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PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) 
APPRAISAL STAGE 
Report No.:  AB4873 
Project Name 
Strengthening Biodiversity Conservation through the National 
Protected Areas 
Region 
LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN 
Sector 
Sub-national government administration (50%);General public 
administration sector (25%);General agriculture, fishing and 
forestry sector (25%) 
Project ID 
P095424 
GEF Focal Area 
Biodiversity 
Borrower(s) 
GOVERNMENT OF PERU 
Implementing Agency 
Peruvian Trust Fund for National Parks and Protected Areas 
(PROFONANPE) 
 
Ave. Prolongacion Arenales 722-724, 
Miraflores 
Peru 
Tel: (51-1) 212-1010  Fax: (51-1) 212-1957 
Apaniagua@profonanpe.org.pe 
Environment Category 
[
]
A
[X] B   [ ] C   [ ] FI   [ ] TBD (to be determined) 
Date PID Prepared 
June 16, 2009 
Date of Appraisal 
Authorization 
May 11, 2009 
Date of Board Approval 
July 21, 2009 
I. 
Country and Sector Background 
1. 
Peru’s economy has maintained a strong performance as a result of the government’s 
continued discipline in the implementation of macroeconomic policies, supported by a favorable 
external environment. Real GDP grew steadily by over 5% a year on average in 2002–2005, then 
jumped to 8% in 2006 and to a remarkable 9% in 2007 and 2008. In contrast to previous upswing 
episodes, growth has been well balanced between primary and non-primary sectors, as well as 
between domestic and external demand. GDP growth is projected at 5% for 2009, led by private 
and public investment. 
 
2. 
The natural wealth residing in Peru ecosystems have direct linkages to economic 
productivity: 99% of fisheries rely on wild hydro-biological resources, 95% of livestock graze on 
wild native grasslands, 99% of forestry activities rely on native forests and 65% of agricultural 
production revolves around native genetic resources. The conservation of natural resources and 
habitats allows Peru to generate global benefits in terms of use of biodiversity, watershed 
management, and carbon sequestration. Ranking among the top countries in endemic species, 
second ranked in bird species, third ranked in amphibian and mammal species, and endowed 
with thousands of fish and other species, Peru is considered a "mega-diverse" country.  Yet, this 
natural wealth is threatened by habitat degradation/destruction and over exploitation of natural 
resources primarily due to prevailing unsustainable production models and policy and 
institutional constraints.  
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3. 
The extraction and export of Peru’s natural resources (e.g., guano, minerals, agricultural 
products, hydrocarbons, rubber, fisheries and wood) have been central at different times in Peru's 
economic history and have influenced its socioeconomic structure.  International export markets 
will continue to be a focus of the Government of Peru’s (GOP) plan for sustained growth. The 
approval of free trade agreements (FTA) with the United States and Canada will help further 
diversify the country’s exports base away from commodities and provide an anchor for a positive 
investment environment.   
 
4. 
The approval of FTA has prompted several reforms.   In May of 2008, the Ministry of 
Environment (MINAM) and the National Natural Protected Areas Service (
Servicio Nacional de 
Áreas Naturales Protegidas
–SERNANP) were established.  Complementary to these 
improvements (milestones), the first Environmental Development Policy Loan (ENV DPL) was 
instrumental in prompting as a priority the issuance of regulation establishing functions of the 
National Natural Protected Areas Service (SERNANP) in November 2008.  
 
5. 
These legal and institutional reforms are yet to be fully enforced and implemented; thus, 
pressures on the environment continue through conversion and overexploitation of natural 
resources. As reported in the Peru Country Environmental Analysis (2006), environmental 
degradation and depletion of natural resources cost more than 3.9% to the country’s GDP per 
year as a result of increased morbidity and mortality and decreased economic productivity.  This 
cost estimate excludes the reduction in ecosystems services and biodiversity caused by habitat 
destruction. 
 
6. 
To conserve its biological diversity and reduce the threats, the GOP has implemented a 
series of actions at the legal, institutional and financial levels over the past 10 years worth 
mentioning (more details are provided in Annex1). 
 
