Page  1
Report no. AAA27-MG 
Developing the Workforce, Shaping the Future: 
Transformation of Madagascar’s Post-Basic Education 
 
Annexes to the Main Report 
 
September 3, 2008
 
Document of the World Bank 
Page  2
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
Annex Table 1. Public and Private Enrollment by Educational Sub-Sector, 1997- 2006................3 
Annex Table 2. Schools and Teachers by Cycle..............................................................................4 
Annex Table 3. Average Years of Education of the Employed Labor Force by Age Group...........5 
Annex Table 4. Earnings Regression 
–
Salary/Wage Earners, All Sectors, 2001and 2005.............6 
Annex Table 5. Earnings Regression – Salary/Wage Earners, Industrial Sector, 2005...................8 
Annex Table 6. Estimated Stochastic Production Frontier Models, 2004......................................10 
Annex Table 7. Public Expenditures on Education by Sub-Sector (Ariary)..................................12
 
Annex Table 8.  Public Expenditures on Education by Sub-Sector (USD)………………………12 
Page  3
3
.
Annex Table 1. Public and Private Enrollment by Educational Sub-Sector,  
1997- 2006 
 
Grade 
level 
1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 
Pre-school 
* 
108.947 
 
 
42.383 
45.387 
93.168  142.750 132.504 146.284 148.356 
Public 
1.090 
     
14.690 
8.644 
8.405 
8.706 
Private 
50.946 
     
128.060 
123.860 
137.879 
139.648 
Private 
(other) 
56.911 
         
Primary 
 
1.892.943 2.018.707 2.208.321 2.307.314 2.409.082 2.856.480 3.366.462 3.597.731 3.698.906 3.835.716 
Public 
 
1.468.211 1.571.282 1.708.835 1.808.428 1.892.801 2.274.443 2.715.526 2.916.089 2.983.383 3.102.833 
Private 
424.732 447.425 499.486 498.886 516.281 582.037 650.936 681.642 715.523 732.883 
Junior 
Secondary 
 
258.934 273.613 287.873 316.390 343.937 356.973 420.592 486.239 581.615 660.448 
Public 
 
145.652 151.296 159.504 175.069 193.091 201.357 241.213 281.322 341.441 402.077 
Private 
113.282 122.317 128.369 141.321 150.846 155.616 179.379 204.917 240.174 258.371 
Senior 
Secondary 
61.233 60.597 66.381 66.021 77.655 79.238 88.857 106.595 116.794 127.789 
Public 
 
31.217 31.571 35.243 33.716 41.702 42.386 46.664 54.000 56.275 58.712 
Private 
30.016 29.026 31.138 32.305 35.953 36.852 42.193 52.595 60.519 69..077 
TVET 
** 
8.741  10.617 12.088 13.558 14.590 15.880 15.820 17.497 20.957 19.178 
Public 
Junior 
Secondary 
  1.380 2.217 2.046 1.875 2.264 3.261 3.610 4.174 5.105 5.223 
Public 
Senior 
Secondary 
 
7.361  8.400  10.042 11.683 12.326 12.619 12.210 13.323 15.852 13.955 
Estimated 
private 
sector          
34, 
250 
Higher 
Education 
16.270 17.887 18.227 31.893 31.905 35.476 42.143 44.948 49.734 57.717 
Public 
institutions 
16.270 17.887 18.227 21.599 22.607 26.343 31.675 34.746 39.078 45.491 
Non-university 
institutions  
 
 
442 485 565 746 794 879 980 
Distance 
education 
 
 
 
6.891 6.245 5.935 6.457 5.978 5902 6.885 
Private 
institutions 
 
 
 
2.961 2.568 2.661 3.265 3.430 3875 4.361 
Notes: * Partial count. ** Data excludes apprentices, 2006-07 
Source: MEN, 2008b 
Page  4
4
Annex Table 2. Schools and Teachers by Cycle 
 
2
001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 
Number of public schools  
 
