E2839 v1 Rev Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONyMS...................................................................................................................................i EXECUTIVE SUMMARy ............................................................................................................................a 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 KERALA RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION AGENCY (KRWSA) ... l 1.3 JALANIDHI - 1 ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 LESSONS LEARNT AND REFLECTED IN THEjALANIDHI - 2 PROJECT DESIGN................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 PROPOSED WORLD BANK AIDED JALANIDHI 2 • OBJECTIVES ...................... 3 1.S TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF JALANIDHI - 2................................................................. 3 1.5.1 COMPONENTS ....................................................................................................... 3 1.5.2 WATER DEVELOPMENT PLANS...................................................................... S 1.5.3 TECHNICAL MANUAL ......................................................................................... S 1.5.4 DETAILED PROJECT REPORTS ........................................................................ 6 1.5.5 RESPONSIBILITY MATRIX FOR ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES................. 6 1.5.6 QUALITYASSURANCE ........................................................................................ 6 1.6 RATIONALE FOR ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT j ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................... 7 1.6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ................................................................................ 7 1.7 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY FOR EAjEMF .................................................. 8 1.7.1 SITE VISITS............................................................................................................. 8 1.7.2 FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS...................................................................... 8 1.7.3 DESK STUDy ........................................................................................................10 1.8 REPORT STRUCTURE .....................................................................................................11 2. RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN KERALA· POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND PROGRAMME ...................................................................................................12 2.1 NATIONAL CONTEXT OF RWSS SECTOR ............................................................... 12 2.2 GOVERENMENT OF INDIA PROGRAMMES - NATIONAL & STATE ............. 12 2.2.1 ACCELERATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME (ARWSP) .... 13 2.2.2 TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN ..................................................................14 2.2.3 SECTOR REFORM ............................................................................................... 15 -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 2.2.4 SWAJALDHARA ................................................................................................... 16 2.3 RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION COVERAGE IN KERALA................ 17 2.3.1 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE..................................................... 17 2.3.2 STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE IN HABITATS........................ 19 2.3.3 WATER SUPPLYSCHEMES IN OPERATION ..............................................20 2.3.4 SANITATION ........................................................................................................ 24 2.4 REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ........................................................... 27 2.4.1 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................30 2.4.2 STATE FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................34 2.5 SECTOR INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................................38 2.5.1 DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES..................................................... 38 2.5.2 KERALA RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION AGENCY........... 39 2.5.3 KERALA WATER AUTHORITY........................................................................ 39 2.5.4 KERALA STATE GROUND WATER DEPARTMENT.................................. 39 2.5.5 CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD ............................................................40 2.5.6 SUCHITWA MISSION .........................................................................................40 2.5.7 CWRDM..................................................................................................................41 2.5.8 DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT ......................................42 2.5.9 KERALA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD ......................................42 3. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS ...............................................................................44 3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ..........................................................,...............................44 3.1.1 LOCATION.............................................................................................................44 3.1.2 PHySIOGRAPHy..................................................................................................45 3.1.3 RIVERS OF KERALA ........................................................................................... 46 3.1.4 SOIL PROFILE OF KERALA ..............................................................................48 3.1.5. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL ................................................................................ 50 3.2 WATER RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................51 3.2.1 SURFACE WATER RESOURCES...................................................................... 51 3.2.2 GROUND WATER RESOURCES....................................................................... 57 3.2.3 WATER SCENARIO IN KERALA ......................................................................67 3.3 SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT ...........................................72 3.3.1 CATEGORIES OF SOLID WASTE .................................................................... 72 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 3.3.2 IMPACTS................................................................................................................ 74 3.3.3 HEALTH PROBLEMS .........................................................................................74 3.3.4; SITE VISITS TO EXISTING FACILITIES ........................................................ 7S 3.3.5 EXAMPLES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KERALA. .................7S 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ...............................................................................77 3.5 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES .................................................................................81 4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK .........................................................82 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................82 4.2 OBJECTIVES OF EMF ......................................................................................................82 4.3 LIST OF REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO JALANIDHI· 283 4.3.1 WATER ...................................................................................................................83 4.