7. 
The creation of the
 National Natural Protecte
d
Areas System (Sistema Nacional de Áreas 
Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, SINANPE) in 1990 
was an important milestone for the 
conservation of globally significant biodiversity. The SINANPE covers over 18.04 million ha or 
14.04% of the national territory in 63 protected areas at the national level.  In addition, regional 
protected areas established by sub-national governments (
Gobiernos Regionales
)
were enabled 
by this and the 1997 Biodiversity Law, with 3 such regional protected areas now in existence
1
.
The
 Bureau of Protected Areas (IANP) of the National Institute of Natural Resources (INRENA) 
was established in 1997 under the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG) and it was the public 
institution responsible for the SINANPE’s management. INRENA was in charge of strategic 
planning, policy making, data collection and information dissemination, as well as the 
monitoring and evaluation of the SINANPE. 
 
The first National Strategy for Protected Areas was 
approved in 1999.  The main goal of the strategy is to secure the adequate representation of 
critical ecosystems in order to achieve habitat connectivity and the welfare of important species. 
A
new Strategy is currently being prepared. 
 
1
The three regional PAs are: i) Cordillera Escalera in San Martín; ii) Humedales de Ventanilla in Lima; and iii) 
Albúfera del Nuevo Mundo in Lima.  
 
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8. 
To provide a long-term financing for PA management, the GOP established the Peruvian 
Trust Fund for National Parks and Protected Areas (
Fondo Nacional de Áreas Naturales 
Protegidas
,
PROFONANPE) in 1992. Establishment of PROFONANPE was one of the key 
milestones for PA management and was supported by the first GEF project in Peru.  To date 
PROFONANPE has built a portfolio of  US$ 108.5 million composed of an endowment and 
sinking funds. The endowment fund has increased from US$5.2 million (from the initial GEF 
grant in 1995) to US$ 29 million, thus ensuring a steady and predictable flow of funds and 
financial sustainability. GEF financing (endowment and sinking funds) currently represents 
about 28% of the total funds channeled through PROFONANPE and has become catalyst for 
generating additional resources and for devising alternative management models for PAs. GEF 
support has contributed to enhance the management effectiveness of 20 national PAs through 
three projects.  
 
9. 
The financing sources of SINANPE over the past 14 years show that 12% of funds 
destined to PAs come from government budgetary allocation, 18% come from funds collected 
directly by PAs, and 64% come from PROFONANPE (mainly international multilateral and 
bilateral donors, and some private companies like Plus Petrol) and 6% from other sources (See 
Table A2-Annex 1). 
 
10. 
Two additional GEF operations have been implemented: (a) the Indigenous Amazon 
Communities´ Participation in PAs’ Management Project (PIMA), launched in 2002, and (b) the 
Participatory Management of Protected Areas Project (GPAN), launched in 2003. These GEF-
supported initiatives have provided a sound backing for operations within Peru’s PA system, and 
have contributed to the evolution of its management.  For instance, the PIMA project has helped 
to increase the sustainability of biodiversity conservation in 5 PAs in the Amazon Region by 
involving indigenous communities in the PA management.  Likewise, GPAN has developed 
participatory models for the management of 5 PAs by involving civil society, the private sector 
and local community organizations in PA management.  In particular GPAN has piloted 
administration contracts and management practices resulting in financial leveraging of PA 
management. 
 
11. 
Despite these commendable achievements, challenges remain. Specific issues in the 
GOP’s conservation efforts that further require attention include:  
·
Legal and regulatory bottlenecks that constrain biodiversity conservation at the local 
level and by a variety of actors;  
·
SINANPE does not cover all the ecological systems in the country, and therefore, lacks 
representativeness of habitats and biodiversity in Peru (see Annex 16). 
·
Financial gaps in effective management of protected areas. 
 
II. Objectives 
 
12. The project’s Global Environment Objective (GEO) is to contribute to the long-term 
ecological sustainability of Peru's protected areas by expanding the ecological 
representativeness of the PA system and implementing conservation activities at various 
levels (national, regional, and private) within ecological corridors.  The project would 
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concentrate interventions on five ecological corridors (with 5 to 10 PAs located within 
these corridors) and would contribute to their financing on a sustainable basis. The 
project will seek the integrated management of PAs, through the establishment of these 
ecological corridors following a landscape approach, as a strategy to effectively manage 
diverse categories of protected areas (described below) and harmonize land uses in the 
rural production landscape to better address protected areas threats and enhance 
connectivity among them. 
 
