO3HUHH Ha'HHalOT O3Ha'IaTb
cyuleCTBeHHblfi KpeAHT HAH onepagHOHHbliH pHCK. 06 BTHX aKTHBax Aynuie Bcero coo6ujaTb B
pamKaX KaTerOpHH o6blrqHO He3HaqtHTeAbHbIX CyMM C HeOnpeACAeHHbIM PHCKOM H B KOHUC
yKa3blBaTb CpOKH noralweHHH.
* 7pN7HTrarozgyecH npogeHri npecACTaBA3IOT co6o0i npogeHTbl, HapaUgeHHble no
npocpo'ieHHbIM KpeAHTaM, KOTOpbie euMe He nOAy'eHbI OT 3aeMWHKOB HAH aBTOMaTHqCCKH
OTHeceHbl Ha Ae6eT CCyAHoro HAH oBepApaqpToBoro c'eTa. B AaHHYIo KaTeropHIo BXOAIT
npogeHTbi, HapaUgeHHbie, HO elge He noAy-leHHbie B COOTBeTCTBHH C OCHOBHbIMH CPOKaMH H
YCAOBHBMH 6aHKa B OTHOlUCIHHH npeAocTaBAeHHH KpeAHTOB, a BO3MOmHO, H npOCpOmeHHbie
npomeHTbI. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npHHHTorO B CTpaHe MeTOAa HHKaccaUHH npogeHTHbIX nLAaTe2KeH
AaHHaH KaTeropHsi Mo2KeT OKa3aTbCJR 3HaqHTeAbHOH B cpaBHeHHH C ipogeHTHbIM AOXOAOM
6aHKa.62 PaCCMaTpHBaeMaH KaTeropUH aKTHBOB MO2eT npeAOCTaBHTb BO3MO2HOCTb OIJeHHTb
ypoBeHb nAOXHX KpeAHTOB B TeX CTpaHax, rAe npHHHTO npocpoqeHHbie npogeHTbl yKa3blBaTb
B AaHHOH KaTerOpHH, H OAHOBpeMeHHO nOHHTb, KaK OCyijeCTBAHeTCH ynpaBAeHHe npoUeccoM
HHKaCCaUHH npOgeHTOB. HanpHMep, eCAH YCAOBHHMH npeAOCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTOB onpeAeAeHa
o6s3aTeAbHOCTb CMCKBapTaAbHOU BbIlnAaTbl 3aeMigHKaMH npOgeHTOB, TorAa CyMMa
npH-IHTalOHlHxcn npogeHTOB ropa3Ao HaAe2KHee, 'leM cyMMa HapaU4eHHA rpogeHTOB 3a KBapTaA,
noMo2KeT BblHBHTb SHaqHTeAbHbie HenAaTe2KH, oco6eHHo eCAH AaHHaH KaTeropHH yBWAHIHBaeTCi
6blcTpee, meM nOpT(pCAb pHCKOBbiX aKTHBOB. B CTpaHax, rAe pacnpocTpaHeHo OBepApa()ToBoe
(pHHaHCHpOBaHHe, noAAem2aigHe yriAaTe npOUCHTbI MOryT 6bITb OTHeCCHbI HenOCPeACTBeHHO Ha
Ae6eT oBepApaq)TOBoro cqeTa, BCAeACTBHe 'ero BO3paCTalOT PHCKOBbie aKTHBbI H yKpblBaeTcR
CyMMa HeBbiLnAameHHbiX npOgeHTOB.
62 HanpHmep, B cTpaHe, rAe flOUeHTbX no BCeM K_eAHTaM BbInAa9HBaIOTCR flepHoAH4eCRH B Te'eHHe BCerO
roAa, HaripHMep, e2KeKBapTaAbHo, H COOTBCTCTBybOulJe CmeTa-4aXTypbl paCCbiAa10TCR sapaHee c UeAbMO HanOMHHTh
KAHeHTaM o noAAema1IHx yflAaTC CyMMax, AaHHaR KaTeropuH MOmeT 6blTb OTHOCHTeAbHO He6oAbUIOH H
oTo6pa2maTb TOAbKO npOCpOpmeHHbIe npOUeHTHbie nAaTemH. OAHaKo ecAH B cTpaHe npHHRTO HHKaccHpoBaTh
npOUeHTbl TOAbXO pa3 B rOAy HAH no6Am2e K OKOH9aHHIO ()HCKaAbHorO roAa AAR 6aHKa, HaAeRThCR Ha nBaMETh
KeHCHTOB H BCTynlaTb C HHMH B KOHTaXT TOAbKO B TOM CAyMae, eCAH nIpOUeHTbl OCTaWOTCN HeyIIAa4eHHbIMH
HeCCOAbXO MeCRSeB nocAe HacTynAleHHj cpoKa HAAaTeCa (Kax maCTO 6bhBaeT C c.-x. 6aHKaMH), TorAa AaHHam
KaTerOpHR MOmeT OTpa?KaTb HaH6oAbuiyio maCTb HB noAAe2KaUeH yIIAaTC Ha KOHeg rO4a CyMMhI npOuenTimrX
nraTe2KeH.
85
HInepi7peNposarne fNHa1aCOBON 'oTeTHocTN
* 4py7we 7IpNHYNvaiUgmecs IOCTyIZAeHHH o6bIqHO He Apo6HTCR Ha COCTBAwOmioHe H
OxBaTbIBaKOT npH'HTaIOUjHecC C6opbi, peHTHbIe riaTem2rH 3a CAaHHyiO B apeHAy TpeTbHM
CTOPOHaM co6CTBeHHOCTb 6aHKa H T. n. 9TH COCTaBARIOl He o6bIqHO HeBCAHKH H BKAIOmaIOTCR
B KaTerOPHIO ApyrHx aKTHBOB.
* HaYNHcAeHHe npeABapHTeAbHO OnAaqeHHbIX paCXOAOB OXBaTbIBaeT, K npHMepy, 'aCTb
CTPaXOBbIX B3HOCOB, BHeCeHHbIX 3a nepHOA, npoIIleAUlIIHH CO AHR nOAnHCaHHR q)HHaHcoBoro
oTqeTa. 4aHHaf KXaTeropHH HaBeAHKa H o6blIHO BXOAHT B pa3pRA ApyrHX aKTHBOB.
* 4parOgeHHble MeCaAbl MOrYT HMeTb 3HaqeHHe B HeKOTOPbIX CTpaHaX H no
OnpeAeAeHHblM HCTOpHneCKHM npHIHHaM HX MOryT noKa3biBaTb oTAeAbHOH CTpOKOH 3AeCb HAH
Aa2Ke nOA HaAH4HOCTbJO, Aame eCAH BKBHBaAeHTHaR CyMMa He3HaqHTeAbHa.63
HIPHBeAeHHblH 3AeCb nepeqeHb He RBASeTCH HC'iepnbIBaiOHM, cnegHaAHCT no aHaAH3y
AOA2KeH HCCAeAOBaTb xaparTep A!060H 3HaqHMOH H Heo6bScHeHHOH CYMMbI H3 KaTerOpHH
ApyrHx aKTHBOB
Bcero ammTHOm
CyMMa aKTHBOB, nepeIHCAeHHbIX BbIlwle, AaeT o6upHe aKTHBbI 6aHKa. aTa BeAH'IHHa CAy2rHT
3HaMeHaTeAeM npH pacCeTe MHOrHX KAIOMCBbIX COOTHOIIIeHHH H JiBASeTCfi HaHAyq'uHM
eAHHHqHblM noKa3aTeAem npH conoCTaBAeHHH 6aHKOB no OTHOCHTeAbHbiM pa3MepaM H
MacluTa6aM AeHTeAbHOCTH.
CEphITme pesepnbr
CKpblTbie pe3epBbl no onpeAeAeHHIo He nOKa3blBalOTCR B 6aAaHce, HO paccMaTPHBaioTcR
3AeCb, fIOCKOAbKy MOrYT OKa3blBaTb CHAbHOe Bo3AeHCTBHe Ha (pHHaHCOBYlO MOuib 6aHKa. Hlo
CyTH AeAa pe4b HAeT o6 aKTHBaX, npHHaAAeC2atgHx 6aHKy, H BXOARUJHX B cocTaB aKTHBOB H
KanHTaAa no MeHbUieH, xleM pbIHO'IHaH, CTOHMOCTH. K HHM OTHOCRTCH:
AICUHH c BOBMR2KHOCTbIO paBmeiiMeHUH Ha pbirKe - o6bIqHO 3aHoc3RC3i B KHHrH 6aHKa
no HaHHH3Smef geHe HAH no pbIHO'iHOH.64 ECAH TaKHe 1&eHHbie 6yMarH npOAaTb Co 3HaqHTeAb-
HbIM npeBblmeHHeM HX KHHmKHOH CTOHMOCTH, TO 6aHK noAyqaeT Bo3MO2rHOCTb B Aio6oi MOMeHT
63 CO BpeMeHH OTKa3a OT SOAOToro cTaHAapTa, SOAOTO H ApyrHe geHHble MeTaAAbl BCe naWe
PaCCMaTPHBalOTCR KaK TOBapbI, noABepmeHHbie HenpeAcKasyeMbIM KoAe6aHHRM geH Ha HHX, KaK H Ha ApyriHe
ToBapbl, H reHepHpyioTcR npH aTOM cKopee HNAePMKH Ha xpaHeHHe, HemeAm npogeHTbi. KpoMe Toro, mHorHe
6aHKH He pacnoAaraIOT OnbITHbIM MeTaAAyproM, KOTOpblH Mor 6bl cBq3aTb KOHTpOAb KamecTBa C ToprDOAeH
TaKHMH MeTaAAaMH. HpHMe9aTeAbHbIM HcKAioIeHHeM NBARIOTCS KpynHbIe UlBeiUapCKHe 6aiUnH HeKoTopbe HS HHX
o6AaAaloT nOAHbIM Ha6opoM nAanHAbHoro o6opyAoDaHHn H no CyTH AeAa caMocToRTeAbHO yCTaHaBAHiaioT
CTamAapT. 3Ta KaTerOpHR MomeT TamKe npORABATbCR B 6Hxax, KoTopble HcnoAb.3yoT AparogeHHbxe MeTaAAbi N
AparogeHHOCTH Kax o6ecne-ieHHe noA BbiAaBaeMbhe KpeAHTbl H MOryT CTaHOBHTbCR HX BAaAeAbUaMH, eCAH
3aeMUJ4HK TeprnHT KpaX, HO H COOTBeTCTBYIOWUHe CyMMb1 o6bwHo HeBHaqHTeAbHbl.
64 HanpHmep, 6aHK, ()HHaHcHpooBaflUHN coaAaHHe KoMnaHHH KoKa-KoAa", noAysHA naKeT aK1NHi B paMKaX
q)HHaHcoBoH CcAeAKH. OH A0 CHX nop XpaHHT sTH aKiHH no geHe nepHorO BblnycKa, KOTOpaR HH'TOMHa no
CpaBHeHHIO C HbIHeUIHHM HX pbIHOYHbIM KypCOM. HO Cc'IIeCTBY KanHTaAbHaE 6asa 6aHKa HeAOoUeHeHa Ha
seBAHHHy sToK HepeaAHISOaHHoH KanHTaAbHoH npH6buAH.
86
B&iauc
BpeMeHH CKOMnIeHCHpOBaTb Aio6bie nOTepH, HCnOAb3OBaB lnpU6blAb OT npOAaMH.65 AHKBHAagHR
TaKHX CKpblTbIX pe3epBoB MOKeT npOHBHTbCR, CCAH B cmeTe npH6blAeH H y6blTxoB 6aIRK
BblAeAHT y6blTKH/npH6bIAb OT npoAamH geHHbIx 6yMar (KaK B npHHMepe HpHAomCHHI 1),
nOCKOAbKy 3HaqHTeAbHbIH HeraTHBHbIH no nOCAeACTBHHM yijep6 yKaKCT Ha npoAamy UeHHbIX
6yMar no UeHaM BbIiue KHH2KHOH CTOHMOCTH. OAHaKo OH He npORBHTCH, eCAH 6aHK yKameT
AaHHyio npH6blAb KaK llpH6blAb OT mpe3BbimaHHOrO co6b[THU. H TyT me noMecTHT ee npiMo
HanpOTHB y6blTKOB OT mpe3BbaiaHHOrO Co6bITHR, MTO H UibiTaeTcH 3aMaCKHPOBaTb npoAama.
IOCKOAbKy nOTOK AHBHAeHAoB no 3TuM aXKlHHM 06b1qHO COOTHOCHTCR C TeKyKuHM pblHOqHbZM
KypCOM, a He C KHHmHOH CTOHMOCTbIO, npH6blAb Ha aTH aKTHBbI AOAmHa 6blTb BbICOKOH, H
OHa B COCTOHHHH noAAepmaTb o6U4Hfi YPOBeHb npH6bIAH 6aHKa Ha aKTHBbl. TaKHM o6pa3oM
aTa npoAama YBeAH'qHBaeT TeRKYUHe AOXOAbI Ha BeAHqHHy npH6blAH, HO CHHmaeT 6yAyUjHe
AOXOAbl. 06HapymeHHe noAo6Hblx CKpblTbIX pe3epBoB BO3MOKHO - eCAH OHH 3HaqHTeAbHbl -
rIyTeM aHaAHsa AHBHAeHAOB, nOAyxieHHbIX B BHAe rlpOg,HTOB 3a y'aCTHe B XanHTaAe 6aHRa.
ECAH HOpMa AHBHAeHAOB 3HaMHTeAbHO BbIiuIe npeo6AaAaioujHX pbIHO04HbiX npOUeHTHbIX CTaBOK
nAlOC HeCKOAbxo npogeHTOB npeMHH aa pHCK, TO nIpOAaHHble MeHHbie 6yMarH, BepOSTHO
HeAOOseHeHbl H npeACTaBARIOT Co6oH CYpblTblH pe3epB. aTOT MeTOA pa6OTaeT Ayqllle Ha
pa3BHBaIOUxH pbIHeaX, 'eM Ha pa3BHTbIX, nOCKOAbKy nepsble, Kax npaBHAO, nO'ITH He
npHAaIOT 3Ha'eHHR pOCTy KanHTaAa, CACAOBaTeAbHO AHBHAeHAbi o6bIHO Bbi3lnAa4HBamOTC
BbICOKHe.
O6paigabouHecu ZOAFOHbIC HHCTpyMeHTbl o6blqHO yAepMHBaIOTCH 6aHKOM B j1eARX
npoUecca ynpaBAeHHR AHKBHAHOCTbIO. ECAH npogCHTHbie CTaBKH Ha pbiHKe pe3KO ynaAH, 6aHK
MOmeT OKa3aTbC$I B COCTOHHHH nPOAaTb AOArOCpO'IHbIe BbICOKOAOXOAHbie geHHbie 6yMarH,
HBARiOu;HeCH AOArOBblMH CBHAeTeAbCTBaMH, HanpHMep, Ka3HaqeHCKHe BeCKeAa 3Ha'iHTeAbHO
Aopome HX HOMHHaAbHOH CTOHMOCTH, eCAH nIpOgeHTHbIU nIOTOK OT (DbiotiepCKHX KOHTpaKTOB
OKa3blBaeTCSI HaMHOrO 3HaqHTeAbHee, qleM CBE3aHHbli C HOBeHIIUHMH UeHHbIMH 6yMaraMH,
BblriyIeHHbIMH nOA npeo6AaAaloLu4e pbIHO'IHbie npOgeHTHbie CTaBKH. TaKaR npoAama
YCKOpHeT nOTOK AOXOAOB, yBeAHqHBafl TeM caMbiM AoxoA TeKyigero roAa 3a c%iLT
AOArOCPO'IHbIX nOCTynAeHHi B 6oAee AAHTeAbHOH nepcneKTHBe. KaK H B nepBOM CAy'ae, aTy
aiqHIo MO0HO o6HapymHTb KaK HeAOOlCeHKy npOAaHHbiX ieHHbiX 6yMar, CpaBHHBaH
3apa6OTaHHbIf npOi,eHTHblH AOXOA c npeo6AaAaiolUHMH pbIHO-IHbIMH CTaBKaMH, eCAH CReT
npH6blAeH H y6blTKoB TaK me AeTaAH3HpOBaH, KaK B [piHMepe rHpHAOmeHHi 2.
HeA3*N2MHKocTb. 3AaHHe IUTa6-KBapTHpbi 6aHKa MomeT 6bITb noCTPOeHO HeKOTOpOe BCpeMH
Ha3aA, H pbIHOqHaSi ero CTOHMOCTb morAa 3HatHTeAbHO BbipaCTH no cpaBHeHHIO C KHHmHOu.
3Ty npH6blAb 6aHK Mor peaAH3OBaTb, npOAaB H B3HB ero B apeHAy o6paTHo; npH aTOM 6aHX
npHH3HaT llpH6blAb OT nOBbiuIeHHH CTOHMOCTH aKTHBa, KOTOPbIM RBAReTCR 3AaHHe. OAHaKO B
rpHAyUJHe rOAbi 6aHKy nplHeTCHi nAaTHTb pbiHO'HyiO peHTHyiO nAaTy, KOTOpaR MOmeT 3aMeTHO
npeBbiCHTb OnepagHOHHbie paCXOAbl, 'iTO npHBeAeT K naAeHHio 6yAyiMHx AoXoAoB. TaKie
CKpblTbIe pe3epBbI Mo2KHO o6HapymHTb, CpaBHHBaS KHH2KHylO CTOHMOCTb 3eMeAb H 3AaHHH
65 HecxoAbKO AeT Ha3aA K(pynHbli ilBeiUapCKHU 6aHK noHec 'pesBbria Ho 6oAbwOUi y6brroK B 600 MAH.
uiBeBCUapcKHx 4ppaHKOB Ha Hepa3peuleHHOA CAeAKe C npoAamKeA UHoCTpaHHOul BaAOTbl. OAHaio sTOT yuJep6, xoTs
O HeM Bce 3HaAH, He nonaA B ony6AHroBaHnble (pHHaHCOBble oTreTbl, nocKoAb.y 6blA nOKpblT nyTeM AHKBHAa^WM
CxpbITbiX pe3epBoB.
87
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6aHKa B npoueHTax OT o6u;Hx aKTHBOB C aHaAOrHmHbIM nPOUcHTOM 6AH3KHX eMy 6aHKoB, eCAm
HCXOAHTb H3 npeAnOAo2KeHHS, TO Ka2AbiM 6aHK pacnOAaraeT 1JpOnOpgHOHaAbHO noAo6HoA
HeABH2KHMOCTbIO fOAO6Hoii CTOHMOCTH. 3TOT MeTOA XOpOM AAR o6HapymeHHR Heo6blmHbix
CKpblTblX 6aHKoM pe3epsos BHYTPH POACTBeHHOM eMy rpynnbi, HO MeHee aq4peKTHBeH B
CHTYagHH BbICOKHX TeMnOB HH(pASUHH, KorAa RHH2KHa3i CTOHMOCTb BCeH HeABH2KmHMOCTH 6arHa
HeAOOgeHHBaeTCH.
B KaMAOM CAyqae AHKBHAagHH IIOAO6HbIX CKpblTbIX pe3epBoB cmeujaeT 6yAyWHe AOXO4b1 B
TeKyUHiH nepHOA, HCKamafl aHaAH3. FIOCKOAbKy 6yAyUjHe AOXOAbl npH BTOM CHHM2KaOTC,
npH3HaHHe TaKHX CKpbITbIX pe3epBOB, KaK npaBHAO, O3Ha4aeT, qTO 6aHK pemuaeT npo6Aemy,
XoTOpaH Mo2IeT 6bITb npOCTbIM 2feAaHHeM rIOBbICHTb cTa6HAbHOCTb HaAe2KHbIX, HO
KoAe6AIOUAHXc.R AOXOAOB, HAH Mo2meT ora3aTbC9 MepoH THna cTor-ranif , a cepbe3Hb1X
TpyAHocTeCH 3AeCb HeT H B nOMHHe. XOTH cnegHaAHCT no aHaAH3y CABa AH B COCTOHHHH TO'IHO
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o6peCTH qYTbe B AaHHOH cqepe, Tpe6yloTca OTKpOBeHHbIe 6eceAbl C pyKOBOACTBOM H xopouiee
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npaKTHKe He 6blTb o6paujaiolgHMHca.66
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THbIX CTaBOK, 6aHK yAcAReT oco6oe BHHMaHHC AOArocpO4HbIM Aeno3HTaM, C TeM, 'ITo6bi KaK
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nOBblieHHeM. r pH BbilBAeHHH H3MeHeHHH B CTPyKType Aeno3HToB CAeAyeT BbinOAHHTb
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HaBOAHT Ha MbICAb 0 AOArOCpOqHOH KOMnOHeHTe B Aeno3HTHoi 6a3e 6aHKa. BoAee noApo6Hyio
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* ?a4oAd1eeHocrb irepe4 or4eAHmHHMH B CBOeH crpaHe - aTO 3a-eT 3aAoA2KeHHOCTH
OTAeAeHHH, O meM ilAa pCMb BbluIe.
e BeKceAur x oHAare HAH o6R3aremcrBo NemImB K aNgenry. ,4aHHag CTaTbS1
OXBaTbIBaeT nepeBOAHbie BeKCCAR HAH ApyrHe HHCTpyMCHTbl, BbInlY4ACHHbie HAH
HHAOCCHPOBaHHbie (c aBaAeM) 6aHKoM H noAAe2KaUJHe onAaTe npH npeACTaBAeHHH HX
Aep2KaTeAHMH, KOTOpbIC MOryT 6bITb AHIAaMH, npeAOCTaBAaHOIJUHMH KOMMepqeCKHH
KPCAHT KAHeHTaM 6aHKa, HAH He3aBHCHMbIM HHBeCTOpaMH, KynHB1IHMH KOMMmepeMCKHe
6yMarH". ZaHHaa CTaTbH o6ycAoBAeHa HOpMaAbHO'H KoMMep9ecKoH AeHTeAbHOCTbIO
KAHeHTOB 6aHKa. B HeCKOTOpbiX 6aHKOBcKHx CHCTeMax AaHHaR KaTeropHs MOmeT 6biib
BeCbMa 3HaHHTeAbHOfi, 'eM o6b.RCHqeTcq ee BbiAeAeHHe B OTAeAbHY1O CTpOKy; B ApyrHX
ee npHBOAHT B pa3pHAe 3a6aAaHcoBbIx o6a3aTeAbcTB. HIO CyTH AeAa, rapaHTHpoBaB
HAH aBaAHpOBaB KOMMep'eICKHe 6yMarH, 6aHK npeACIOAO2KHTeAbHO B3HA Ha ce6n
cnegHaAHcTbI YCTaHOBHAH, MTO HeKoTopbie H3 yKa&aHb1x y'pe2KAeHHH He cMorAH BOBpeMx BbInoAHHTh
npOUeHTHbie nAaTemH - H BTa BaAoA2meHHOCTb 6biAa Ao6aBAeHa K paccMaTpHBaemHoi nO3HUHH B e2KeMeCRqHoM
HOpMaTHBHOM OT4eTe.
72 flpHMepoM CAy2KHT AAKHp, T.K. B 3TOH cTpaHe HaAorH paccHHTbIBajoT H ynAanHBaioT MHOrO nosme
OKOHmaHHR qHKCaAbHOrO roAa, nO9TOMY B ny6AHKyeMblx Ha KOHeC cHHaaHCOBOrO roAa qBHHaHCOBbiX OT9eTaX
AOXOAbl H KanHTaA OKasbiBalOTCR 3aBblueHHbiMH Ha BeAHWHHy noAAema1JHx yflAaTe HaAOroB. HoBTOMmy npH
aHaAH3e AOCTaTO'4HOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6a3bl H 9 q4eKTHBHOCTH pa6oTi &Am2mpCKHX 6aHKoB no ory6AHKoBaHNbnM
4HHaHCOBbiM oT"eTaM Heo6xoAHMO y4HTbIBaTb BaAOAMeHHocTb no ynAaTe HaAoroB H COoTBeTcTBy1oUJHM o6pa3oM
nepecHTbrmaTm AOXOAbl H KanHTaA.
97
HArreppermpoaoare tpnmaacoBoe oriwermocrTN
nepBHIHyIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a HX noraiueHHe C HaCTyUAeHHeM CpOKa, noaTomy
AaHHYIO KaTerOpHIa CAeAyeT OTpa2KaTb B 6aAaHce Ha CTOPOHe naccwBoB, a
COOTBeTCTBYIO1HCe npeTeH3HH K KAHeHTaM 6aHKa - Ha CTOpOHe aKTHBOB B pasAeAe CCyA
KAHeHTaM.
HapaWe'w, Njw oTAomemHHMN 4oxoA
[lpaBH.AbHblH y'eT C HCnOAb9OBaHHeM npHHUHna HapaujeHHR Tpe6yeT npHBR3KH Bcex
AoXoAoB K BpeMeHHblM nlepHOAaM, B npOAoA2KeHHe KOTOpbiX 6biA npoH3BeAeH
COOTBeTCTByIOIIHH 6aHKOBCKHH npoAyKT HAH oKa.3aHa COOTBeTCTBCTy1ou 6aHKoBcKaR ycAyra, a
TaKme npHBR3KH BceX paCXOAOB K BpeMeHHOMY nepHOAy, B IPOAOA2eHHe KOTOpOrO 8TH
pacxoAbi 6blAH nOHeceHbl. IOCKOAbKy COOTBeTCTBYIOI1He nOTOKH HaAHiHOCTH MOryT He
COBnaAaTb BO BpeMeHH, Heo6xoAHMa onpeAeAeHHaH KoppeKTHPOBKa C TeM, -ITO6b BpeMR
noAy-eHHH AOXOAOB H noHeceHHH pacXoAoB He 3aBHCeAO OT nOTOKOB HaAHqHOCTH.
HeBapa6omaHubldi AOXOJI OXBaTbIBaeT AOXOAbI, I1OAyqeHHbIe n?peABHAeHHH yCAyrH HAH
npOAyKTa, KoTopbie eqe npeACTOHT OKaSaTb HAH npeACTaBHTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO. HanpHMep,
eCAH 6aHK B3HMaeT pa3oBbIe KOMHCCHOHHbie sa He6OAblUOH npeAoCTaBAReMblH K&HeHTy ceHi(pz
B XpaHHAHige, TO KAHeHT, KOTOpblH ynAa4HBaeT KOMHCCHOHHbie pa3 B roAy, B ceHTH6pe, no
CyTH Ae-a OnAa%iHBaeT TOAbKO MeTBepTb (PHKCaAbHOrO roAa, B TeleHHe KOTOpOrO OH nOAbSyeTcE
ceCWpoM, a 6aHK TorAa npeAocTaBAHeT ycAyry TOAbKO B npoAoA2KeHHH qeTBepTH rOAa.
CAeAoBaTeAbHo, HCXOAH H3 npHHMHna HapaigeHH.9, 6aHK noAyqaeT TOAbKO qeTBepTb
npHIHTalougHxcH KOMHCCHOHHblX. OCTaAbHbie TPH qeTBePTH 8ToH CyMMbi npHxoAHTcH BrAloqaTb
B o6a3aTeAbcTBa no CTaTbe He3apa6oTaHHblH AOxOA.
Hemapa6oTaUMble AOXOAbi no y'TeHHblK BeKCeARM m nipeMHnm. BeKceAb, y'ITeHHbliH B
AeKa6pe, Mo2KeT 6DITb nOAHOCTb1O yqTeH npH noKynKe (6aHK noKynaeT HHCTpyMeHT no
MeHbiueHi, em HOMHHaAbHaR, CTOHMOCTH), XOTH CpOK OnAaTbi BeKCeAR MO2eT HaCTynHTb TpeMRI
MecRUaMH no3AHee, B eBpaAe. IOCKOAbKy y eT onpeAeAHeT BpeMeHeM, AOXOA AoA2KeH 6blTb
pacnpeAeAeH npOnOpgHOHaAbHO Me2KAY ABYMH ()HKCaAbHbIMH roAaMH, qTO o6ycAoBAHBaeTcx
Heo6xoAHMoCTb KOppeKTHPOBKH HapaujeHH.R Ha KoHeU AeKa6pR.
HapaujeHHble PaCXOAbl OXBaTbJBaeT HapaiieHHe nepHOAH'eCKHX amriTefH, RBAAIO1jHXCJ
3aAoA2KeHHOCTbIO, Ha KOHeg gHKAa HcnOAb3OBaHHH, HanpHMep, noAmemaiHe BbIlnOAHeHHIO B
KOHCe Ka2KAoro yCTaHOHAeHHOrO nepHoAa peHTHbie nAaTe2KH; K npHMepy, 6aHK HcnoAb3YeT
onpeAcAeHHoe o6opyAoBaHHe, BTO HaAaraeT Ha Hero o6S3aTeAbCTBO orLAaqHBaTb HX B TeqeHHe
(iHCKaAbHOrO roAa, XOTH qpaKTH'ieCKHHi nAaTe2K Mo2KeT HMeTb MeCTO TOAbKO B CAeAyio3IeM
(PHCKaAbHOM rOAY.
nlojAe2faHue BbinAaTe 60HyCbl H BOBearpa2KAeHHn. Bo3HarpamAeHHH nepcoHaAy H
AHpeKTOpaM MOryT 6bIlb npHBx3aHbl K (pHHaHCOBbIM noKa3aTeABM 6aHKa, noBTOMy mO2KHO
c'qHTaTb Hx AOCTaTOqHO npeAcKa3yeMbiMH. IloAo6Hbie paCXOAb! CAeAyeT OnpeAeAsrTb C
HCnOASb3oBaHHeM UpHHMHna HapaeuHH (no KpaHHeH mepe B oMeHKe) 38.a nepHOA, B TeReHHe
KoToporo 3apa6oTaH AoXoA, OnpeAeARIOLqHH BeAHIHHY BTHX AbrOT H BOSHarpa2KAeHHH.
98
SaRAaNc
Pe-9epBel
ULeAeBbie 6anKoBcKce peBepubi AAR KOKXb!TUH y6blTIKoB no KpeAuTaM. 14yAyRH
nOKa3aHHbIMH 3AeCb B KaMeCTBC pe3CPBOB AAR noKpbITHR 3aAOA2KeHHOCTH HAH B KaqeCTBe
KOHTpaKTHBOB, aTH CnellHaAbHbie pe3epBbi 3aCTaBA3IOT CKOppCKTHpOBaTb CTOHMOCTb PHCKOBbIX
aKTHBOB 6aHKa C 3P9CTOM cHH2~HHH Bo3Me~gaeMoH CTOHMOCTH KOHKpeTHbIX KxCAHTOB HAH
HHBeCTHUHH. rIOCKOAbKy pe3epB aApecoBaH KOHKpeTHbIM, H3BeCTHbIM npo6AeMaM nOpTq
BblAaHHblH 3aHMOB H He npeAHa3Ha'eH AAR BbiXOAa H3 HenpeABHAeHHbIX TpyAHOCTeH, OH He
8KBHBaAeHTeH KanHTraAy.