Primary 
 
Junior Secondary 
 
Senior Secondary 
15,324 
14,436 
 
780 
 
108 
15.546 
14,637 
801 
108 
16,346 
15,420 
 
817 
 
112 
16,879 
15,890 
 
875 
 
114 
18,027 
16,917 
992 
118 
Number of private schools  
 
Primary 
 
Junior Secondary 
 
Senior Secondary 
4,849 
3,859 
 
739 
 
251 
5,363 
4,340 
795 
228 
5,858 
4,740 
 
862 
 
256 
6,227 
4,946 
 
980 
 
301 
6,227 
5,301 
1,133 
332 
Number of public teachers  
 
Primary 
 
Junior Secondary 
 
Senior Secondary 
46,875 
36,181 
 
8,055 
 
2,639 
49,583 
38,509 
8,390 
2,684 
58,550 
47,320 
8,910 
2,620 
60,930 
48,870 
9,400 
2,660 
70,445 
57,028 
10,603 
2,814 
%
Community teachers     
Primary 
 
Junior Secondary 
 
Senior Secondary 
 
n/a 
n/a 
n/a 
 
18 
n/a 
3
28 
11 
5
33 
12 
7
50 
20 
n/a 
Number of permanent 
teachers in private schools  
 
Primary 
 
Junior Secondary 
 
Senior Secondary 
22,656 
14,555 
 
6,015 
 
2,086 
25,197 
16,800 
6,271 
2,126 
29,300 
16,950 
 
8,950 
 
3,400 
32,300 
18,270 
10,100 
 
3,930 
33,991 
19,807 
10,534 
3,650 
Source: World Bank, 2007. MEN data. 
 
Page  5
5
Annex Table 3. Average Years of Education of the Employed Labor Force  
by Age Group 
 
2001 2005 
Average 
Standard 
Deviation
Average 
Standard 
Deviation 
15-19 
2.6 2.7 3.2 2.6 
20-24 
3.8 3.5 3.6 3.1 
25-29 
4.4 3.7 4.0 3.5 
30-34 
4.8 4.2 4.3 3.5 
35-39 
5.2 4.5 4.6 3.7 
40-44 
4.6 4.5 4.3 3.9 
45-49 
4.3 4.4 4.0 3.9 
50-54 
3.6 4.1 3.4 3.5 
55-59 
3.9 4.3 3.3 3.3 
60-64 
2.4 3.1 2.6 2.8 
Total 
4.1 4.0 3.9 3.5 
Notes: Calculated from 
Enquêtes Prioritaires auprès des Ménages
 2001 and 2005. 
Source: Lassibille, 2007. 
Page  6
6
Annex Table 4. Earnings Regression 
–
Salary/Wage Earners
 
a
,
All Sectors, 2001and 2005 
 
2001 2005 
I
II III IV 
V VI VII 
VIII 
Male 0.187** 
0.146 
0.1587* 
0.172* 
0.122* 
0.136** 
0.1349**
*
0.146** 
Experience 
b
0.027** 0.023** 0.025***
0.026**
0.037** 0.037** 0.036***
0.038** 
Experience 
²
-0.000 -0.000 -0.001* 
-0.000 -0.000**
-0.000**
-
0.000***
-0.000**
Years of Study 
0.087** 
- 
- 
0.108**
0.064** - 
 
0.099** 
Education Level 
b
Primary 
- 0.222 
- - - 0.110 
- - 
Primary 
Incomplete 
 - 0.068 
- - - 
0.052 
-
Primary 
Completed 
 - 0.499***
-
-
-
0.279** 
-
Secondary 
 - 0.617** 
- - - 0.374** 
- - 
JSE  
-  0.582** 
-  - 
-  0.310***
-
SSE  
- 
0.864***
-
-
-
0.538***
-
Higher - 
1.054** 
1.217***
-
-
0.988**
1.043***
-
Company Size 
d
(No. 
Employees)
 