III. 
Rationale for Bank Involvement 
 
13. The Bank has supported SINANPE through three previous projects financed by the GEF. 
The first one consisted of the establishment of PROFONANPE as an instrument to 
improve the funding of PAs in the country. Two key elements for the sustainability of 
Peru’s protected areas were addressed by the two subsequent projects: (a) the need for an 
intercultural management initiative of PA in the Amazon with the full participation of 
indigenous people (Indigenous Management of PA Project–PIMA); and (b) a more active 
involvement of local people (indigenous or not), the private sector and society as a whole, 
making use of the modern instruments for public participation and co-management 
provided by the Protected Areas Law (Participatory Management of PA project–GPAN). 
 
14. The World Bank approved in January 2009 the first of three ENV DPL loans.  The 
objective of the ENV DPL series is to support the government’s efforts to: (a) improve 
the efficiency and effectiveness of environmental governance and institutions in Peru; 
and (b) mainstream environmental sustainability into the development agenda of key 
sectors (mining, urban transport, and fisheries).  
 
15. Specific activities financed under the ENV DPL which contributes to the PA 
management include: (a) issuance of regulation establishing functions of the SERNANP; 
(b) approval by MINAM of an Action Plan for Protected Areas System (
Plan Director
).  
The key policies recommended in this plan are to expand the protected areas system to 
cover ecosystems that are not yet represented.  The draft report includes the identification 
of 133 areas with habitat and ecosystems underrepresented (Annex 1 and 16 for more 
details); (c) approval and implementation of the Sustainable Financial Strategy of 
SINANPE.  The draft SINANPE Financial Sustainability Plan identifies a financial gap 
for PAs (in a low-case scenario) that equals an annual average of about US$16.3 million 
from 2005 to 2014).  The Plan proposes to increase the resources from the government to 
fill the gap; (d) identification and approval of regulatory measures to promote private 
sector financing and management of national PAs; and (e) implementation of incentives 
for private sector financing and management of national PAs. 
 
16. As part of the ENV DPL, the government through SERPANP has committed to 
implement the financial strategy of SINANPE and NPA and increased funding from 
various sources (including private sector) by at least US$ 2 million per year (Baseline for 
2009:  resource allocation from various sources to SINANPE amount US$13.0 million).   
SERNANP is expected to identify and approve regulatory measures to promote private 
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sector financing and management of national PAs and would implement incentives for 
private sector financing and management of national PAs. 
 
17. 
The proposed “Strengthening Biodiversity Conservation through the 
 
National Protected Areas Program”-PRONANP project
2
,
would provide technical 
assistance to SERNANP and PROFONANPE to operationalize the Action Plan for 
Natural Protected Areas System and SINANPE Sustainable Financial Strategy. 
 
Specifically, component 1 would support the studies and consultations needed to prepare 
and approve regulations to remove barriers that limit the integrated financing and 
management of regional, local and privately owned PAs and would support a campaign 
and training program to increase the value of PAs.  Component 2 will adopt an ecological 
corridor approach
3
to increase the ecosystem representativeness, will support the 
establishment and integrated management of PAs at the national, sub-national and local 
levels to enhance effectiveness, efficiency and connectivity, and will support the 
development of new administration and other conservation management models with a 
variety of partners. 
 
18. The existence of the IBDR’s Environmental DPL ensures the Bank’s support to decision-
making processes and institutional and policy framework changes that will define the role 
of the national authority and the inclusion of a coordinated management focus on 
protected areas at all three levels of administration. PRONANP is linked both 
strategically and politically to the DPL, addressing the policy issues that underpin any 
successful attempt to strengthen biodiversity conservation in Peru.  
 
IV. Description 
 
19. 
The project will have four components: i) Institutional and Policy program at the national 
level, ii) Ecological corridors Program, iii) Financial Sustainability of selected PAs, iv) Project 
Management.   
 
Component 1
:
Institutional and Policy program at the national level. 
(Total US$ 11.85 million. 
GEF contribution of US$ 1.19 million. KfW contribution US$ 0.2 million). 
 