PeryAnpylouJHe opraHbl B HeKoTOpbIX CTpaHaX Tpe6y]oT perHCTpaUHH pe3epBoB Ha
nOKpbITHe y6blTxoB no KpeAHTaM B pa3AeAe o6RsiaTeAbcTB. KaK nOKa3aHO Bbiule, BTO npHBOAHT
K 3aBbIlUeHHio aKTHBOB H naCCHBOB, 'TO MO2KmT nOCAy2KHTb npH4HHOH HCKameHHR AaHHbiX,
eCAH PaCCMaTPHBaeMbIe CYMMbI BCAHKH HAU Bce 6aHKH BHYTPH peCepCHTHOH rpynnbi He
o6pa6aTbliaEoT AaHHble no paccMaTPHBaeMbiM pe3epBam OAHHaKOBbIM o6pa3OM. ECAH
B3BeCU1HBaTb TaKHe peCepBbl KaK o aTeAbHble 100% - HO (T.e. no CyTH AeAa yMeHbI1U
pa3mep BblAaHHbIx KAHeHTaM KpeAHToB Ha BWAH'HHY pe3epBa) pacMeT AOCTaTO'HOCTH
KanHTaAbHOH 6a3b1 He 6yAeT HcKameH.
npoUeHTbI K noAy'eHUHo. Bce IUHpe pacnpocTpaHseTcH HOpMa, COrAacHo KOTOpOH
Hapa8eHHe rIOsCeHTOB Ha Hepa6OTaioujHe KpeAHTbi CAeAyeT npepblBaTb, KaK TOAbKO
4AHTeAbHOCTb 3aAep2KKH C BbrnAaTOH OCHOBHOH CYMMbl HAH npoMeHTOB no KpeAHTy AOCTHrHe1'
90 AHeHi, a npoUeHlbI, Hapau3eHHbIe 33a TH 90 AHeH, - aliHyAHpOBaTb. OAHaKO, B HeKoTopbix
CTpaHaX 3anHcH B KHHraX 6aHKOBcKoro y'eTa (a He pOpMaAbHOe corAaleUHHe 0 KpeAHTe)
CAy2KaT OpHRAHIeCKH AOCTOBepHbIM AOKa3aTeAbCTBOM 3aAOA2KeHHOCTH KAHeHTa, nO8TOMy
npeKpaueHHe y'eTa HapaWeHHHs MOmeT AHIwHTb 6aHK BO3MO2KHOCTH npeAbIBHTb npeTeH3HH K
iAHeHTy. BbIXOA B noAo6HoM cAy'ae - npOAOA2KaTb perHcTpaUHIO HapaujCHHblX npOleHTOB Ha
c'IeTe KAHeHTa, OCTaBARR ce6e BO3MOmKHOCTb npeAbaBAeHHR HcKa, HO nepeHeCTH 3anHCb
npoUewroB K noAy3ieHHIO B pe3epB, a He B AOXOA, 'TO6bl He 3aBbImaTb nOCAeAHHH.
3aIOHRbie npeTeURSH OXBaTbiBaiOT o2KHAaeMbie pa3peuieHHR cyAe6Hblx npogeCCOB, B
KOTOpblX peUleHHe cyAa ei_qe He C(POpMyAHpOBaHO HAH npHcy2KAeHHbie BbUlAaTbl eCle He
OcyIecTBAeHbi, OAHaKo OMeHHTb HCXOA cyAe6Horo AeAa MomHo c BbiCOKOH sepoBHTHOCTbIO.
nlepeogeHomebui peCePB AOAmeH OXBaTbIBaTb Pe3yAbTaTbl peBaAbBaIHH aKTHBOB B TOH
qacTH, KOTOpyIO HeAb3H BHAIo'aTb B pac'ieT AOCTaTO'qHOCTH KanHTaAbHoH 6asbj. 3TOT MoMeHT
He OTpameH B npHMepHbIX HOPMaTHBHbIX oTmeTaX, nOCKOAbKy CTOHMOCTb HeABH2KHMOCTH B
Ka.AO4H KOHKpeTHOH CTpaHe HeB03MO2KHO peaAHCTHqHO OUeHHTb, BXAIOmaH pbIHO'IHyIO
CTOHMOCTb aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX 3aAHHH, 'TO BamHO AJlAf nIpaBHAbHOH peBaAbBaUHH aKTHBOB.
OAHaKo B CTpaHaX C BbICOKHMH TeMnaMH HHpaIHH H (pyHKIgHOHHpyIOH4HMH pbIHKaMH
HeABHMHMOCTH nepeoIeHKa CpHKCHPOBaHHbiX aKTHBOB MOmeT YCTPaHSTb HCKameHHH,
o6ycAoBAeHHbie CAOmHBUieHCR B npOUIAOM CTOHMOCTblO aKTHBOB.
Jpyrne pemepbim. Peqb HAeT 0 pe3epBax no ApyrHM no3HUHRM, no XOTOpbiM 6aHK
omKAaeT paCXOAOB, CBRSaHHbIX C TeKy1IHM HAH MHHyB1llHM nepHOAOM. HanpHMep, pacxOAbl
THna aMOPTH3agHOHHbIX OT4HCAeHHH MOryT 6blTb ycKopeHbI npOH3BOACTBOM AAR CHHmeHHR
99
HNTepHperTpOBaHoe pHoAHCOBOi OT'IeTIOCTH
HaAora no CpaBHeHHIO C MeTOAOM aMopTH3agHH, Hcnolb3yeMblM B rIy6AHKyeMblx (pHHacCOBblX
oTieTax 6aHra. B pe3yAbTaTe yMeHbuiaeTC.l TeKyI4Hfi o6AaraeMbifi HiaAoroM AoXOA H CyMMb1
nOAAea2KaUHX ynAaTe HaAOrOB, a 3HaqHT, BO3paCTaeT qHCTblH AoxoA nocAe BbI'eTa HaAora 3a
TeKYUJHH nepHoA. OAHaKO, B CBS3H C TeM 'TO o6u4aa CyMMa aMopTH3agHOHHbIX OTqHCAeHHH
ocTaeTcH Neu3MeNHofi, TaKoe ycKopeHHe TOAbDO cMeigaeT B 6yAyu ee CpOK ynlAaTbi HaAora,
nOCKOAbKy o6AaraeMblii HaAorOM AoxoA no CpaBHeHHIO C saperHCTPHPOBaHHbIM B y'eTHbIX
KHHraX B03paCTaeT B Te'eHHe nepHoAa Me2Ay 3aBepiueHHem ero AAR HymA cocTaBAeHHS
6aAaHca. lpaBHAbHaS npaKTHKa yqeTa npeAyCMaTpHBaeT co3AaHHe pe3epsa nOA OTAO2eHHyiO
3aAoAmeHHOCTb no ynAaTe HaAora. ClJHHaHcoBoe y'ipe2mAeHHe nOAyIaeT BblHrpbil B OTHOleHHH
npHTOKa HaAH'IHOCTH 3a CqeT OTAOmeHHOH ynAaTbI HaAora, HO aTO me camoe npeAoTBpaugaeT
HCKameNHe AoxoAa 3a TeKyujHH nepHoA B ny6AHKyeMbix qHHaHCOBbIX oTqeTax.
Cy6op,orpoBairMe o6fa2reAbhcTa
3aHMCTBOBaHHH, B KOTOpbiX I1pHTR3aHHR KpeAHTOpa Ha aKTHBbi 6aHKa nOAqHHeHbi ApyrHm
npeTeHAeHTaM, HanpHMep BKAaA'IHKaM H KoMMep'eCKHM noCTaBHgHKaM, B HeKOTOPbIX
OTHOUIeNHHRX MOryT OTpa2taTb KanHTaA, npH yCAOBHH 'TO OnpeAeAeHbl CpOKH, KOTOpbie MO2HO
CqHTaTb Ha'aAoM oTcqeTa nepHoAa HeynAaTbi OCHOBHOU CYMMbi H npoUeHToB, eCAH Tpe6OBaHHe
AocTaToqHOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6a3b1 He AOA2KHo 6blTb HapymueHO TaKHMH nAaTe2KaMH. B
Ba3eAbcKoM corAanieHHH (HlpHaomeHHe 7) onpeAeAeHo nOHHTHe cy6OpAHHHpOBaHHofi 3aAOA-
2KeHHoCTH, a TaKme nepe'IHcAeHO, qTO HMeHHO C nOAHblM OCHOBaHHeM M02KIO BKA!O'IaTb BO
BTOPHqHbliH KanHTaA. Aio6ofi cy6opAHHHpoBaHHblfi naCCHB, He yAOBAeTBOpmuOjHH KpHTepHHM
BaseAbcKoro corAaJineHHR, CAeAyeT BKAiO'iaTb B paccmaTpHBaemylo KaTeropHio.
YvacrHe it KrainraAe, He cocTarwroee roHTpaoAHOoro HaieTra
4AaNNyIO KaTerOpHIO CAeAyeT flOKa3bIBaTb TOAbKO B KOHCOAHAHPOBaHHbIX (HHaHcoBDix
oTreTax 6aHKa, HMeioli_ero OAHH HAH HeCKOAbKO qIHAHaAOB. B npogecce KoHcoAHAaUHH
aKTHBbl, o6R3aTeAbcTBa H KanHTaA (pHAHaAa HHKOpnOPHPYMOTCR B (pHHaHCOBbie oTmeTbi
rOAOBHOrO 6aHKa. ECAH BAaAeHHe cpHAHaAOM He HBAReTCR 100%-HbIM, qaCTb qHCTOH
CTOHMOCTH qpHAHaAa, COOTBeTCTBYIOJa3H AOAe BHeIIHHX aKMHoHepoB, He npHHaAAeC2HT
fOAOBHoMy 6aHxy H He AOA2Ha nIpHHHMaTbCq B paC'eT. AAR aTOrO BHeCiuHf co6CTBeHHOCTb B
KOHCOAHAHPOBaHHbIX AaHHbix no q)HAHaAaM oTo6pa2KaeTcH KaK ytIaCTHe B KanHTaAe, He
COCT"BAsuOtgee XOHTpOAbHOrO naKeTa.
,4vrveHx,&r, Ho4'AeHaiffHe RbrHIAaTe
An BHAeHAbl moryT 6blTb 3HaqHTeAbHbIMH, oco6eHHo B CTpaHaX, rAe Hx BbzLAaqHBamOT pas B
rOA. OTMeTHM, 'ITO B HeKOTOpb1X cTpaHaX AHBHAeHAbI paCCMaTPHBaiOT Kax 3aAep2KaHHble
pacxoAbi H npHBOAHT B 6aAaHce Ha KOHeg roAa B pa3AeAe HepacnpeAeAeHHoH npH6bLAH.
AHBHAeHAbi MOryT 6blTb AHCKpegHOHHbIMH, H nOTOMy HX eABa AH CTOHT nOKa3blBaTb B
npH6bLAIx Ha KOHeg roAa, HO B CTpaHaX C pbIHO'HOH BKOHOMHKOH, rAe aKgHoHepbl HBAHIOTCH
qaCTHbIMH AHUaMH, nepeno3A 'aCTH npH6blAH B AHBHAeHAbi BameH N noAAepmaHHH
CTOHMOCTH aKC%HH 6aHKa.
100
O6dUe o6aaTeTbcTAwa
B CTpaHax, rAe OTAeA3uOT o6a3aTeAbCTBa OT KanHraAa. B 6aAaHce o6brqHo npHBoART
nOAcyMMy" AAA 0614Hx naCCHBOB. HlpHcyTCTBHC HAH OTCYTCTBsHe aTOH fnOACyMMb He HMeeT
HHKaKOrO 3HaqeHHH AAH aHaAHTHKa, KpOMe CTpeMAeHHHR 6oAee meTKO BbIAeAHTb co6cTBeHHbie
41OHAbl, KOTOpbIe He AOA2Hbl onAaqHBaTbCH NS CPCACTB, npHHaHAeaC2KiHx ApyrHM, nOCKOAbKy
Te HaCTaHBaloT Ha B03MeugeHHH.
KA1HTAA73
YnpaBAeHHe npeAnpHRTHeM conpH?KeHO C pHCKOM. PHCKH AAH qHHaHCoBOro y'IpemAeHHR
ABOKH: (1) pHCKH, noAAaioigHecCi onpeAeAeHHIO H pagHOHaAbHO npeAcKa3yeMble npH
HOPMaAbHOM BCAeHHH AeAa, HanpHMep, pHCK naAeHHH CTOHMOCTH aKTHBOB B nOpTq)eAe
BblAaHHb!X KpeAHTOB; (2) PHCKH HenpeACKa3yeMbie, HanpHMep, CBR3aHHbie C H3MCHeHHRMH B
BKOHOMHKe HAH B KOHKypeHTHOH cpeAe, KOTOpb!c MoryT nOPOAHTb BpeMeHHbie TpyAHOCTH AAR
6aHKa, noKa OH K HHM He aAanTHpyeCTC.
C PHCKaMH nepBOH rpynnbi npHXOAHTCH CTaAKHBaTbc3i B npOAOAmeHHH pa6oTbl CO BceMH
COMHHTeAbHbIMH KpeAHTaMH, qTO o6yCAOBAHBaeT co3AaHHC KOHKpeTHbIX pe3epBOB AAR
nOKPbITHR nAOXHX AOArOB H CHH2eHHe CTOHMOCTH nOpT(peAH BbiAaHHb1X 3aHMOB. KpoMe
Toro, Heo6XOAHMbi o6WHe pe3epBbl AAR noKpbITHR COMHHTeAbHbIX KpeAHTHbIX Tpe6OBaHHH,
'iTo6bl noAKpenHTb cpeACTBaMH OnbIT 6aHKa no pa6oTe c KpeAHTaMH, KOTOpbIe HaiHHamOT
Bbi3bIBaTb 6ecnoKoiCTBo. O,eHKa KanHTaAa B oT'qeTe He 6yAeT BnOAHC AOCTOBepHOH, noKa
OTCYTCTByiOT noAo6Hble pe3CpBbl, a KHH2KHaS CTOHMOCTb nopT(PeAH pHCKOBblX aKTHBOB
A0A2KHbIM o6pa3oM He OTKOppeKTHpOBaHa. TOAbKO B BTOM cAy-iae BO3MO2KHo 6AaronpH.RTHoe
ayAHTopcKoe 3aKmio'eHHe.
KanrHTaA o6ecneqHBaeT 6aHKy pe3epBbl, AOCTaTOqHbie ASA aAeKBaTHbIX AeiCTBHH B AMo6btX
HenpeABHAeHHbIX o6cTosRTeAbCTBax, H noMoraeT H36emaTb HeCrAaTe2Kecnoco6HOCTH B npoUecce
aAa8UTa4HH K H3MeHSIO11HMCH yCAOBHHM. TaKHM o6pa3oM, KanrHTaA npeAcTaBAReT co6oi
aMopTH3aTop Ha CAy4arH Heo2KHAaHHOH aBapHH. Pa3Mepbi aToro aMopTH3aTopa MeHHloTcH OT
CTpaHbl K CTpaHe. CO CTOPOHbI CnegHaAHCTOB no Me2rAyHapOAHOMY peryAHpOBaHHlo 6aHKoB-
CKOH AeRTCAbHOCTH H HaA3opHbiX opraHOB paCTeT AaBAeHHe B HanpaBAeHHH AOCTHmeHHR
AOrOBOpeHHOCTH 0 npHeMAeMbIx ypOBHHX KanHTaAa H MeTOAaX ero H3MepCHHR.
CTONWMOCTaI raHJsraAa
HIOCKOAbKy no npeAnOAO2KeHHio aKUHOHepbi 3aHHMmaOT 1OAqHHeHHOe nOAOmeHHe OTHOCH
73 HiHorAa HCI1AbSY3lOTCR Apyme HaSBaHHR - 'mHCTaR CTOHMOCTb, aIqHoHepHbiH KanHTaA HAM KaxHTaA H
HeTpOHyThle pe3epBbl
101
Hmmpn'peropomaame IoIaiucoaoM orgermocTN
BCTaBica 4.3
KanHTaA
J7epamwfhi AaanraA
OnAameHHbAH xanHTaA
YCTaBHOiH xanHTaA
3a BbheOM HeonlAaeleHIIoH maCTH KanHTaAa
KanHTaAbHblH pe3epB
CseT npeMHH aKpHH
FIpO'IHe pe3epBbl
Pe3epBbil coaAaimbie H3 npH6blAH
HepacnpeAeAeHHas npH6blAb/y6biTKH 3a nponiAbie roAbi
IlpeABapHTeAbHa.q npH6blAb/y6blTOK 3a npOlIlAblM roA
3a BbPieTOM y6blTKOB TeKygero roAa
,40ooAmareAbHwr Ka7IraA
06WHe pe3epBbi
4oxoA 3a TeKY1JHH rOA
ApyrHe CoCTaBARIOWHe AonOAHHTeAbHOrO KanHTaAa
HTOrO KAI1I4TAA
TeAbHO BKAaA4'HKoB H ApyrHx KpeAHTopoB, Ha HHX Bo3AaraeTcH 6oAee BbICOKHN pHCK, UOqTOMMy
pe-OHHblM BbirARAHT 6oAee BbICOKoe BO3HarpaMAeHHe, noAyqaeMoe HMH 3a y4aCTHe B CO3AaHHH
aMOpTH3aTopa, no cpaBHeHHIO CO BKAaAIHKaMH. KanHTaA, TaKHM o6pa3oM, RBAHeTcH AOporo-
CTOSIJHM HCTOMHHKOM qpHHaHCHpoBaHHn. HIOCKOAbKy npeAnoAaraeTcHR ,T0 KanNTaA CAMfNT
saxjHTOii B cAyqae yxyAIueHHH COCTOIHHHH pHcKoBbix aKTHBOB (HAH 3aAOA2teHHOCTH no
AenosHTaM, KoTopbie HCrIOAb3OBaHbi AAR noAAep2KKH PHCKOBbix aKTHBoB), BbiAama Aio6oro
KCpeANTa 6aHKoM Tpe6yeT nporopgHOHaAbHoro HOnOAHeHHH co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa AAR coxpa-
HeHHR npemHero YPOBHH AOCTaTOMHOCTH KanHTaAbHoH 6a3bl. CTOHMOCTb TaKoro nonoAHeHHR
(AHBHAeHAbl H pOCT HepacnpeAeAeHHfo npH6bIAH, Heo6xoAHMbie AAR npHBAe'eHHR KanHTaAa)
cAeAyeT Ao6aBaTb K npogeHTaM, BbinAa'HBaeMbiM no npHBACeeHHbiM AAA KpeAHToBaHHR
qnHHaHcaM H onepaTHBHbIM H3Aep2KKaM no ynpaBAeHHIO HMH TaKHM o6pa3oM, qTo6bl cyMMap-
HbJe HsAepmKH 6aHKa He nOMewI1aAH eMy npeAOCTaBHTb CAeAy1OIHH KpeAHT. BaHKH, KoTOphbe
He B COCTOHHHH BbInOAHHTb Tpe6oBaHHe Baa3eAbCKoro corAaiiieHHH OTHOCHTeAbHO 8%-HoN
AocTaTo4HoH KanHTaAbHO 6a3bl o6AaAaIoT B Pe3yAbTaTe nOHH2KeHHbIMH BO3MO2KHOCTRMH
nepepacnpeAeAeHHH Bcero KanHTaAa, H nOTOMY o6AaAaloT KOHKypeHTHbiM npeHMyWeCTBOM HaA
TeMH 6aHKaMH, KoTopbIl BbJAep2KHBsaoT yKa3aHHbliH ypoBeHb. 9To OAHa H3 nIpH'IHH, 1o
KoTOpoH 6aHKH noCTOHHHo HaCTaHBalOT Ha CHHmeHHH Tpe6oBaHHH no AocTaToqHocTH
KanHTaAbHOH 6a3bi. BaHKH, nOAy'HBUHe pa3peiUeHHe OrpaHHIHTbCH KaHHTaAOM HHmKe cpeAHero
ypOBHH, noAyqalOT OAHOBpeMeHHO KOHKypeHTHOe npeHMyleCTBO HaA 6aHKaMH C 6oAee
BbICOKHM ypOBHeM KanHTaAH3agHH, a 6aHKH C H96blTO8HbxM KanHTaAOM H BoBce HcnbITbiBa1oT
Ha (PHHaHcoBoM pbIHKe TpYAHOCTH, nOCKOAbKy, BeAH KOHKypeHTHyiO 60pb6y, OHH BbIHy2KAeHbl
o6ecnexHsaTb CBOHM HHBeCTOpaM npHeMAeMyio npH6blAb.
0PopmyAa A'ocTarmoVocriv i(aHHraAa
AASI BblpaUHBaHHR KoHKypeHTocnoco6HocTH 6aHKoB H o6ecneqeHHn eAHHoo6pasHa B
OnpeAeAeHHH AOCTaTOqHOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6a3bi onpo6oBaHo HeCKOAbKO nOAXOAOB.
102
CooTHOuleHHH Ha OCHOBe AenO3HTHOH qaCTH KarnHTaAa. B PeTPOCcneKTHBe KanHTaA
PaCCMaTPHBaAH KaK CpeACTBO 3aUaIrTbl BKAaA4HKOB, noaTOMy 6blAH YCTaHOBAeHbl COOTHOUIeHHR
AAA OUeHKH AOCTaTO'iHOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6a3bi, KOTOPbIe Tpe6oBaAH OT xpaHHTeAeCi AenO3HTOB
nOAACePHBaTb CBOH KanHTaA B onpeAeAeHHOM OTHouleHHH K CyMMe AenO3HTOB. B pRAe CTpaH
AAR Pa3Hb!X KAaCcOB AenO3HTOB YCTaHOBAeHbl PaMbie q)opMyAbi OnpeAeAeHHH AocTaTo0HOCTH
KanHTaAbHOH 6asbi, npH aTOM Tpe6OBaHHH, KaK npaBHAo, 6blAH BblwIe no AenO3HTaM A0
BoCTpe6oBaHHR, 'leM no Aeno3HTam c6eperaTeAbHblM.74
COOTHOWeHHX Ha ocHoBe aKTnBOB. B OCHOBe 6OAee CoBpeMeHHOrO noAxoAa
paccMoTpeHHe KanHTaAa B Ka'eCTBe aMOpTH3aTopa, nomoraioujero npeOAOAeBaTb naAeHHe
peaAbHOH CTOHMOCTH aKTHBoB, npH BTOM Tpe6oBaHHH no AOCTaTOqHOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6a3bi
OCHOBaHbl Ha YPOBHe B3BeuieHHOrO pHCKa HAH o6igHx aKTHBaX.
BaseAbCKhif KOlIHTeT. B camoe nocAeAHee BpeMR Ba3eAbCKHA KOMHTeT no 6aHKoBcKomy
HaA30py H peryAHpoBaHHIO, npeACTaBARIOUJHH TOYKY 3peHHR rpynnbi Hs 10 MeHTpaAbHbIX
6aHKoB, npeAnoAo0KHA, YTO Heo6xOAHMo B3BellHBaTb B OTHOHIeHHH pHCKa pa3Hbie KaTerOpHH
aKTHBoB, qTo6bi onpeAeAHTb cKoppeKTHpoBaHHbIH BKBHBaAeHT pHCKoBOrO aKTHBa. HanpHMep,
KasHaqeiCKHe BCKCeAR Ha5HOHaAbHoro npaBHreAbCTsa c'HTaioTcH 6e3pHcKoBbiMH aKTHBaMH H,
CAeAoBaTeAbHO, He Tpe6yHOT HOAKpenAeHHR KarHTraAoM. HIOAHOCTbIO o6ecnemeHHMbe 2KHAHIlHbie
KpeAHTIb conpsimeHbl C MeHblUHM pHcKOM, YeM noAo6Hbie KpeAHTbl C o6ecne'eHHeM B BHAe
3AaHHH KoMMepqeCKOrO HaHaneHHSI, nOCKOAbKy 2KHAbie 3AaHHR HYMfHbl BCeM H RBARIOTCR
cTpoeHHRM o6igero Ha3HaqeHHH, a KoMMep'ieCKHe Moryr HMeTb cnegIHaAbHoe Ha3Ha'eHHe, H
PbIHoqHaH HX CTOHMOCTb, KaK npaBHAo, Co BpeMeHeM CHH2KaeTcR, oco6eHHO eCAH OHH He
HCnoAb3yxoTcA no nepBOHa'aAbHoMy Ha3Ha'eHHIO. C ApyroH CTOpOHbI, MO0HO npeArIoAO2KHTb,
YTO HeKOTOpbie YCAOBHbie o6RsaTeAbCTBa, RBARIOUHmCS 3a6aAaHCOBblMH nO3H%HSMH, MOrYT
npeBpat,gaTbc$! B PHCKOBbie aKTHBbl, eCAH CTOpOHa, noAyYHBmIaA rapaHTHlO, He B COCTORHHH
BbinOAHHTb CBOH o6RsaTeAbCTBa. B pe3yAbTaTe 6aHK BbiHy2KAeH aBaHCHpOBaTb qJOHAbI H
noaTomy o6a3aTeAbcTno AOA2KHo 6blTb nOAHOCTbMO HAH qaCTH"HO BKAIO'ieHO B pHCKOBbie
aKTHBbi AAR onpeAeAeCuH AOCTaTOMHOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6a3bi. Ba3eAbCKHii KOMHTeT
peKOMeHAOBaA AOCTaTO4HOCTb B3BeiuIeHHoH B OTHOiueHHH PHCKa KanHTaAbHOH 6asbI Ha YPOBHe
8%.
Ilepairwian vaHhrTaA
OnIAaeHHam RaCTb cantlTaAa npeACTaBAReT co6o0 HOMHHaAbHYIO CTOHMOCTb BbInyI1eHHbIX
H o6paulaioUJHxcH aKXHH, K0T0pbC MOryT 6blTb pa3AeAeHbl Ha o6blKHoBeHHble H
npHBHAerHpoBaHHbie.
74 B OAHOH HB cTpaH, KOTOpaJi Ao CHX nop OTKa3blBaeTcn nepeHTH OT OCHOBaHHOrO Ha o6H3aTeAbCTBax
noAxoAa K 6oAee COBpeMeHHOMY MeTOAY Ha OCHOBe aKTHBOB, yTBepM2AalOT, -[TO OCHOBbIBaTb AOCTaTO4HOCTb
KalHTaAbHOH 6a3bl Ha aKTHBax - TO me CaMOe, qTO OUeHHBaTb rIOTpe6HOcTh B KanHTaAe Ha CyMMe naCCHBOB H
'IHCTOA CTOaMOCTH, T. e. Tpe6OEamHJ no AocTaTomHocTH KanHTaAbHoK 6a5b1 - Ha KanHTaAe. 3ToT apryMeHT He
pa6oTaeT, KorAa peMb 3axoAHT 0 3BaJHTe OT pHCKa - AenO3HTbl KaK o6xSaTeAbcTBa meTKO onpeAeAeHbl, HO
oCTaeTcR HeonpeAeAeHHocTb, AAS KOTOpOH HeO6xoAHM aMopTH3aTop B BHAe co6cTBeHHoro KaxnTaAa,
npeHMyIUCCTBeHHO B nopTqAe aKTHBOB.
103
HmmepnpernpoBaare #DIfamcoBoR orIweIT ocrT
* PaSpeIeHHZrNi (anrT&4 He BAHHeT Ha AOCTaTO'1HOCTb KaIHTaAbHOH 6a3bl H osHaqaeT
TOAbKO, WTO y'4pe2KAeHHe He Hy2KAaeTcR B pa3peLUCHHH Ha Bbln3rCK AOnOAHHTeAbHblX
aKHAHH Ha CYMMY AO pa3peMueHHoro ypOBHa.
• 06wtwOBeHHbIe aA1NHH - BTO AeHCTBHTeAbHO PHCKOBblH KariHTaA, npH STOM HX
BAaAeAeU Ha npHHMHnaX inapH naccio y'iaCTBYeT B AoXoAaX 6aHKa sepe3 AHBHAeHADl
H npHPOCT H3AHIIIKOB CpeACTB, H, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, nOBbUiIeHHe pblHOMHOH CTOHMOCTH
aKIHH. 4epmaTe.&H o6bIKHoBeHHbix aKXHHH yqaCTByIOT TaKmCe Bo BCex y6bITKax 6aHKa
liepes naAeHHe CTOHMOCTH aKIHHH, OrpaHHqeHHOe TOAbKO BeAHqHHOH HHBeCTHpoBaHHOro
HMH KanHTaAa.
* I7pmN:HAerHpoBawHbre axgNm' o6bl4HO pacnpe4eAlioTcq CpeAH pyKOBOAARjerO COCTaBa B
UeAHX noAy'LeHHH AHBHAeHAOB H He HBAHIOTCH paCnpOCTpaHeHHb[MH B (PHHaHCOBbJX
y'lpe2KAeHHAX.
* Kymy, Inwmbre qpNHBiAcrHpOBaHHbCe aAjHH o6ecne4HBalOT riOAyleCHHe pHKCHpOBaHHOe
AHBHAeHAa H o6AaAaIoT BcTpoeHHbIM MexaHH3MoM 3aWHTbl Ha cAy-IaH OTCyTCTBHH
AHBHAeHAOB, wTO ynoAo6A9eT AHBHAeHA npOgeHTHOMY nAaTe2Ky, B TO BpeMR KaK
FIpHBHAerHpOBaHHaH C y'aCTHCM B npH6biAHx aKIHH o6ecne'HBaeT MHHHMaAbHbiH
YPOBeHb AHBHAeHAa, HO AaeT BO3MOmHOCTb Y'aCTHR Ha npHHUHrIaX 1IpH naccIo
HapsAy c o6bIKHoBeHHoi aKlgHeH BO BCeX AHBHACHAaX BbfllhC MHHHMaAbHOrO ypOBHH.
KyMYAMTHBHaR npHBHAerHPOBaHHaR aKUHH C y'qaCTHeM B AHBHAeHAaX oTpamKaeT Ay'JIHH
H3 MHpOB - HO HBARCTCH AHCKPHMHHHpyIOi4eH no OTHOIIIeHHIO x o6biKHoBeHHoii aKIqHH,
noaTOMy peAKO BCTpeC'aeTCa B KOMnaHHHX, aKUHH KOTOpbIX AOCTYnHbI lUHpOKOH
ny6AHKe.
* 4o0oAHHNreAHbirR KarHTa.A. AKUHOHepbI HeKOTOpbiX 6aHKoB COrAaCHAHCb Ha
npeAOCTaBAeHHe AOHOAHHTeAbHOrO KanHTaAa, eCAH ero 3anpaiuHBaeT PYKOBOACTBO.
MoryT AefCTBOBaTb onpeAeAeHHbie yCAOBHH HAH orpaHHqeHHH, a rOTOBHOCTb H
cnoco6HOcTb aKMHOHepOB yAOBAeTBOPHTb 3anpoc o AOnOAHHTeAbHOM KanHTaAe B
rIePHOAbl KpH3HCa HBACeTcR OCHOBHOH AeTepMHHaHTHOH npH OTBeTe Ha Boripoc -
MO2mHO AH BKAIolaTb aTH CpeACTBa B KanHTaA.