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ................................................................. 83 4.3.3 NATURAL HABlTATCONSERVATJON .........................................................8 4 4.4 LIST OF TECHNICAL GUIDELINES ............................................................................85 4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEMES AND ENVIRONMNETAL CODES OF PRACTICES .........................................................................................................................85 4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL ...............................................86 4.7 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................90 4.8 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING DURING IMPLEMENTATlON AND OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PHASES .............92 4.9 ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN.....................................................................................................................................92 4.10 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING .....................................................................94 4.10.1 TECHNICAL TRAINING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ......95 4.10.2 DETAILS OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES ......................................................95 4.11 BUDGET FOR EMF IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................................98 4.12 SUMMARY OF EMF..........................................................................................................98 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ON 'DRAFT EA AND EMF FOR JALANIDHI-2.......................... 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 347 STUDY TEAM .........................................................................................................................................351 ""~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 Selected Gram Panchayats ................................................................. 9 Table 2-1 Coverage Status of Water Supply Schemes ....................................... 13 Table 2-2 District Wise Population Covered by Water Supply Schemes ............ 18 Table 2-3 Population Covered with Protected Water Supply ............................ 18 Table 2-4 Status of Water Supply Coverage Habitats ..................................... 19 Table 2-5 Habitation Wise Quantity of Water Supply .................................... 19 Table 2-6 Scheme Details of Habitations .......................................................... 19 Table 2·7 Water Tariff .................................................................................... 21 Table 2-8 Income from Water Charges ............................................................ 21 Table 2-9 Overall Physical Achievement of IBIC Project ................................... 23 Table 2-10 Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme.................................. : ............ 24 Table 2-11 Municipal Solid Waste Generated in Kerala .................................... 26 Table 2-12 Nirmal Gram Puraskar Awards to Local Governments .................... 27 Table 2·13 World Bank Safeguard Policies ...................................................... 27 Table 2-14 Scope of National Environmental Regulation ................................. 31 Table 2-15 Scope of State Environmental Regulations ...................................... 34 Table 3-1 Districts of Kerala - Area, Population & Headquarters....................... 44 Table 3-2 District Soil Profile .......................................................................... 49 Table 3-3 Water potential ofthe river basins of Kerala .................................... 51 Table 3-4 Water Quality of Rivers .................................................................... 53 Table 3-5 District Wise Net Groundwater Availability of Kerala State (In MCM) 59 Table 3-6 District Wise break Up of Categorization of the Blocks ...................... 65 Table 3-7 Groundwater Quality Affected Habitations ....................................... 68 Table 3-8 Water Quality of Wells in Kerala ...................................................... 70 Table 3-9 Sanitation coverage of the BPL families ............................................ 80 Table 4-1 Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of EMF ............... 90 Table 4-2 District Laboratories for Water Testing with Contact Details ............ 93 Table 4-3 Recommended Monitoring Plan ....................................................... 94 Table 4-4 Training Programmes ...................................................................... 96 Table 4-5 Number of Training Programmes ..................................................... 97 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Table 4-6 Estimated Cost of Training ............................................................... 97 Table 4-7- Budget for Environmental Management.. ........................................ 98 Table 4-8 Environmental Management Framework ......................................... 99 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Flow chart for Methodology ........................................................... 10 Figure 3-1 Location Map of Kerala with its District Boundaries ........................ 45 Figure 3-2 Physiography of Kerala .................................................................. 46 Figure 3-3 Rivers of Kerala.............................................................................. 48 Figure 3-4 Pre-Monsoon Water Level Trend for the Period 1999-2008 ............ 61 Figure 3-5 Post-Monsoon Water Level Trend for the Period 1998-2007 ........... 62 Figure 3-6 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Laterites at Edamon, Kollam District ................................................................................. 62 Figure 3-7 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Laterites at Edakkad, Kannur District ................................................................................ 63 Figure 3-8 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Laterites at Thekethukavala, Kottayam District ................................................................. 63 Figure 3-9 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Laterites at Vayittiri, Wayanad District .............................................................................. 64 Figure 3-10 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Laterites at Palai, Kottayam District ........................................................................................... 64 Figure 3-11 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Weathered Crystallines at Palakkad District.. .................................................................... 65 Figure 3-12 Categorization*of the Blocks......................................................... 66 Figure 3-13 Environmental Hotspots of Groundwater Contamination .............. 69 Figure 3-14 Distribution of Solid Waste from ................................................... 73 Figure 3-15 Category Wise Distribution of Hazardous Waste ........................... 74 Figure 4-1 Process Flow Diagram for schemes pertaining to Low & Medium Impact Category Project .................................................................................. 