20. 
This component will support the planning process, formulation of policy framework, 
regulations, technical guidelines, incentives and procedures, and information system, for the 
integrated management of PAs at the national, regional, municipal and private levels, as well as a 
training program and public awareness campaigns. Specifically: 
2
The proposed project will be referred as PRONANP through the rest of the document. 
3
Ecological corridor is defined in this project  as a space where various categories of protected areas and their 
complementary landscapes (private or community-based) are managed through strategic alliances to enhance 
ecological connectivity, reduce threats more effectively and contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. 
The ecological corridor approach not only helps to reduce the ecosystem gaps and ensures ecological functionality, 
but also complements the integrity of biodiversity conservation at the landscape/seascape level. New protected areas 
can be established where these gaps exist and within selected corridors in order to contribute to enhanced 
connectivity and habitat integrity.  
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·
Development of policy guidelines, regulations and procedures for the integrated 
management of Peru’s NPA system
:
Main activities include: i) the development of 
regulations to allow the integrated management of national and sub-national PAs, not 
currently existing under the Protected Areas Law; and ii) the improvement of technical 
regulations and guidelines of PAs planning tools as well as of the information system of 
SINANPE
4
.
Expected outcomes include:
 
i) regulations to allow the integrated management 
of national, regional, local and private PAs approved and adopted; ii) technical regulations 
and guidelines for master plans to be applied to all levels of PAs published; iii) information 
system of SINANPE updated and operational; iv) methodology for planning and monitoring 
tools developed and approved; and v) Peru Ecologic Map completed. 
·
Training and Environmental Awareness Program
:
Main activities include; i) the design 
and implementation of a training program; and ii) the design and implementation of a 
strategy to raise awareness at the national level on the importance of the corridor approach
.
Expected outcomes include:
 
i) Management level staff from SERNANP trained on 
ecosystem management approaches and integrated management of protected areas; ii) 
regional and municipal authorities, members of NGOs and universities of selected corridors 
trained on strategic planning and participatory management of protected areas; iii) 
professional staff (at central and PAs level) from SERNANP trained on managerial and 
technical aspects of PAs management; iv) park rangers of selected PAs trained on control and 
surveillance, financial resources management and allocation and monitoring; v) 
strengthening PROFONANPE’s capacity to develop innovative financial mechanisms for 
PAs, and vi) Public Awareness Strategy designed and implemented. 
 
Component 2
:
Ecological corridors Program. 
(Total US$ 11.15 million; GEF contribution 
US$ 5.29 million, KfW contribution US$ 3.86 million) 
 
21. 
The objective of this component is to design and implement an ecological corridor 
program. In particular, it will support the preparation of studies, the design, establishment and 
operation of selected corridors and new PAs within the selected corridors and the 
implementation of priority actions contemplated under the PAs management plans. Furthermore, 
it will implement an incentive system, based on the activities planned under sub-components 1.2 
and 1.3 for the regional and municipal governments and the private sector within the selected 
corridors, to support the creation and management of sub-national and national PAs and to 
improve land use in the rural landscape connecting these PAs.  Specifically: 
 
·
Establishment and operation of selected ecological corridors
:
Main activities include: i) 
studies and workshops to select and define the five ecological corridors; ii) strategic planning 
for all five ecological corridors and studies; iii) consultation processes for the establishment 
of new protected areas within the five ecological corridors; and iv) the preparation of the 
Emergency, Conservation and Repopulation Plan for Guano Islands and Capes Reserve. 
Expected outcomes include: i) five ecological corridors designed; ii) 5-10 PAs established 
within three ecological corridors; iii) 5-10 management plans prepared and approved; iv) 5-
10 PAs management committees established and operating; and v) an Emergency Plan for 
4
Specific activities to secure the implementation of SINANPE’s Financial Strategy and the development of 
regulations and to promote the private sector financing and management of NPAs will be secured under the ENV 
DPL. 
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the Guano Islands and Capes Reserve prepared; vi) technical assistance for the efficient 
operation of at least 3 environmental management units.
5
·
Development and implementation of alternative management models of protected 
areas
:
Main activities include: i) the financing and monitoring of administration contracts
6
and other administration mechanisms in the selected protected areas; and ii) development of 
complementary management mechanisms. Expected outcomes include: i) at least three 
administration contracts operating in selected PAs; ii) annual reports containing the 
systematization of experiences related to the administration contracts; and iii) at least five 
complementary administration mechanisms implemented in the selected PAs. 
·
Development of economic development subprojects in selected corridors
:
The main 
activity is the design and implementation of a sustainable economic activities program; 
including the identification of activities, planning and market studies. Expected outcomes 
include: i) sustainable economic activities program designed; ii) at least 40 sub-projects in 
PAs and the buffer zones implemented to stop/revert acute pressure on or threats to PAs. 
 