* 3a BbiYeTOM HeOJlmaYeHHoR macmw Kan'raAa. B CTpaHax, rAe npuHHTo rHOKaSbIBaTb
yCTaBHblH KanHTaA (KaK B npHMepe IpHHAO2KeHHR 1), HeonAaqeHHyio qaCTb KanHTaAa
CAeAyeT BblHTaTb, 'qTo6bi nOAylIHTb onAaqeHHyIO qaCTb 06'HBAeHHOrO KanHTaAa.
HIOCKOAbKy MaAOBepoATHO, 'ITO npH rOnaAaHHH 6aHKa B 3aTPYAHHTeAbHoe nOAOmeHHe
aKMHOHepbi BAO2KaT B 6aHK AOnOAHHTeAbHbie CpeACTBa, BePOWTHOCTb HHBeCTHPOBaHHR
AeHer B tnAOXOH HeonAa'eHHbIH KanHTaA AAA nOKpbITHH HenpeABHAeHHbIX rioTepb
CAeAyeT HCKAIOHTb, H60 HeonAa'CHHbIH KanHTaA cpaKTH'IeCKH He CyuIeCTByeT.75
75 B HeKoropbix cTpaHax He3blnAa'eHbiH KbanHTaA oTpamaeTcR KaK axTHB, nOCKOAbKY AeHCcTByouHe
MeCTHbie saKOHbi llpH3HaiOT o6HsaTeAbCTBO aKUHOHepOB HHCTHTYT HMeiOWaHM OpHAH'ecKyio CHAy. 9To He OYeHb
IIOAXOAHT pb[HOiHOA SKOHOMHKe, B KOTOpOH 'iaCTHble aK1HOHepbi MOryT B 3aKOHOAaTeAbHOM InOpAiKce OTasaTbCE
OT BAHBaHHS KanHTaAa B rH6HyMlee y'pexAeHHe. B STOM OTAH-we OT BKOHOMHKH C UeHTpaAbHbiM
IlAaHHpOBaHMm, rAe ripaBHTeAbCTBO 6biAO CAHHCTBeHHbiM aKUHOHepOM H He MOrAO no1BOAHTb CBOHM 6aHKaM
pa3OpHTbCz.
104
Aamme
PeBepBbi KanRTaAa MOIYT 6blTb noKa3amHb OTAeAbHOfi CTpOKOi, KaK B rlpHMCPHOM OT'ieTe,
UAH KOHCOAHAHPOBaHHb1MH B OnAaqeHHbIHi KanuraA. B npHMepHOM oTqeTe HCnoAb3oBaHbi ABe
cy6KaTeropHH:
* CYeT I7peMNf aKgHN UAH (TaKmKe H3BeCTHblfi KaK HB6bITOYHMhrb KallHra), npeAcTaBAHeT
co6oi npeMHlo, KOTOpplO noKlynaTeAH HOBbIX BbilnyCKOB aKUHH BbinAaMHBaioT CBepX
HoMHHaAa. B npHHuHne 3Ha'iHTeAbHyIO 4aCTb npH6blAH HHBecTopa, BAomBHeero
CpeACTBa B aKlHH, AOA2KHO COCTaBARTb yBeAHxieHHe KanHTaAa, He2KeAH AHBHAeHAbl.
HepacnpeAeAeHHe maCTH npH6blAH 6aHKoM o6ecne'itBaeT ero 6yAyu&Hi pOCT, a
nOBbIllIeHHe KHH2KHOfi CTOHMOCTH aKUHOHepHOrO KanHTaAa cBepx CTOHMOCTH
onAaqeHHofi iaCTH KIanHTaAa Co3AaeT npHpOCT KanUTaAa, KOTOpbIHi o6ecneqHnaeT
npH6blAb HHBeCTOpy npH npoAa2ie aKgHH.
Ha OTKpbITOM pbiHKe, rAe HMeeTcH TOMHa.9 qHHaHCOBa5i HHW3OpMaUHS, CTOHMOCTb
Cyu4eCTBYIOHUjX aKgHH Ha q3OHAOBOA 6HpmKe AOA2KHa OTpa2KaTb HCXOAHYIO leHy npH BbinyCKe
nAIOC CTOHMOCTb (B paC'IeTe Ha aKIUHio) reHepHpoBaHHoro BHyTpeHHHMH CpCACTBaMH KanHTaAa.
3Ta pblHO'HaH CTOHMOCTb nOBblIwaeTcH HAH nOHHmaeTCq, OTpa2KaR pbIHOMHbie O?KHAaHH B
OTHOUleHHH cnoco6HocTH noAy'eHHR AoxoAa B 6yAyi.eM H oCeHKy PbIHKOM AOCTOBepHOCTH
UHHaHCOBbX OTvieTOB 6aHKa, llpH BTOM B Ka'eCTBe CHCTeMbi 3aIqHTbI BbiCTynlaeT pa3yMHaR
CHCTeMa 6aHKoBcKoro HaA3opa, a TaK2he He3aBHCHMOCTb PYKOBOACTBa B npHHSTHH
pa4HOHaAbHb1X AeAOBbiX pellmeHHU, HaHAy'UiHM o6pasoM OTpam2KaiogHx HHTepecbi BCeX
AepmaTeAei aKUHi.
HoBble BbinyCKlH aKlHi, TaKHM o6pa3oM, AOA2KHbI COAep2taTb B ce6e npeMHIo,
nponopUHOHaAbHl aTOfi Ao6aBAeHHOfi CTOHMOCTH, c TeM 4To6bl HOBbie arKIHOHepbI Ha paBHbiX
npaBax Co CTapbIMH y4aCTBOBaAH B llpH6blAH. TaKHM nyTeM (POHAbl HOBbiX aRKHoHepoB
nphfrHpalOrCR K qOHAaM CTapbiX 6e3 AHCKPHMHHaUHH B OTHOuiIeHHH HOBbIX aKU,HOHepOB H
3aTparHBaHHB HHTepecoB CTapbIX.
Ha npasKTHKe KOHfenlaH npHpOCTa KanHrraAa He npHHHMaeTCH B CTpaHaX C HeAOpa3BHTbhMH
pbHKHaMH KanrraAa. B Tofi Mepe, B KaKoHi aKUHOHepbi 3aHHTepecoBaHbI npeHMYIeCTBeHHO HAH
HCKAIOMHTeAbHO B noAy'ieHHH AoxoAa B (PopMe AHBHAeHAOB, KanHTa.Aoo6pa3oBaHHe MO?KeT
6blTb orpaHHqeHHbIM, npeMHm aK1HH MHHHMaAbHOH, a HOBbie BbinyCKCH aKIHH MOryT npHBOAHTb
K ylUeMACHH1O HHTepeCOB CTapbiX aKUHOHepOB.
* HpoyHe pe-SepBb OXBaTb1BalOT Aio6bie (poHAbi, nOAyqeHHbIe 6aHKoM, KOTOpbie He
C(popMHpoBaHbl H3 AOXOAOB H He nIOAy'eHbl OT npOAa2KH aKUHH.76
PeBepBbi, COaaHHhbie nB npH6bIAH, HAH mepaC7pCe4eAeHHaH npH6bMAb npeACTaBAAIOT
co6ofi reHepHpOBaHHblii BHyTpeHHHMH CpeACTBaMH, nlyTeM yAepmaHHH rIpH6bwAeii OT
pacnpeAeAeHHsi, KanHTaA. TaKHe HaKOAeHHbie H3AHIUKH 6aHKa AOA2KHbl 6blTb cBO60AHbIMH H He
o6peMeHeHHbIMH HHKaKHMH KOHKpeTHb1MH npeTeH3HHMH CO CTOpOHbl KpeAHTOpOB, 'mT6bl Hx
Mo2KHo 6blAO OnpeAeAHTb Kax 6e3ycAoBHo npiHaAAemalge aKluHOHepaM H TeM CaMblM
AOnIOAHRIOIltie aKUHOHepHblii KanHTaA. BapHaHTbx CerMeHTaUHH BapbHpylOT OT CTpaHbi K
cTpaHe, HO He3aBHCHMO OT HCnIOAb3yeMbIX Ha3BaHHfi, OCHOBHOe 3aKAiOMaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO
76 FIpHMepOM MOmeT CAy^2HTb CTOHMOCTb aBTOMO6HAeH, noAapeHHbIX B paMKaX MeeAyHapOAHOH nporpammbi
nOMOiUH OAHOfi pa3sHsBaIoWeiHc cTpaHe, a HmeHHo TaHaIHmn.
105
H,n*pupeTHposaawe VmmaHcooBOH oT'eTHrOCTM
npeBbliUeHHe aKTHBOB HaA naCCHBaMH KaK pe3yAbTaT onepagHH 6aHKa, npHBOAHT K yBeAH'eHH[o
KanHTaAa KaK aMopTH3aTopa B paCnOpH2meHHH y'ipe2AeHHR Ha CAyqaiH HenpeABHAeHHb1X
o6cTosReAbcTB H nIOTOMy BTO yBeAHqeHHe npeAcTaBA5ieT co6o0i npHPOCT KanHTaAa.
* PeyepliN o6ero cTpHa3HeaNa. B HCKoTopb1x CTpaHax YaCTb AoxoAa Heo6xoAHMo
BblAeAHTb AAR CO3AaHHq pe,3epBOB o6igero Ha3HaqeHHH. KaK npaBHAO, BTO 10 %
AoxoAa, nOKa He ypaBHOBelleH OnAaHeHHbI1{ KanHTaA. C TOiKH 3peHHH y'ieTa, HeT
HHKaKOrO cMbicAa B oTAeAeHHH pe3epBoB o6xgero Ha3HaqeHHq OT HepacripeAeAeHHHO
npH6blAH - aTa npaKTHKa, noxome, npeAl4eCTByeT ycTaHOBAeHHIO 2KeCTKHX HOpMaTHBOB
B OTHOI1IeHHH OTmeTHOCTH H AOCTaTOqHOCTH KanHTaAbHoH 6a3bl, BO3MO2KHO, c ueAbO
orpaHH'eHHH BbIfnAaqHBaeMblX AHBHAeHAOB.
* Hepacnpe,4eAeHHaHr apH6bIrAb npeACTaBAHeT co6oii HaKOnAeHHbIH yAep2KaHHblH AOXOA
3a BbleToM Alo6bix pe3epBoB o6ujero Ha3HameHHH.
o 3 EbJYCTBvm y6bi7woB renyWero mga. B npHH4Hne, HepacnpeAeAeHHyio npH6bLAb
CAeAOBaAO 6bl npOCTO CAO2mHTb C nepBHqHbIM KanHTaAoM nOCAe ayAHTopcKoro
yAocToBepeHHH HX H BbiqeTa BceX HaAorOB H ApyrHX o6R3aTeAbHbIX BbinAaT. TaKHM
o6pasoM, AOXOAbl TeKyigero rOAa nOKa3blBalOTCq KaK pe3epBbl npOTHB o6sl3aTeAbcTB, B
qeM-TO HanoMHHa1oJ1He cy6opAHHHpoBaHHblH AoAr, HAH KaK AOnOAHHTeAbHblH KanHTaA,
KaK B OT'eTax HpwHAoeHHR 1. OAHaKo y6blTKH TeKyigero roAa CAeAoBaAo 6bl
npH3HaBaTb HeMeAAeHHO KaK yuep6 KanHTaAy qepe3 yMeHbil1eHHe pe3epBOB,
(popMHpyeMbiX H3 IpH6bIAH, rIOCKOAbKy BO3HHKuiIaR npo6AeMa, KOTOpaf MO2meT
HaPYli1HTb AOCTaTOMHOCTb KanHTaAbHOU 6a3bi HAH Aame oTpa3HTbCR Ha
riAaTe2Kecnoco6HocTH, He MO2KeT 2KAaTb pa3peUIeHHq AO rOioBAeHHR npony1geHHb1X
%epeg ayAHT CPHHaHCOBbIX OTqeTOB, 'TO MO2KeT npOH30iiTH 6OAee qeM qepe3 roA nocAe
nOHeCeHHR y6blTKOB.
06OpOTHblil ICanlHTa/HkOCTpaHHbxe 6auKH. OTAeAeHHHM HHOCTpaHHbiX 6aHKoB
Heo6xoAHMbI KaKHe-To 3aMeHHTeAH KanHTaAa.77 OHH MoryT HMeTb (3OpMy HopMaTHBHoro
Tpe6oBaHHH, COrAaCHO KOTOpOMy aKTHBbI AOA2Hbl npeBbllnaTb o6a3aTeAbcTBa Ha
onpeAeAeHHyJO, Bbipa?KeHHYIO B npOMeHTaX, BeAHqHHy78 HAH q)opMy nepeMeigeHHR PeCYPCOB H3
roAoBHoro 6aHKa B MeCTHoe oTAeACHHe. aTa nO3HUHR He BKAio'ieHa B npHMCpHbie oTqeTbl
rHpHAo2KeHHSI 1, nOCKOAbKy B CTpaHe, AAM KOTOpOH pa3pa6oTaHbl (pOpMyASRpbl, B HaCTOHugee
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cyMMa A0A2KHa 6bITb pe3yAbTHpyIKOiieH (-IHCTOii), T.K. B npOTHBHOM CAyqae OTAeAeHMe
77 HcnoAbsooaHHe O6opoTHorO KanHTaAa B KaqCCTBe 3sMeHHTeAR AAR IIOAHTHKH HaCHAbHoH MCcTHOH
HHKOpnOpay4HH HMeeT CMbICA, TaK KaK npH 3TOM AoCTHraeTCR paBeHcTBO B BOnpocax CTOaMOCTH (pUHaHCHpOBaHHR.
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KoHqxpNjHeHTbl AOCTaTO4HOCTH KanHTaAa, a, cAeAoBaTeAbHo, H MeHbUIOaJ CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB. CTpeMAeHHe K
paspeCieiHHJo BTOU IIpO6AeMbl H RBHAOCb ABH2KyNgeU CHAOUi npoUecca cTaHAaPTH3aUHH Tpe6oBaHHu AOCTaTO9NOCTH
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78 HanpHMep, oTAeAeHHR HHOCTpaHHbIX 6aHKOB B HbIo-PopKe B 70-x rr. AOA2KHbi 6blAU BbInoAERTh
Tpe6oBaHHe 108", corAacHo KOTOpOMy aKTHBHbl He MOrAH COCTaBARTb meHee 108% naccHBOB.
106
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6aHKe.79 4To6bi yAOBAeTBOpHTb onpeAeAeHHio K}anHTaAa H AOCTH4b napHTeTra C
MeCTHbiMH aFK1HOHepHbIMH 6aHKaMH, BCHO, 'TO aTH AenO3HTbI AOA2KHbl 6blTb
cy6opAHHHpoBaHbl no OTHOuieHHIO K ApyrHM KpeAHTopaM.
O HegelosrmTr O3Ha'iaeT B AaHHOM cAy'ae KOMnbIOTepHbie CHCTCMbl HAH ApyrHe aKTHBbl,
KOTOpbie MO2KLT nepeAaTb rOAOBHOM 6aHK B KaH9eCTBe cBOero BKAa4a, nOMOraA TeM
CaMbiM OTAeAeHHIO H36emKaTb pacxoAoB Ha npHo6peTeHHe TaKoro pOAa aKTHBOB.
HenAoxo npiH 8TOM BbiAep2KHBaTb OnpeAeAeHHoe npeAeAbHoe COOTHOUIeHHe Mem2Ay
AenosHTaMH H HeAenO3HTaMH.
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B peTpocneKTHBe, onpeAeAeHHR KanHTaAa HOCHT BeCbMa orpaHH4HTeAbHbliH xapaKTep,
oAHaiKo paMKH aToro OnpeAeAeHHR BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX pacIIIHpeHbl, 'To6bi o6ecne'HTb 6aHKaM
6oAbule rH6KoCTH B npHBAeCeHHH HOBbIX KanHTaAoB. B TO BpCMs KaK onpeAeAeHHe KanHTaAa
AOA2HO 3aKOHOAaTeAbHO BBOAIOUHOHHpOBaTb C H3MeHeHUeM qjHHaHCOBbIX HHCTpyMeHToB,
HMeiOujDHXCR Ha Ka2KAOM pbIHKe, rAaBHaR lAeAb KaniHTaAa He AOA2KHa H3MeHSrFbCA: OH AOA2KeH
CAY2KHTb HCTO'HHKOM (FHHaHCHpOBaHHH, KOTOpOe OKa3biBaeTCR nOA HaH6oAbmef yrpo3oi,
xorAa 6aHK cTaAKHBaeTcS C (pHHaHCOBbIMH TPYAHOCTRMH, npH aTOM H OCHOBHaR 'IaCTb H
fnpoewHTbi AOA2KHbi 6blTb noAfqHHeHbl BceM npo'HM npeTeH3HHM B aApec 6aHKa, KpoMe
npeTeHSHH CTOpOHHHX aK1qHoHepOB. TaKHM o6pa3oM, KanHTaA H Aio6bie AOnyCTHMble
SKBHBaAeHTbl ero AOA2KHbl 6blTb IOCTOHHHbIMH", CCAH TOAbKO He HMeeT MeCTa
cBepxKanHTaAH3aUHR H yMeHbueHHe KIanHTaAa He nOBpeAHT pa3yMHbIM HHTCpCCaM KpeAHTOpOB.
HaH6oAee paCnpOCTpaHeHHbie KaTeropHnH AOnOAHHTeAbHOrO KanHTaAa TaKOBbl:
06use pesepBbl. CorAacHo CTaTHCTHKe, OnpeAeACHHaR npOi,eHTHau AOAH BCeX
3aperHCTPHPOBaHHbIX KpeAHTOB B KOHe'HOM cHeTe He Bo3BpaigaeTCH. 3Ty CTaTHqeCKH
yCTaHOBAeHHyIO BepOSITHOCTb nOTepb Mo2KHo yqeCTb, co3AaB o6ujHfi pe3epB AA nOKpb1THS
nAOXHX AoAroB, a BeAHqHHy pe3epRa Mo2KHo OnpeAeAHTb Ha oCHoBc pe3yAbTaToB
cTaTHcTHqecKoro aHaAH3a noKa3aTeAeH BO3BpaTa 3afMoB, HO He B CBH3H C KaKmM-To
KOHKpeTHbIM KpeAHTOM HAH C HAeHTHdIHUHPOBaHHOH npo6AeMoil. C nparMaTHqccKHX no13HUHHi,
y6WTYKH Ha KpeAHTax SIBASOTCq HOpMaAbHOH COCTaBAAlonMefi 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa, a yMeHbUIeHHe
AoxoAa Ha BCAH'HHy, Heo6xOAHMYIO AAA co3AaHHR H noAAepmaHHH o6u3ero pe3epsa AAA
nOKPbITHR "nAOXHX AOArOB, npeACTaBAReT Co6oH CpeACTBO ypaBHOBeIiHBaHHH AOXOAOB H
pacxoAoB. K co2raAeHHIO, He BCe HaAOrOBb1e cAym6bi npHHMmaiOT BTOT paFiHOHaAbHbiii noAxoA
H COrAaUialOTCH C9HTaTb paCXOAbi no CO3AaHHI0 pe3epBa 3aTpaTaMH, He o6AaraeMbxMH HaAOrOM.
IloAo6Hble pe3epBbi o6ecneqHBaioT 3aUg4M1y OT HenpeABHAeHHbIX (XOTHI B03MOmHbix) nOTepb H
moryr 6blTb npHqHCAeHbl K AonOAHwTeAbHOMY KanUTaAy.
AoAu, npsHaA&euauJme 6aHKy Ha npasax 'ueHa o6be4HneHHH, KaK noKa3aHO B
nlpHMePHOM HOpMaTHBHOM OT'eTe, OXBaTbIBaIOT HHKaKNM ApyrHM CIOCo6oM He yIHTbiBaeMbIN
79 HMeHHo sTo Ha6AIOAaAocb B Ae iCTHXX oAHomO HHOcTpaHHoro 6aHrla Ha cDHAHnnHHax HeCKoAhbo AeT
HasaA: oTAekHee no CyTH AeAa noAo2KHAo Becb caoa KanHTaA Ha AenOSHT B rOAOBHOM 6aHKe.
107
H,nepnperTpozamme IpIIaIcoIoB orer7HocrCr
H36biToX aKTHBOB nepeA naCCHBaMH TaKHX o6ibeAHHeHHA, KoTopbbe He pacnoAaraioT
OpMaAbHOH iKanHTaAbHOH 6a3oi.
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A0 ayAHTa H o6s3aTeAbHbIx OT4HcAeHHH. HpH6blAH MoryT HaKarIAHBaTbCR B TeqeHHe roAa H
6blTb sHaqHTeAbHbIMH B rOAOBbIX (JHHaHCOBbIX OTqeTaX npoLUeA4IIHX ayAHT 6aHxoB, KOTOpble
cocTaBARjoT 6aAaHc A0 Bb3bqeTa OTqHCAeHHH H3 AoXoAa,80 B TO BpeMR KaK y 6aHKoB,
COCTaBAR1Oi4HX 6aAaHc nOcAe BbiqeTa OTqHCAeHHH, B ny6AHKyeMofi AOKyMeHTaUHH MOryT
(pHrypHpoBaTb TOAbKO OCTaTKH nOCAe (JOPMHPOBaHHR H-3 npH6bIAH pe3ep3OB H BbiLAaTbi
AHBHAeHAOB.
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B pe3epBbl. B HeKOTOpbiX CTpaHaX lpHHHTO BCTpaHBaTb npogecc pacnpeAeAeHH. npH6bUH B
cqeT npH6blAeH H y6blTKoB, B 6aAaHce npIHBOAHTb AaHHbie nocAe ynAaTb1 HaAOrOB, BbImAaTbl
AHBHAeHAOB, OT'HCAeHHH B Pe3epBbl H BblnAaTbl CTHMyAHPylO11Hx npH6aBOK COTpyAHHKaM; B
ApyrHX CTpaHaX cqeT npH6biAeH H y6blTKoB RBAneTCR KpaTKHM OTieTOM, AOnOAHReMbIM
OTAeAbHb1M oT'IeToM no pacnpeAeAeHHIO AoxoAa, B 6aAaHce me npHBOASTCR AaHHbie A4
pacnpeAeAeHHR npH6bIAH.
,4oArocpoqHbIii cy6opAHNHpoBaHHblii AOAr He CAeAyeT paCCMaTPHBaTb KaK KanHTaA,
eCAH YCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrO corAalUeHH% He rpeAYCMaTpHBalOT CAeAyio0Iero: a) HeBbIrLAaTbl
npogeHTOB, eCAH TaKa% Bbmr1AaTa npHBeAeT K HapylU1HH10 Tpe6oBaHHH no AOCTaTOqHOCTH
KanHTaAbHOH 6asbi; 6) Bo3BpaTa OCHOBHOH CyMMbl B q3opMe aKgHHi, a He HaAH1qHOCTH, KOrAa
nocAeAHee MO2KeT o6ycAoBHTb HapyuieHHe Tpe6oBaHHH no AOCTaTOYHOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6a3br
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HaSaA, MO2KeT He oTpa2aTb HX TeKyJeeH pb]HO'IHOH CTOHMOCTH.81 OAHaKo C nepeoCeHKOH
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80 Kam IpHHXTO B cTpaHax, yHacAeAoBaBaiHx fpaUHgY3CK3'o TpaAHUHio.
81 B HeKOT0pblX Bb1COKopaB3BHTbIX cTpaHax paspeinaeTCn CKpbiTaq (T.e. He BbIHBAReMaR no ny6rmKyeMbiu
lHHai4obIM oTqeTaM) nepeoUeHKa aKTHBoB c UeAbio pyTmHHoHi MacKHPOBKH HopMaAbHbiX KoAe6aHHH
npH6bIWbHOcTH H noApaBHHBaHHA pOcTa AoXoAa, WTO6bi y LuHpOKO?H ny6AHKH cKAaAbIBaAocb BneqaTAeHHe o
nocToxHHOM H HaAemHoM pocTe.
108
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UeAOM. Fo CyygeCTBy, OLeHeHHbie C 3aHHmeHHeM aKTHBbl Ayqiue OCTaBHTr B Ka'ieCTBe
CKpblTblX pe3epBOB, eCAH HaAOrOBOe 3aKOHoAaTeAbCTBO paCCMaTpHBaeT noAo6Hbie
peBaAbBaUHH KaK o6AaraeMbIii HaAOrOM AOXOA.
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npH aHaAH3e qlHHaHCOBbIX COOTHOuieHHH, 'TO B oco6eHHocTH OTHOCHTCH K 6aHKaM, KOTOpbie
AOnlyCKalOT CAHUIKOM 6oAbllUyIO CBo6oAy AeHCTBHU B inpaKTHKe peBaAbBaUHH (CM. rAaBy 5).
pyFroi AOUOAHHTeAbHbJii KanDTaA B TOH HAH HHOH qpopMe pa3pemieH B pAne CTpaH.
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Heo6peMeHeHHbIe, a aTO 03HaqaeT, 'ITO Ha 6aHKe He Ae2KIT HHKaKHX o6S3aTeAbcTB no onAaTe
HX K KaKOMy-TO MOMCHTY BpeMeHH B 6yAyWeM.
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co6oA nepeBoA HmeiouerOCA KanHTaAa Ha CAy'aH Heo6xOAHMOCTH KOMneHCHpOBaTb Heo6blWHbIe
noTePH (CM. rAaBy 6). 3To ymeHbleHHe Ae lpaKTo co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa, KOTOpbIM icax
aMopTH3aTopoM pacnoAaraeT 6aHK, CAeAyeT y'qHTbIBaTb npH onpeAeAeHHH OTHOHIeHHA,
XapaKTepH33yiogHx AOCTaTO4HOCTb KanHTaAbHOH 6a3bi.
3ABAAAHCOBblE ObJl3ATEAbCTBA/3AbAAAHCOBbIr OT'ET
BaHKH e2KeAHeBHO y9aCTBYIOT B cAeAKax no nOpy"eHHIO CBOHX KAHeHTOB, no CyTH AeAa
noAMeHaR CBOeH penyTagHeH penyTaUH1o KAHeHToB. 9To AaeT BO3MOMHOCTb nOCAeAHHM BeCTH
AeAa C TpeTbHMH CTOpOHaMH, KOTOpbIe MoryT He HMeTb nOAHoro AOBepHR K HHM H3-Sa
HeAOCTaTO'IHOCTH COOTBeTCTByIOHgeH HH¢OpMaaHH. TorAa rapaHTOM CBOHX KAHeHTOB BbiCTynaeT
6aHK, a nOCKOAbKy BTO H3HaHaAbHO He conpqmeHo C HaAH'IHOCTbIO, OH HHKOrAa He noABepraeT
ce6H pHCKY B CBR3H C HaAH'iHOCTbIO, a npocTo BblAaeT KpeAHT cBOeMy KAHeHTy, eCAH TOT He
MomeT cnpaBewbcA C 3aTpyAHeHHRMH B onepaUHRx Co CBOHM napTHepoM no 6H3Hecy. TaKHe
TpaHCaHKIHH noKa3biBalOTCR B 3a6aAaHcoBoM OT'ieTe, nOCKOAbKy B HHX He y'qaCTByeT
HaAH4HoCTb; A0 noCAeAHero BpeMeHH HX, KaK npaBHAO, He BKAIO'aAH B pacveT AOCTaTO'IHOCTH
KarHTaAbHOH 6a3bi. KaK CAeACTBHe 6aHKH B Tex CTpaHax, rAe yCTaHOBAeHbl KpeAHTHbie
nOTOAKH" HAH Tpe6oBaHHA no AOcTaTo4HOCTH KanHTaAbHOii 6a3bi, orpaHHqHBaloUHe
HOpMaAbHOC KpeAHTOBaHHe, OKaSaAHCb BblHy2KAeHHbIMH HCKaTb AOXOA B "2OpMe KOMHCCHOHHbIX,
KOTOpbie COnYTCTBYIOT TaKHM 3a6aAaHCoBbIM TpaHcaHKUHAM; B peayAbTaTe nocAeAHHe MoryT
CTaTb BeCbMa 3Ha'qlTCAbHb1MH H COnOCTaBHMbIM C cyMMaMH H3 6aAaHca.
HpHBeAeHHbliH AaAee npHMepHblHi HOpMaTHBHblii oT'IeT nOBTOpReT CTpyKTypy, npeAnHCaHHYIO
BaSCAbcKHM corAaHCeHHeM; B HeM 3a6aAaHcoBbie o6J3aTeAbcTBa KAaCCHqCHUHpyIOTCR no
CTeneHH pHCKa AAq ,eAeH B3Be1I1HBaHHR pHCKOBOCTH o6R3aTeAbCTB, He2KeAH no HHCTpyMeHTaM,
xax qaiie scero AeAaeTCA B ny6AHKyeMbix qpHHaHCOBbIX OTTeTax. HpH nORBAeHHH A106blX
sHaqHTeAbHbIX 3a6aAaHcoBblx o6A3aTeAbCTB cneHHaAHCT no aHaAH3y AOA2KeH 3aAaTb
onpeAeAeHHbie BOnpoCbi PYKOBOACTBY. CAeAyer OTMeTHrb, 'TO paCCMaTpHBaeMbie HH2Ke
aa6aAaHcoBbie o6sI3aTeAbcTBa npHBeAeHbi B nopRAKe BocnpHsITHn aBTopoM CTeneHH CBARaHHoro
109
Jf,epOperopoiaNme po8asCoaoio orTqerHocrm
C HHMH pHCKa, rlpH 8TOM CAeAyeT OpHeHTHPOBaTbCR Ha Ba3eAbcKoe corAaxueHHe KaK Ha qeTKoe
PyXOBOACTBO.
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CpeAHepHcxoBbie 3a6aAahcombIe o6IaaTeAbCTBa
CpeAHe-/MaAopNcxoBble 3a6aAaHcoBbie o6a3aTeAbcTBa
MaAOpHCKOBbie 3a6aAaHcOBbie o6R3aTCAbCTBa
PHcx, cElaabiHbl C cpopsapAHhbMH npOUCHTHbIHM4 cTaHKaMH
npm cpoKe Ao I roAa;
npH cpoxe CBbiwe I roAa;
PHCK, cH3aaHHblii C qlopBapAHbIHM BaAIOTHbIMH KypcaMH
npm cpoxe Ao 1 roAa
npH cpoxe CBbiwe I roAa;
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flpowe
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AaTb BO3MO2KHOCTb 6aHKy-KoppecnoHAeHry pacIuIHpHTb npeAocTaBAeHHe KpeAHTOB KAHeHTaM
6arHa, BbiAaBlllerO rapaHTHH, 6e3 "nponycKaHH" KAHeHTa qepes o6biqHbiii KpeAHTHbiH aHaAHs
H npogecc BblAa'IH pa3peuIeHHH, npH TOM, 'TO IAHeHT MOmeT 6blTb He H3BeCTeH 6aHKy-
xoppecnoHAeHTy. BaHK CHOBa npeACTaBASeT cBoe HMH TaKOMY KAHeHTy H 6epeT Ha ce6a pHCK,
no cygu4eCTBY aKBHBaAeHTHbIH TOMy, C KOTOpb1M OH CTOAmHWAcR 6bl, ecAH 6bl q)HHaHcHpoBaA
cBoero KAHeHTa. 5lBAqioWHHCR 6eHeqpHUHapoM 6aHK-KoppecnoHAeHT noAy'aeT npawo BbICTaBHTb
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OCHOBbIBaRCb TOAbKO Ha nOAnHCaHHOM saHBAeHHH, {TO npeAycTaHoBAeHHoe co6blITHe
82 OnpeAeAeHiHyio pa3HO8HAHOCTb AaHHoro noAxoAa M02KHO HcnoAb3oBaTh AAR o6xoAa KpeuHTHbZx
nOTOAKOB - 6aHK y6emAaeT KpynHoro HHBeCTOpa pa3MecTHTb *iOHAbI HenOCpeAcTBeHHO y KPpynHOrO BaeM4lHKa,
nepeAaB BKAaA4HKY B KaMeCTBe cpeAcTBa BaBHTbi 6aHKoBcKyio rapaHTHIO. C nO.HUHH cHcTeMbi 6aHKoBcKoro
yqeTa, KpeAHT H BbIlAnaTbl B CqCT rioramleHHR ero ABAHIOTCR onepagHRMH no nepeBoAy ()OHAOB, BbiriOAHeHHIbMH
no rxpocb6e rAHeHToB, a rapaHTHS RBAJIeTCR 3a6aAaHcoBbiM o6A3aTeAbCTBOM BHe KPeAHTHblX nOToAKOB".