88 Figure 4-2- Process Flow Diagram for schemes pertaining to High Impact Category Project ............................................................................................. 89 .#@.. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 LIST OF ANNEXURE Annexure 1 - Sanitation in Jalanidhi-2 ........................................................... 103 Annexure 2 - Protected Areas in Kerala ......................................................... 111 Annexure 3 - District Wise Categorization of Blocks (March, 2004) ....... 113 Annexure 4 - Specific Problems in Study Area ................................................ 120 Annexure 5 - Water Test Reports .................................................................. 125 Annexure 6 - Water Borne Diseases in Kerala (2005-2009) ........................... 159 Annexure 7 - FGD Report.............................................................................. 164 Annexure 8 - Guidelines for Sanitary Survey of Water Supply Sources ............ 259 Annexure 9 -Guidelines for Identification and Selection of Water Supply Sources ........................................................................................................ 264 Annexure 10 -Recuperation Test for Estimation of Yield of an Open Well ....... 266 Annexure 11- Guidelines for Sustainability of Ground Water Sources ............. 268 Annexure 12 -Disinfection of Water .............................................................. 272 Annexure 13 -Sanitary Protection of Wells and Springs ................................. 280 Annexure 14- Mitigation Measures for Fluoride Contamination ..................... 286 Annexure 15- Selection of Safe Sanitation Technologies ................................. 288 Annexure 16 -Recommended Construction Practices for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines ........................................................................................................ 291 Annexure 17- Guidelines for Solid and Liquid Waste Management ................. 293 Annexure 18 -Formats for Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) ......................... 307 Annexure 19- Categorization of Schemes ....................................................... 322 Annexure 20 -Environmental code of Practices for Water Supply and sanitation for Jalanidhi-2 .............................................................................................. 323 Annexure 21- LEA Format for Medium Impact Schemes ................................ 328 Annexure 22- Model ToR for Conducting EIA for High Impact Schemes .......... 333 Annexure 23- Proceedings of the Public Consultation Programme ................. 339 Annexure 24- Query rose during Public Consultation and the reply addressed in subsequent pages of the Report .................................................................... 345 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 LIST OF ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank AHADS Attapady Hills Area Development Society ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSS Accelerated Rural Water Supply Scheme ASHA Accredited Social Health Activists ASSO Attapady Social Service Organization BG Beneficiary Group BGL Below Ground Level BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BOD Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand BP Bank Procedure BPL Below Poverty Line CADA Command Area Development Authority CBO Community Based Organization CCDU Communication and Capacity Development Unit CGWB Central Ground Water Board CKM Clean Kerala Mission COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CRSP Central Rural Sanitation Programme CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone CT Census Town CWRDM Centre for Water Resources Development and Management CWSS Community Water Supply Schemes D.C. District of Columbia DAS Detailed Appraisal Sheet DDP Desert Development Programme DO Dissolved Oxygen DP District Panchayat DPC District Planning Committee DPR Detailed Project Report DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sanitation EA Environmental Assessment EC Electrical Conductivity EDS Environmental Data Sheet 1 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ELF Engineered Land Fill EMF Environmental Management Framework EPA Environmental Protection Agency FC Fully Covered FC Faecal Coliforms FGD Focused Group Discussion GIS Geographic Information system GO Government Order GoI Government of India GoK Government of Kerala GP Gram Panchayat GPAT Gram Panchayat Action Team GPE Gram Panchayat Engineer GWMW Ground Water Monitoring Well GWR Ground Water Recharge HH House Hold HP Horse Power HRD Human Resources Development HTL High Tide Line HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corporation ICB International Competitive Bidding ICDS Integrated Child Development Services ICEF India Canada Environment Facility ICR Implementation Completion Report IEC Information Education and Communication IHHL Individual House Hold Latrines IS Indian Standard ISL Individual Sanitary Latrine JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission JWR Joint Water Regulation KCIP Kerala Community Irrigation Project KMIP Kerala Minor Irrigation Project KMML Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited KRWSA Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency KSEB Kerala State Electricity Board KSPCB­ Kerala State Pollution Control Board KSUDP Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project 5t?, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 11 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 KTSHM Kerala Total Sanitation and Health Mission KWA Kerala Water Authority LCB Local Competitive Bidding LIC Life Insurance Corporation of India LPCD Liter Per Capita per Day LSGI Local Self Government Institution LWSS Large Water Supply Scheme MCM Million Cubic Meters MNP Minimum Needs Program MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPN Most Probable Number MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MSW Municipal Solid Waste NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NAS National Accounts Statistics NC Not Covered NDWM National Drinking Water Mission NGO Non Governmental Organization· NGP Nirmal Gram Puraskar NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme NRHM National Rural Health Mission NRI Non-Residents of India O&M Operation and Maintenance OD Operational Directive OG Out Growth OHT Over Head Tank OP Operational Policy PAP Project Affected Person PC Partially Covered PC Production Centre PHC Public Health Centre PMU Project Management Unit PRI Panchayat Raj Institution PWD Public Works Department PWSS Piped Water Supply Scheme QC Quality Control R&D Research and Development RGNDWM Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission RIDF Rural Infrastructure Development Fund 11l ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 RPMU Regional Project Management Unit RSM Rural Sanitary Mart RWH Rain Water Harvesting RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation SC Scheduled Caste SE Senior Engineer SLC Scheme Level Committee SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste Management SO Supporting Organization SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene Education ST Scheduled Tribe SWSM State Water and Sanitation Mission SWSS Single Water Supply Scheme TC Total Coliforms TDP Tribal Development Plan TEAP Tsunami Externally Aided Project ToR Terms of Reference TPD Tonne Per Day TRP Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme TSC Total Sanitation Campaign TSDF Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility UDD Urine Diversion and Dehydration U1DSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns ULB Urban Local Body UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development UT Union Territory WB World Bank WQM Water Quality Monitoring WSS Water Supply and Sanitation IV ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi·2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (KRWSA), an important player in rural water supply and sanitation sector was constituted to implement "Jalanidhi" Project and has successfully developed a viable alternate model for service delivery, based on the sound principle of cost recovery. The organization has acquired unique expertise in rural water supply and sanitation projects and plays a pivotal role with the Gram Panchayats in implementing community based water supply schemes and appropriate sanitation measures to ensure safe water, health and hygiene to the rural people of Kerala. Jalanidhi 1 project completed during the year 2000-2008, with a project cost of Rs.381.50 crores, had implemented 3705 water supply schemes covering 112 Gram Panchayats. Consequent to the successful implementation JalanidhH, Government of Kerala has decided to implement Jalanidhi-2, with World Bank support and contribution from local self governments and the beneficiaries. The main components of Jalanidhi-2 includes community based water supply schemes, rehabilitation of single GP KWA schemes, sanitation, Ground Water Recharge, Rain Water Harvesting and special emphasis on water supply to quality affected. habitations. The proposed Kerala Rural Water Supply and .Sanitation project falls under environmental category 'B' as per World Bank's safeguard policies laid down in OP 4.01 on EA. The OP 4.01 requires the borrower to screen projects upstream in the project cycle for potential impacts. Thereafter, an appropriate Environmental Assessment (EA) to assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts is selected depending on nature and scale of project. The EA needs to be integrated in the project development process so that timely measures can be applied to address the identified impacts. Mis. ABC Environs Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Chennai has been entrusted the Environmental Analysis (EA) study, with a view to identify the critical environmental concerns in the RWSS sector and to put forth a mechanism to address these issues, through an Environmental Management Framework (EMF). Based on secondary data collection, field visits and Focused Group Discussions in selected 14 Gram Panchayats in nine Districts, the Consultant prepared a report on EMF. The Grama Panchayats were selected based on the geographical position, water quality issues, water quantity criteria and proximity to natural habitats. KEY ENVlRONMENTAL ISSUES The main source of water for Kerala is rainfall, which is estimated to be 3000mm on an average. Kerala has 44 rivers with a total annual discharge of 77900 Mm3. The net groundwater availability the entire Kerala State is 6229.55 million cubic meter (MCM). ~~. ARC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., . a July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 However, an analysis of the baseline environmental situation, observations during site visits, discussions with State, District and GP level functionaries as well as the Focused Group Discussions have identified the following key environmental issues. a. Inadequate or disrupted water supply b. Bacteriological contamination of surface and ground water quality. c. Presence of Salinity, Iron and Fluoride concentrations exceeding the permissible levels in drinking water. d. Lack of sanitation facilities. MITIGATION MEASURES Mitigation measures for each of the issues noted above have been identified during the environmental assessment and consultation. These include; Water Availability: Using scientific methods to identifY ground water source locations, targeted GWR measures, designing scheme service levels (per capita supply) in line with water availability, roof water harvesting techniques, promoting integrated management of local water resources by the BGs and the GPs, and enacting and enforcing ground water legislation. Water Quality: The major factors causing pollution of traditional sources of water supply are absence of scientific waste disposal and the poor construction of the well. Hence, scientific disposal of waste and sanitary protection of wells and springs will practically eliminate contamination from the surface through leaching of spill water, storm water and agricultural runoff. Effective and continuous disinfection of all drinking water supplies to maintain minimum residual chlorine of 0.2-0.5 mg/l, after a contact time of 30 minutes (WHO, 1984) and treatment of saline water and effective treatment of solid and liquid waste. Sanitation and Environmental Health: Adopting safe sanitation technologies, promoting the conversion of existing insanitary latrines into safe ones, pilot projects on safe disposal of Municipal Solid Waste and minimizing indoor air pollution (lAP), protecting drinking water wells by lining, disinfecting drinking water and an effective and sustained program of creating awareness on linkages between improved sanitation, hygiene and health through multimedia (including the mass media) and supporting village based water quality control programs. Effective methods for the disposal of solid waste through effective and appropriate methods POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The proposed Jalanidhi-2 project will address all the issues of concern as laid down in the OP 4.01 of World Bank on EA. Though there are no specific clearances required from the Ministry of Environment, GOI, all the provisions in the various Central and State Acts, relevant in the context of the proposed project were incorporated during the implementation of the project. ""~" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., b July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 The World Bank Safeguard Policies which are triggered for this project are OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment - The EMF includes a details description of assessment procedures for each of the activities proposed under the Jalanidhi project. Screening and assessment tools as well as detailed guidelines have been developed for all proposed schemes. OPIBP 4.04 Natural Habitats - Applicable, if the schemes to be taken up under the project are located near natural habitats. However, assessment procedures and mitigation measures have been put into place through the EMF so that any negative impacts on the natural environment are minimized. OPIBP 4.36 Forestry- Some of the schemes taken up under the project will be located in forest areas. Mitigation measures have been appropriately included into the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) to ensure that in all schemes which have a component located on forest land. The required permission is taken through the Forest Department (for approval of the Government of India under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980). Also, any required felling of trees in forest or non forest areas is done with the permission of the Forest Department and in accordance with guidelines for compensatory afforestation. OPIBP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement- The project will ensure that people are not displaced as far as possible. Schemes components will be sited as far as possible on Government or Panchayat lands. Resettlement Policy Framework has been prepared separately. Involuntary acquisition will be avoided. OPIBP 4.20 Indigenous Peoples- Adverse effects on the indigenous people will be avoided. Indigenous people will be benefited with access to water supply and sanitation. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK In order to ensure that the environmental issues are systematically identified and addressed in the various stages of the implementation of the schemes, an Environment Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for this project. The specific objectives of the EMF are as under: • To design a set of procedures, delineate the roles and responsibilities of various Stakeholders, and institutional structure in the implementation of sub projects along with the capacity building and staffing requirements for mainstreaming environmental management in project implementation processes • To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental issues In order to facilitate the effective implementation of EMF the Schemes are classified as Category I (low impact), Category II (medium impact) and Category III (high impact) according to pre-specified classification criteria. The set of procedures to be followed for this is outlined inthe EMF. ® ~'-.I\'~' ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., c July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 The classification of the water supply schemes is an essential component and it requires the data on source of water supply, water quality problem, proposed water treatment, sanitation facilities, sullage conveyance, treatment and disposal, solid waste disposal etc. For recording all these details an Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) for schemes on water supply, sanitation, solid and liquid waste management etc., have been formulated. The EDS will be compiled at the field data collection stage of the proposed Water Supply and Sanitation Scheme. ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL Based on the category under which a given sub-project is classified, suitable and commensurate environmental assessment and mitigation planning procedures should be applied. The procedures could vary for different categories. • For low impact category (Category I), a set of very simple mitigation steps have to be incorporated in the project plan based on the Environmental Codes of practices and technical guidelines. • For medium impact category (Category II), possibly a Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) can be undertaken either through RPMU or an environmental consultant. This may pertain to collection of information on source, sanitation, quality of water etc, and its analysis for environmental implication. • For high impact category (Category III), a full-fledged EIA has to be conducted through an environmental consultant. In this case, an appropriate ToR and, consultant profile for hiring such an expert should be prescribed. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Category I schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS). The GPE of the RPMU will ensure this. The Detailed project Report (DPR) for Category II & III schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) as well as the LEA/EIA, which applicable. The Manager (Technical) of RPMU will ensure this. ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION, MONITORING & EVALUATION PLAN The implementation of water supply and sanitation schemes is likely to result in varying level of environmental impacts that would require supervision and monitoring to: • Ensure that mitigation measures (including construction stage) have actually been adopted by the respective identified agency as per the responsibility matrix. The effectiveness of mitigation measures can be improved through a feedback mechanism, for planning and execution of future similar projects. • Provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of preparation of the EA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures ® ,.,}(""" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., d July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • Supervision, monitoring and evaluation of water quality and environmental indicators are conducted, as a part of the overall project monitoring program. • External monitoring will be done by external agency twice in 5 years • Internal monitoring will be done by RPMU of KRWSA twice a year. • Other local level monitoring will be done by Health Department of GoK, National Rural Health Mission. ASHA or Anganwadi workers. • IEC activities are undertaken for awareness raising and sensitization regarding personal and public hygiene, environmental sanitation, and water conservation, as an integrated component of the project IEC activities. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT The personnel and agencies with the responsibility for environmental management will be located as follows in the project institutional structure: • KRWSA will be staffed with technical unit for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation • The State Project Management unit will be headed by Directors who provide guidance and technical support to RPMU Engineers • Each of the RPMU will be staffed with a Senior Engineer designated as Manager (Technical) and will appoint Engineers to each of the Gram Panchayats. • A panel of technical experts at the State and District level will be constituted to provide technical support to PMU and RPMU. TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING The overall capacity building component of the project will aim: • To build and strengthen the capability of rural water and sanitation agency institutions (KRWSA, KWA) and other partners (NGOs, contractors and Supporting Organizations) to integrate sound environmental management in water and sanitation services. • To orient the service delivery of the project staff and GP representatives to the requirements of the projects' Environmental Management Framework. • Systematic capacity building initiatives will be introduced only after the completion of training needs assessment. • The training will be of Cascade mode. All the trained staff will in turn conduct further trainings at State, District and Gram Panchayat levels for improved service delivery. TRAINING PROGRAMMES The various training programmes will be provided to fulfill the above said objectives. A short description regarding training programmes is given below and detailed in Table 4.4 of Chapter IV. ® _'M)\"'* ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., e July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 • Training on 'Introduction to Environmental Management in Jalanidhi-I1' will be given to Engineers of Gram Panchayat and Supporting Organizations, Senior Engineer of RPMU and Resource Personnel. • Training program on water quality and environmental sanitation will be given to BG, SOE and GPE. • Thematic training programmes focused on a particular theme will be given to limited number of Engineers. BUDGET FOR EMF IMPLEMENTATION The total expected budget for Environmental activities under the proposed Jalanidhi-2 scheme is found to be 1.35 crores and is detailed in Table. 2 Internal su 3 Environmental Audit by the external agency during the . end of second and fourth year of the project period @ Rs. I 10lakhs audit 4 Preparation of specific environment related community awareness materials at state level 5 for schemes *lnternal visits will be done for low and medium impact projects by SE of RPMU and by SLC or D (T) ofPMU for high impact project during EMF implementation. PUBLIC CONSULTATION The Public Consultation Programme on Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Management Framework and Tribal Development Plan for the proposed Jalanidhi phase 2 was held on 14.06.2011, 10.30 AM at Institution of Engineers Hall, Trivandrum. KRWSA has taken following steps for public disclosure of the report: • The report will be displayed on the website to seek the public opinion / comments. • Report will be circulated to District Collector • Report will be circulated through listed NGOs. ~@ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., f July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 At the meeting, there was overwhelming response from the public, beneficiaries and NGOs. The project benefits, Environmental issues, Environment management, Tribal Development Plan etc were the main aspects of the consultation. This was intended at updating the understanding of the villagers regarding the Rural water supply and sanitation project and soliciting there feedback on the proposed EMF. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., g ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Government of Kerala (GoK) in 1999 has set up an autonomous registered society, the Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (KRWSA) to implement the World Bank aided Rural Water Supply & Sanitation project - Jalanidhi, adopting the principles of demand responsiveness, community ownership and sustainability of investments through cost recovery in 112 Gram Panchayats of Kerala in a phased manner from 2001. So far, KRWSA has taken up 3696 small water supply schemes and 16 large surface based water supply schemes including Tsunami Rehabilitation Scheme under the project. Of these, 3693 small water supply schemes and 12 large water supply schemes have already been commissioned benefiting 10.09 lakh populations. Thus, Jalanidhi successfully demonstrated that communities could demand, plan, design, own and manage water supply & sanitation facilities and share investment cost with 100 % recovery of operation and maintenance cost. Also in this context, the GoK has sought World Bank Financing for the proposed Second Phase of Jalanidhi. The objective of the proposed project is to assist GoK in expanding access to sustainable RWS schemes and to consolidate its demand responsive and decentralized service delivery model, for rural water supply & sanitation. The proposed project is intended to cover 200 Gram Panchayats in all the 14 Districts of Kerala. Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) is one of the ten safeguard policies of the World Bank, which provides the Environmental Assessment (EA) guidance for the lending operations. The proposed Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation project falls under environmental category 'B' as per Bank's safeguard policies laid down in OD 4.01 of World Bank on EA. The OD 4.01 requires the borrower to screen projects upstream in the projeCt cycle for potential impacts. Thereafter, an appropriate Environmental Assessment (EA) approach to assess, minimize I enhance and mitigate potentially adverse impacts is selected depending on the nature and scale of project. The EA needs to be integrated in the project development process such that timely measures can be applied to address the identified impacts. The policy requires consultation with affected groups and NGOs to recognize community concerns and the need to address the same as part ofEA. As an integral part of the Jalanidhi - 2 program design and implementation strategy, Mis. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., has been entrusted with the Environmental Impact Assessment study and preparation of an Environmental Management Framework (EMF), with a view to identify the critical environmental concerns in the RWSS sector and provide a mechanism to address these, through an Environmental Management Framework (EMF). 1.2 KERALA RURAl. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION AGENCY (KRWSA) KRWSA, whi~h is, today an important player in the rural water supply and sanitation sector, has successfully developed a viable alternate model for service delivery, based on the sound principle of cost recovery. Over the last ten years since its inception, this agency, which was constituted as a special purpose vehicle to implement Jalanidhi - Rs.381 Crore World Bank aided Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, has acquired unique expertise in rural water supply and sanitation projects. The Jalanidhi project plays a central role to the Gram Panchayat in implementing community ~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., .. 1 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 based water supply projects. KRWSA, has also networked itself with a large pool of NGOs in accomplishing the challenging job of mobilizing communities and enabling them to have water supply and sanitation facilities owned and managed by themselves. The overall project development objective is to assist the Government of Kerala (GoK) in improving the quality of rural water supply and environmental sanitation service delivery, to achieve sustainability of investments. Specific project development objectives are: (a) to demonstrate the viability of cost recovery and institutional reforms by developing, testing and implementing a new decentralized service delivery model on a pilot basis; and (b) build the State's capacity in improved sector management in order to scale up the new decentralized service delivery model Statewide. This will assist GoK in furthering its sector related goal of increasing the access of Kerala's rural population, particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged groups, to drinking water supply and environmental sanitation services. 1.3 JALANIDHI - 1 Jalanidhi-l Project was originally designed to implement in 80-100 Gram Panchayatsin four districts viz, Thrissur, Palakkad, Malappuram and Kozhikode. As per the revised plan, by the end of 2006, 92 Gram Panchayats spread over Thrissur, Palakkad, Malappuram and Kozhikode Districts and 18 Gram Panchayats spread over remaining 9 Districts, excluding Alappuzha, were included in the project with an estimated (revised) cost of Rs.381.5 Crores. The GoK has been positive towards the results shown by this pilot project, which is evidenced by the reforms model being accepted in the planning process, for the water and sanitation sector, not only in the 10th Five Year planning exercise but also in the "modernization of GoK programmes". The project was successful even in tribal hamlets of Attapady, where contribution to the scheme was collected as labour through trenching activities. Inspired by the success of this model, the GoK has decided to go in for a follow on project and accordingly submitted a proposal, amounting to Rs.1200 Crores to Gol for approval. The project has eliminated corruption through community participation and transparency in each step of the project. The community had the opportunity to involve in procurement, material selection, material testing and quality monitoring, thereby increasing transparency and accountability of the project. Initial and final estimates are discussed within the community, including the approved rates and specifications. Community involvement has also accelerated the hygiene and sanitation drive in rural areas. Bulk purchases and supporting organization's negotiation skills have helped cost effective latrine constructions at many places including tribal hamlets. Locally available materials and skill have been effectively utilized to reduce the cost of superstructure. Tribes have made use of bamboo and mud, which are readily available in these areas. 1.3.1 LESSONS LEARNT AND REFLECTED IN THEJALANIDHI- 2 PROJECT DESIGN KRWSA has successfully implemented Jalanidhi project in about 3000 habitations. Sustainability studies have indicated that, the schemes are providing water at designed service level and technically sustainable mode. Few lessons, which are to be incorporated in Jalanidhi - 2, are .