6-10 0.136* 
0.157* 
0.124** 
0.111 
0.178** 
0.195** 
0.182***
0.146* 
11- 50 
0.271** 
0.319** 
0.272***
0.248**
0.215** 0.234** 0.209***
0.169** 
50 and over 
0.251** 
0.277** 
0.253***
0.233**
0.340** 0.380** 0.354***
0.287** 
Industry Sector 
e
Public Admin. 
0.248* 
0.307** 
0.2561**
0.135 0.640** 
0.756** 
0.692***
0.510** 
Industry 0.223* 
0.194 
0.206** 
0.195* 
0.326** 
0.386** 
0.366***
0.287** 
Energy 0.387** 
0.363** 
0.386***
0.353**
0.471** 0.491** 0.448***
0.361** 
Construction and      
Communication 
0.408** 0.447** 0.379***
0.323**
0.459** 0.491** 
0.472***
0.418** 
Transport 0.555** 
0.513** 
0.522***
0.491**
0.525** 0.591** 0.563***
0.468** 
Commerce/ 
Services 
0.115 0.112 0.105 0.059 0.117 0.162 
0.143* 
0.084 
Working Hours 
-0.000 
-0.001 
-0.001 
0.001 
0.006** 
0.005** 
0.005***
0.006** 
Permanent Employee 
f
-0.021 -0.050 -0.022 0.004 0.002  -0.024 -.008  0.013 
Rural Area 
g
-0.047 -0.063 -0.050 -0.050 -0.235**
-0.237**
-
0.233***
-0.236**
Province 
h
Fianarantsoa -0.326**
-0.320**
-
-0.315**
-0.197**
-0.175* -0.180**
-0.227**
Page  7
7
0.305***
Toamasina 
-0.139 -0.100 -0.092 -0.115 -0.038 -0.012 -0.022 -0.083 
Mahajanga 
0.105 0.159 0.141 0.125 -0.068 -0.040 -0.056 -0.119 
Toliara 
0.046 0.066 0.047 0.039 -0.225 -0.215 -.0219 -0.263 
Antsiranana 0.365** 
0.417** 
0.394***
0.378**
0.266** 0.288** 0.272***
0.195* 
Education 
–
Job 
Qualification 
 
Employee Under-
Educated  
-
-
-
0.202*
-
-
0.319**
Employee Over-
Educated 
-
-
-
-0.321**
-
-
-0.208**
Lambda 
i
-0.046 -0.230 -0.142 -0.064 -0.136 -0.141 -0.129 -0.053 
Constant 
9.894 10.438 10.184 
9.801 9.583 9.720 9.694 9.255 
R² 
0.43 0.40 0.426 
0.44 0.45 0.44 0.445 0.46 
Number 
of 
Observations 
2838 2838 2838 2838 3784 3784 3784 3784 
Notes to Annex Table 4 
Calculated from 
Enquêtes Prioritaires auprès des Ménages
 2001 and 2005. 
*= significant at 10%; **= significant at 5%; ***= significant at 1%. 
a/ Salary/wage earners, 15 to 64 years. The specifications are such semi-logarithmic; adjustments are weighted. The models 
adjust for selection bias using the results of the model of choice of employment sector (see Table A6 of Lassibille, 2007).  
b/ Difference between the age of the individual (-6) and the number of years of study.  
c/ Compared to an employee with no education.  
d/ Compared to an employee of a company with 5 or fewer employees.  
e/  Compared to an employee of the agricultural and the transport sectors including the communications. 
f/ Compared to a contractual employee.  
g/ Compared to an employee of a rural area.  
h/ Compared to an employee of the province of Antananarivo.  
i/ Selection term. 
Source: Lassibille, 2007. 
Page  8
8
Annex Table 5. Earnings Regression 
–
Salary/Wage Earners
 
a
,
Industrial Sector, 2005 
 
I
II III IV V 
Male 
0.068** 0.068** 0.093*** 0.113*** 0.102*** 
Experience 
b
0.013*** 0.012**  0.013*** 0.016*** 0.018*** 
Experience 
²
-0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 
Years of study  
0.056*** 
0.055*** 
0.074*** 
- 
- 
Education Level 
c
Primary 
- - - 0.154** 
- 
Secondary 
- - - 0.320*** 
- 
Higher 
- - - 1.093*** 
- 
Education 
Level 
(Detailed) 
 