Component 3:
Financial Sustainability of selected Protected Areas. 
(Total US$ 9.18 million, 
GEF contribution US$ 3.18 million, KfW contribution US$ 3.0 million). 
 
22. 
The objective of this component is to capitalize the Trust Fund operated by 
PROFONANPE to ensure long term financing of the selected PAs. It will finance the recurrent 
costs of protected areas at the national and sub national levels. Expected outcomes include a 
US$9 million endowment is established and is in operation to cover the recurrent costs of 
selected PAs within 3 selected corridors. 
 
Component 4
:
Project Management 
(Total US$ 2.49 million, GEF contribution US$1.07 
million, KfW contribution US$ 1.16 million). 
 
23. 
The objective of this component is to ensure smooth implementation of PRONANP. 
Specifically: 
 
·
Project management and administration
:
This subcomponent will finance goods, 
consulting services, travel, operating expenses and incremental costs needed for project 
management. 
·
Monitoring, evaluation and systemization
:
This subcomponent will finance the 
implementation of a monitoring, evaluation and systemization system in order to have 
available a technical guide on project progress, identify needs for adjustment, and systemize 
the experience for learning purposes. 
 
5
These units already exists as part o
f
the regional governments’ institutional structure. 
6
The Administration Contract is a mechanism contemplated under the Protected Areas Law which allows 
SERNANP and regional governments to sign contracts with organizations of the private sector to fully or partially 
administer national and regional protected areas. These contracts are developed on the basis of the management 
priorities indicated in the PAs master plans, therefore, one of the conditions for a PA to be eligible for a contract, is 
to have an updated master plan. The Law contemplates other similar mechanisms such as concessions for tourism 
and for the use of natural resources strictly following the objectives of the PAs master plans.  
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V. Financing 
Source: ($m.) 
BORROWER/RECIPIENT .91 
Global Environment Facility (GEF) 
10.5 
GERMANY: KREDITANSTALT FUR WIEDERAUFBAU (KFW) 
7.88 
Local Sources of Borrowing Country 
4.8 
 Total 
24.09 
 
VI. Implementation 
24. 
PROFONANPE
 will be the recipient of the GEF Grant. The World Bank, acting as the 
implementing agency of the GEF, will sign a Grant Agreement with PROFONANPE for 
the implementation of the project. PRONANPE will also be the recipient of the funds 
provided by KfW as  co-financing for the project. For this purpose, PROFONANPE and 
KfW will sign an Agreement and a Financial Contribution Contract.  
 
25. PROFONANPE will mainly be responsible for the overall implementation of the project, 
including financial management and procurement according to the projects’ Operational 
Manual and Procurement Plan. 
 
26. A 
Project’s Administration Council (PAC)
.
PROFONANPE’s internal procedures 
require the creation of this Council for each project to oversee the implementation of the 
project. In this case, it will be composed of a representative of SERNANP, a 
representative of PROFONANPE’s Management Council; a representative of the 
regional governments involved in the project who will be rotated annually; and the 
Executive Director of PROFONANPE, who will act as the technical secretary.  
 
27. 
SERNANP 
is the national authority in charge of SINANPE’s management, therefore it
 
will be responsible for the implementation, supervision and monitoring of the project 
activities in SINANPE’s selected PAs. PROFONANPE will sign an agreement with 
SERNANP to detail the agreed activities, the financial plan, and the roles and 
responsibilities of each party. Among others ,  SERNANP will prepare the terms of 
reference for technical studies and will carry out and supervise field activities in the 
SINANPE’s PAs through its Protected Areas Management Units (
Jefaturas de Areas 
Protegidas
)
and the territorial focal points
7
.
28. 
Regional and municipal governments, and organizations of the private sector involved 
in the project
 will be responsible for the implementation, supervision and monitoring of 
the project activities in, regional, municipal and private PAs respectively,  in coordination 
with PROFONANPE, SERNANP  and the project’s technical team. Regional 
governments will be responsible for preparing the regional territorial plans and 
operational plans, where the establishment and operation of the selected corridors will be 
included. For the implementation of project activities in regional PAs, PROFONANPE, 
SERNANP and Regional Governments will jointly sign agreements to detail the agreed 
activities, the financial plan, and the technical assistance that SERNANP should provide 
7
Territorial focal points are PAs managers in charge of providing overall technical assistance to a designated group 
of national PAs though their Protected Areas Management Units. 
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to regional governments for the creation and management of regional PAs and to oversee 
the application of national policies as established in the Protected Areas Law. Similar 
agreements will be signed for the creation and operation of municipal and private PAs 
with the corresponding parties. 
 