3aemWJJf nAaTHT MeHee BbICOKiNi npojeHT no 4)OHAaM, meM ecAH 6bi nOAy'HA KpeAHT HenOCpeACTBeHHO B 6aHKe,
BKAaA'IHK nOAyqaeT 6oAee BbICOKH i npogeHT, 'eM noAyiaA 6bl Ha AenoHHpoBaHHyHo CyMMy, noaToMy 6aHK HMeeT
npaao Ha BbicoKHe KoMHCcHoHHbie no rapaHTHH BMecTo npogeHTHOro AoxoAa. TaKHM nYTeM AaHHbilH npogecc
06X0AHT Aw060o KOHTpOAb 3a npOUeHTHbIMH cTaBKaMH, TpCe6oBaHHJ no AocTaToRHOCTH KanHTaAbHOH 6aBbl H
AHKBHAHOCTH, XOTr PHCK AAR 6aHKa HAeHT'meH pHCKy npeAocTaBAeHHR KxpeHTa IaeMWHKy
110
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TORHOCTH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb TeKcTy, npHBeAeHHOMY B aKKpeAHTHBe. ECAH Bce BTO cAeAaHo
nlpaBHAbHO, TO yKa3aHHbie AOKyMeHTbi CTaHOBXTCR (pHHaHCOBOH rapaHTHeH, COrAaCHO KOTOpOHi
6eHeqPHUHap MOmeT Bbl?IHCaTb TpaTTY, eCAH 3aHBHTeAb He B COCTOHHHH AeHCTBOBaTb COrAacHO
OCHOBHOMy corAamIeHHIO; B TO me BpeMB 3aHBHTeAb 3aI1HiIeH, nOCKOAbKy A0o6oe
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o6pa3yeT oReBHAHoe CBHAeTeAbCTBO MOLuleHHH'eCTBa, KOTOpOe MO2KeT 6blTb npeACTaBAeHO
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aKKPeAHTHBbI cOxpaHsIOT CHAy B TetieHHe roAa rno 3aBepwIeHHH npoeKTa. HIOCKOAbKy
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nOAKOppeKTHpoBaTb). CaKTOp pHcKa, CBR3aHHblH C pe3epBHblMH aKKpeAHTHBaMH, MomeT 6blTb
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peCgHnHeHT o6H3aTeAbCTBa yTpaqHBaeT B03MO2KHOCTb Mo6HAH3aUHH pOHAOB Ha AeHemHOM
pbIHKe. CwryagHH oco6eHHo He6AaronpHHTHa, eCAH 6aHK 3aTpe6oBaA KOMHCCHOHHble no
o6as3aTeAbcTBy HAH KOMneHCaHUHOHHblH OCTaTOK OT HeHCrIOAb3OBaHHOH CYMMb1 KpeAHTa nlpH
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KOTOpbIX OHAbl MOryT HCHOAb3OBaTbCH. HoAo6Hbie o6s3aTeAbcTBa MOryT 6blTb
npHBAeKaTeAbHb1MH AAH 6aHKa, nOCKOAbKy o6ecne'HBaioT AOXOA B q)OpMe KOMHCCHOHHblX 6e3
COH3MepHMoro PHCKa AAA aKTHBOB 6aHKa, T. e. o6ecneqHBaloT npH6blAb Ha aKTHBbi, OAHaKO
nepec9yp aKTHBHOe HcnOAb3OBaHHe aToro HHCTpyMeHTa MomeT o6yCAOBHTb paccorAacoBaHHe B
ynpaBAeHHH AHKBHAHOCTbIO HAH KpeAHTHbIMH pHCKaMH.
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noKa3aHo Bbrnle, 6aHK, KOTOpbIH ysqHTbIBaeT aK,errTOBaHHbie TOproBbie TpaTTbl AAR CBOHX
KAHeHTOB H nepeysHTblBaeT HX siepe3 OKHO nepey'eTa UeHTPaAbHoro 6aHKa, MomeT He
BbiAeAHTb co6cTBeHHbIx "3OHAOB, HO OH pHCKyeT B cAy'ae, eCAH TpaCCaT TepnHT HeyAa'Iy H
KAHeHTbi 6aHKa (TpaccaHTbl), AAI KOTOpbiX 6aHK ywHTbIBaA ToproBbie Tparrbl, He cMoryT
Bo3MerCTHTb 6aHKy pacxoAbi. YsTeHHbie H nepeysTeHHbie TOprOBbie Tparrbl, 3aHeceHHb1e B
3a6aAaHcoBbifi OT'eT HAH npeACTaBAeHHbIe B noCTpaHH'IHblx npHMeMaHHax, AAM seAeH aNaAH3a
CAeAoBa"o 6bl noMeu1aTb B 6aAaHce, BKAIO'WaJ y9TeHHble TpaTTbl B aKTHBbl C HOpMaAbHbIM
PHCKOM, a riepey'TeHHbie - B KaTeropHio 3aAOAmeHHOCTH UeHTpaAbHOMy 6aHKy.
MeNhIlIHi PHCK
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ycTa'ioBAeHHOH CyMMbl BKAIO'sHTeAbHO o6bl4Ho npH BblnOAHeHHH onpeAeAeHHbIX yCAOBHH.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, 6aHK momeT CBR3blBaTb ce6H iopHAH'ecKH HenpeAomHbIM o6s3aTeAbcTBoM
III
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np[AOA2KaTb KpeAHTOBaHHC KAHeHTa, KorAa ero KaK pe3 cAeAoBa0o 6bl npeKpaTHTb no npHIHHe
YXAmeHHR qpHHaHCOBorO nOAOCeHHH KAHeHTa HAH AHKBHAHOCTH camoro 6aHKa. B HeKoTopbix
CTPaHaX OTKa3 OT BbIAeAeHHN CpeACTB AM KpeAHTHOH AHHHH, no KOTopOH 6aHK B3%A Ha ce6R
o6jaaTeAbCTBa, KorAa KAHeHT co6AloAaeT YCAOBHS corAaUleHHR, MomeT nOCAy2INTb OCHOBON
AAx cyAe6HOro npeCAeAOBaHHR 3a HapymueHHe KOHTpaKTa HAH HaHeCeHHe yujep6a npeAnpNwrHio.
JpH JYpaBHAbHOM C3pyWrVpHp0MHHH pHCK OKxabIBaeTCT HHme, qeM npH HOpMaAbHOM KpeAHTe,
nocKOAbKy 6aHK coxpaHneT BO3MO2KHOCTb OTKa3a OT BbiAeAeHH% CpeACTB, eCAH 3aeMUJHK
HapymHT YCAOBHR HCXOAHOrO corAaleleHHN 0 KpeAHTe.
Aoiy"eeTapHbxe aKKpeAHTHBbl83 HaAeAnIOT KAHeHTOB 6aHKa, fBAHIOHXCRi nOKyiaTemAMH
ToBapOB (SaRBHTeAAMH), CpeACTBOM 3acTaBHTb npoAaBUoB TOBapoB (6eHeNpHHapoB) npHHHTb
nAaTe2mH no npeAcTaBAeHHH B HX 6aHKH TpaHCnOPTHblx AOKyMeHTOB, KOTOpbIe nepeAaloT TNTyA
Ha ToBap, KynAeHHbliH 3a%BHTeAAMH. rAaBHaR MeAb AOKyMeHTapHOro aKKpeAHTHBa - KOHTPOAb
sa CMeHOHi THTyAa npOTHB niAaTema B OTHOUICeHHSX aBYX napTHepOB no 6H3Hecy, KorAa
HeAOCTaTOX B3aHMHOrO AOBePHR HAH CpeACTB KOHTpOAA nperffTCTBYeT npOH3BOACTBY InAaTe2Ka
Ha OTKpblTbIN c'leT HAH no npHHUHny AoKyMeHTapHoA HHKaccagHH. rPH npaBHAbHOH
o6pa6oTKe AoKyMeHTOB 6aHK yAepmHBaeT THTyA Ha ToBap C MoMeHTa, KorAa OH [JaT*T no
AoKyMeHTaM, H A0 MoMeHTa, KorAa Ae6eTyeT creT r.AHeHTa, H, TaKHM O6pa3oM, OH HMeeT ToBap
B KaqeCTBe nOAHoro o6ecneqeHHH, TOrAa KaK y ToBapa eCTb sapaHee ycTaHoBAeHHbli
noKynaTeAb. O4HaKo eCAH KAHeHT He MO2KCfT KOMneHCHpOBaTb 3aTpaTbi 6aHKy, 6aHK MomeT
6biTb BbiHymAeH npeAoCTaBHTb KpeAHT KAHeHTy, o6ecneqeHHblfi ToBapoM, KOTOpbiN, Mo2reT
6blTb, H He yAaCTC.9 HHKOMy npoAaTb sa noAHyIo CTOHMOCTb. POAb 6aHKa orpaHwHeHa
o6pa6oTKofi AoKyMeHToB, KOTOPbIC AOAmHbl COOTBeTCTBoBaTb AoKyMeHTaM, Heo6xoAHMbiM no
yCAOBHRM BblAa%IH aKKpeAHTHBa. BaHK He y'aCTByeT B peaAbHOHi KoMMepqecKofi cAeAKe, eCAH
He COBepMHT oIIIH6KH H He npOHHKHeTC.9 npeAy6emAeHHeM K OAHOHi H3 CTOpOH. 3TH onepagNH
nOAqHHR OTCH HOPMaTHBHbIM npaBHAaM, H3AomeHHb1M B Hy6AHKaUHH 400 MemAyHapoAHoii
TOprOBOHi IAaTbI OT 1983 r.
HMNWHi PNCK
rapaHTHH lapOXOAHbIK HAH aBHaiHOHHbIM EcOKuaHESM BbIlyCKm1OTCR AAA yAO6CTBa
yKa3aHHbIX KOMnaHHH, noCKOAbKy nO3BOARIOT HM oCBo6o4HTbCm OT TOBapa A0 nOAyqeHHR
TOBapOpaCnOPMAHeAbHbIX AoKyMeHToB. 3To Mo2KeT 6blTb Heo6xoAHMo, qTo6bl H36emaTb
AeMepeA2Ka H PHCKa MeAKHX Kpam2 B CHTya1HSix, KorAa 6aHK Bb11YCTHA aKKpeAmTHB nOAb3y
rpy3OOTnpaBHTeAH, HO TOBapOpaCnOPRAHTCAbHbie AoKyMeHTbi, KOTOpb1e AOAMHb1 6blAN 6blTb
npeAcTaBAeHbl XO BpeMeHH BbInHcbIBaHHR aKKpeAHTHBa, 3anO3AaAH no CpaBHeHHIO C
n1OCTylIAeHHeM camorO TOBapa. AaHHaH rapaHTHn 3asqHigaeT rpy3OOTrIpaBwTeAA OT ANo6biX
npeTeHsHfi B CBS3H C AOCpO'HbIM oCBo60o2KeHHeM OT TOBapa. B HOpMaAbHb1X o6cTo3rreAbcTBax
6aHKy CAeAoBaAo 6bl BbinyCKaTb TaKHe rapaHTHH TOAbKO no IlpOCb6e KAHeHTOB, B KOTOpblX OH
83 HHzecAeAyJoIjHe onHcaHHA aKKpeAHTHBOB npeAHa3HaieHbl TOAbKO AAA UOHNMaHHA flpHpoAbl 9TTX
OnlepaLHA H CBRBaHHbIX C HHMH pHCKOB. 4eTKHe OllpeAeAeHHR MO2HO HaHTH B Iy6AHKaHH 440
MezAyHapO4HOiH ToprosoA naAaTmz OT 1983 r. H nloCAeAy1o0WHX iopHAH'eCKHX HHTepnpeTaIpHAx npHBeAeHHbIx TaxA
BOAO2KC1HH.
112
nOAHOCTbIO yBepeH, a pHcK perHCTPHpoBaTb KaK Aio6oH ApyroH pHCK, noKa He noAyWeHbH
HCxoAHbie AoKyMeHTbI H rapaHTHR He BO3BpaiMeHa.
apyrHe rapaHTHH MOrYT OXBaTbIBaTb rapaHTHH YnAaTbl B CpOK HMnopTHb1X TaMO2KeHHbLX
nOUIAHH, C'IeTOB 3a TeAeqlOH HAH Aio6bIx ApyrHx o6siaTeAbcTB, B3HTbIX Ha ce6si KAHeHTOM
6aHKa. B Ka2AOM KOHKpeTHOM cAyqae 6aHK npeAb.lBA-IeT BMeCTO KAHeHTa CBOIo
KpeAwTocnoco6HOcTb H AOA21eH 6yAeT BbIAeAHTb co6cTBeHHbie cpeACTBa, eCAH aToro He
CMO2KeT C4eAaTb KAHeHT.
KOHTpaKTbl C 4POPBaPAHbimH nPOgeHTHb1MH CTaBXaMUH. B CTpaHax C Pa3BHTbIM
pHHaHCOBblM PbIHKOM 6aHKH MoryT "HKCHpoBaTb CBOH paCXOAbl, CBH3aHHbIe C npOeHTaMH,
riyTem 3aKAiotieHHH KoHTpaKTOB C q)OPBaPAHbIMH npoUCHTHbIMH CTaBKaMH, KOTopbie no
CYU4eCTBy rapaHTHpyIOT KOHKpeTHyiO npO!leHTHYIO CTaBKY B nPOAOA2KeHHe KOHKXpTHOrO
nepHoAa BpeMeHH. Y aBTopa HMelOTCSI HeKoTopbIe COMHeHHH no nOBOAY npaKTH'ecKoro
npHMeHeHHH TaKHX KOHTpaKToB, a ymKe HaKonAeHHbIH npaKTHCeCKHH ionbIT pHAa KpynHb1X
MeC2AYHaPOAHbIX q)HHaHCOBbIX y'pe2tAeHHH noKa3bIBaeT, 'TO noAO6Hble KOHTpaKTbi He CTORT
3aTpamHBaeMbix YCHAHHi H BpeMeHH. fCHO, 'TO, eCAH 6aHK paccqHTbIBaeT nocpeACTBOM
KOHTpaKTOB C qOpBo PAHbIMH npOgeHTHbIMH CTaBKaMH 3aIIHTHTbCR OT PHCKa, CBH3aHHOrO C
npOUeHTHbIMH CTaBKaMH, OH MO2KeT CTOAKHYTbCR H C CHTyaUHeH, B KOTOpOH, npeAocTeperaacb
OT pOCTa pbIHO-IHbIX CTaBOK, HOAy9HT B3aMeH HX CHHmeHHe. ECAH me, OAHaRO, CTaBKH
Bo3pacTy, 6aHK CTOAKHeTCq C KpeAHTHbIM pHCKOM, KOTOpbIH npHBeAeT B AeiCTBHe
opraHH3agmH, o6ecne'HBiua3i 3a%uHTy H He CyMeBuIIaR BbinOAHHTb CBOHX o6H3aTeAbcTB no
KOHTpaKTy. Ba3eAbcKoe corAaiuieHHe peKOMeHAyeT B3BellUHBaTb PHCK nO TaKHM OnepagHHM,
eCAH pHCK HaXOAHTCS Ha HH33KOM ypOBHe. ,AaHHaR npo6AeMa 3aTparHBaeT TOAbKO pa3BHTbie
qpHHaHCOBbie PbIHKH H He AOA2Ha npeACTaBAHTb oco6oro HHTepeCa AAH 'HTaTeAR.
QopaapAHble BaAlOTHbie KOHTpaKTbl. KaK noKa3aHo HH2e, cIqOpBaPAHbie BaAlOTHbie
onepaUHH conpS2KeHbi c OnpeAeAeHHbIM PHCKOM, KOTOpbIH Ba3eAbcKoe corAamieHHe
peKomeHAyeT OnpeAeARTb MeTOAOM B3BeWHBaHHH.
PopaapI,brhe o6zwareAbcTXa
CorAameHH.I O npoAame H o6paTHoA noKynKe (PEHIO) COCTOHFT B npoAame 6aHKoM
o6ecne'ieHHR npH corAaCHH o6paTHo BbIKYnHTb ero B OnpeAeAeHHbliU MOMeHT BpeMeHH B
6yAyWeM. aTOT MexaHH3M HCnOAb3yeTCR npe2KAe Bcero AAA ynpaBAeHHR AHKBHAHOCTblO. PHCx
orpaHHqeH, nocKOAbKy npoAama H o6paTHa.R noKynKa npeACTaBAAIOT co6ofi o6MeH
CTOHMOCTHMH C HcnOAb3OBaHHeM HaAH%IHOCTH H npHrOAHOCTH K npoAa2Ke HHCTpyMeHTa o6bimHo
HecoMHeHHOrO Ka'ecTBa KaK KpeAHTa. OAHaKO nOCKOAbKy ,eHa npH o6paTHoH noKynKe
MO2KeT OTAH'aTbCH OT pbIHO4HOH CeHbl B BTOT MOMeHT, aTa onepagHR MO2KeT npHHecTH H
npH6blAb, H y6blTKH, nO8TOMY onpeAeAeHHbiH PHCK BCe-TaKH cyLMeCTByeT. qpe3MepHax
aKTHBHOCTb B AaHHOH o6AacTH AOA2KHa Bbl3BaTb y cneHHaAHCTa no aHaAH3y onpeAeAeHHbie
BOnpOCbi.
113
I
5. HPnHbIAH H YbbITKI4
1-HCTblM npOUeHTHblH AOXOA HBAMeTCH OCHOBHbIM HCTOIHHKOM 6AaronoAyqHH 6aHra H
onpeAeARCeTC9 ABYMH cPaKTopaMH, a HMeHHO cyMMaMH, KOTOpbWe nOAyqaeT 6aHK OT: 1) nocpeA-
HHqeCTBa - npeAOCTaBAeHHS OnpeAeACHHbIM AHUaM AOnOAHHTeAbHbIX CpeACTB C MeAb1O HX
npOAYKTHBHoro HcnoAb3oBaHHs; 2) TpaHcqopmaHH KpaTKOCpOIHbIX AenlO3HTOB B 6oAee AOAro-
CpOqHb1e KpeAHTbl UAH npHHHTR HeAopororo KpaTKocpoHoro EKanHTaAa H npeBpaUgeHHH ero B
6oAee Aoporou AoArocpoqHbIH. aTH ABa npoiecca B comeTaHHH C ynpaBAeHHeM: 1) AHKBHA-
HOCTbIO - o6ecnemeHHeM AocTyna BKAaAqHKa K ero CPCACTBaM B Aio6o0 MoMeHT npH Heo6xo-
AHMOCTH; 2) pHCKOM - o6ecneqeHHeM BO3BpaTa ccymKeHHbIX KanHTaAoB; 3) H3Aepm2.KamH -
CBeAeHHeM K MHHHMYMY 'IHCTOH npoleHTHOfi MapmH, 'TO Heo6xoAHMo AAA Bb1mHBaHHR 6aHKa,
- H COCTaBAHIOT CYlUHOCTb 6aHKOBCKorO AeAa. To, HacROAbKO xopomo 6aHK AeAaeT cBoe AeAo,
OflpeAeA.eT HacKOAbKO OH npeycneBaeT HAH TeprlHT HeyAa'IH; OTKAOHeHHe OT nlepeCHCAeHHbIX
pYHAaMeHTaAbHbIX nOAO2KeHHA, KaK npaBHAO, CBHAeTeAbCTByeT O C60HX B pa6oTe 6aHKa.
Ha BCTaBKe 5.1 nOKa3aH npHMepHbIH nepeqeHb nO3HQIHH B cqeTe npH6bIAeH H y6blTKOB HLAH
AOXOAOB H paCXOAOB. HpH HcnOAb3OBaHHH aAbTepHaTHBHoro qpopMaTa, c KOTOpbIM MacTo npH-
XOAHTCSI CTaAKHBaTbC51 CneIHaAHCTaM no aHaAH3y H KOTOpbIIl 6oAee TpaAHUHoHeH, cHaHaAa
COCTaBASIOT nepe'eHb Bcex AOXOAOB H OnpeAeAHIOT BaAOBOH AoxOA, 3aTeM - BCex paCXOAOB H
orpeAeASlloT o6ugHe paCxOAbI; pa3HOCTb 8THX BeAH4HH npeACTaBAHeT Co6oH qHCTbliH AOXOA AAH
y6bIToK. ECAH HTOrOBbie BeAWIHHbi nlpH HCnIOAb3OBaHHH AIO6orO U3 ABYX noAXOAOB 6YAYT 0AH-
HaKOBbIMH, TO npeAAaraembiH 34ACb MeTOA IlOTOKOB nO.3BOA.ReT CnIe,HaAHCTy no aHaAH3y npo-
CAeAlTb npoHCXo21AeHHC Bcex COCTaBAH1oUgHx AOxOAa. B HAeaAe cTpyKTypa oT'eTa o
npH6biAix H y6b[TKax AOAMHa 6blTb aHaAorHM'Ha CTPYKType 6aAaHca, C TeM, 'To6bi MomHo
6bEAO npoaHaAH3HpoBaTb AOXOAbI HAH pacxOAbl, OTHOCHMbie Ha OCHOBHble cTaTbH 6aAaHca, KarK
B paccMaTpHBaeMoM npHMepe.
OnEPAUHOHHbl 40X04a
B AaHHbli pasaeA BXOAHT BCe AOXOAHbie H paCXOAHbie CTaTbH, OTpama[OUHe o6bM"Hbie
OCHOBHbie onepa,uHH 6aHKa. HCKAiOteHbl nO3HUHH, COOBeTCTBY1OU4He %1pe3BblqafiHbIM o6cTo3i-
TeAbCTBaM, KoppeKTHpoBEam npeAluecTByIoigero nepHoAa HAH He CBH3aHHbIe C HOpMaAbHOH
Ae5rTeAbHOCTbiO 6aHKa. 3TH nO.3HHH crpynnHPOBaHbl B pa3AeAe HeonepaHUHOHHb1e HAM OT
'Ipe3BbIqauHblX co6blTHfi npH6bIAH, KaK rioKa3aHo HH2Ke. HIO'TH Bce CAy2K6bi 6aHKoBcKoro
HaA30pa COCpeAOTOMHBaIOT BHHMaHHe Ha 6aAaHce H OCHOBHbiX 6aAaHCOBbIX KOaq4pHUHeHTax,
HanpHMep, xapaKTePH3ylOgHX aAetKBaTHOCTb H AHKBHAHOCTb KaanHTaAbHOH 6a3b1, H He CAHIIKOM
HHTepeCylOTcsR npH6bIAbHocTbio 6aHEa. 3TO - oLum6xa. CIHHaHCOBOe 6AaronoAyqHe 6aHKa
HaXOAHTcH B plpHMOA 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero cnoco6HocTH 3apa6aTblBaTb AeHbrH HAH o6ecne-
-fHBaTb npH6blAb. HeaAeKBaTHocTb npH6blAH BBOAHT B HCKyHiueHHe Aame Ay'lllHX pyKOBOAH-
TeAeU, 3aCTaBARs HX HCKaTb npH6b[Ab B 6oAee PHCKOBaHHbIX OnepagHRx, BCAeACTBHH mero 6aHK
noABepraeTcs nOBblwIeHHOH OnaCHOCTH Kpaxa. TaKHM o6pasoM, HeyMeHHe 3apa6aTb!aaTb
115
HinepupermpoBaime ommHaHCoaeo orerTiocrCT
BCTaBKa 5.1
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npOueNTNhNi AoxoA ApyrHe onepau,HOHHble AOXOAbl
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.3aHmbi BhIAaHbJe KAHeHTaM Onepauounue pacxoja
O6pazJa,oiwtec.i UeHHbIe 6yMarH nAaTa H BbnAaTbi pa6oTHHKam
HpH6blAb, noAy4eHHHaB B peC3yAbTaTe nOBblUCHHNB 3apa6OTNaB nAaTa
PblIO9HOH npogeHTHOH CTaBKH apyrme nAaTb
40A0O B BHAe AOnOAHHTeAbHOH OnAaTbi peCAHTHb]X yCAyr ApyxH H BboleAaTb
,40104 OT cPOpBap4HhIX XOHTPBKTOB M13AePaowH a C0UFfaAbI1C 06CCne9IeNHe
,4pyrHe oT(opBapABHbX KOHTpaKToB BbinAa9eHHbie peHTHbIe nAaTemH
4pyriie 4OX0Abl B1 BHAe nlpoIeHTOB ApyrHe onepauHH
flpoUenThMie pacxoAb HaAorH H AHUeH3HH
cyMMa 3BmoA2eHHocTH XpeAHTHbIM yspe2KAeHH1M AMopTm3agIOHHbie oT'HcAeHHJ
cyuMa 3aAOA2HeHHOCTH KAHeHTaM AMopTHaWaIw IyABHAa
4eno3Hmw A4 BocTpe6oBaHNB; 4pyrme aAMHHJcTpaTmBno-ynpaRAeH'ecXKe pacxoAm
CponHbie AenoiHTbi Ha CpoX Ao I roAa ApyrHe onepayHoHHble paCXOAbl
Cpo'Nbie ACnoHHThI Ha CPOx CBblbme 1 roAa b onepaunounai xoxoA/y6bmx
C6eperaTeAbNble cqeTa co CpOXOM Ao I roAa
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4eno3NTHbie cepTHqHpKaTbi H BaMeHHTeAH AenfloHToB y6blTKoB O xpeANTaM
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qnCThEN npoueHTniui AOXOA CnIcaRHe NHSecTNUHI
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llpORBHTbCSI Ha 6aAaHce H B 6aAaHCOablKX KOBC@ HHeHTaX TOAbKO CriyCTE roAbi. B paBHoH mepe
BHe3anHOe yBeCAHIeHHe AoXoAoB HAMH nOAy'eHHe aHOMaAbHO BbICOKHX npH6blAeH Ha KOHKy-
PeHTHOM PbIHKe C He3HaqIHTeAbHbIMH BO3MO2HOCT3IMH AAR aTOrO TaS2e MO2KeT Bbl3blBaTh
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116
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HHKOB. K HeCqaCTbIO AAR cneUHaAHCTa no aHaAH3y, npHBOAHMblH B OT'eTrax npogeHTHbIH
AXoA mome'r no pa3HblM npHpHHaM OTKAOHHTbCH OT peaAbHOCTH:
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He3aBHCHMO OT TOrO, BbinAa'eHbl HAH HeBblnAaxIeHbl BTH npOgeHTbl Ha CaMOM AeAe.
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nOpa3HTeAbHO HepvRUAHBaH npaKTHKa.84 aOBOAbHO naCTo npOAOAMHTeAbHOCTb aTOrO nepHoAa
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BTOT me npHHIHi npoAoAmaeT AeHCTBOBaTb B OTHOLUeHHH maCTeH TOiH me ccyAbi c 6oAee
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npoUeHTbi no KpeAHTaM, Aame eCAH BepOJqTHOCTb BO3BpaU4eHHX paBHa HyAlo, Ae6HTyH cyMMy
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noBbiillaA CYMMy HenoraiueHHoro KpeAHTa. B pe3yAbTaTe, HOBbIe AelIO3HTbl HCnOAb3yHOTCH AAR
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117
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npogeHToro AoxoAa, AH60 B BHAe KOMHCCHOHHbIX AOXOAOB. ICHO, qTO TaKOH 0noAxoA noMoraeT
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118
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119
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(PHHaHcHpoBaHHIO OT HsAep?KeK, CBR3aHHbIX C ApyrHMH ()HHaHCOBb1MH y'pe2KAeHHRMH; o6blwHO
HMelOT BBHAY BbflAaTy npOUeHTOB no (pHHaHCHpOBaHHIO CO CTOPOHbl MieHTpaAbHOrO 6aHKa HAH
no saHiMaM Ha AeHC2tHOM pbIHKe. CioAa CAeAyeT BKAIOYHTb TaKme BbInAaTy npOUeHTOB no
3aHMaM y HHOCTpaHHbIX y'pe2KAeHHH.
87 B HeKoTopbiX cTpaUax BBeAeHo Tpe6OBamHe, 063bIBaIOiUee KpeAHTopoB Ha3b1BaTb AeicTBHTreAbHylo
r1pOUeHTHy1o CTaBKy; B peByAbTaTe 6aHKH COo6WalOT CBOHM nOTeHaI8AbHbIM 3saeMIHKaM qmRTH'eCKyIO rOAoByIo
CTaBKY, KOTOpSa y4HTbIBaeT H BCe UAaTbl sa ycAyrx.
120
IPAN6,AMN N y6hiX
CyMMa aAoA2xeHH0CTH KAHKeTaKM OXBaTb1BaCT BCe paCXOAbl, CBH3aHHbie C HOpMaAbHOH
npoUeeHTHoH CTaBKOH H OTHeCeHHble K Aenof3HTHoH 6a3e 6aHKa. 3TH pacxoAbl o6biqHo He
o6oco6A.luoTcH; eCAH mKe STO OCyqjeCTBA5ieTCH, HX CAeAyeT KAaCCHq)HUHpOBaTb nO BHAaM
(pHHaHCOBbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB H no CpOKaM - A0 HAH CBb1Ie roAa.
* 4enosHmI 4o BocTpe6oBaHHH c BO3MO2KfHOCTbIO BblnHCbiBaTb meKH o6binHo
npeACTaBA1IAH co6oi onepagHOHHbie cmeTa, He npHHOCH1HU npOgeHTOB. CWrya is H3MeHHAacb,
6apbep MeK4Ay c6eperaTeAbHbxMH CmeTaMH H CqeTaMH A0 BocTpe6oBaHHR pa3pylLHAca9
oco6eHHo Ha pa3BHTb1X qcHHaHCOBbIX pb[Hrax c OCTpOH KOHKypeHgHeH Ha Aeno3HTbl.
* KoMMep'ecKHe aemosSmTr, AAJR CHRTHR KOTOPbIX CO c'eTa Tpe6yeTcHi yBeAoMAeHHe 3a
1-2 AHH;HX Mo2mHO OTAeAHTb HAH, Hao6OpOT, o6beAHHHrb c Aeno3sHTaMH A0 BOCTpe6oBaHHH, Ka
BTo cAeAaHO Ha BCTaBKe 5.1.