     
Primary 
- - - - 0.143** 
Secondary (General + 
Tech/Voc) 
-
-
-
-
0.237*** 
Secondary 
– 
Technical 
- - - - 0.465*** 
Secondary 
– 
Vocational 
 
- - - - 0.685*** 
Higher 
- - - - 1.090*** 
Company Size 
d
(No. of Employees)
 
20-99 
Employees 
0.046 0.045 0.040 0.029 0.020 
99 
Employees 
and 
over 
 
0.205*** 0.198*** 0.190*** 0.239*** 0.216*** 
Industry Sector 
e
Food and Drink 
-0.353** 
-0.368** 
-0.288* 
-0.073 -0.109 
Tobacco -0.535*** 
-0.528*** 
-0.493*** 
-0.313* -0.320* 
Textiles 
-0.353** -0.371** -0.261*  -0.033 
-0.054 
Clothing 
-0.341** -0.357** -0.269*  -0.087 
-0.115 
Leather 
-0.276 -0.284 -0.217 -0.086 -0.132 
Wood 
-0.304* -0.311* -0.220  -0.040  -0.089 
Paper 
and 
Plastic 
-0.170 -0.176 -0.118 0.018  -0.060 
Printing 
-0.301* -0.311* -0.227  -0.040  -0.118 
Chemistry 
-0.012 -0.022 0.055  0.186  0.125 
Metallurgy 
-0.317* -0.335** -0.273* -0.105  -0.188 
Machine 
and 
Equipment -0.109 -0.113 -0.005 0.213  0.117 
Furniture 
-0.135 -0.156 -0.068 0.122  0.049 
Construction 
-0.165 -0.162 -0.154 -0.041 -0.057 
Permanent Employee 
f
0.186*** 0.190*** 0.184*** 0.137**  0.130** 
Enterprise Type
g
Private Company 
0.411*** 
0.417*** 
0.328*** 
0.132 0.147 
Single 
Proprietorship 
0.249** 0.250** 0.162 
-0.042 
-0.034 
Page  9
9
Partnership 
0.287* 0.298* 0.206  -0.096 -0.071 
Other 
0.275*** 0.282*** 0.186* 
-0.002 
0.007 
Has Undergone Training 
h
-
0.077**
-
-
-
Employee 
Over-Educated 
 - - -0.426*** 
- - 
Constant 
11.859 11.865 11.726 12.122 12.186 
R² 
0.30 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.42 
Number 
of 
Observations 
1628 1628 1628 1672 1672 
Notes to Annex Table 5 
Estimated from Investment Climate Assessment Survey 2005.  
*= significant at 10%; **= significant at 5%. ; ***= significant at 1%. 
a/ People employed. The specifications are such semi-logarithmic; adjustments are made heteroskedasticity.  
b/ Real experience since entering the workforce.  
c/ Compared to an employee with no education. The secondary education category includes general, technical and vocational 
education.  
d/ Compared to an employee of a company with fewer than 20 employees.  
e/ Compared to an employee of the mining sector. 
f/ Compared to a contract employee.  
g/ Compared to an employee of a public sector company. 
h/ Compared to an employee who has not attended any training before the survey.  
Source: Lassibille, 2007.
Page  10
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Page  12
-
12
-
Annex Table 7. Public Expenditures on Education by Sub-Sector (Ariary)  
 
(In Ariary millions) 
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 
Recurrent Expenditure 
 
Pre-school - 
- 
-
-
-
624 
Primary 65336 
70985 
88918 
122271 
129472 
147623 
JSE 
18242 28275 24632 37389 40009 46643 
SSE 
9838 11415 11403 18089 19379 19122 
TVET 
4331 4510 7970 9137 8123 10187 
Higher 
21324 19576 26285 35000 52607 52833 
Administration 
17168 21737 37773 43078 29035 63895 
Total 
136239 156499 196981 264964 285391 340927 
Capital Expenditure 
 