29. A 
Project’s Technical Team (PTT)
 will be contracted by the project to carry out the 
implementation of project’s activities in coordination with PROFONANPE, SERNANP, 
regional and municipal governments and organizations of the private sector. This team 
will comprise a general coordinator, a monitoring and evaluation specialist, a specialist to 
supervise the implementation of administration contracts and the economic sustainable 
activities, which will work in SERNANP and provide overall assistance for project 
implementation. In addition, the project will contract 3 PAs management specialists to 
support the territorial focal points at the three selected corridors for direct project 
intervention, who will be working at the PAs Management Units. The project will also 
hire a procurement specialist and an administrative assistant.  
 
Advisory Level 
 
30. The project will establish a 
Consultative Committee (CC)
 to provide overall technical 
assistance for the implementation of the project. This  Committee will be composed of a 
representative of SERNANP; the head of PROFONANPE’s project Administration 
Council; a representative of each regional government involved in the project; a 
representative of the municipal governments involved in the project; a representative of 
the PAs Management Committees; a representative of PROFONANPE and the Project 
Coordinator. The Committee will meet twice a year to ensure that field experience is 
taken into consideration in work plans and to overcome operational and technical aspects. 
 
31. 
Protected Areas Management Committees
 (PAMC)
 will be established in each PA 
covered by the project. Their establishment and composition will follow the same 
guidelines applied under the ongoing GEF project. The members of these committees 
will be trained in several aspects of PAs management as to be able to participate in the 
consultation process for the preparation of management plans and other PAs planning 
tools.  
 
VII. Sustainability 
 
32. 
Environmental sustainability 
will be achieved by ensuring that the system includes 
national, regional and privately protected areas, as well as ecological corridors with 
adequate characteristics to maintain ecological processes and connectivity and secure the 
sustainable use of natural resources and biodiversity. During the preparation phase, the 
project helped to identify ecosystem representativeness gaps and proposed mechanisms to 
cover them within the system’s capacity.
 
Environmental sustainability would also be 
achieved through the replication of successful experiences in natural resources 
management and in biodiversity conservation through proven capacity-building methods 
developed under the GPAN Project. 
 
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33. 
Financial sustainability 
will be achieved in the long-term by expanding cost recovery 
and other financing mechanisms that complement the GOP’s budgetary allocations for 
protected area management (including SINANPE’s investment and operational costs). It 
will strengthen the operation of PROFONANPE and bring additional funds to the 
protected areas endowment to cover operational costs of the protected areas targeted by 
the project. 
 
34. The long term operation of the ecological corridors that will be supported by the project 
will be a joint effort of SERNANP, regional governments and the private sector. As the 
integrated management of PAs falls under the mandates of the National Strategy for 
Protected Areas (Plan Director), SERNANP will secure the financing of recurrent costs 
and will maintain the necessary staff to manage the national PAs located in the corridors. 
It will also enter into new administration contracts with the private sector and will 
continue developing economic sustainable projects in the buffer zones. Regional 
governments will allocate resources to regional PAs through the regional plans and 
participatory budget. 
 
35. 
Institutional sustainability 
will be achieved through the full institutionalization of 
SERNANP. This involves ensuring SERNANP’s autonomy and mandate through an 
appropriate legal framework, building strong management capacity at the national and 
local levels and building partnerships with civil society and other national and 
international institutions.  
 
VIII. 
Lessons Learned from Past Operations in the Country/Sector 
 
36. 
Lessons have been taken from a number of projects financed by the Bank that have shared 
the goal of strengthening protected areas using a regional and landscape approach. Other lessons 
have been taken from projects that worked on rural productive areas to strengthen biodiversity 
conservation.   
 