* C6eperaTeAbHbIe .4euo3Nrb7 B qlopMe c6epKHH2KH HAH BbHnHCKH c 6aHKoBcKoro cqeTa.
HlOqTH BO Bcex CTpaHaX AeHbrH C TaKHX AenO3HTOB BbIAaIOTCA no nepBOMy Tpe6oBaHH1O, XOTH
Koe-rAe Tpe6yeTca npeABapHTeAbHoe yBeAoMAeHHe BKAaAqHKa O meAaHHH CHHTb AeHbrH.
* cpovHbie 4eHosBHTbc CO CpOKOM, KaK npaBHAo, 30, 60, 90, 180 AHeii, 1 roA HAH 6oAee
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT lpHHHTOH lnpaKTHKH, AalIT B TeOpHH KpHByiO AoxoAa, KOTOpyiO CAeAyeT
nOArOHRTb nOA O2KHAaHHH B OTHOlueHHH HH()AR11HH H npogeHTHb1x CTaBOK c yiCToM npeMHH,
BbIAaBaeMOH no HaCTynAeHHH cpoKa BKAaAa.
* 4enosHTrmwbe cep7wTpHKaThr, KOTOpbie no CyIJeCTBy HBAHIOTCR CpOYHbIMH Aeno3HTaMH,
HO B KaqeCTBC CBHAeTeAbCTBa B AaHHOM cAyqae BblAaIOTCH CBo6oAHO o6paigaioujHecH Aeno3HT-
Hbie cepTHPHKaTbI, KOTOpbie MO2KHO npOAaBaTb H noKynaTb Ha BTOPH4HOM pbIHKe.
06AuraUHH a ApyrHe MeHHb!e 6yMaru, sBAH10IMHecfC AOArOBbIMH CBHAeTeAbcTBaMH, oxBa-
Tb1BaioT PaCXOAb1 no BbInAaTe npOgeHTOB npH CpOqHOM (pHHaHCHPOBaHHH H3 BHyTpeHHHX
HCTOIHHKOB C KOHKpeTHbIM CpOKOM; CBHAeTeAbCTBaMH no HHM RBAHIOTCH CBo6oAHo o6paiga-
IOWHecC AOArOBbIe HHCTpyMeHTbI, KOTOpblMH MO2KHO TOproBaTb Ha (HHaHCOBOM pblHKe.
.4pyrHe 4bHnaHcOBble o6RBaTeAbCTBa npeACTaBASIOT co6ofi COBOKYnHOCTb Bcex
o6H3aTeAbCTB, He OTHOCSIIIHXCH HH K 'eMy K3 nepemHcAeHHOro BbIIile.
qNCTrhN ,ipoffeHTHbrN .4OXO,g
HIHCTblH npoUeHTHblH AOXOA - BTO npOleHTHblH AOXOA 3a Bbi'eTOM paCXOAOB no BbrnAaTe
npOMeHToB. lMeHHO -IHCTblH npOMeHTHbiH AOXOA IpopMHpyeT OCHOBHyiO qaCTb AoxoAa 6aHXa.
BaHKH, pa6oTaiou4He B YCAOBHHX pblHO'HOro tpOpMHpOBaHHH npOleHTHbIX CTaBOK,
KoppeKTHPY1OT npOgeHTHbie CTaBKH no KpeAHTaM BBePX HAH BHH3, OTpamaR BO BpeMeHH
H3sAepKH 6aHKa, CBB3aHHbie C pHHaHCHpOBaHHeM. IIOCKOAbKy npoUecc KOppeKTHpOBKH
RBAReTCH peaKTHBHbIM, HBMeHeHHe npoUeHTHbIX CTaBOK no KpeAHTaM 3anasAblBaeT no
cpaBHeHHIO C H3MeHeHHeM H3Aep2KeK B CBR3H C c)HHaHcHpOBaHHeM. 9To npHBOAHT K CHH2KeHH1O
'HCTorO npOUeHTHorO AOXOAa B yCAOBH.IX nOBbIua1OUHXCR npOUeHTHb1X CTaBOK H Hao6opoT.
AAMHHHCTpaTHBHO YCTaHaBAHBaemble npO,eHTHbie CTaBKH HAH OAHrOIOAHCTHqeCKaI npaITHKa
AeqpOpMHpy1OT AaHHblIH UHA.
121
H,TepupeTipeaBore ioNaHcosoo oTreTHocTH
4Jpywe oiiepagfjooHHe 40Xoo,
HAaTa 3a ycAyrH CTaHOBHTCH BCe 6oAee 3HaqHMbiM HCTOqHHKOM AOXOAOB AAR 6aHKoB,
nOCKOAbKy KOHKypeHTHOC HAH HOPMaTHBHOe AaBAeHHe Ha npogeHTHbJe CTaBKH no KpeAHTaM
3acTaBHAo 6aHKH OTAeAHTb onAaTy CBOHX ycAyr OT 'IHCTOrO npoUeHTHoro AoxoAa. B npHHUHne,
nAaTy 3a yCAyrH, cBH3aHHbIC C KpeAHTOBaHHeM, H 6e3 TOrO He CAeAYCT BKAIOiaTb B AaHHY3O
rpaqy AOXOAOB, XOTH cneUHaAHcTy no aHaAH3y 6e3onacNee, BO3MO2HHO, npeAnoAomHTb, qTO
nO'ITH BO BCeX PaCCMaTPHBaeMbIX CTpaHax Bce eige npOAoA2maeTc3i pa3pa6OTKa npaKTHKH
6aHKoBcKoro y-ieTa. FepeCiHCAeHHbie HH2KC TPH KaTeropHH B onpeAeACHHOM CMbiCAe
B3aHMo3aMeHHeMbi, HO eCAH HX AHwfxepeHUHpOBaTb, TO BbIAeARIOTC9 CAeAYIOIJqHe
pa3HOBH4HOCTH AoxoAa B qopMe nAaTbI 3a ycAyrH:
,OXOAbl OT HHBeCTHtIHii BO MHorHx OTHOI1eHHHX HanoMHHalOT npogeHTHblH AoxoA, no
KpaHHeH mepe B TOM OTHOineHHH, 'TO peqb HACT o nOAy'ICHHOM AOxoAe, CBH3aHHOM C
HcnoAb3oBaHHeM pecypcoB 6aHKa. Pecypcbl, BKAaAbiBaeMbie B aK2HH o6ecneqHBaloT MeHee
npeAcKa3yemyio npH6blAb, nOCKOAbKy nOTOK AOXOAOB 3aBHCHT OT DcI4CKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbl
Ka2KAoH KoMnaHHH, npOHHseCTHPOBaHHOH 6aHKOM, HCemAH OT KoHTpaKTHOH HAH pbIHOIHOH
npOgleHTHOH CTaBKH.
C6opbl H BbInAaTbl sa OKasaHHe 6aHKoBcKHx ycAyr:
* nIara .3a oxasaHNe ycAyr oxsaTbIBaeT o6bIqHbie nepHoAHqeCKHe BblliaTbi 3a
CTaHAaPTHoe o6cAyMHBaHHe H HC 3aBHCHT OT o6¶beMa onepaUHH HAH onepaIHOHHOro
BaAIOTHOrO pHcKa. HanpHMep, CpOKH H yCAOBHH, OTHOCSIIjMHeCCH K 6ecnpogeHTHomy
AenO3HTHOMY c'IeTy, MOrYT npCAYCMaTPHBaTb B3RTHe 6aHKOM Ha ce6i onepaUgHOHHbIX PaCXOAOB
no TaKoMy cqeTy, CCAH noAAepmHBaeTCR MHHHMaAbHoe caAbAo c'eTa, liTO HMeCT MeCTO, KorAa
flpOgeHTHblH AOXOA 6aHKa OT HCnOAb3oBaHHS CBOHX CpeACTB AocTaToqeH AAR nOKPbITHR
BO3HHKalOWHX OnepagHOHHbIX paCXOAOB. ECAH ca.AbAo cqeTa CTaHOBHTCR MeHbDUe
MHHHMaAbHOrO, cseT Ae6eTyeTCR C BBeAeHHeM nAaTbi 3a yCAyrH, KOMneHCHpyIOUMHH
nOTepRHHblii npogeHTHblH AOxOA KaK CACACTBHe CHH2KeHHH caAbAo cqeTa. I
* OQepagloHHbre C6opbI OTHOCHTCq K BblirAaTaM, KOTOpbIe KOHKPeTHbIM O6paBoM
3aBHCWT OT onepaUHH H OCHOsbiBaIOTCR Ha nOHeceHHbIx oriepa]HOHHbIX H34ep2KKax, a He Ha
pHcKe, CBA3aHHOM C OnepagHeH. HanpHMep, BbJAata oT'eTa no npOCb6e KAHeHTa BHe
nOAo2KeHHOrO UHKAa COCTaBAeHHH OTqeTOB conprpmeHa C pacxoAaMH, HO He npCACTaBAReT
HHKaKOFO PHCKa AAA 6aHKa. IO TaKoro poAa onepaUHim BbinAaqHBaOTCq orepaUHoHHble
c6opbl.
* KOMHCCHOHHMre conpRmeHbI C pHCKOM H oxBaTblBaIoT c6opbi 3a nepeBoA CpeACTB, H
TaKHe C6opbi npOnOPUHOHaAbHbl cyMMaM, BOBAeCeHHbIM B onepagHlo.
flpe6bIAH/(y6blTKH) OT q3HHaHCOBbIX onepaguE OnpeAeARIOTCH AeRTeAbHOCTblO 6aHKa
Ha pHHaHcOBbIX pbIHKaX, oco6eHHo KorAa aTa Ae3iTeAbHOCTb Bbipa2maeTcR B "OPMHPOBaHHH
pbiHKa onpeAeAeHHbIX geHHbix 6yMar HAH qpHHaHCOBbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB. BaHK BbicTynaeT B
Ka'eCTC nOCPeAHHKa Me2KAy noKynaTeAeM H npOAaB4OM (HHaHCOBb[X HHCTPYMeHTOB H
nOAy'iaeT He6OAbIUOH BbiHrpbIw OT cnpeAa Ha KamAAOH onepaUHH KynAH-npoAa2KH,
ocyujeCTBAAeeMoH MemAy KAHeHTaMH.
122
* Toprorr uI'pH6bJAb/(y6bITox) 06b'qHO OXBaTbiBaeT llpH6blAH HAH nOTePH OT noKynKH
H nepenpoAamH Ka3Ha'ieHcKHX BeKCeAeH, o6AHraUHfi, KOMMep'eCKHX ,eHHb1X 6yMar H ApyrHx
(HHaHCOBbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB, OTHOCHI1JHXCH K AOAraM HAH aK%HHM.
* IpN6blAb/(y6biToA) OT onepagfNN C HHOCTpaHHoH RalioTof noAo6HblM o6pa30M
onpeAeAAeTC.q pa3HHgeH iKYPCOB nOKynaTeAH H npoAaBa,a KorAa 6aHK CBOAHT noKynaTeAeH H
npOAaBUOB HHOCTpaHHOH BaA1OTbI.
* KOMHCCHOHHbre no ouepagMHm C HHOCTcpaHHOH BEaOTONS MO2KHO BKAIO'4HTb B AaHHYIO
no3HUH10 HAH paccMaTPHBaTb KaK MaCTb HeonepagHOHHorO AoxOAa. ECAH PaCCMaTPH8aTb aTy
COCTaBAHIO1JyIO KaK IaCTb AOxOAa B qpopMe nAaTbi 3a ycAyrH, CAeAyeT BblAeAHTb ee OTAeAbHOH
CTpOKIOH, H TorAa AOXOA TaKOrO poAa 6yAeT CyIjeCTBeHHOH H HOpMaAbHOH COCTaBASiO1_qeH
A4SITeAbHOCTH 6aHKa, nOCKOAbKY aTa COCTaBA.ROoiaA MOmeT Cyil&eCTBeHHO H3MeHHTbCH B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT Co6bITHH, HaXOASR1IHXCH BHe KOHTPOAR CO CTOpOHbl 6aHKa, H BAHWTb Aame Ha
OIaeHKY OCHOBHbIX nOCTynAeHHH 6aHKa.
XOTH 6aHK o6bIqHo o6XOAHTCS He6OAbUlHM Ha6opoM (HHaHCOBbIX HHCTPyMeHTOB,
CneKyAsi.jHH c 3aHH1THeM 3HaqHMOH no3HUHH 3a co6cTBeHHblii cqeT, KaK npaBHAo H36eraloT;
xopoiuo ynpaBAHeMb1e 6aHKH o6bIqHO BblAep2KHBaioT 2KeCTKHe npeAeAbl no
Hec6aAaHCHpOBaHHoCTH BO H36e2KaHHe nOTepb.
MBCTblh AOXOA OT AM3HHrOBbIX onepaUNi. OnepaUHH no (IHHaHCOBOMy AH3HHry
COflmP2KeHbl C KpeAHTHbIMH pHCKaMH, OxICHb 1OX02KHMH Ha TaKOBb1e B cHTmyaHH o6b1qHoro
(3HHaHCHPOBaHHS onepal1Hf c o6opyAoBaHHeM. B onepaHglx AH3HHra 6aHK coxpaHReT r3a co6ofi
AeraAbHoe npaBO Ha o6opyAoBaHHe, HCKA1OqaR TaKHM HyTeM camylO nOCTaHOBKY Bonpoca o
Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3aAor, npH BTOM apeHAOBaHHoe o6opyAoBaHHe HaXOAHTCH noA onepaTHBHb[M
KOHTpoAeM KAHeHTa, a CTOHMOCTb ero 3aAora 3aBHCHT OT Cnoco6HOcTH 6aHKa HaHTH ero
(oco6yio npo6Aemy npCACTaBAs1IoT aBTOMo6HAH) H aq)peKTHBHOCTH TeXHHqeCKOrO
o6cAymHBaHHs1, pacxOAbl Ha KOTOPbIe KAHeHT MO2KeT ype3aTb B nepByio o'lepeAb, eCAH OH
HCnbITbIBaeT (pHHaHCOBbIC TPYAHOCTH. AOXOA OT AH3HHra CAeAyeT pa36HTb Ha COOTBeTcByoigHe
no3H;LHH AOXOAOB H paCXOAOB:
* HO7AyveHNble AHN3NHHOBbIe nAareass,ff COOTBeTCTBYIOT (aKTHqeCKHM nAaTe2KaM,
noAy3eHHbIM no AH3HHrOBbIM KOHTpaKTaM,
* 3a BbPYeoM COOcBeTCTmpOWihX aMOpTH3aLgHOHmmX OnmHCAeHHH - OTpa2Kae'r pacxoqu
Ha BAaAeHHe TaKHM o6opyAoBaHHeM 3a TOT 2Ke nepHoA BpeMeHH, HCXOA1 B3 aMOPTH3ajHOHHbNX
OT4HCAeHHfi B TeqeHHe nOAe3Horo cpoaa cAy?K6bi o6OpyAOBaHrH.
B HeKOTOpb1X CTpaHaX HaAOrOBOe 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBO pa3peuIaeT nepeBOA aMOPTH3BaHOHHb1X
OT'HCAeHHH 6aHKy npH TaKOH (pOpMe AH3HHra. 3To MOmeT 6blTb oco6eHHo BblrOAHO
apeHAaTOpy, HHTeHCHBHO HCnOAb3yio1ieMy KanHTaAOeMKOe o6opyAoBaHHe H He no.AyabonjeMy
AOCTaToqHbix npH6blAeH AAR aAanTaUHH K aMopTH3BaHOHHbIM OT'qHCAeHHRM, BbICTynalO1gHM KaK
o6AaraeMble HaAoroM pacxOAbI, B TO BpeMR KaK 6aHK pacnoAaraeT cpaBHHTeAbHO
He3HaHHTCAbHbIMH aMopTHBHPYeMb1MH aKTHBaMH H nOTOMy ero aAaHTaIHOHHbie B3MOm2KHOCTH
Bbime. TaKoii nepeHoc H MOpTH3aUHH Mo2KeT 6b1Tb BbirOAHbIM o6eHM CTOpOHam: yBeAH1HBaioTcTi
123
H,nepIlpeTApouaJWde fOHHCoBoi orTerTHocrm
peaAbHbIe nocTyrfAeHHR 6aHKa, a AAA apeHAaTopa CHHmaIOTCH H3AepmKH, CBR3aHHbie c
HCnOAb3oBaHHeM o6opyAoBaHHH.
ApyrHe onepa]IoHHbie AOXOAbl OXBaTb!BalOT Bce nO3HMHH, He HC ronaBlHe B
BbllluenepeqHcAeHHOe.
BaAOBhbru OHepaff-JOHHhI ,HOXO,/(y6h,rOT)
CnOCo6HOCTb 6aHKa nOAyqaTb AOXOAbl oTpa2KaeTCR BeAHqHHOH CYMMbI 1HcTOrO
npOgeHTHOrO AOXOAa H AOxOAOB OT c6opoB H nAaTem2Ke sa ycAyrH.
On'epafoHHHbr.e paCXO'bI
AAR noAy4eHHH npogeHTHoro AoxoAa H AoxoAa OT C6opOB H nAaTeKeH 3a ycAyrH
Heo6xoAHMbI ITaTHbIe COTPYAHHKH, riOMei_JeHHH, o6opyAoeaHHe, MaTepHaAbHoe cHa62KeHHe, TO
eCTb TO, qTO conpm2KeHO C 5KCHAyaTaUHOHHbIMH H3Aep2KKaMH. 9(pI4eKTHBHoe ynpaBAeHHe
CTpOHTCfl Ha ypaBHOBeflHBaHHH CTpeMAeHHH K MHHHMH3aUHH KpaTKOCPOSHbIX H3Aep2KeK H
BAo2KeHHH CpeACTB B 'eAOBeqeCKHe H cpHr3HieCKH OCH3aeMbIC pecypcbl, Heo6xOAHMble AAH
noAAep2KaHHR a " eKTHBHOH pa6oTbl B AAHTeAbHOH nepcneKTHBe. OnpeaUHOHHbIe pacxoAbI
OTHOCHTCr K HHCAY HaH6OAee noAAa[OIOHXCR KOHTpOA1o acneKTOB AeqTeAbHOCTH 6aHKa H
HenOCPeACTBCHHO OTpa2KaioTcH Ha ero a cK CKTHBHOCTH. ECAH He CqHTaTb 6aHKOBCKHx pe3epBoB
AAH HOKPbITHI COMHHTeAbHbIX xpeAHTHbIX Tpe60BaHHH, OnepagHOHHbie pacXOAbl HaH6oAee
CHAbHO BAHHIOT Ha H3Aep2KKH, conpflmeHHbie c UOCpeAHHqeCTBOM.IpH aHaAH3e aq41eKTHBHOCTH
pa6oTbl 6aHKa onepaUHOHHbie pacxoAbi -3aacTyio Bblpa2KoT B npogeHTax OT IOAHOH
CTOHMOCTH aKTHBOB, CMHTa3i, 'ITO TaK yAo6Hee CTaHAaPTH3HpoBaTb KPHTePHH OUeHKH. OAHaKo
TaKoH nOAXOA momeT BBOAHTb B 3a6Ay2KAeHHe, noCKOAbKy eCAH nOTCP5 KOHTpOAH HaA
PaCXOAaMH onpeAeAeHHo CHH3HT KOHKypeHTHble BO3MO2KHOCTH 6aHKa (HAH aqXPeKTHBHOCTb
BKOHOMHqeCKHX noKamaTeAeH B HeKoHKypeHTHoH cpeAe), cBeAeHHe onepagHOHHbIX PaCXOAOB K
MHHHMyMy TaK2Ke MomeT OKa3aTbCH He6AaronpHqTHbIM,eCAH OHO COnPOBoAmaeTcf9 YXYALUeHHeM
KatiecTBa nepcOHaAa,06yqeHHn, ynpaBAeHHR KpeAHTaMH, peMOHTa H TeXHH'eCKOrO
o6cAymHsaHHA o6OpyAOBaHHH H yMeHbweHHeM HHBeCTH!HH B TaKHe cnoco6cTByloiMHe
CHH2KeHHIO H3Aep2KeK CpeACTBa, KaK KOMnbIOTepbI H KOHTOPCKOe o6opyAoBaHHe.88 rAaBHaH
8 B KamecTBe npHmepa paCCMOTpHM HaH6OAee s9q4eKTHBHblH 6aHK B OAHOH KOHKpeTHOH cTpaHe. Flo npHS-
HaKy HaHMeHbLuero oTHOuleHHA onepagJHOHHbIX paCXOAOB K MOAHOH CTOHMOCTH aKTHBOB 9TOT KOMMepH!eCKHH rocy-
AapCTBeHHblH 6aHm 6bA ripHsHaH Ay4iuHM. FpH TaKOM noAxoAe HaHXyAIHM OKasaACR He6oAbDioH iacTHbbIH 6aHK.
OAHaKo rOcyAapcTBeHHblH 6aHK HCXOAHA H3 sapa6oTHoH nAaTbl CBOHM COTPYAHHKaM Ha ypoBHe HHme pblHO'iHOH,
noBToMy on He MOr HaHSTh HaH6oAee KaaAmqpHUHpOaaHHbIX pa6oTHHKOB, orpaHH9HBaA BOSMO2HOCTH nOBbiIueHHn
KBaAHq)HKaIHH, HeAocTaTOHHO TpaTHA Ha KOHTOpCKOe o6opyAoBaHHe H xOMnblOTepHoe o6ecnemeHHe ycAyr H
npoiecca npHHSTHR pemieHHiH PYKOBOACTBOM (BKAxO4aA peryAHpOBaHHe KpeAHTHOrO pHCKa), nOBbimI1eHHe Ka9ecTBa
yCAOBHH TpyAa; ace BmecTe 9TO clnoco6cTBOBaAO CHHmeHHIO OnepaIHOHHbIX H3Aep2eK B 6AHImwmeHi nepcneK-
THBe. C ApyrOi CTOpOHbl, He6oAbIlloH 6aHK saBepwnHA AoporOCTOAlqO nporpaMmy aBTOMaTHSaUHH, rIOBBOAHB-
Io BBecTH no Bcea CTpaHe CHCTeMy pacnpeAeAeHHoro BAeKTpoHHoro ymeTa; B c(pepe MapeKTHHra OH HCHoAb-
3OBaA cnegHaAHCTOB Bbicuiero ypoBHH; AAh CBeAeHHR K MHHHMYMY 1IOTepb, CBA3aHHbIX c KpeAHTHOH AeSTeAb-
HOCThIO, 6aHK HcnoAbsoBaA COBpeMeHHbie MeTOAbl KpeAHTHoro aHaA3sa. He yAHBHTeAbHO, 'ITO He6oAbillOH 6aHK
OTBOeBaA y KpynHOi'O AOAIO pb!HKa H HMeeT Bce 1UaHCbl B AAHTeAbHOH nepcneKTHae COXpaHHTb KOHKypeHTO-
cnoco6HOCTb H (pHHaHcoByio CTa6HAbHOCTb.
124
IRpN6tA N m 6yTXrN
UeAb paByMHoro PYOBOACTBa - cAe&aTb 6aHK B AAHTeAbHOH nepcneKTHBe nOCTaBH4HKOM
KOHXypeHTocnoco6Hblx 6aHrOBCKHX ycAyr C HaHMeHbUIHMH H3Aep2aKaMH.
3apa6oTHau nAaTa H AbrOTbl pa6oTHHnKa. PacxoAbI Ha nepCOHaA npeACTaBAwiOT
HaH6oAee KpynHy1o eAHHH'RHyIO CTaTbIO H3AepmeK B HOpMaAbHO q)YHKIHOHHpyiouIeM 6aHKe,
nOCKOAbKy AAA oCyUgeCTBAeHHS 6aHroBcKoro AeAa Tpe6yeTCH MHOrO AioAeH.
* 3apa6oTHaA' raTa. ECAH HMeOTCH AIIKaAbi CTaBOK onAaTbi, TOrAa, BepOHTHO, MO0KHO
nocTPOHTb napa6oAy, roTopaH XapaKTepH3yeT aAeKBaTHbIe CTHMyAbI CTpeMACHHSI pa6oTHHKoB K
npoABHmeHHIo. YpoBeHb 3apa6oTHoH nAaTbi pa6oTHHKoB, rOTOpbie HanpsiMyIo y'IaCTByIOT B
pa3pa6oTKe nOAHTHKH 6aHKa, AOA2KeH 6blTb 3HaqHTeAbHO Bbilue, meM pa6oTHHKoB, He
HMeCOiiHX OTHOlileHHH K nOAHTHKe 6aHKa, - H 3aBHCeTb OT aq4eKTHBHOCTH pa6OTbi 6aHKa. 3To
BaMHO AAR CTHMYAHpOBaHHSI pyKOBOAHTeAeH BbICluerO 3BeHa, T.K. HMeHHO B 8TOM cAysae OHH
6yAyT noCBSH4aTb BCe CBoe BpeMH AOCTH2KCHHIO ycnexa.89
* 4pyrTe AbFrOTh MOryT 6bITb BCTpOeHbI B 3apa6oTHyIo nAaTy HAH BbICTynaTb
HSOAHPoBaHHO. B pa3BHTbIX cTpaHax TaKHe AbrOTbI MOryT AOCTHraTb 50% 3apa6oTHoA nAaaTbi
H BbIpa2KaTbCS B TOM, 'TO (pHpMa 6epeT Ha ce6R pacxOAbl no CTpaxoBaHHIO, OnAa'HBaeT
neHCHOHHbie nAaHbl, BblAaCT AeH1eBble KpeAHTbI, AOnyCKaeT ysaCTHe B npH6biAHx csoHx
COTPYAHHKOB H T.n. B pa3BHBaIOIJHXCH CTpaHax rAaBHOH AbrOTOM 3iBASeTcS cy6czAHpoBaiHe
npHo6peTeHHA COTPYAHHKaMH 2KHAbM, nocKOAbKy HMeHHO mKHAbe xIaCTO B Ae(pHUHTe; moryr
TaxKe HMeTb MeCTO AonAaTbi 3a 6eH3HH/ra3, CaAoBHHKOB, BOAy, 8AeKTpo8HcprHIO H o6y'eHHe.
B HaUHoHasAH3HpoBaHHbix 6aHKax AonoAHHTeAbHbIC BbIlnaTbl MOryT 3Ha%IHTeAbHo npeBblmaTb
6a3oByio 3apa6oTHyIo nAaTy. ECAH 6a3oBaH 3apa6oTHan nAaTa npHBH3aHa K rocyAapCTBHHbiM
IuKaAaM oriAaTbi, HrHOPHpyiOU4HM aHaAOrH9HHbI WlKaAbl B KOHy3peHTHOM pbIHO'HOM ceKTope,
TaKaA npaKTHKa nO3BOAReT 6aHKaM o6xOAHTb qopMaAbHbie orpaHHseHHH.
* Pacxo,4 Ha couHAbHoe o6ecneveHHe MOryT BXOAHTb B HHCAO ApyrHx AbrOT
pa6oTHHxaM, a MOryT BbicTynaTb oTAeAbHo. HHKaKoro CMbICAa BbiAeAHTb aTH pacxoA4b C
TO'KH 3peHHR aHaAH3a HeT, nOBTOMY BbIAeAeHHe HX HMeeT cKopee nponaraHAHCTCKHs xapaKTep
B COUHaAHCTH%ICCKHX CTpaHaX.
* B,nrjLanj g4HPeKToPBaM HHorAa, o6bN9Ho npH HaAHsHH COOTBeTCTByioUgHx Tpe6oBaHHH CO
CTOpOHbl peryAHPYIOJIHX opraHOB, paCKpblBalOTCH. B CAy'aRx noAo6Horo pacKpbITHR aTH
BbilnAaTbi o6bloH0 OKa3bIBaioTcR He AeHeCKHbIMH, a, eCAH H TaK, TO OHH c6HBaioT c TOAKy,
nOCKOAbKy npHMOe BO3Harpam2AeHHe 3a TpyA AHpeKTOpOB 'IaCTO AOnOAHSeTCR Ta]KHMH,
HanpHMep, AbroTaMH, KaK npoBeAeHHe 3aceAaHHH inpaBAeHsH B BK3OTHqecCKX MeCTaX.90
89 BnoAHe pesOHHO AonycKaTb HaAHiHe o6paTHoa saBHcHMOCrH MeCKAy YCHAHRMH pyKOBoACTBa no
yBeAHMeHHlo AH'HbIX AOXOAOB 3a C4eT 6aHKa, RBHO HAH He RBHO, H ypOBeM OnAaTmi COTpyAHHKOB, OTBeCaloUpJx
sa noAaTaKy 6aHKa. EcAH pyKOBOACTBO 6aHKa HcnoAbsyeT TpaHCnOpT AAR nepeBO3KH MOAOKa c macTHom qpepmbx
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pa6oTuHKoB 6aHKa B geAOM H Ha nOKaRaTeARx aBHpeKTHBHOCTH pa6oTbi 6aHKa.
90 A B HeKOTopbIX cTpaHax, AonOAHHTeAbHbie AbrOTbl BKAJoqalOT AbroTHblIH AOCTyn K KpeAHTy, XOTR
HsMeHeHHR B Ha4eAeHHOCTH peryARTHBHbIX oT4eTOB HanpaBAeHHbI Ha orpaHHieHHe HA no KpaaiHefl Mepe
o6HapymeHHe cBn3aHHoro KpeAHTOBaHaR. aMaAHs CBR3aHHbIx npeAnpHRTHa B flpHAoMeHHIH 2 paccMaTpHBaeT STOT
BonpOC.
125
HrTp,ipemwpowaiwe NipIaNCOBON o0rerTocrT
AaHHOH KaTeropHeH pacxoAoB MO2KHO npeHe6peqb, eCAH OHa He conocTaBHMa c ApyrHMH
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AeHbraX H 'aCTO npOBOAHTCR oTAeAbHOH CTpOKOHi). CocTaBAHlol4He BTHX pacXOAOB
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noApo6Hbix OTqeTHbIX (OpMyAApaX AAA HaAsopHbIX opraHOB.
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nOMeujeHHHMH, nOCKOAbKy, C TO'IKH 3peHH5 yqeTa, TaKHe paCXOAbl COnpSmeHbI C AAHTeAbHbIMH
KpHTpaKTHbIMH o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH, a Bce ocTaAbHbIe pacxOAbl no AaHHOH CTaTbe RBARiOTCR
TeKylgHMH.