~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 2 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 (a) Water supply schemes implemented are simple water supply and comprehensive water supply schemes, which included newly constructed/renovated schemes which have low impact on environment. (b) Organizational setup of the Project was systematic and well organized which help in proper implementation of EMF activity. (c) The source was poor in certain location that resulted in inadequate supply of water. Source should be identified following the guidelines for water supply sources. (d) For empowering the beneficiaries, training programmes are organized. (e) Selection of low quality materials affected the water quality resulting in damage to pipelines. Standard make of materials can prevent such issues. (f) Monitoring of water quality was not performed regularly. This has to be given importance and should be performed regularly. (g) With the emergence of Jalanidhi schemes in Kerala, women came forward to take responsibility, right from the planning phase to post implementation phase. They were able.to get more income, through skill development trainings and corresponding jobs. (h) Since, many of the water supply schemes in Jalanidhi are depending on ground water; sustainability of source is a problem. To combat this, GWR component has to be strengthened for conservation of water and to avoid drying up of sources. Hence, this component may be made compulsory in line with water supply. 1.4 PROPOSED WORI.D BANK AIDED JALANIDHI 2 - OBJECTIVES The key objectives of the proposed project are: • To improve the quality of rural water supply and sanitation services and to achieve sustainable development, • Poverty reduction, • Sustainable health and hygiene benefits to the rural population, • Empowerment and inclusion of community in general and rural poor and women in particular, • Strengthening the decentralization process 1.5 TECHNICAl. ASPECTS OF JALANIDHI - 2 There are no major technical issues to be addressed during preparation of water supply schemes or their implementation, since in the implementation of Jalanidhi - 1 the KRWSA has successfully demonstrated an alternative service delivery model focused on reaching those without coverage within each GP. 1.5.1 COMPONENTS a. Water supply Schemes Majority of the water supply schemes proposed will be piped water schemes with a few rainwater-harvesting schemes. The project will finance some 4500 small drinking water supply schemes covering about 35 households ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 3 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 each. Over 90% are expected to opt for local ground water sources like open wells, deep bore wells and springs. Most schemes will involve pumping. construction of storage tanks and piped distribution networks. Where ground water is scarce, a few large water supply schemes are likely to be chosen with surface water sources like river, where the water will have to be conveyed from long distances. These schemes will involve construction of infiltration wells/galleries or conventional water treatment plants and may cover entire GP. Multi- GP water supply schemes: KWA has gained much experience in undertaking conventional engineering design and construction of multi GP water supply schemes. 3 multi GP KWA rehabilitation schemes is proposed in line with the new Gal guidelines such that GPs implement and manage the internal water distribution system, whereas KWA implements and manages the bulk water supply system from source to the GP entry points, and collects bulk water tariffs from the GPs as determined by GOK. Rehabilitation of Single GP KWA scheme: The sub-component would support the rehabilitation of existing KWA water supply system where required by augmenting the source, protection of the sources from pollution, construction of new facilities and repairs and replacement of the existing structures, machinery, equipment and pipelines to conform to the technical standards. Cost sharing will be same as that of the new water supply schemes. Apart from this around 250 single GP scheme will be rehabilitated outside the project GPs as part of KRWSA-KWA partnership programme by KWA. Safe Drinking Water to Habitations All schemes will use disinfections mechanism based on size and source of the schemes; however small schemes will use bleaching powder. The cost sharing will be 75% by GOK, 15% by GP and 10 % by the beneficiaries and reduced cost sharing of 7%for the SC/ST /Fishermen and the destitutes. b. Ground Water Recharge and Rain Water Harvesting Schemes at Household Level In Kerala generally every household has an open well, which provides adequate water security at household level. Water security at household level will be ensured by strengthening with recharge facilities of the household sources, which will be used when the piped water supply scheme fails. Based on experience, appropriate programmes are proposed in Jalanidhi - 2 to ensure source sustainability. c. . Sanitation Improvements in household sanitation have been impressive in the State. The project will include sanitation component to achieve hard-to-reach household sanitation gap; replicating successful community sanitation interventions; reversing the contamination of groundwater by deep pit latrines; and implementing/improving local drainage and solid waste management solutions. Strategy components and process components pertaining to sanitation in Jalanidhi - 2 are detailed in Annexure 1. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 4 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 The following sanitation components are proposed for Jalanidhi - 2 Safe disposal ofhuman excreta • Subsidy for construction of HH toilets for tribal people in 24 tribal projects • Piloting new technologies for larine solutions in water logged /difficult areas • Pay and use latrine in appropriate locations (markets, tourist spots etc) Safe disposal ofsolid waste • Community based vermin composting units /biogas units in hotspots • Processing of the market waste through composting or bio­ methanation technologies by the GPs • Implement processing units for plastic (shredding units) • Implement recyclic units for plastics. Safe disposal ofUquid waste • Implement drainage interventions in critical sections of GPs with disposal systems to protect the water sources • Piloting of septage treatment facility in one district Capacity building for water safety • Set up water quality testing facilities in the GPs to be based in higher secondary schools for ongoing testing of drinking water sources including domestic wells. d. Operation and Maintenance arrangements The BGs are efficiently managing the O&M of small WS schemes in Jalanidhi - 1 except disinfection. They are also unable to maintain the pressure filters etc and hence there is a need for annual maintenance contracts for such equipment. The large water supply schemes in Jalanidhi - 1 are being operated by the Scheme Level Committee (SLC). In Jalanidhi - 2 wherever required, outsourcing will be done for the O&M of large WS schemes through service management contracts. 1.5.2 WATER DEVELOPMENT PLANS Water Development plans will be prepared for all GPs, which will enable identify habitations requiring water supply and selection of sources, and ensuring water security/safety. Water safety will be ensured through protection of sources and security will be achieved by appropriate ground water recharge measures using GIS software. 