37. 
The “Indigenous Management of Protected Areas in the Peruvian Amazon–PIMA” project 
provides some important lessons: 
 
·
Constructing a model for participatory conservation of protected areas was a new experience 
for the Government of Peru. In fact, the project helped to change the prevailing conservation 
paradigm based mainly on the establishment of national parks and sanctuaries with reduced 
or no human intervention. The inclusion of indigenous peoples incorporated traditional 
knowledge in conservation efforts providing important lessons that enriched INRENA’s 
capacity to interact with indigenous peoples in the management of protected areas.  
 
·
The project proved that communities’ participation is positive for biodiversity conservation. 
Indeed, communities were a driving force during project execution through a participation 
process that encouraged co-responsibility and intercultural dialogue. This bottom-up 
approach built on local capacity, promoted community empowerment and established a 
social network that supervised and controlled results.  
 
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·
The project demonstrated that combining the sustainable use of natural resources with the 
enhancement of community livelihood generated a positive synergy to conservation that 
results in positive environmental impacts. The use of consultation processes helped to select 
options that incorporated local knowledge and ensured adaptation to community’s needs. The 
project provided in situ technical assistance and training to enable indigenous organizations 
to directly implement the project. 
 
·
The struggle about conservation of natural resources and land rights in protected areas found 
in communal reserves an alternative acceptable to indigenous peoples and the government. 
Indigenous communities directly managed their communal reserves through Administration 
Contracts to implement Master Plans approved by the community assembly. This 
management process has been legally approved by the government. 
 
38.  The “Participatory Management of Protected Areas–GPAN” currently under 
implementation, has been instrumental to consolidate the participatory approach and social 
inclusiveness for PA management. The implementation of administration contracts has allowed 
the active integration of the private sector, leveraging matching financial and material resources; 
developing financial incentives to engage them in such mechanism, including outsourcing 
practices and the development of managerial, monitoring, and information systems.  
 
39. 
The Colombia Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in High Andes Region 
also brings important lessons that have been considered in the project design: 
 
·
Developing institutional alliances and engagement in addition to community-based 
ownership, bringing institutional commitment to project objectives and results, is critical for 
sustainability. Enough time should be invested in building alliances with management and 
technical staff in key partner institutions, through their active involvement in preparation and 
execution and the provision of sufficient training. 
 
·
Linking biodiversity knowledge production with conservation and sustainable use practices 
requires a phased approach in order to increase biodiversity knowledge. Initial stages should 
focus on generating knowledge to design and pilot tools to enhance public and private 
conservation and sustainable use practices. Knowledge gained in the first phases would 
provide solid M&E evidence for a scaling-up phases.  
 
·
Building community-based ownership, documenting processes throughout project 
implementation helps increase their continuity under changing institutional conditions. 
However, gathered information must be disseminated in forms comprehensible to different 
audiences to build an understanding of the project's objectives and expected outcomes. Yet, 
since dissemination is not enough to warrant adoption and use, field training and visits to 
successful sites are key to ensure community-based ownership. This strategy proved 
successful in turning local actors into advocates of land management tools and conservation 
incentives, once their benefits were evident.  
 
40. 
The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System and the Brazil Ecological Corridors jointly 
provided additional lessons for the ecological corridor strategy: 
Page  12
·
Development of a strategic policy framework
.
It is important to develop a strategic approach 
that defines key priorities, coordinates actions among different government agencies, 
encourages greater participation by civil society and combines policy regulations with 
incentives. Developing strategic goals, objectives and principles, based upon sound technical 
studies, is an integral part of the proposed Project, which aims to channel conservation efforts 
in specific geographic areas (corridors) that harbor exceptional concentrations of 
biodiversity.  
·
Flexibility
 is needed in designing and allocating budgets to project activities to accommodate 
unanticipated externalities (such as climate change), to respond to new opportunities, and to 
meet changes in client needs during implementation. 
·
Appropriate design: 
The multiple objectives of managing natural habitats requires measures 
that are carefully designed early in the project design, such as: defining an appropriate scale 
for project activities; reinforcing connections to various habitat types; and recruiting 
qualified, multidisciplinary teams that work in close collaboration with local governments 
and populations.  
·
Alternative livelihoods
 must be introduced in tandem with restrictions on former resource use 
and closures on new entrants to the sector to reduce pressure on targeted resources. Training 
in alternative livelihoods must be accompanied by marketing and incubation of new lines of 
business. 
·
The private sector
 must be involved in setting codes of conduct for sustainable activities such 
as tourism and in generating investments in greener operations, but to engage the industry 
effectively, regulatory policies must be aligned with economic incentives. 
·
Balance between piloting and implementation: 
Separation of the project into knowledge 
generation (i.e., design and pilot tools) and knowledge application (consolidation of a solid 
monitoring and evaluation framework) phases promotes active on-the-ground learning and 
implementation, and allows for greater impact and sustainability. 
·
Sustainability strategies built into project design: 
These strategies should include building 
community-based ownership of the project through field training and clear project process 
documentation as well as the development of institutional alliances and engagement. 
 