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OTHOCRJHeCA K o6 bemy AeAOBbIX onepalHii, a He K 'HCTOMy AOXOAY (HanpHMep, HaAorH Ha
o6opoT, HaqHcAAeMbie Ha BaAOBbIH nfpoIeHTHblH AOXOA HAH AOXOA 8 BHAe c6opoB H rLAaTe2KeH
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AeAy Kax TaKoBOMY H He 3aBHCRT OT o6beMa AeAOBbJX onrepagiHH. aTH HaAorH MoryT 6blTb
BHaqHTeAbHbIMH H 3aMeTHO yBeAHqHBaTb AOA10 AOXOAOB 6aHKoB, nOCTynalOIYO B
rOCYAapCTBeHHYIO Ka3Hy.91
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CHCTeMa 6aHxoBcKoro Ha43opa He B COCTOHHHH peulHTb 3aAaVy o6ecneqeHHI qeCTHOrO
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SaMeTHO CHH3HTb BqcXeKTHBHOCTb pbIHO'IHOrO npepacnpeAeAemHH pecypCOB B q)HHaHCOBOH
cHcTeMe, pesyAbTaToM 'fero 6yAeT HeAOpa3sHTblH AeHemHblDH pbIHOK.92 B ary KaTeropHIo He
AOAmHbl BXOAHTb HaAorH Ha BbIlnAaTbl npogeHTOB, KoTopbie yAep2KHBalOTCA H3 TaKHX BblnAaT
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91 HanpHMep, B TakAaHAe 3%-HblH Ha8HOlaAbHbHI H 0.3%-FblH MecTHbiH HaAOrH C o6OpOTa COCTaBAXIOT B
cymme 0.27% CTOmMOCTH aBTHBOB H AO6aBAxIOTCR K HsAepaKKM InOCpeAHNmeCKOH AeBTeAbHoCTH; cyMMa wTHx
HaAoroa BKBHBaAeHTHa noqTH 30%-HoMy nOAOXOAHOMY HaAOry.
92 B (I)HAHnnmHax, 50% HaAor c o6oposa BsHMaAcR no sCeM noAy9eHHbiM npoUeHTaM sa HcKmoMqeH4eM
Me26aHKoscKHX SaHMcTBosaHKHH oBepHafiT. Ilo6omi bM s4peKTOM JlBHAOCb ycTpaHeHHe CTHmyAa K pasBHTHIo
cpo'Horo Me2K6aHKoBCKorO pbiHKa, InOTOMY MTO OH noAnaAaA noA 5% HaAor.
126
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o6cAymHBamoJHi HrHTepeCbi rocyAapcT3a.
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oTpa8HAacb Ha cTapbix 6aHKax, B KOTOpbIX KHH2KHax CTOHMOCTh TaKHX axTHBOB CyfleCTBeHHO yMeHbI1IHAaCb B
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127
HirnepnperopoamAre INHrawHCOiONi OTerHocrTI
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ApyrHMH OnepaUHOHHblMH H3Aep2KKaMH, OHH npeAcTaBAHoT co6ofi flOTeHUHaAbHO
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128
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eAHHH"Hyio no3gHHo pacXOAOB B3c eTe ripH6blAeH H y6blTKoB H MOryT 6bITb npHBeACHbi B
OAHOM H3 'qeTbipex MeCT AOKyMeHTa:
* B CJp(iMTOM BA4e nyTeM 3aaeTa B npOgeHTHOM AOXOAe, OAHaKO TaKOe npeAcTaBAeHHe
RBAHeTCH HaHMeHee ijeAecoo6pa3HbIM.
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o6ecne'qeHHa npoUeHTHoro AOXoAa. HMeHHO cioAa CAeAyeT nOMelgaTb yKa3aHHYIO
CTaTb1O paCXOAOB, eCAH Cy1eCTBYCT 2KeCTKHH npoIecc K.AaCCH(pHKaUHH 3aHMOB, TaK
WTO 6aHKOBCKHe pe3epBbI B KamAbiH inepHoA BpeMCHH TO4HO OTpamaioT H3MeHeHHH
CTOHMOCTH nOpT(peAA pHCKOBblX aKTHBOB 3a AaHHbIH nepHOA.
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aMopTH3a,AHH, nOCKOAbKy OHH oTpamaloT CHH2KeHHe CTOHMOCTH aKTHBOB BO BpeMeHH.
* B xaYecTBe HeOllepagHOHHbIX paCXO0OB, H BTO MeCTo 6blAo 6bl HaHAYMIuHM AAH 3anHcH
paccMaTpHBaeMblx pacxoAOB, eCAH 6bl 6aHKOBCKHe pe3epBbl He sana3AbiBaAH; ApyrHMH
cAOBaMH, BTH pe3epBbi OTpamKalOT H3MeHeHHR CTOHMOCTH PHCKOBblX aKTHBOB,
npoucLueAuiee B npeALueCTBYIOJHue nepHOAbI, HO BTH HsMeHeHHR He OCO3HaloTcH B
MoMeHT HX npOTeKaHHR H3-3a OTCyTCTBH 2KeCTKOH CHCTeMbl KAacCHcIHKamHH 3aiMoB.
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HBAHIOTcH Aame euge 6oAee npoH3BOAbHb1MH B OTCyTCTBHH meCTKOHi CHCTeMbi KAaCCHqUHKaUHH
aKTHBOB H nOAHTHKH co34aHHH 6aHKOBCKHX Pe3CpBOB HoA KOHTpOAeM opraHOB HaAaapa. C
'qHCTO MeXaHHCTHqeCKOiH TOqKH 3peHHq, 6aHKOBCKHe pe3epBbl Ha noKpbITHe COMHHTeAbHbIX
129
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KpeAHTOB qJOpMHpyIoTcR nyTeM nepeBoAa qaCTH AoxoAa AO ynlAaTbl Haora B pa3psA
6aHKoBciKHx pe3epBOB B 6aAaHce, a KYMYAHTHBHaR cyMMa BTHX pe3epBOB oTpamaeT pasHocTb
MemAY KHH2KHOH CTOHMOCTbTO 6aHKoBcKHx AHCKOHTOB, CCYA H 3aHMOB H oBCeHOqHOH CTOHMOC-
TblO noAAematgHx BO3BpaTy CyMM, T.e. CYMMY, Ha KOTOPYXO yMeHblllaeTCH CTOHMOCTb nOpTJeCAH
KpeAHToB. TaKHM o6pa3oM 6aHKoBcKHe pe3epBbi, co3AaHHbie B Aio6oM roAy, AOA2KHbl To0HO
OTpa2KaTb BeAHsHHY H3MeHeHHH CTOHMOCTH nOpTqCAA KrpeHTOB 3a HCTeKIIIHH nepHoA. 4AM
TOYHOrO OnpeAeAeHHH BeAHIHHbl TaKoro H3MeHeHHR Tpe6yeTCR TU4aTeAbHbiH aHaAHs nOpTcJeAn
KpeAHTOB H NAaCCHq3HKaUHH KpeAHTOB no KaTerOpHHM pHCKa, HCXOAH HS BepOHTHOCTH HX
B3oBpaTa. B OTCYTCTBHH TaKHX 2KeCTKHX npoieAyp 6aHKOBCKHe pe3epBbi CTaHOBHTCR B BbIcLueiH
Mepe Cy6beKTHBHbIMH, Ha HX BeAHsHHY MOmeT B 6oAbmeii mepe BAHHTb 6a3oBam
npH6bJAbHocTb, He2KeAH COCTOSIHHe nopTcpeAR KpeAHToB, B PeByAbTaTe 'jero HMeeT MecTo
co3AaHHe sHaqHTeAbHbIx 6aHKOBCKHX pe3epBOB B XOpOuiHe gAAH 6aHKa BpCMeHa H He3HaqHTeAb-
HbIX, KorAa 6aHK nepeKHBaeT TPYAHOCTH, H TaKaH KaPTHHa C TOHOCTbIO Hao6OpOT COOTBeT-
CTByeT TOMy, 'TO B AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTH CAeAyeT AeAaTb (CM.HHme). CtJaKTHYecKoe npeAcTaB-
AeHHe BTOii CTaTbH pacxOAOB Mo?KeT OCyUgeCTBARTbCH OAHOH CTPOKOH HAH, KaK B MOAeAH
AaHHOH HH2me, C pa36HBKOH Ha:
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pacnpocTpaHHeTcH Ha Bce HOBie 6aHKoBcKHe pe3epBbl MHHyC Bo3BpaT paHee
co3AaHHbix 6aHKoBcKHx pe3epBOB, KorAa COCTOSIHHe TOro HAH HHoro KpeAHTa
yAyqIUHAOCb, nAIOC cnHcaHHbIe KpeAHTbI, no KOTOpbIM He 6biAH co3aHbi 6aHKoBcKHe
pe3epBbl.
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OnpeAeAeHHe CTOHMOCTH Bo3Bpauijaemoro KpeAHTa BcerAa HeCKOAbKO Cy6beKTHBHO,
rOBTOMY 4AA KOHcepBaTHBHO ynpaBAHiemoro 6aHKa HOpMOH MBAReTCCH criHcaHHe
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MO2mHO PaCgeHHBaTb KaK cIOpnpH3.
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perHcTpHpyeTcH rIo HH3KHM pbIHO4HbIM HAH ApyrHM MCHaM, TO A1060e yMeHbIfeHHC pbIHOqHOH
CTOHMOCTH CCYAHOrO HAH aKUHOHepHOrO KaniHTaAa AOA2KHO rIpHBOAHTb K yBeAHqeHHIO AoxOAa.
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KaK npH6bIAb B MoMeHT HX npoAa2KH. TorAa aTa nosHUHR 6yAeT HMCTb 3HaK MHHyC, T.e. 6yAeT
COOTBCTCTBOBaTb sHCTOH peaAH3oBaHHoH npH6bIAH Ha HHBeCTHJAHH. IlpaKTHKa MeHHeTCH OT
cTpaHbl K cTpaHe, B HeKOTOpblX cAy'asx AonycKaeTca npHHHaHHe pocTa pbMHO9HOH CTOHMOCTH
HHBeCTH4gHH qepe3 peBaAbBaUHoHHblH pe3epB.
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6aHKoBcKofi HeABH2KHMOCTH, oco6eHHo TaKON, AAR KOTOpOH CpOK aMopTH3aUHH HeBeAHK H ee
CTOHMOCTb B AeHe2KHOM BbMpameHHH 6blCTpO CnHCbMBaeTCH (B CHAy HHpAsIIHH). TaKoe
nOBbimeHHe CTOHMOCTH HeABH2KHMOCTH He HMeeT HHiero o6u4ero C HOpMaAbHOH AeRTeAbHOCTblO
6aHKa H He CBR3aHO c TeKygHM fnepHoAoM, r1OCKOAbKy OTpa2KaeT nPH3HaHHe pOCTa CTOMOCTH,
npOHSOUlleAlUee HeCKOAbKHMH rOAaMH paHee. lloAo6HbIM o6pa3oM npH3HaHHe 3HaqHTeAbHbIX
130
fpN6rsM N w y6blTM
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AesTeAbHOCTbiO 6aHKa. B TO BpeMR KaK noAo6Hbie KoppeKTHPOBKH OKa3bIBaloT HeMeAAeHHoe
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HanpHMep, OT npH3HaHHR B03pOCmUC pblIHOIHOH CTOHMOCTH 3eMAH, 3AaHHH HAH
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pe3yAbTaTe KoppeKTHPOBKH CyMM, BbInAa'eHHbIX B Ka'eCTBe HaAorOB B npeAblAYU_He
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AOryCKaeT oco6ofi rH6KOCTH B npH3HaHHH AOXOAOB H paCXoAoB, HaCTaHBaH Ha co6AloAeHHH
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o6bliHo CTa6HAbHa, TO CyMMa ynAaieHHoro HaAora 5IBAReTC.I XOOIuIIHM HHAHKaTOPOM BeAHqHHbl
o6AaraeMoro HaAoroM AoXoAa, ripH3HaHHOH qpHCKaAbHb1MH opraHaMH. Kl npHMepy, CCAH
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nocAeAHHe HeCKOAbKO AeT. flponeAeHHoe 6aHKOM paccAeAoBaHHe nOKawaAo, 'TO ABoe yMepAM, a TpeTHi
npeAnoAomHTeAbHo yexaA B IOmHywo AMepHKy. CcyAa RBHO oTHOCHAaCb K KaTerOpHH HeBO3BpaijI4aeMbix.
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131
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132
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139
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HToro
VIII/B. KPE-1I4TbI H HHBECTHUHH B OCHOBHbIX AKUHOHEPOB
'4acTHble N XOPnOpaTNBHbie axqmouephi Y9acTme B HJNqp KOA MaRCHMaAbHblN KAaccH KpeAam NH H HBCCTHNHH WN oTeHUNa- MToro
KanTNaAe, HaAora CeXTOpa CpOx npOcpO9eH- (NHXa1HA AHaHHr B aNWHN H AbNbIe N
% HOg 3aAOA2KeH- AOAr 6yAy0.je
HOCTH o6nq-aTeAh-
5.
12 III.I
13.I I I [ I
H Toro_ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _
VIII/B. CCYabI YnPABA51IOIUHM, OnP4EAnioLuHM HOAH4THKY BAHKA
([)BMuA 4OAWHOCTb .a.HN&eT Am KpaTroc- 4COAro- 3aKAaAmaH nlpomte HToro YAepBMo6ae-
oH ee n3 HaC- POqHblu CpOqHbii xpeAJITbl peCAUT-oB moe o6ccne-
TOHI1AUH qeHHe
MOMeNT
1. D] Aa W HCT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. _ _ _l_ Aa LI HeT _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. LI Aa I] HeT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. 01 ,a LI HeT
5. _ _ LA,a [I HeT
6. [1 ,a O HeT
7. 0, 4a L HeT
8. L1 p,a O HeT
9. [1 Aa O HeT
10. _ _I,a _ _ HeT_l
<~~~~~~~~~~ [1Zla O] Hur
12. [1 ,Z4a O HeT _
11. 0L ,a D HeT M
14. C1 Aa [1 HeT _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ LI Z A a L] HeT r__
HToro
IX. AHAAU3 KOHUEHTPAUAHH nO CEKTOPAM aKOHOMHKH
AKTHBbl h
Kpe,ANTiu N ASmmNr ULeHible 6yuarN HOTCHUNaAbnMe 0o6imTeAbc=a HToro
KACCu,incaWm upOnumACieOCT= BuyTpeBHNe flpoque BBYTPeHHHe npoqNe BHyTpenNHe fpoNe BHYTrPmeiH e flpoNe D
I CeAKcxoe, OXOTaHibe, ACcHoe H pbi6Hoe
X03AACTBO
2 FOpHOao6bInalOiasx fpOMbLAeHHOcTh _
3 O6pa6amwatoigaA npoMbIuAeHHOCTb _
4 nlpO3BOACTmO gAeKTpOBHeprHH, raBa H
TenAa, BOAHOe X03HIICTBO _t
5 CTpowreAbHag npombmAmeHHocTm O
6 ToproBJl, BKuoqaa pa6oTbl no peMoHTy
H TeXHHYCeKOMy o6cAymBatmio _ _
0% 7 KomwyHu aAbHo-6brroBbie ycAyrn H cHa6-
KmeHHe upOAyKTaMH nIHTaHH
8 TpaHcnopT, xpaueHHe, no'ffa H cpeAcTBa
CBI3H_
9 (OJHaHCbl H COOTBeTCTByIOIjlHe CUCTeMbi
o6ecneqeHmn _ ___ __I
10 ToproBAs HeABH2tHMOCTbO _
11 YnpaBAeHHe, o6paaoBaHHe,
sApaBooxpar4eHHe H rIpoY.
l ll~CEroIIIIIIIII
IX. AHAAH3 KOHUEHTPAUHH nO CEKTOPAM 3KOHOMHKH (npoa.)
OBH3ATEAbCTBA
AenoDsru jio focTpe6oamus KpamTocponme jienoauh AoArocpo'mle jienoDTm Huroro
KrIaccuiNpKagux uponumAeDuocTu BuyTpeHHNe nlpo'ie BilTpenHme ilpoute BYTPeHuNMe nlpo'e BByTpeuuue npouue
I CeAbCoe, OXOTNHibe, AeCHoe H pbJ6Hoe
2 rOpHoAO6bmia.O9Jau npOMbIHIAeHHOCTh
3 06pa6aTmbUmaoasq npoMbnHeHThocm _
4 npOIaBOACTBO BAeKTpoaNeprHH, ra3a H
TenAa, BOAHOe X03gHCTBO
5 CTpONll!iAbHan 1lpOMbleHHOfrbCT
6 Toproan, Bnioman pa6om no peMo0Ty
CN H TeXHHNeCKOMY o6CAYMHBaNHmo _
7 KomyuAbHo-6bnoBble yCAyrN H
CHa6m(eHHe npOayKTaMH nmrramiin
8 TpaHcnopT, xpaNeHHe, noqTa H cpeAcTBa
CBX9N .
9 (DHaNwc H cooTBeTCTBywWe CTeMb1
o6ecnemeHxn
10 ToproBJw mHleAB bmoCTmio _
11 YnpaAemnie, o6pasoEamne,
BApaBOoxpaH4eHHe H __ _ __po_ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _
BCErO _
I
X/A. AKTHBbI B HHOCTPAHHOH BAAIOTE (B MAH.)
_CTATh CA _ 3ASAAAHCoBbIE CTATbH
Aenp Hb KpeAH .
oHpoHaAbHbil rlpoYe MHocTpawmIe llpo'Ne HToro H3 KOTOpbIX (WopBap4Hblx rlpo'NX aiKnToB H3 KOTOpbiX
BAAIOTA paNHaHCOBblH pesNAeHTbi pe3HAeHThi aKTHBbl CrIOT aKTHBOB CIIOT npaBHTeAbCTBO FIOfynOK B HHOCTpaHHOH HHBeCTHgHN B
ceKTOp rapaHTHpOBaAO BaAIOTe aKgNN
1 2 3 4 5=1+2+3+4 6 7 8 9
A TS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
AUD _ __ _
BEF _ _
C A D_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
C H F_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
DEM
DKK _ _ _ _ __ __ _
ESP
FIM
N L G_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S E K_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
U SD _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
npOYHe
ECU I_ T_ T _ r I TT1
X/B. OIiH3ATEAbCTBA B HHOCTPAHHOH BAAIOTE
CTATbH rAAAHCA 3ASAAHCOBblE CTATbH
Aenoliib H SpeAHThi
HayHoHaAbHbii FlpoaHe 14HocTpaHHbie FIpo0He kiToro Bcero IlpOqHX aKTHBOB B k3 KOTOpblX HH-
BAAJOTA HHaHCOBbiH Pe3HAeHThi Pe3HAeHTbI o6H3aTeAbCTBa o6R3aTeAbCTB q3OPBaPAHbIX HHOCTpaHHOH BeCTHUHOHHbIX
ceKTop CnIOT CnOT npOAam BaAJoTe o6El3aTeAbcTB
I 1 2 3 4 5=1+2+3+4 6 7
A T S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
A U D_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
B E F_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
CA D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
CHF
DEM
DKK
E SP_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
FIM _
FR F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
G B P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
IT L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
N L G_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
NOK X _ _
P T E _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
S E K _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
U SD_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ECU .
lo"To _ _I
npo-me~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1._______
X/B. HIPO0PHAb CPOKOB 3A4OA2KEHHOCTH B HHOCTPAHHOH BAAIOTE
BAAIOTA 0-30 xwd 31-60 jimei 61-90 ABel 91-180 ABel 181-365 jwci I -2 roata Crnimme 2 AeT Ilroro
A T S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
AUD
B E F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
C A D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
CHF__ _ _ _
DEM
D K K_ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ESP
FIM
FRF _ ___
GBP_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
ITL
J p y_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
NLG__ _ _ _
NOK__ _ _ _
PT E__ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _
SEK
USD
3ToMro
PHAOffKEHHE 3. rO4OBOH OTqET
FO4OROB OTY0ET
bA3SOBAR HH0POPMAVJIH n70 KPF41-THOMY YLIPEN4EHH1O
HH0POPMALHAN Or OCHOBHblX PYKOBO4JTEAHlX
I7PABAEHHE
HA4JOJA TEAbHBMA KOHTPOAbHbIW COBET
JEP4A TEAM AKlJHH
HHOPOPMA4J OR OT4EAEHHRX
PACYET4TOCTA TOYHOCTHJ KAJHTAAA
PACYETR3BELIEHHblX n70 PHCKYAKTHBOB
I
HPHA OATEHHE 3. roE,oojI orwer
K.NgNoeMgJNaAbMOs A(E)
rOaOBOA OT4ET
O BHyTpeHnHH (HenpoayAHpo3alHwU)
Ha KOHeC KBapTaAa: 19 O3 rlpoayAHpoBaHHblH 6e3 saxAmqemms
(rOA) (Mecau) ('HCAO) 0 FlpoayAHpOBaHHbiH C saKAIO'eHeM
CoCTaBAeH: 19 __ __
(rOA) (MeCiu) (qHCAO)
OTqnTbmisaiogeecs yqpe2KAeHe:
(nomav,yicTa, JrpyfIbJMH ICesrar7MH 6yiaJw)
B AJiEe:
(fafN H l0o,4.7HC.b Y)7HOHOMOYeHHOIrO IpeC4CTdaBhf7 yvpex4em")
B cAyqae B03HHKHOBeHHR BOllpOCOB IIo3BOHHTe:
WaMH (UeVaHagMH 6yzcawj)
TeAe(IOH: _o6aBoq'HbiA:
S3amiewaRn no sanoAHeHIO
IpIH BosHKHoBeHHH TpyAHocTeO BO BpeMJ SanolAHeHCHH AaHHoH OpMbI cBn?mHTecb no TeAeqoHy c KoHTpoAepoM,
oTBeTCTBeHHbiM sa Bam 6aHK.
1. Aamian qPopMa 3anIoAeTcR no COCTORHHJO Ha nOCAeAHHH AeHb KaAeHAapHoro Mecaga.
2. OnpeAeAemul no nosHg BM CM. B AOCbe onpeAeAeHHH BaHKooCKoH CTaTHCTHKH'.
3. rpaqsK npeAcTaBAe4HR: Xi 1.4 XIV 1.4
XII 1.3 XV 2.4
XIII/A 1.4 XVI/A 2
XIII/B 1.4 XVI/B 2
(1 = B TeCHe4m 10 pa6oqef AHie nocAe oKoWmaHHR roAa.
2 = K 31 Mag no COCTOSHHIO Ha KoHe&I npeAbiAyH4ero roAa.
3 = npoMemKyT9oHbDe OTTeTbl B TeqeHHe roAa, B Te'ieHHe AByX MeCRueB nocAe AxO6oro HHMeHemNm.
4 = KamAoe HMmeHeHHe s TeC9eHHe roAa H oCepeAHoM emeMecnnHoM 0mTeTe.)
4. CAeAyeT OKpyrARTh 'HCAO AO 6Amatuzero MHAAoHa.
5. CAJeAyeT BO3BpaTwTb AaHHylO OpMy B yCTaHOBAeHHbIl CpOK, meTxo yKasaB aApec
BaHKOBCKHii HuaAOP
AApec
6. 3anlOmHeeHbIC qOpMbl CAeAyeT TaKle HallpaBHTb B CeKpeTapHaT HaAsOpHoH cAym6bi no TOmy me aApecy.
Ha KoHBepTe meTKO HaAnHL=Te aApec.
ToAhoco AA UCuOAblOsaHHNm opraHaMH 6aHrCOBCKOrO naAsopa
AaTa perNCTpagNN d2aTa nOCTynAeCKM sa 4aTa zaBepmemu
paccUoTpeHRe uposepu.
175
HIrrepupemIpommame ip aNrCoroN orTewocTN
Xl. BA30BA5I HHDOPMAIj4HI HO KPETHOMY
YqPEK,4EHHIO
1. Ha3BaHHe oTqHTbuBaioujerocR
KpeAHroro yqpemAeHix ------------------- ----
2. Ha3BaHHe AASR Me2AyHapoAHbIx onepaUHH,
eCAH OHO oTA HqaeTCH-----------------------------
3. AApec
a) ropoA---------
6) yAHUa, HoMep AoMa----------------------------
B) nlO'TOBblfi KOA --------------------------
4. IoqToBbrif aApec
a) ropOA - -----------------------------------------
6) noqToBblH KOA ---------------------------------
B) nOqTOBblIH H1JHK-------------------------------
5. CBRb
a) TeAeqoH ---------------------------------------
6) qFaKc --------------
B) TeAeKc -
6. rOAOBHOH 6aHK, eCAH TaKoBOH HMeerca -
7. KAHpHHFroBblH 6aHK-
8. YCTaBHblfi KanHTaA (B MAH.) ---------------------------
9. OnAaqeHHaR 'aCTb
o6bmBAeHHoro KariHTaAa (B MAH.)---------------------------
10. CtDaMHAHR cTapiiuero ayAHTOpa -------------------
11. Ha3BaHHe ayHropcKoH qHpMbl------------------
12. HoMHHaA BbrllyiUeHHbIX B o6paujeHHe H
OCTaBIIHXCR HenpOAaHHbIMH aKUHH -----------------------
HIOAHaR HoMHHaAbHaH CTOHMOCTb
3aperHCTPHPOBaHHbIX aKUHH -----------------------------
HIOAHaR HOMHHaAbHaR CTOHMOCTb
ax4HH Ha npeAbSBHTeAR--- - ---
176
H7PHA OWEHHE 3. ro.o.,oi verw
XII. HHD)OPMAUHHI OB OCHOBHbIX
PYKOBOAHITEAH1X
1. rAaBHbIH yI1paBASIiouIHHi
a) HiMH H amHAH-------------------------
6) 4AOA2mHOCTb------------------------------
B) TeAep)OH---------------------------
2. rAaBHbliH cnUHaAHCT 11 (JHHaHcam
a) HR MH qamHAHH-------------------------
6) 0OA2tmHOCTb------------------------------
B) TeAecpOH - ------------------
3. rAaBHblH CcnegHaAHCT no KpeATaCM
a) VhMH H q)MHAH -------------------------
6) AOA2r.HOCTb----------------------
B) TeAeOH-------- ------
4. COTPYAHHK, OTBeqa1ioWHT n a KOHTaKTM
COpraHaMH peryAHpoBaHHSI
a) HMHa H cpaMHAHH -------------------------
6) AOA2KHOCTb --- ------------- --------
B) TeAe"oH------------
5. COTPYAHHK, OTBeqalOgHfHH 3a CocTaBAeHHe
CoTqe aH erAHoBHH
a) HMSRH qaMHAH ---------------------
6) AOA21mHOCTb ----------------------------
B) TeAeOH ------_---------------------------
177
XIII/A. IHPABAEHHE
CTPOKa C3aMHmAH IM MeCTO pa6oTmi AOAAHOCTh
1.
2.
3.
4.
46 . _
7. lb
X0 8.
9.
10.
81. I
9. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
10. _____________________ _____________________________ _______________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
XIII/b. HABAIOIIATEAbHbIH KOHTPOAbHbIH COBET
CTPOKa ODamiHHs mms MeCTO pa6OTbl AOAMHOCTb
2.
3.
4= =
15
7 -
23.
9.
1 ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12. ______________ ___________________ ______________
3 ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17 ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 0 ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
21.
2 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
123 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Hm7nepIpeTrpoBaHme omaIcoBol oTrerHocrTr
XIV. AEP2IlATEAH AKUHI
CTpoma 4PamuALU ArcunB
4HncAo arcuni is B upoUeTaSx
C06CTBeHHOCTH
Ha BiyTpeHmeM 3a rpa&%eri
pblHKe
2.
3.
4.
50.X
7.
3.
9.
12.
13.
14.
19.
16.
17.
18 ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19.__ _ _ _ _
10 ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
22.
23.
2254
26. Bce ApyrHe saper_CTpHpo__HHb_ e
wKwoHepbl
06imee %mcAo .3aperticTpHpoBaHHbix
27. 06__ee _HCO HesaperHCTPHPOBa_ .
HblX aK,UHU
4HcAo aKHH B U"OM
180
H PHA O?EHHE 3. ro0o40o, .e
XV. H4H4OPMAIUIH OS OT4EAEH45IX
1. KoA OT4AeAeHH -----
2. Ha3saHHe oTAeAeHHq ----------
3. THn oTAeAeHHS ------------------
4. AApec
a) fopoa--- -------------------------
6) YAHMa, HOMep AoMa -------------
B) H0oqToBblIH KOA ------------------
5. HO0ITOBblii aApec
a) fopoA-_-__------------------------- _
6) IlOqTOBblH KOA ------------------
B) HlOqTOBbliH RfiHK ----------------
6. CBS!b
a) TeAeqoH ----------------
6) (DaKC----------------------------
B) TeAeKc---------------------------
7. CPamHAHq ynpaBAmougero
OTAeAeHHeM ------------------------
8. 4HcAo noApa3AeAeHHH
B cocTaBe OTAeAeHHHe -
9. CI)HHaHCoBb1e CTaTHCTHqecKtte
AaHHb1e 3a rOA
a) Bcero BbIAaHHbIX
KpeAHToB (B MAH.)--------------- --- -- -
6) Bcero AenO3HTOB (B MAH.) ------ ------------------- |
B) MHCTbliH AOXA (B MAH.)-------L-I- --- ---------------- -
r) LUTaTbi ('IHCAO COTpyAHHKOB)- - -----------------------
181
HI1epnrpeTirpo"aMe iJaNHarCOBOi oTeCTRocrTI
XVI/A. PAC4ET AOCTATO'HOCTH KAnHTAiJA
B MAH.
,ZtaHHble Ha 6aAaHca
1. CymmapHbIA KanHTaA no AaHHbIM 6aAaHca (11/10) -------
a) FlepsH'HbIA KanHTaA (11/10) -----------_--------_-
6) BTOpHwHblIi KfanHTaA (11/11) ------------- -- ------
2. HCxAIoqeHHR H3 KanHTaAa_---------------------------- -
a) Co6cTBeHHbIe BbIKynAeHHbie aRKHH (1/8(6))--------
6) HeMaTepHaAbHbie aKTHBbl (I/11) ---------------------
B) He npHrOAHbliH K nepeyqeTy BTOpHMHblH
ranHTaA (cyMMa cBepx 500%/, eCAH n.1(6)
COCTaBAAeT CBbII1e 500% n.l(a)) - -----
r) HHBeCTHUHH B KpeAHTHbil
ympemAeHHR (1/9(a)+1/10a))-
3. CKoppeKTHpoBaHHblI KanHTaA AAM
pacmeTa AocTaTO4HOCTH KanHTaAbHOA 6a3b1 (7 - 8)--------
4. Bcero B3BeUCHHb]X B OTHO1UeHH1HI
pHcCKa axTHBOB (to XVI/B)-
5. KOB(q4HUHeHT AOCTaTOMHOCTH co6CTBeHHoro
aranwraAa 6aHra (3/4 x 100 %) ----------
19
rAaBHbiH ynpaBAAIou4HH_
IlpeAceAaTeAb npaBAeHH__
CTapLUHH BHeCuHHH ayAHTOp
BHemUIHm ayAHTOpCKaR cMHpMa
182
7PHVAOWEHHE 3. ro,xoBo. ver
XVI/b. PAC4ET B3BEHIEHHbIX HO PHCKY AKTHBOB
B mAn.