Pre-school
 
-
-
-
-
-
1868 
Primary 3975 
7277 
47922 
100298 
98040 
106010 
JSE 
399 836 2250 
3586 379 1796 
SSE 907 
614 
0 
4125 
2099 
4832 
TVET 727 
668 
763 
1168 
98 
493 
Higher 8300 
14383 
5608 
14243 
7892 
6270 
Administration 12654 
25713 
12689 
0 
753 
1427 
Total 26961 
49509 
69232 
123420 
109261 
122696 
Total Expenditure 
 
Pre-school
 
-
-
-
-
-
2492 
Primary 69311 
78262 
136840 
222569 
227512 
253633 
JSE 
18641 29111 26882 40975 40388 48439 
SSE 
10745 12029 11403 22214 21478 23954 
TVET 
5058 5178 8733 10305 8222 10680 
Higher 
29624 33959 31893 49243 60498 59103 
Administration 
29822 47467 50462 43078 29788 65322 
Total 
163200 206007 266213 388384 387886 463623 
Notes: 1. Executed budgets (commitment basis.) 2. 2007 data are provisional. 3. Higher education includes 
scientific research.  
Sources: 1. For 2002-2005, MEN, 2008b.  
Rapport 
d’Etat du Système Educatif National Malgache
.
2. For 
2006 and 2007, MEN. 2008a. 
Mise en œuvre du plan Éducation Pour Tous- Bilan annuel 2007.  
Annex 1. 3. 
Exchange rates from World Bank Global Development Finance online database.   
Page  13
-
13
-
Annex Table 8. Public Expenditures on Education by Sub-Sector (USD)  
 
(
In USD millions)
 
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 
Recurrent Expenditure 
 
Pre-school
 
-
-
-
-
-
0.3 
Primary 
47.8 57.3 47.6 61.0 60.4 78.8 
JSE 
13.4 22.8 13.2 18.7 18.7 24.9 
SSE 
7.2 9.2 6.1 9.0 9.0 10.2 
TVET 
3.2 3.6 4.3 4.6 3.8 5.4 
Higher 
15.6 15.8 14.1 17.5 27.7 28.2 
Administration 
12.6 17.6 20.2 21.5 13.6 34.1 
Total 
99.7 126.4 105.4 132.3 133.2 181.9 
Capital Expenditure 
 
Pre-school
 
-
-
-
-
-
1.0 
Primary 2.9 
5.9 
25.6 
50.1 
45.8 
56.6 
JSE 
0.3 0.7 1.2 1.8 0.2 1.0 
SSE 
0.7 0.5 0.0 2.1 1.0 2.6 
TVET 
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.3 
Higher 6.1 
11.6 
3.0 
7.1 
3.7 
3.3 
Administration 9.3 
20.8 
6.8 
0.0 
0.4 
0.8 
Total 
19.7 40.0 37.0 61.6 51.0 65.5 
Total Expenditure 
 
Pre-school
 
-
-
-
-
-
1.3 
Primary 50.7 
63.2 
73.2 
111.1 
106.2 
135.3 
JSE 
13.6 23.5 14.4 20.5 18.9 25.8 
SSE 7.9 
9.7 
6.1 
11.1 
10.0 
12.8 
TVET 
3.7 4.2 4.7 5.1 3.8 5.7 
Higher 
21.7 27.4 17.1 24.6 28.2 31.5 
Administration 
21.8 38.3 27.0 21.5 13.9 34.9 
Total 
119.5 166.4 142.4 193.9 181.1 247.4 
Notes: 1. Executed budgets (commitment basis.) 2. 2007 data are provisional. 3. Higher education includes 
scientific research.  
Sources: 1. For 2002-2005, MEN, 2008b. 
Rapport d’Etat du Système Educatif National Malgache
.
2. For 
2006 and 2007, MEN. 2008a. 
Mise en œuvre du plan Éducation Pour Tous- Bilan annuel 2007.  
Annex 1. 3. 
Exchange rates from World Bank Global Development Finance online database.