IX. 
Safeguard Policies (including public consultation) 
 
Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project
 
Yes
 
No
 
Environmental Assessment
(
OP
/
BP
4.01) [X] 
[ 
] 
Natural Habitats (
OP
/
BP
4.04)
 
[X] [ 
] 
Pest Management (
OP 4.09
)
[
]
[X] 
Physical Cultural Resources (
OP/BP 4.11
)
[
]
[X] 
Involuntary Resettlement (
OP
/
BP
4.12)
 
[X] [ 
] 
Indigenous Peoples (
OP
/
BP
4.10)
 
[X] [ 
] 
Forests (
OP
/
BP
4.36)
 
[X] [ 
] 
Safety of Dams (
OP
/
BP
4.37)
 
[
]
[X] 
Projects in Disputed Areas (
OP
/
BP
7.60)
*
[
]
[X] 
*
By supporting the proposed project, the Bank does not intend to prejudice the final determination of the parties' claims on the 
disputed areas
 
Page  13
Projects on International Waterways (
OP
/
BP
7.50)
 
[
]
[X] 
X. 
List of Factual Technical Documents 
 
Studies: 
 
I. 
On Institutional Development: 
 
i. 
Evaluación de capacidades institucionales 
ii. 
Borrador de propuestas de regulaciones para las áreas de conservación regional y 
local. 
iii.  Propuesta de Manual de Organización y Funciones para el Servicio Nacional de 
Áreas Naturales Protegidas – SERNANP. 
iv. 
Estrategia de desarrollo de capacidades y fortalecimiento institucional para los 
actores participantes. 
v. 
Identificación de capacidades requeridas para la gestión de la propuesta Reserva 
Nacional Sistema de Islas, Islotes y Puntas Guaneras por parte de la autoridad 
nacional de áreas naturales protegidas. 
vi. 
Análisis de la relación de áreas naturales protegidas y las industrias extractivas. 
 
II. 
On Establishment of alliances with key actors for sub-national and private 
natural protected areas: 
 
i. 
Identificación preliminar de  zonas prioritarias  adecuadas como potenciales 
áreas protegidas subnacionales. 
ii. 
Identificar oportunidades de obtención de fondos de gobiernos subnacionales 
a
fin de incrementar el financiamiento efectivo para la conservación de 
biodiversidad. 
iii. 
Diseño de un módulo básico de inversiones requeridas por área protegida, 
regional o local, ajustado a la ubicación, tamaño, accesibilidad y amenazas del 
área propuesta. 
 
III. 
On Sustainability of the Peruvian System of Protected Areas: 
 
i. 
Diseño de un fondo fiduciario para la estrategia de manejo de activos para el 
Sistema. 
 
IV. 
On Project Design: 
 
i. 
Diseño de los arreglos institucionales del proyecto 
ii. 
Elaboración del Presupuesto del Proyecto. 
iii. 
Marco de planificación sobre pueblos indígenas y análisis social. 
iv. 
Evaluación ambiental y social y marco de procesos para la propuesta de 
Reserva Nacional Sistema de Islas y Puntas  Guaneras. 
v. 
Análisis de Grupo Meta 
Page  14
XI. Contact 
point 
Contact: Gabriela Arcos 
Title: Environmental Spec. 
Tel: 5364+230 
Fax:  
Email: Garcos@worldbank.org 
Location: Quito, Ecuador (IBRD) 
 
XII. 
For more information contact: 
The InfoShop 
The World Bank 
1818 H Street, NW 
Washington, D.C. 20433 
Telephone:  (202) 458-4500 
Fax:  (202) 522-1500 
Email: pic@worldbank.org 
Web: http://www.worldbank.org/infoshop