AaHHme Bmeme--
6aAauca sue no
N-C
1. HaA.qNOCTb
a) BaAjoTa cBoeN cTpaHbIH cTpaH 3OHbi A (6aHKNoTbm H MoHeTbl) x 0% =
6) CaAbAo B pac'eTax c IJeHTpaAbHbiM BaKxoM, BKAi09Ra o6A3aTeAbHb,e x 0% =
pe3epBbl
B) maHKHoTbJ H MOHeTbi HB CTpaH, He npHHaAAema1iHx K 3OHe A x 100%
2. Kasmau e;cKie H pyrHe nepBox.&aCCHbie xonmepqecxKe UexceAB,
np-rOAUble AA peinHuaHCNpOBaNHu B ueHTpaAbHOM EaNxe csoei
CTpaUbM
a) HazHoHaAbHbie Ka3HameAcKHe BexceA x 0%=
6) ApyrHe nepBoxAaccHbie XoMMep4ecKHe BeKceA.I H UeHHbie 6ymarHn
npHroAHbie AAM peqmHHaHCHpOBaHHX B ujeHTpaAbHOM BaHxe x 0% =
6a) pHCKOBbie rocyAapcTBeHHbze neHHbie 6yMarH x 0%=
66) ApyrHe pHCiOBbie UeHHbie 6yMarH, B T.-I.ToproBble BeKceAJI H y'TeHHble x 100%=
ariqenTm
3. KpeAwTImz ccypz xpeArHubin yqpe=eHuNNm
a) MnocTpaHHbie &aUHameiCkme BeKceus
aa) cTpaH 3OHbi A x 0% =
a6) npomHe x 100% =
6) 4enoaHTbi C Bbiaqeaie no npeAbABAeHHio
6a) B xpeAHTHb]X y9pemSAeHBx CBOeC CTpaHbi H cTpaHax 0oHbl A, He x 20% =
CBRBMHbIX C 6aHKOM
66) B ApyrHX HHOCTpaHHbJX 6aHKaX x100% =
B) A4enOHTbl AeHeKHoro PbIHKa CpOKOM Ao 0 mAa
Ba) B 6amKax c8oeH CTpaHb1 H cTpaH 3OHbi A, He CBR3aHHb1X C X 20%
oTYHTbIBaolI0HmcA 6aHxom
86) B (PHHaHCOBbIX y'pe1lAeHHAX CBOeH CTpaHbi, He CBB3aHHbIX C 6aHKom x x100% =
BB) B ApyrHX HHoCTpaHHbix 6aHKax x 100% =
r) KpeAHTm H CCyAbi xpeAHTHbim ypeNKAeNHHnM, CBH3aHHb]M C 6aHxotA x 100% =
A) ApyrHe KpeAHTbI H CCYAbI KpeAHTHbIM y'peIAeNHHRM x 100% =
e) Ae6eToBbie no3HU1H B npoUecce HHKaCCHpOBaHHH x 100% =
4. KpeATbi a CCYAbZl nOTpe6HTeAM Nilbie, Heaseam oxlaTbmaeue
n.2(6)
a) He nepey9HThIBaeMble BexceAji H q)aKTopHHroBbie Tpe6oBaHD x 100% =
6) Apyrme KpaTKocpo'Nbie KpeAHTbi H CCyA4b C HCXOAHbIM CpOxOM Ao 1 roAa X 100% =
B) Cpo'Hbze KpeAHTbi C HCXOAHbIM CpOKOM CBbiiue I roAa X 100%
r) MnoTemHbie KpeAHTbhi noAHocTbio o6ecneMHBaeMbje KBapTHpaMH HAH x 50% =
AOMaMH, HaXOARu4HMHCH B Co6CTBeHHOCTH
A) 3a BbPleTom pesepBoB AA IlOKpbITHh COMHHTeAbHb]X KpeAHTHbIX X 100% =
Tpe6oBaHHrf
5. AXTNBbl, nepeAHHble B pamxax 4aHUaCOaOrO ANaHara
a) AxTHBbi, nepeAaHHbie no ()HHaHCOBoMy AH3HHry X 100% =
6) 3a BbPieTOM HaKonAeHHo! amopTHBaOUIH x 100% =
183
HmmepaperNpomamNe oiHaEocoRoi oTYwerTocrN
XVI/B. PACqET B3BEIJEHHbIX no PHCKY AKTHBOB
(nPo,a.)
B mAN.
AaNNNe Banmen-
Gaaaua NcMC no
6. O6AUraIs N xpyrne npnroAxnme X npoxame uenuue 6yuarN c
4nXCNpONaNNbNmN upOUeNTNrHbm cTasxamN
a) rOCyAapCTBeHHbIe UeHHbie 6yMarH HHbIe, HemleAH oxBaTbmiaembie n. 2
aa) BblJyleHHble UeHTpAbbIThM npIBHTeAbCTUOM H cBx3aHHbiMH C HHMH x 0% =
opraHamm rocyAapcTBelHHON BAaCTH
a6) BbfnylieHHbie MeCTHbIMH npaBHTeAbCTBaMH H CBSl3BHHbJMH C HHMH X 20% =
opraHaMH mecTrHoN BAaCTH
6) UieHHbze 6ymarx, BbinyujeHHbie ApyrMmiH opraHHNawHIIMH x 100% =
B) Co6cTseHHbie AoAroBbie CBHAeTeAbCTBa x 0% =
7. AKuN N xpyrNe UeHmuie 6ymarN (c nepeuenumu toxogo) c
Ne.i-YCNpO3aNbiN npOUeNTNN CTbDlun
a) UeHHble 6yMarH C o6bixHOBeHHOA ToproBOfi floaNHIeI x 100% =
6) Bpemeuno yAep,mHaembie noA pa3meigeHme geHHib1e 6yMarH x 100% =
B) 4pyrme IeHHbie 6ymarm c lCpeMeHHb]M AOXOAOM x 100% =
8. Co6c&menNze arynAeHNNNe aKANK x 0% =
9. (PrNaNcouoe yuacTme N ApyrNe HNBecTNURN
a) B Apyrnx xpeAHHbilx yipeAeHlnAx x O% =
6) B ApynhX AeAoBbix npeAnpNJTHgX x 100% =
B) 4pyrHe NHBeCTHIIH x 100%
10. YqlacTe, Aawoqee npaao wONTPOAB
a) B Apyrx KPpeAITHbIX y4pemftAenHmx x 0%
6) B ApyrHx AeAoBbix npeAnpHSTNBx x 100% =
It. HemaTep ambuNbe aKTNNm Ba sNiCeToN aNOpTNaUN- x 0% =
12. MaTepUauuNme aITNUM Ba smerTOm aMOpTNBaUNN
a) MaTepHaAbHble aKTHBbl AAM BeAeNHJI 6amKoBcKoro AeAa
aa) aeMJAB H 3BAHH H x 100% =
a6) o6opyAoBaaHe, MaiuHHbi H aBTOMo6HAH x 100% =
aB) Me6eAb, qlypHHTypa H npHCnoco6AeHHn x 100% =
ar) HesanepmeHHoe CTpOHTeAbCTBO x 100% =
aA) 3a BbwieTom HaKonAeHHoH aMopTH3aaUH x 100% =
13. npoume axTmu
a) HeonpeAeAernbie noBHwni x 100% =
6) rlpo'-e aKTHBbi x 100% =
BCErOt Ax.u
184
nPHAOffEHHE 4. UIPHIMEP DPHHAHCOBOrO
AHAAH3A
OTYET 0 1IPHSbIAffX H YEbITKAX
AKTRBBbl
0O,f63A TEA, b CTBA
IAJ7HTAA
3ABAAAHCOBbIH OTYET
AHAAHA3 bAAAHCA
AHAAH3 HOKA3A TEAEHI PAJOTbl bAHKA
HOhCHEHPLff
I
JPHAOIEHHE 4. 7pmmep A,aeowv ama
OTLET 0 HPHIbIAHX H YbbITKAX
06/30/89 % 06/30/90 % 12/31/90 % 03/31/91 %
* npoien-rnwi ,oxo, 18,608 100 27,826 100 16,151 100 8,240 100
FlpoUeHTbl no KpeAnTam 18,608 100 27,826 100 16,151 100 8,240 100
AHJKsBAHIb.e aKTHsbI 0 0 911 6 0
3aaiMbi KpeAHTHbIM y'4pe2AeHHAM 963 5 1,488 5 697 4 534 6
KpeAHTbl xAHeHTaM 17,256 93 25,899 93 14,398 89 7,697 93
*HpHroAHble K npOAMe AoArOBbie 389 2 440 2 146 1 6 0
o6a03aTeAbcTBa
FlpoqmNi npOjeMTHbHI AOXOA 0 0 0 4 0
,,POUeHTHNii ,, CXOA 13,029 70 17,609 63 12,387 77 6,262 76
FI pOUCHTHNIN paCXOz
3aAoA&eHHOcTb KpeAHTHbIM y'peNsAeHHNlM 9,014 48 11,896 43 8,090 50 3,582 43
*3aAoA&eHHocTb nOTpe6HTeAAM 4,016 22 5,713 21 4,222 26 2,552 31
C'qeTa Aeno.3HTOB AO BocTpe6OBaHHA 0 0 0 0
CpoRHble Aeno3HTbi 2,194 12 3,343 12 2,400 15 1,622 20
C6eperaTeAbHble cmeTa 1,822 10 2,370 9 1,822 11 930 it
*pyrne o6msiaTeAbcTsa no (pHHaHcmpoBaHHio 0 0 75 0 129 2
..HCThi upoUeRTHbi A w 5,579 55 10,217 60 3,764 58 1,978 60
apyrne onepaunoumbe Aoxo4u, 4,637 45 6,797 40 2,782 42 1,300 40
IlAaTa H C6Opbl Ba ycAyrH 4,615 45 6,685 39 2,757 42 1,292 39
-3apa6oTaHHbjA AoXoA 4,616 45 6,687 39 2,758 42 1,294 39
.3a BbI'eToM noHeceHHbIx pacxoAoB (1) (0) (2) (0) (1) (0) (2) (0)
*pyne onepanHoHHbie AoX0Abl 22 0 113 1 25 0 8 0
IoAy9eHHbIe peHTHbJe nAaTe)KN 20 0 22 0 11 0 9 0
Hpoqee 2 0 91 1 14 0 (1) (0)
BaAoBoii onepagnounHii toxoA /y6lT0X 10,216 100 17,014 100 6,546 100 3,278 100
OnepauHOHHhZC pacxoAbz 3,303 32 4,337 25 3,001 46 2,317 71
3ap.HAaTa H AbroTable BbinAaTbl coTpyAHHxaM 1,958 19 2,054 12 1,546 24 1,310 40
&3apa6OTHas nAaTa 384 4 573 3 425 6 290 9
Apyrme AhroTHbie BbInAaTbI 1,574 15 1,481 9 1,122 17 1,020 31
BblnAameHHbie peHTHb1e nAaTeaoH 17 0 31 0 0 67 2
PacxoAbr no ApyrHmM aHNMaeMbiM nOme4eHHAM 393 4 556 3 530 8 255 8
HaAorn H ANHjeH3HN 40 0 216 1 208 3 115 4
AMopTHl3aWoHHbie oTNHcAeHHn 211 2 283 2 0 8 0
FTpo4me aAMNHHCTp.-ynpaBAeH'lecxHe pacxoAbi 344 3 583 3 321 5 256 8
FIpoqHe onepajunoHHbie pacxoAbi 341 3 615 4 396 6 306 9
qHCTblHl olepaU HUo;iA AOxOA /y6hlTOK 6,913 68 12,677 75 3,545 54 961 29
Pacxo4,,z na coaAaNNe 6auKoacrnx p 3,113 30 3,062 18 0 (0) (0)
Ha noupuTNe y6bamco no uperHT&a
PacxoAbi Ha nOKpblTNe 6e3HaaAeNHbix AOArOB H 3,113 30 3,074 18 0 0
coAaaNHe COOTBeTcTByioUjHx pe3epsoB
H3a BbleToM no3BpaTa AoAroB 0 (12) (0) 0 (0) (0)
4ozoXA/y6bMToK AO yqeTa papessaizvazinix 3,800 37 9,616 57 3,545 54 961 29
co6blTmN
nlpu6wAb/y6mlTXH OT qpeaublqaflubIx (165) (2) 0 0 0
co6baTNil
IlpH6blAb OT mpe-hBbJ'iaAHbJX CO6blTHH 0 0 0 0
187
HmTepipeTI3po,va ie dpmamrcoaoir orweTiocTN
OTLIET 0 IPHBbIA5RX H YbbITKAX (nPoa.)
06/30/89 % 06/30/90 % 12/31/90 % 03/31/91 %
Y6bmcm OT mpesewiaflimxb co6blTiH (165) (2) 0 0 0
'ucniTU AoxoA/yuarrnOK AG 3DnAaTb E aAora 3,635 36 9,616 57 3,545 54 961 29
nIOAOXOAUIi maor 2,327 23 4,949 29 1,773 27 484 15
'queTui joAy 1,308 13 4,666 27 1,773 27 477 15
HepenoA CpeAcTB B o6fne pesepBu 1,223 12 0 0 0
AD0XOA/(y6wTox) nocAe nepeBOAa CpeACTB B 85 1 4,666 27 1,773 27 477 15
peaepBbl
YmacTme, He Aamoigee npaBa XOHTPOAA 0 0 0 0
O6B%aAeHNble AHBHAeHAbi 85 1 0 0 0
B/(H) HepacnpeAeAeHHyo npH6bIAb (0) (0) 4,666 27 1,773 27 477 15
188
I7PHAOIEHHE 4. fpiniep fj88azcoa0oro ammmm
AKTHBbI
06/30/89 % 06/30/90 % 12/31/90 % 03/31/91 %
HU&uI9ocTb 3,993 1 4.426 1 5,493 1 4,784 1
BaAmoTa cBoeN cTpaHbi H cTpaN 3oHbl A 1,562 0 2,285 0 3,293 1 2,563 0
Ca,kbAo pacqeTos c ijeHTpaAbNblHm BaNxom 2,278 1 1,951 0 1,951 0 1,951 0
BamoTa Apyrmx cTpaN 153 0 189 0 249 0 270 0
AumxnMe &aBw 0 0 0 0
KrnlamaeAcKNe BexceAJI cBOeN CTpaHbi 0 0 0 0
Apyrie nepeyqNTblBaeuble geHNHie 6ymarn 0 0 0 0
PHcKoBble rocyAapcTweHNbe ueHNbme 6yMarN 0 0 0 0
PHcKosble KoMmep'lecKNe UeNHbie 6ymarH 0 0 0 0
3aiua KPxApx 1THm YqPe=AeNMum 28,947 9 39,257 9 30,130 6 25,022 5
A,enoaTbi c Bbl4teN no npeAbBAeNHu 28,071 8 38,307 8 28,887 5 24,033 5
AenoaNmi AeHewHoro pbmrca 42 0 117 0 409 0 155 0
B y'pemAeHHXX CHOei cTpaHbi N cTpaN 3OHbJ 0 0 0 0
A, He cm3maHNbx c 6aHKom
B Nie6aNKoBcKNX qpmHaNcorblx yqpem4erNux 42 0 117 0 409 0 155 0
CBOeN CTpaHbl, He cBJi3aHHbiX C 6aNKoM
B ApyrNx HHocTpaHHbJx KpeANTHlbx 0 0 0 0
y'pe2HAeHHX
Apyriie Meac6aNKoBcKme ccyAbl 834 0 834 0 834 0 834 0
4e6eToBb,e 103NUMA B npoUecce JliKaCCa8Nm 0 0 0 0
KpeAuTm IUA-eTax 87,066 26 109,721 24 135,947 25 135,165 26
He nepey'mmmaemble BexceAn 2,389 1 3,334 1 7,055 1 9,014 2
KpaTXocpo'Nbie KpeANTbl B CCYAb 64,314 19 89,626 19 102,054 19 93,288 18
Cpo'mbu e KpeANb 20,363 6 16,761 4 26,837 5 32,863 6
IlnoTe'lble Kpe4( 0 0 0 0
3a BbI'eTOM pesepBoB AAE nOKpbmT y6blTKoB 0 0 0 0
no KpeANTaM
Puaoqume AoAroA e o6uBaTeAbcTm 3,562 1 3,712 1 3,712 1 3,693 1
BwyTpeHiNe rocyAapcTeHiHbie o6JR3aTeAbcToa 3,466 1 3,466 1 3,466 1 3,447 1
jeHTpaAbHOrO npaBNreAbcTBa 3,466 1 3,466 1 3,466 1 3,447 1
MecTHbx npasNTeAbCTa 0 0 0 0
BwnyujeHNbie ApyFHMH opraNHuaaxIMN 96 0 246 0 246 0 246 0
MaTepuau.me awmu (NeTro) 4,603 1 7,388 2 9,214 2 10,153 2
AXTBbl, Heo6xoAmMble AAji 6aNxoBcKoro AeAa 4,603 1 7,388 2 9,214 2 10,153 2
-3eu H aAaNHm 3,888 1 6,191 1 7,627 1 8,220 2
O6opyAoBamNe 1,236 0 1,999 0 2,391 0 2,739 1
Me6eAb N o6cTaNoBKa 0 0 0 0
HesanepiueHnoe CTpOHTeAbCTBO 0 0 0 0
3a BbiqeToM HaKonlAeHHoN aMopTHBazpH (521) (803) (803) (806)
He6aNioBCeNe aKTHBbI 0 0 0 0
[lpouue aBNum 210,724 62 295,647 64 356,024 66 335,432 65
HeonpeAeAeHNbie nosHUNH 210,542 62 295,321 64 355,699 66 335,077 65
rlpomNe aMTrB 181 0 327 0 325 0 355 0
npeA0enATa N uapaqjenubd AoxoA 0 0 0 264 0
BCErO: AaTiuu 338,894 100 460,151 100 540,520 100 514,513 100
189
HuTepn'perlpOBaal8e IOJMaW COBON orve=ocr8m
ObH3ATEAbCTBA
06/30/89 % 06/30/90 % 12/31/90 % 03/31/91 %
3ajoaeA - ocCT KpeAUTUb1 yipesAeuu-xH 63,318 19 63,257 14 70,723 13 58,591 11
HauoHaAbHoMy ljeHTpaAbHomy BaHxy 58,597 17 56,092 12 62,156 11 47,157 9
flepeywumrBaemax 0 0 0 0
Flpo'aa 58,597 17 56,092 12 62,156 11 47,157 9
OaHoHeNocTm 6aNKaM 463 0 1,406 0 427 0 380 0
BcMeujaemai no Tpe6osaHInO 463 0 1,406 0 427 0 380 0
C corAacoBaN.cpoKom NAH nepHoAoM 0 0 0 0
yBeAoMAeHNH
-aAoA2eHNocTb qHHancoBbum y'pemAeHnxm 4,258 1 5,758 1 8,139 2 11,055 2
Boameigaemasi no Tpe6OBaMHIO 1,188 0 1,773 0 2,220 0 2,863 1
C corAacoBm.cpoKom HAH nlepHOAOM 3,071 1 3,985 1 5,919 1 8,192 2
yBeAoMAeNHi
3aNMCTBOBaNNs y me lAyHapOAHbiX yspeMAeHNiM 0 0 0 0
3aAoAAennocmTh xAeNTaM 50,827 15 75,917 16 89,833 17 92,084 18
AenoHtwmi c BblAamei no npeAbRBAenNu 27,797 8 37,880 8 46,331 9 46,948 9
Cpo'mbme Aenosmi 12,478 4 21,437 5 24,643 5 25,072 5
Co cpoxoM Ao I roAa 12,478 4 21,437 5 24,643 5 25,072 5
Co CpOKOM csbfle I roAa; 0 0 0 0
C6eperaTeAbHbie AenoRNThI 10,130 3 13,503 3 15,409 3 16,013 3
4pyre Aenoamw 422 0 3,096 1 3,450 1 4,051 1
kpyre o6mmmAbcra 210,936 62 297,558 65 353,106 65 342,663 67
flpoReHTm K BbIMnAre 1,774 t 2,878 1 4,604 1 5,921 t
HaAorl K ynAaTe 0 0 0 0
HeonpeAeAeHHbie no3NuW4 tO3,875 31 152,188 33 210,187 39 190,322 37
Kp4eANmbIe noaHNWI B CTaAHH nepeBoAa 1,223 0 1,571 0 3,578 1 4,600 1
[lpo'me o6BamTeAbcTma 104,065 31 140,921 31 134,737 25 141,821 28
Hapaqjeua H OTcpoqennui aoxoX 1,655 0 1,549 0 1,718 0 2,346 0
Heaapa6oTaHHbii AoXOA 0 0 0 0
HapaneHnble uAaepnaU tO6 0 0 169 0 0
EOSHarpamAeHN= H AbHOThble AOflAaTb1 K 1,549 0 t,549 0 1,549 0 2,346 0
BbaAaTe
Peaepr 3,765 1 6,946 2 6,884 1 6,345 1
UeAeBbie peaepBbi AAR noxpbmlrN y6bmTa no 3,449 1 6,515 1 6,502 1 5,798 1
xpeANTaM
FlpoueHTbm K flOAY4eHHIO 306 0 422 0 460 0 525 0
flpomme peSepnbl 9 0 9 0 22 0 22 0
ANuNAeNAm K UmbAaTe 0 0 0 0
BCErO: OOGaaTaiMcTS 330,501 98 445,226 97 522,263 97 502,030 98
190
HZPHAOAfEHHE 4. ipilrep om0aweoaoyo amaANz
KAHIHTAA
06/30/89 0/ 06/30/90 % 12/31/90 % 03/31/91 %
FlepamquwH Kan-TaA 6,665 2 13,185 3 16,517 3 9,218 2
OnAa'ieHnas niacTb o6bnBAerHoro KanHTaka 50 0 50 0 50 0 50 0
(HeTTo)
YcTaBHb,Hi KanmTaA 50 0 175 0 175 0 175 0
aBblNeTOM HeOnAameHHofi maCTH 0 (125) (125) (125)
o6bxBAeHHOrO KanHTaAa
KanNTaAbHble pe3epBbl 0 0 0 0
C4eT npeMHmH ax%iii 0 0 0 0
Flposee 0 0 0 0
PesepBb, coaAaHHbie ma llpH6bAH 6,615 2 13,135 3 16,467 3 9,168 2
064ime pe3epBbi 6,615 2 6,615 1 9,947 2 9,167 2
Hepa3Ae.eHHaJ. npH6blAb 0 6,520 1 6,520 1 1 0
3a flbpeTom y6bffxoB TeKynyero roAa 0 0 0 0
.DoeAHNTeAbHbiN KaunTaA 1,728 1 1,740 0 1,740 0 3,265 1
06uje peaepwbl 0 0 0 0
FIpH6lAb aa TeKyWIHH roA 0 0 0 1,525 0
FlpoqHe paRnoBHAHocTH AonoHHHTeAbHoro 1,728 1 1,740 0 1,740 0 1,740 0
KarH'raAa
BCErO: KaDnTaA 8,393 2 14,925 3 18,257 3 12,483 2
BCErO: O6naaeAbcTua N ranKTaA 338,894 100 460,151 100 540,520 100 514,513 100
.3AbAAAHCOBbIH OT'ET
06/30/89 % 06/30/90 % 12/31/90 % 03/31/91 %
nloTenEHaAbHMe o6maTeAbCTEa 61,567 18 78,571 17 80,160 15 86,211 17
BHe6aHKoBcKHe KpeAHT"ble Cy6cTmTyTbj 31,040 9 38,653 8 33,835 6 42,280 8
CpeAHepHcKoBble 3a6aAaHcoBbie o6n3aTeAbcTBa 30,092 9 38,660 8 45,912 8 43,047 8
CpeAne-/MaAopHcKoBbie sa6aAancoBbie 434 0 1,257 0 414 0 885 0
o6RBaTeAbCTBa
MaAOpHCKOBble 3a6asaIcosbie o6swaTeAbcTBa 0 0 0 0
AHAAIH3 BAAAHCA
AmcBHnbme HerTO-aicTHBbi *9.27% -4.50% -6.77% -5.84%
KpeAHmI H cpeACTBa, nepeanHbie noTpe6NTeAAM 87,066 26 109,721 24 135,947 25 135,165 26
Aenoa3mu noTpe6rTeAe§ 50,827 15 75,917 16 89,833 17 95,084 t8
OTHonleHHe CyMMbl 6aWRoOCK.KpeAHToB K 171% 145% 151% 147%
Aeno3HTaM
AKTHBbi, B3BeiueHHble no pHCKy 351,855 473,523 558,823 545,508
CKoppeXTHpoOaBHas BeAHYHHa KanHTaAa 8,393 14,925 18,257 12,483
KoaqHmwIenT AoCTmTo0HOCTH Co6cTBeHHorO 2.39% 3.15% 3.27% 2.29%
KanHTaAa
O6n,aTeAbHbie OTBHCAeHHH 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00%
Aeqnigwg 19,756 22,956 26,449 31,158
191
HuTeplpewpoauwe IOJJNNCOBoNOT' oeTrNOCTN
AHAAHS3 nOKA3ATEAEH PABOTbI bAHKA
(a pacwet ma roJ) 06/30/89 06/30/90 12/31/90 03/31/91
npm6bLAbHocTb
FlpH6bAb Ha ycpeAHeHHbie axTSHbi 1.17% 0.70% 0.37%
IlpH6bmAb Ha marHTaA 40.02% 21.20% 12.58%
HommHaAbHble Temnbl pocTa
KpeAwmi m AmUir 26.02% 47.41% .2.33%
Aeno.uwmi noTpe6HTeAeN 49.36% 36.36% 10.16%
KanwraA 77.84% 44.28% -128.26%
WTaT
PeaAbabne Teunbz pocTa
IHAexc noTpe6TeAbcx1x UeH tO0 130 150 161
Teumnbz HmqlJpUiH 30% 30% 30%
KpeAwTh H A3HBHr -3.98% 17.41% -32.33%
Aenosaimi norpe6HrAei 19.36% 6.36% .19.84%
KmanTaA 47.84% t4.28% .158.26%
flpoAyKxTmmocT pa6orm nepcoHaAa
lpH6alAb Ha pacxoA4b Ha t co'rpyAHHra 468.09% 229.33% 73.39%
HouzHaAbHbie npoaeHTHbie cTaBxH
Cpejwuf noAyqeHHbli npo0eHT 20.44% 19.87% 20.03%
3aJmb.i xpeAHwmbA yqpemAeHRMu 4.36% 3.98% 7.85%
Salhfib norpe6wneAAm 26.32% 23.25% 23.03%
rlpirwwAHie ^,a npoaamn AoAroBbie 12.09% 7.78% 0.67%
CBHMeT"bCTBa
CpeAHHi sbIga'leHHbZH npOUe]HT 13.9% 16.4% 16.32%
SaAoAatCHHOCTh xpeAWTHbIu y'peCAeCHRm t8.8% 23.96% 22.47%
Aenosrha Ao BOcTpe6oBaHHi H CpO'iHbe 6.7t% 7.3t% 9.20%
Aenoatrai
C6eperaTeabHb,e AenoamIT 20.06% 25.00% 24.00%
CnpeA 6.54% 3.47% 3.71%
PeaAbHbae npOUeHTHbIe CTaBKN -9.56% *10.13% -9.97%
CpeAH,i noAyqeHHbl npoUeHT t16.10% -13.60% -13.68%
CpeAHHI BblJAaqeHHbflH npOUeHT
MAepmm,cuRsaHHbie C noCpeAHHqecTBoM (a %
0T aKTHBOB)
PacxoAbl Ha mapa6omymo nAaTy 0.51% 0.61% 1.01%
PacxoAbl Ha coAepaiIHe cay2ne6Hbix 0.15% 0.21% 0.25%
nomevjeHHR
HaAOrH H AHUMH)HH 0.05% 0.08% 0.09%
O6ecUeHeHHe H aMopTHaaW4l 0.07% 0% 0.01%
rlpo'e aAMmIIcTpaTHBHo-ynpanAeH'ecKHe 0.30% 0.28% 0.43%
pacloAbl
EaHKoBcxse pesepabi Au noxpbmTHE y6bmloB 0.77% 0% .0%
no KpeAHT8M
rIoAoxoAHbI HaAor 1.24% 0.70% 0.37%
[IpHpocr KanmTaAa 1.17% 0.70% 0.37%
BCEFO: xuaepo, caHmMe c 4.26% 2.60% 2.52%
nuepeauueemToe
192
7PHA OMEHHE 4. I7plMAep C O ANEDl4M
4HcAa, npHBeAeHHbie B rIpHMepHOM oTqeTe HpHAomeHHR 4, B3RTbl H3 AaHHb1X roCyAapCT-
BeHHo-KoMMepmecKoro 6aHKa OAHOH H3 alppHsaHcKHx cTpaH. 3To yqpemrAeHHe HaXOAHTCA B
CTaAHH CTpyKTyPHOH nepecTpoHKH, HMeHHO OHO 6blAO Bbl6paHO nOTOMy, 'TO ero AaHHbie
nosBoAARoT ocBeTHTb HeKOTOpbJe npo6AeMbl, B T.q.:
* OqeHb BHaqHTeAbHbie BHyTpeHHHe KAHPHHrOBbie cqeTa. Ho CyTH AeAa BTOT 6aHK
yTpaTHA KOHTpOAb HaA cBoeH BHyTpeHHeH KAHPHHroBOH CHCTeMoH, -ITO BeAeT K nORB-
AeHHIO [AOXO COrAaCOBaHHb!X c 6aHXOBcXHM y-ieToM onepagHiH Me2rAy oTAeAeHHxMH,
npORBAHIO1IHXCH B CTPOKaX npo-ue aITHBbl H npolHe nacCHBbl, 13 KOTOpbIX 190
MApA. noAAe2raT B3aHMHOH KoMneHcagHH, a 25 MApA. AOAMHbl COCTaBHTb nOTeHUH-
aAbHblH y6bITOK.
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co6ofi npeTeH3HH K MeHTpaAbHOMy 6aHKy no npHqHHe noTepb Ha onepasHHx C
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193
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195
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noMHHTb 0 TOM, xITO Ha3HaqeHHe KanHTaAa CrAa2KHBaTb noCAeACTBH$ HCo2mHAaHHb1X nOTepb, TO
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BKAIo'aA KpynHb1X Aep2KaTeAeH aKgHH H KoMnaHHH, cBR3aHHbie c 6aHKoM. OrpaHHqeHHH
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noCpeAHHKOB; M02KHO, Hao6OpOT, OnpeAeASITb 3anpeUgeHHbie HanpaBAeHHH. Heo6xoAHMo, qTo6bi
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HAH KoMnaHHHx H BoBAeCeHHOCTH B He6aHKoBcKHe qHHaHCOBbie onepagHH.
KAaCCHPHKagtH aXKTHBOB H co34aHHe pe3epBOB. BaHKH H APyruHe qHHaHCOBbie nOCpeAHHKH
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AaHHorO Tpe6OBaHHA - pa3pa6oTKa npaBHA, corAacHo XOTOpbIM: 1) 6aHxH o6naabi c
200
f7PHA O IEHHE 6. Paaymmoe peryNApoOma e N ua4uep
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npOMeHTOB no Hepa6oTaiouIjHM aKTHBaM H npeKpaigaTb AaAbHeHi1uce HaqHCAeHHe npOMeHTOB no
HHM; 4) 6aHrH 06H3aHbl He AOlTyCKaTb pe(pHHaHCHpOBaHHH HAH KarnHTaAH3aUHH lnpogeHTOB; 5)
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6blTb B onpeAeAeHHOM cMbicAe npOHSBOAbHOH. OAHaKO, B npHHjHne, TaKHM nyTeM
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TO-Hee OTpa2KaTb aKTHlecKoe COCTOHHHe CBOHX AeA.
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no pa3pa6oTKe HOpMaTHBOB ayAHTa H MHHHMaAbHbliX Tpe6OBaHHH no pacKpblTHIO HHqpOpMaIUHH.
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3S40A2IfeHHOCTH IpOHCXOAHT HerAaAKo.
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AOAM2Hbl CTPeMHTbCR K CO4aHHIO CAeAYlOlUHX pe3epsos AAxR nOKpbITHR y6biTKOB: 1) yTBep2KAeHHbIe arTubi -
o6uJHf pe3epB B pasmepe He MeHee 1 % 3THX aKTHBOB Ha cAy'aA HellpeABHAeHHbIX IloTepb nlpH nepeMeujlemu
AJo6oro Hs yTaepmAeHHbiX aKTHBOB a KxaTerOpHo y6blTO4HblX HAM coMHHTeAbHbix. TaKoiH 4)oHA Mom0HO BKMOITb
B KanHTaA 1Toporo nopRAKa B COOTBeTCTBHH C npaBHAaMH BaseAbcKoro corAaLueHHq. 2) AKTmBbi, Bb3blsBDai4ope
onacemHR, - peepeB a pasmepe He MeHee 20 % CYMMbl TaKHx aBTHBoB; 3) COMHHTeAbHbIe aKTHBbi - pesepB B
pasmepe ue MeHee 50 % COMHHTeAbHblx AoAroB; 4) "nrAoxHe" AoArH HAH y6blTORHble aKTHBbl - pesepB a
pasmepe 100 % noTepb no ogeHKe, pacnoAaraioulHAcR Me2KAy 6pyrro-CTOHMOCTbIO sa0A2KeHHocTH no KpeAHTaM
sa BbrfeToM HMeloIllHXC pesepBoB, C OAHOiH CTOpOHbl, H peaAmcTHmecKoH CTOHMOCTbIO saAora - C Apyrok.
201
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KpHMHHaAbHbie AeHCTBHH.
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3anpeigaTb peHHaHcHpOBaHHe KpeAHTOB HAH HCnOAb3OBaHHe KpeAHTHoro OKHa H
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KOHKPeTHY1o cc)epy AeffreAbHocTH, eCAH OHa HaX0AHTCR B UeHTpe opraHoB 6aHxoscxoro
HaA3opa. OAHaKo Aio6oe HaMepeHHoe HapyJcHHCe npHKasOB o6 orpaHHqeHHH H AHUIeHHH
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acneKTe, c TeM qTo6bl 6aHx 6blA BblHym2AeH npeKpaTHTb Hepa3yMHyio HAH OriaCHyio
3AoynoTpe6AeHMHMH npaKTHKy 6e3 npoMeAAeHHH.
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Heo6XOAHMO, eCAH KOHTpOAepbl HaMepeHbl 3alUTHTHTb HHTepeCbl AenOHeHTOB H YBMPHTb
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noAHoMo%iHH no cMeiCeHHIO H 3aMeHe yn1paBASioiUHX, OTKa3y OT CO6AIOAeHMH HHTepeCOB
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202
HP7VAOiMEHHE 6. Pasymmoe peryAlIpommme o Nwsop
PA3YMHbIl rAHKOBCKHA HAA30P
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y6blTKaMH OT HCBO3BpagueHHA KpeAHTOB, KOTOpbie Ay'inIe Bcero BblHBAAIOTCH H3HyTpH. rlO
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203
H,nepuperopomarne IporaicovBoM orTwermocrT
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MeToA aHaAH3a CBepXy-BHH2. 4Ami nOBbimeHHH aqXqpeKTHBHOCTH aHaAH3a Ha MeCTe
KOHTpOAepaM CAeAyeT HcnOAb3OBaTb MeTOA CBepxy-BHH3, corAacHo KOTOpOMy nepBocTeneHHoe
BHHMaHe yAeAeTCH HanpBAAHHSRM H noAHTHKe, (pOpMyAHpyeMOii npaBAeHHeM H
HcnOAHHTeAbHOH BeTBbIO PYKOBOACTBa 6aHKa. KBaHTH(PHUHpoBaTb npo6AeMbl HeAoCTaToqHo,
XOTR BTOT miar onpeAeAeHHo Heo6xOAHM. BaMHo TaK2Ke nOHRTb npH'HHbl HX BO3HHKHOBeHHR H
npeAAOflb npeBeHTHBHbie Mepbl, CHH2ualOuHe BepOSrrHOCTb nOBTOPHOrO HX BO3HHKHOBeHHR.
KpoMe TOro AA B(atpeKTHBHOrO HCnIOAb3OBaHHR CKYAHbIX pecypCOB HaAsopHoH CAym6b B2amHo
Ha1eAHTb YCHAHR alHaAHTHKOB Ha c(pepbl HaH6oAbLero pHCKa 4AA AaHHOrO KOHKxpTHOrO
yRpe2KAeHHA, HanpHMep, Ha OgeHKy KaqCCTBa aKTHBOB; pHCKa, CBR3aHHoro C npOUlCHTHbIMH
CTaBKaMH; onepa!UHH C HHOCTpaHHOH BaAIOTOH H T. n.
KomTpOAb CPOKOB HCnOAHeHHR. 0 opperKTHPYKoIMHX AeiCTBHMX, Heo6xoAHMbIx AAR
q)HHaHCOBOrO nocpeAHHKa, CAeAyeT coo6U4wrb Hanp5iyio npaBAeHHIO H PYKOBOAHTCAM
sbicmero ypoBHR. 06bl'qHO AAA BTOH geAH CAy2KaT nHCbMeHHblH OTTeT H BCTpeCH C
npaBAeHmeM H PYKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa. B COn1POBOAHTeAbHOM nHCbMe, nipHAaraemom K
nHCbMeHHOMY oT'eTy H nOAnHcaHHOM PYKOBOAHTeAeM 6iopo 6aHKoBcKoro HaA3opa UAH ero
ynoAHoMoxeHHbIM, AOA2KHbl 6blTb ccpopMyAHpoBaHbl OCHOBHbie BbIBOAbl oTqeTa H
peKOMeHAaUHH. KpoMe TOrO B HeM AOA2KHO COAep4KaTbCR qOPMaAbHOe Tpe6oBaHme peaKq8H
6aHKa B ycTaHoBAeHHbie CpoKH. ECAH Heo6xOAHMbl nOCAeAOBaTeAbHO COCTaBAReMbie OT'ieTbi O
KoppexTHPYIouHX Ae4eCTBHMx, BTO Tpe6oBaHHe TaKmKe A0A2KHo 6blTb oTpa2KeHo
COnpOBOANTeAbHOM nHCbMe. Heo6xoAHMo TaKme npeAAO2KHTb aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbie npoUeAyp4b
AAM KOHTpOAM 3a peaKiuHe 6aHKa H npOBepKH npHHHMaeMb1X KOppeKTHpOBOMHb!X Mep.
204
H1PHAOMWEHHE 6. Pasyaroe peryANpomamoe oRam.p
HAmomeHHbie nHCbMeHHO npogeAypbi aHaAH3a. 4w o6ecneereHtm COOTBeTCTBHx H
eAHHoO6pa3HR H o6y'IeHHt HOBbiX cnelHa.AHCTOB no aHaAH3y CAeAyeT pa.3pa6oTaTb H H3AOKHTb
[IHCbMeHHo npogeAypbi aHaAH3a H COOTBeTCTBYlOUlHe BOnpOCHHKH n1pHMeHHTeAbHO K aHaAH3Y
6aHKoBcKoHi AeRTeAbHOCTH Ha MeCTe. 3TH AOKyMeHTbi He AOAMHbl aMmeHRTb cymAeHHe
CreCHaAHCTa no aHaAH3y - OHH AOA2KHbl CAy2KHTb TOAbKO pyHAaMeHTOM H OnOpOH AAR
pa6oTbI, KOTOpyJO npHXOAHTCR BbilnOAHITb.
BHEWI1HEE HABAIOAEHHE
BHemUHee Ha6AJoAeHHe npeACTaBAeCT co6ofi Ba2mHoe AOnOAHeHHe K alHAH3y Ha MecTe,
HBARRCb CpeACTBOM 3a6AaroBpeMeHHoro npeAynpe2KAeHHH 0 B03HHKIUHX HAH pa3BHBaMOUHXCH
3aTpyAHeHHH.X H HHCTpyMeHTOB KOHTpOAH; OAHaKO BHeCUHee Ha6AioAeHHe He CAeAyeT
PaCCMaTPHBaTb KaK 3aMeHy aHa.AH3a Ha mecTe HAH KaK OCHOBHyIO pa3HOBHAHOCTb KOHTpOAR
pa6oTbl 6aHKoB B pa3BHBaiOjeiiHCq CTpaHe. KaqeCTBO HH(POpMauHH H BeAOCTHOCTb AaHHbNX,
npeAcTaBAReMbix 6aHKoM Aio6oH cTpaHbl, Heo6XOAHMO npOBCpRTb. B Pa3BHBaiOumHXCA cTpaHax
npeAOCTaBARcMaH HmpoMagi .3aqacTyio HenOAHa H HeTOqHa. CnAolnb H pHAOM 6aHKH He
pacnoAaraioT CHCTCMaMH KOHTpOAR H 6aHKoBcKoro y1eTa, cnoco6HblMH o6ecneqHTm
CBOeBpeMeHHYIO fIOArOTOBKY TOqHbIX AaHHbIX. loaToTMy no 6oAbClefi 'aCTH He CAeAyeT
nOAaraTbCH Ha BHeillHee Ha6AioAeHHe KpoMe KaK Ha AOnOAHeHHe aHaAH3a Ha MeCTe.
KoHrrpOAeM CAeAyeT HCnOAbD3OBaTb npHeMAeMbie no Ka'eCTBy OT'eTbI AAR c6opa AaHHbzX,
nO3BOASlOIgHX OgeHHTb pHCKH. Peqb H4CT o6 HHq)OpMaUHH, OTHOCnu1eHCR K UOpTCeAIO
BbI4aHHbIX KpeAHTOB, BKAIO'aM CAy'iaH HenorauieHH3 B CpOK H npo6AeMHbie aKTHBbl, CHTyawnO
C onepa1HRMH C HHocTpaHHoH BaAIOTOH, 3a6aAaHcoBbie o6R3aTeAbcTBa H ApyrHe pHcKoBbLe
clpepbI AemTeAbHOCTH, a TaK2Ke 6aAaHc H cqeT npH6blAeii H y6bITKOB. AAR o6ecneqeHHw
eAHHoo6pa3H.I KOHTpOAepbi AOA2KHbI HMeTb npaBo npeAnHCbIBaTb CpOKH, cOAepCaHHe H IpOpMy
pasyMHoH peaxUHH 6aHKa, C TeM -To6bJ MO2KHo 6blAo noCAeAoBaTeAbHO cpaBHHBaTb AaHHble Sa
pasHbie nepHOAbi BpeMeHH noCAe 3aBepmeHHq npOBepKH.
OqeHb BaMHO nOAHOCTbIO BCTpOHTb (yHKlHIO BHeleHero Ha6AIOAeHHH B rpomecc HaA30pa, C
TeM qTo6bI Aer'e 6blAO BbilnpaBARTb cAa6oCTH KOHTpOAR. B HeKOTOPb1X CAyqaRX 6blBaeT
AOCTaTOqHO cBH3aTbCR c 6aHKoM no TeAe(pOHy HAH HanpaBHTb 6aHKy nHCbMO, qTO6bl o6CyAHTb
Bonpocbl, BbilHBAeHHbie MeToAoM BHeIuHero Ha6AIo4eHHR. B ApyrHX CAy'aHX, OAHaKO, Mo21eT
BO3HHKHyTb Heo6xoAHMocTb HanpaBAeHHH B 6aHK CrieHaAHCTOB no aHaAH3y AAA OTCAe2KHBaHH
cAa6OCTeH, o6HapymeHHblX Ha6AIoAeHHeM. B Aio6oM cAyqae HHqpOpMaUHH H OTqeTbl,
co6paHHble H nOArOTOBAeHHbie H3BHe, MOryT noCAy2KHTb 6a3oH AAA cpaBHeHHR npHMeHHTeAbHO
K pHCKOBblM H BqXpeKTHBHbIM cqepaM AeCTeAbHOCTH, a nOAyqeHHble AaHHb1e 6yAyr noAse3Hb
CreUHaAHCTaM B XOAe aHaAH3a Ha MecTe.
205
iI
i
iI
i
iI
nIPHAOflEHHE 7. bA3EAbCKOE COrAAIJJEHHE
KOMHTeT Uo 6aHKOBCIKOMy HaAOPpy H peryAHpoHaHH
C6JImweuHe CHCTemi 6aHKoBciKoro peryApOBaHHfl B OTHOIeImHH HamepeHEN KanHTaAa
a CTam4apTOB, paCnpOCTpaHRlO1UHXCH Na UaDIHTaA106
BBEAEHHE
1. )4aHHblf AOKyMeHT npeAcTaBAHeT co6o0i Tor pa6oTbl xOMHTeTa107 B npOAOA2KeHHH
HeCCKOAbKHX AeT, KOTOpas HMeAa geAbIO c6AHmeHHu CHCTeM 6aHKoBcKoro HaABopa B
OTHOlUleHHH OnpeAeAeHHH AOCTaTOqHOCTH co6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa memAyHapoAHblX
6aHKoB. flocAe ny6AHKaUHH npeAAO2KeHH f KOMHTeTa B AeKa6pe 1987 r. B cTpaHax,
BomeAmHx B rpynny G-10, HaqaAHCb aKTHBHbie KOHCYAbTaUHH co CneUHaAHCTaMI;
KpOMe TOrO BTH npeAAoerLeHH 6blAU HanpaBAeHbl HaA3opHbIM BeAOMcTBOM MHOrHX
CTPaH MHpa AAR paCCMOTpeHHR. CAeACTBHeM BTHX KOHCyAbTaUHU CTaAH H3MeHeHHx,
BHeCeHHbie B HCXOAHbIe npeAAo2KeHIH. Hly6AHKyeMbIif TeKCT HBAHeTcH AeKAapaUHeB
KOMHTeTa, corAacoBaHHOH MmemAy BCeMH ero qAeHaMH. AoKyMeHT H3AaraeT corAaCoBaH-
HblI AO AeTaAeH nopHAoK H3MepeHHR AOCTaToqHOCTH co6CTBeHHorO KanrTaAa H
MHHHMaAbHbli ypOBeHb Tpe6oBaHHH, KOTOpblX AOA2KHbi IpUHep2KHBaTbCR Ha1HOHaAb-
Hbie cAym6bl 6aHKoBcKoro HaA3opa, npeACTaBAeHHbie B KoMHTeTC. C aTHMH
Tpe6oBaHH.RMH H nOpRAKOM COrAaCHAHCb TaKme ynpBAHlAouHe UeHTPpaAbHbiX 6aHKoB
rpynnbl H3 10 CTpaH.
2. C MeAb1o no BO3MO2KHOCTH 6blcTporo BHeApeHH5 B npaKTHKY HagHOHaAbHb1e cAym6bi
HaASopa, no npeAnoAo2KeHHIO, AOA2KHbl Teriepb pa3pa6oTaTb co6cTBeHHble noAo2KeHHR
H OnpeAeAHTb B HHX CpOKH H cnoco6 peaAH3a1HH AOCTHrHyToro corAacHH B
co6CTBeHHbIX CTpaHax. LaHHblH' AOKyMeHT HanpaBAeH HaA3OpHbIM BeAOMCTBaM MHOrHX
CTpaH MHpa C HaMepeHHem no6yAHTb HX npHHWFb ero OCHOBHbie noAomeHHR B cTpaHax,
He BOmIeAIIIHX B rpynny C-10, T. K. peClb HAeT O nOS3HUHH 6aHKOB, 3aHHMaioIHxcsC
KpynHb1MH Me21AYHapOAHbIMH onepagHHMH.
3. Cymb pa6oTbl KOMHTeTa no c6AHmeHHIO CHCTeM 6aHKOBCKoro peryAHpoBaHHsi
3aKAIOqaeTCH B AOCTH2KeHHH AByX qcyHAaMeHTaAbHbIX IeAeH. Bo-nepBblx, Co3AaHHe
HOBOH CHCTeMbI, KOTOpa0 nOCAy2HT ynpoqeHHIO H cTa6HAH3agHH Me2KAyHapoAHoH
6aHKoBcKofi CHCTeMbi; BO-BTOPbIX, CO3AaHHe CHCTCMbi 'IeCTHOH H BbICoKoCorAacoBaH-
HOH, STO nO3BoAReT npHMeHRTb ee 6aHKaM pa3HbIX CTpaH H CHHmaTb ypoBeHb
CyuMecTByiouero KOHKypeHTHOrO HepaBeHCTBa, cyInecTByioijero cpeAH Me2KAyHapOAHb1X
106 HasbmaeMoe Tal2Ke Basw,bcKoe corAameHHe. ,aHHbIH OTpblBOK nepeneqaThIBaeTcJK Hs nepsoHaiaAbHoro
TeKcTa, BburyujeHHoro BaSCAbCRHM KoMHTeTOM, HO c HBMeHeHHeM 43opMaTa MaTepHaAa.
107 Ba3eAbcKHI RoMHTeT no 6aHKOBCKOMy peryA poBaHH1o H HaA3opy OXBaTb!BaeT npeAcTaBHTeAei
UeHTpaAbHbix 6aHKOB H KOMHTeTOB no HaASOpy CTpaH 6oAbmoA AeCCTKH - BeAbrHi, KaHaAa, C)paiupuz,
repMamHl, HITaAHm, 3inomBi, roAAaHAHx, LWBegpm, UlBeigapHR, 06beAHHeHHoe KopoAeBcTmo, CoeAmiemmble
LJTaThi H AoKceM6ypr. KoMHTeT saceAaeT B BaHKe Me2iKAyHapoAHbIx PacmeTon B ra3eAe, LUBeiapHs.
207
InrepHpeTrpeaaole IfNHaiCOBONI oTrerTocT
6aHKoB. KoMHTeT oTMeqaeT, MTO B OTBeT Ha npeAAomeHHe npoKoMMeHTHpoBaTb HCXOA-
Hbie npeAAOmeHHR, 6aHKH COrAaCHAHCb C npHHHlHnOM noAa'H H AOrHKOiH AaHHOro
maTepHaAa H BbIpa3HAH fIOAAep2KKY nO3HUHH, corAaCHO KOTOpOH AOKyMeHT cAeAoBaAo
6bl npHMeHRTb Ha Ha;gHOHaAbHOM YpOBHe KaK MO2KHO eAHHoO6pasHee.
4. B Te'ieHHe Bcero nepHoAa KOHCyAbTagHH H COrAaCOBaHHH Me2KAy KOMHTeTOM B Ba3eAe
H nOAHOMOH1HbIMH opraHaMH EC B BpiOCCeAe, KOTOpbie BbICTynlHAH C rlapaAAeAbHOH
HHHgHaTHBOH BBeAeHHR eAHHOrO KOB )HAHeHTa nAaTe2Kecnoco6HOCTH AAA KpeAHTHbIX
HHCTHTyTOB Coo6WecTBa, ocy1eCTBAHAOCb TecHoe B3aHMOAeHCTBHe. UeAbio ero 6bLAO
AOCTH2KeHHe MaKCHMaAbHoro COOTBCTCTBHH noAo2KeHHH, corAacoBaHHbIX B BaseAe.
HOAO2eHH51M, HaMe4eHHbIM K BHeApeHHIO B CTpaHaX Coo6iMecTBa. KOMHTeT HaAeeTCA H
O2HAaeT, 'ITO TaKOe COOTBeTCTBHe MOmeT 6blTb AOCTHrHyTO, XOTH1 CAeAyeT OTMeTHTb,
qTO npaBHAa, pa3pa6aTbIBaeMbie EC, OTHOCHTCH npeHMYl_qeCTBeHHO K KpeAHTHbIM
y'Ipe2KAeHHAM, a pa6oTa KoMHTeTa OpHeHTHPOBaHa 6OAbmue Ha 6aHKH, 3aHHMa1OIHecCR
MeC2AYHaPOAHbIMH onepaljHRMH.
5. Hpip pa3pa6OTKe InOAO2KeHHH, OnIHCaHHbIX B AaHHOM AOKyMeHTe, KOMHTeT nbilTaACH
Bblpa6oTaTb COBOKynHOCTb KOHUenTyaAbHO HaAe2KHbIX npHHUHrOB H B TO me BpeMR He
OCTaBHTb 6e3 AOA2KHorO BHHMaHHR oco6eHHocTH cyu eCTBYIOUHX CHCTeM 6aHKoecKOro
y-4eTa H HaA3opa B CTpaHaX-tIAeHaX. KoMHTeT nOAaraeT, 'ITO aTa 5e-Ab AOCTHrHyTa.
HOAomeHHe AOKyMeHTa oTpa2KaioT nepeXOAHbIH xapaKTep HbIHeiu1HerO nepHoAa H
nO3BOAReT OTpa3HTb CyigeCTBY1OI_4He B Pa3HbIX CTpaHaX cneUH(pH'ecKHe
o6cTo.RTeAbCTBa qepes rH6KHe MOAH(HKagHH TeKCTa, KOTOpbie CO BpeMeHeM MO?KHO
6yAeT npHBeCTH X eAHHOMY o6pa3gy.
6. B HeKOTOPbIX HeMHOrOq'HCAeHHbiX acneKTax (oco6eHHO B OTHOIeHHH B3BeC11HBaHHR
pHCKOB) AoKyMeHT AoriycKaeT onpeAeAeHHbIe pacxo2KAeHHH MewAy CTpaHaMH B
OTHOleHHH HHTepnpeTaUHH TaKHX acneKTOB. Bo3AeicTBHe TaKHX paCxOmAeHHH Ha
o6UJHe COOTHOliueHHH cKopee Bcero npeHe6pemHMO MaAO, H He CAeAyeT CqHTaTb, qTO
2KePTBOH paCxO2KAeHHH cTaHoBHTCH OCHOBHbie geAH. TeM He MeHee KoMHTeT HaMepeH
KOHTPOAHPOBaTb H aHaAH3HPOBaTb npHmeHeHHe nOAO2KeHHH AoKyMeHTa B npeAcToRJgHH
nepHoA C geAb1O Bb1XOAai Ha 6OAee BbICOKHH ypoBeHb corAacHH H eAHHoo6pa3HR.
7. CAeAyeT noA'IepKHyTb, TO COraaCOBaHHbie nOAO2KeHHR OnpeAeAHIOT MHHHMaAbHbliH
ypOBeHb HeO6xOAHMOrO KanHTaAa AAR 6aHKoB, aKTHBHO 3aHHMaiOLWHXCR
Me2AYHaPOAHbIMH onepa4HHMH. HaUHoHaAbHbie opraHbl peryAHPOBaHHH BnpaBe
yCTaHaBAHBaTb 6oAee BbICOKHe ypOBHH.
8. CAeAyer yKa3aTb TaKme, qTO AOCTaTOqHOCTb KanHTaAa, H3MepeHHaH B COOTBeTCTBHH C
AaHHbIM AOKyMeHTOM, BBAHeTCH, XOTR H BamHbIM, HO Bcero OAHHM H3 peAa qlaKTopoB,
Tpe6yioujHx y'eTa npH O!leHKe npo'HOCTH (pHHaHCOBOrO nOAO2KeHHR 6aHKa. CyTb
AaHHoro AoKyMeHTa 3BaKAIoaeTcR B OUgeHKe KanHTaAa npe2KAe Bcero B CBH3H C
KpeAHTHbIM pHCKOM (pHCKOM Kpaxa 3aeMujHKa), OAHaKO, H ApyrHe pHCKH, BHAIO'aR
PHCK, cBR3aHHbliH C npoMeHTHbIMH cTaBKaMH H HHBeCTHUHHMH B UeHHbie 6yMarH,
KOHTpOAepbl AOA2KHbi npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe npH OUeHKe AOCTaTOqHOCTH
co6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa B geAOM. KOMHCCHR aHaAH3HpyeT pa3AHqHbie nOAXOAbl B CBH3H
C TaKHMH pHcKaMH. KpoMe TOrO - H BTO HMeeT o6I H xapaKTep - OTHOUIeHHe
KanHTaAa K aKTHBaM, eCAH PaCCMaTPHBaTb ero H3OAHpOBaHHO, MOmeT AaTb HeBePHOe
208
I7PHAOi'EHHE 7. Baawc4bcxoe corAaweme
npeAcTaBAeHHe o6 OTHOCHTeAbHOM 6AaronoAy4HH. MHoroe 3aBHCHT TaKme OT KaqeCTBa
aKTHBOB H, %ITO OMeHb Ba2KHO, OT ypOBHH pe3epBoB, xOTOpble MO2KeT nO3BOAHTb
Co3AaTb 6aHK, HeB3HpaR Ha COMHHTeAbHYIO BeAH'IHHy yKa3aHHoro OTHOHIeHHH.
HPH3HaBaSI TecHylo CBH3b Me2Ky KalnHTaAOM H pe3epBaMH, KoMHTeT npOAOA2KHT
KOHTPOAb 3a nOAHTHKOH 6aHKoB B CTpaHax-qAeHaX B cpepe noAAepmaHHH
Heo6xOAHMbIx pe3epBOB H 6yAeT CTapaTbCSI c6AH3wrb HX no3HUHH B BTOH, KaK H B
ApyrHx, Ba2KHbIX cpepax peryAHpoBaHHa. IpH OUeHKe nporpecca B AeAe co6AloAeHHR
COrAaCOBaHHbIX HOPMaTHBOB B OTHOiueHHH KanHTaAa KOMHTeT HamepeH THgaTeAbHO
y'IHTbIBaTb Aio6bie cyueCTBY1OI1He pacxo2KAeHHR B nOAHTHKe H npogeAypax 6aHKOB
cTpaH-4AeHOB, 4TO6bI TOqHee OnIpeAeAHTb ypOBeHb pe3epBOB AASI TaKHX 6aHKOB H
qOpMy CO3AaHHR TaKHX pe3epBoB.
9. KOMHTeT He COMHeBaeTCH B TOM, 'TO pa3AH'H Me2KAy cTpaHaMH B cpepe HaAOrOBOH
nOAHfrHKH H npeACTaBAeHHA AaHHbIX yxieTa AAH onpeAeAeHHH HaAOrOB Ha OnpeAeAeHHbIe
KAaccbI pe3epBoB AAR nOKPbITHH HAOXHX AOArOB H KanHTaAbHbIX pe3epBOB,
(OPMHpyeMbix H3 -IHCTOH' npH6bIAH, MoryT B H3BeCTHOH mepe 3aTpyAHHTb cpaBHeHHe
Me2KAyHapOAHblX 6aHKoB no noKa-3aTeAio peaAbHOH HAH Ka2KyUyeHcn AOCTaTO'IHOCTH
co6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa. C6AH2KeHHe pe2HMOB HaAOroo6Ao2KeHHSI, XOT% H 2KeAaTeAbHaR
UeAb, HO OHa HaxOAHTCH BHe KoMneTeHUHH KoMHTeTa, H nOTOMY npo6AeMbl HaAoro-
o6AomeHH31 3AeCb He paccMaTpHBaloTcH. OAHaKo KOMHTeT HamepeH AepMaTb B noAe
cBoero 3peHHR Bonpocbl HaAoroo6AO2KeHHR H y-ieTa B TOH Mepe, B KaKoN OHH BAHAlOT
Ha conoCTaBHMOCTb AaHHbIX pa3Hbix 6aHKOBCKHX CHCTeM B OTHOUIeHHH nOAXOAOB K
OUeHKe AOCTaTO'IHOCTH co6CTBeHHorO KanHTaAa.
10. HOAomeHHSI AaHHoro AoKyMeHTa pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCq Ha KOHCOAHAHPOBaHHbie AaHHbie,
T. e. npeACTaBAHeMbie 6aHKoM H BCeMH ero (pHAHaAaMH, 3aHHMaioIJHMHCR 6aHKoBcKHM
AeAoM H CPHHaHcHpOBaHHeM. B TO 2Ke BpeMf KoMHTeT nOHHMaeT, 'TO CTPYKTypbl
co6CTBeHHOCTH H nOAO2KeHHe 6aHKoB BHyTpH (HHaHCOBbix rpynn THna KOHrAoMepaToB
npeTepneBaior 3HaMHTeAbHbie H3MeHeHHR. KoMHTeT HamepeH Ao6HBaTbcS TOro, 'To6bl
H3MeHeHHR B cTpyKTypax co6CTBeHHOCTH He OcAa6ARAH 6aHK B OTHOmeHHH KanHTaAa
HAH He nepeKAaAbIBaAH Ha Hero pHCKH, npOHCTeKaEOUqHe H3 AeHCTBHH ApyrHx
BAeMeHTOB rpynnbl. KOMHTeT npOAOA2KHT aHaAH3 npOHCXOAIlHX H3MeHeHHH C y'eToM
KOHKpeTHOH npaKTHKH peryAHpOBaHHf B CTpaHax-MAeHax, CTpeMSCb o6ecneqHTb
noAAepAPaHHe geAOCTHOCTH KanHTaAa 6aHKOB. ITO KaCaeTCR paAa HarIpaBAeHHR
AaAbHeHUCeH pa6oTbl, ynoMfHyTbix Bbliue, npefKAe Bcero HHBeCTHUHOHHOrO PHCKa H
KOHCOAHAHpOBaHHOrO HaA3opa 3a qpHHaHCOBbIMH rpynnaMH, TO KOMHTeT IIpOAOA2KHT
TecHoe COTpy4HH'eCTBO c EC, KOTOpOe ymKe npeAnpHHSAo HAH npeAnPHHHMaeT
co6CTBeHHble HCCAeAOBaHHAI C noAo6HbIMH UeARMH.
11. B AaHHOM AoKyMeHTe 4 pa3AeAa. B nlepBbIX AByX H3AaramOTCH OCHOBbl: OnIHClBalOTCR
COCTaBARIOU2He KanHTaAa H BAeMeHTbi CHCTeMbi B3Be11HBaHHKA pHCKOB. TpeTHHi pasAeA
nOCBRuyeH MeAeBbIM HOpMaTHBHblM COOTHOmeHHRM, a 3aKAIOqHTeAbHblH - cxeMaM
nepexoAHoro nepHoAa H nepHoAa BHeApeHHR npeAAaraembix nOAOmeHHH. /TecTHpoBa-
HHe noKasaAo, MTO HoMepa Pa3AeAOB UeAeCoo6pa3HO y6paTb./
209
MiwTpIperNpoeaHNe EJwNHarCoNON VorIeTHmocN
COCTABAJIIOIHjE KAFIHTAAA
"CTrepxMeROi" KaHTA (OCHowHa.I Yacmb CO6cTBeHHbrX cpercTr)
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cTepmHeBOMy. CocTaBA.9o10He AOnOAHHTeAbHOrO KanHTaAa H KOHKpCTHbie YCAOBHAI HX
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