1.5.3 TECHNICAL MANUAL In Jalanidhi - 1 small water supply schemes have been designed by engineers employed by Support Organizations and large schemes were designed by private sector engineering consultants using a technical manual developed for the project. These engineers possess the required capabilities for design, construction and O&M of the small water supply schemes. However, with a view to enhance the quality of designs and drawings and save time in ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 5 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 planning, the technical manual prepared for use in Jalanidhi - 1 project will be updated for use in Jalanidhi - 2 to conform to latest IS codes, induding new technologies and to reflect the lessons of experience of the first project. Some ofthe new topics to be induded in the manual are: ).> Type designs of overhead tanks to conform to latest BIS codes (with concrete proportion M30) ).> Preparation of GIS base maps for GPs, Total station survey road maps of the GPs for water development plan ).> The use of filtration/reverse osmosis processes, for de-fluoridation and iron removal for providing safe drinking water in water quality affected GPs ).> Disinfection with on-site generation of hypo and silver ionization plants ).> Use of standard software for design of distribution system (E;PA net) ).> Procedures for preparation of GP wise water Development plans to ensure safety and security of drinking water ).> Processes for rehabilitation of single GP KWA schemes ).> Specifications for construction materials, goods, equipment and civil works ).> Use of the technical manual along with the scientific selection of water sources is likely to result in good quality construction and sustainable water supply schemes. 1.5.4 DETAILED PROJECT REPORTS ).> Detailed project reports (DPR) of individual schemes will be prepared with Water development plan for the GP with GIS base maps using total station surveys ).> Designs using the software for economical size of pumping main and distribution system with software ).> Revised designs of overhead tanks to conform to latest IS Codes ).> Auto cad drawings ,.. Water quality and geophysical survey reports for source selection 1.5.5 RESPONSIBILITY MA TRIX FOR ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES A responsibility matrix has been prepared for engineering activities for preparation, approval, technical sanction of DPRs, quality monitoring and authorizing payments, completion reporting, O&M, and post implementation support, etc. KRWSA will decide the monitoring limits of sanction/ approval powers of various levels of engineers. 1.5.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE SO Engineers and RPMU Engineers will ensure day-to-day monitoring of the works and of the materials procured for the project. Additionally, KRWSA will retain independent ~onstruction quality surveillance consultants to monitor the quality of supervision, ensure the quality ofthe materials procured and construction quality of the works. To promote the long term sustainability of the rural water supply and sanitation sector by identifying and implementing an appropriate policy framework and strategic plan. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 6 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 1.6 RATIONALE FOR ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT / ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The proposed Jalanidhi - 2 scheme will be taken up as per the World Bank's OP 4.01. Accordingly, an Environmental Assessment (EA) of Jalanidhi - 2 has been conducted. This EA provides insight into the environmental challenges facing the project including source sustainability, water quality management, drainage and disposal and household sanitation issues. Presently, the project is under formulation. This EMF provides detailed guidance for conducting screening and environmental assessment for Jalanidhi - 2 scheme, which would be taken up by KRWSA. The purpose of the Environmental Assessment (EA) is to identify upfront in the Jalanidhi - 2 scheme, potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examine project alternatives; identify ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout project implementation. EA has taken into account the environment (air, water and land); human health and safety including the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. 1.6.1 ENVIIWNMENTAL ISSUES a) From a study and analysis of available information it is noted that a majority of rural water supply schemes implemented in the State depend on ground water (dug wells/bore wells) as the source and that the perenniality and reliability of source yield seems to be a major issue of environmental concern affecting the availability o/water. With regard to groundwater, water quality characteristics of wells in Kerala are found to be affected by chemical and biological contaminants. The ground water quality problems in the coastal areas are mainly due to the presence of excessive salinity. A chloride concentration >250mg/L was detected in the well water samples of Azhicode, Kakkathuruthy, Edathinjil, Kadalundi, Chellanum, Nallalam, Mankombu and Haripad. In Alappuzha district, fluoride concentration in the pumping wells was observed to be high. In midland region, the concentration of fluoride, iron and chloride were found to be on the higher side. The fluoride content was observed to be beyond the permissible limit of 1 mg/L. Deep wells in Chittur taluk and Knajikod areas of Palakkad district are found to contain fluoride concentration greater than Img/l. b) Open wells of Kerala have the bacteriological contamination. In Kerala about 60% of the population relies on ground water for drinking. At the same time studies have shown tha~ faecal contamination is present in 90% of drinking water wells. The open nature of the wells, conventional maintenance habits, use of buckets and rope to draw water, kitchen wastes and pit latrines with average family load factor (5 members) at a distance of less than 5 meters from wells are some of the factors, which are found to be contributing to the bacteriological contamination. Ground water contamination due to industrial pollution has been reported from places of ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 7 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Kochi (eastern part of Aluva), Palakkad and some parts of Kollam, Kozhikode and Kannur. c) The major water quality problem associated with the rivers of Kerala is bacteriological pollution. The water quality assessment studies of rivers such as Chalakudy, Periyar, Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Pamba and Achenkovil indicate that the major quality problem is due to bacteriological pollution and accordingly the rivers fall under B or C category of CPCB classification. There are local level quality problems faced by all rivers especially due to bathing, dumping of solid waste and discharge of effluents. 1.7 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY FOR EA/EMF The methodology comprised collection of secondary data on availability of water resources, their utilization, ambient and ground water quality issues of water quantity and quality as relevant in the context of the proposed Jalanidhi - 2. The major secondary sources of data included KWA, KSPCB, CWRDM, State/ Central Ground Water Department and NGOs. The flow chart for the methodology is depicted in Figure 1.7.2-1 is briefly discussed hereunder. 1.7.1 SITE VISITS Existing rural water supply systems based on ground water / surface water source were inspected to obtain first hand information on existing systems, their performance including adequacy of source, water quality, potential source(s) of contamination, constraints/problems in 0 & M and identification of issues, if any, that need to be addressed in the proposed project design. During the site visits, detailed discussions were held with consumers, KWA, local GPs and NGOs. 1.7.2 FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS This constituted an important activity during the field visits and were held in selected GPs in each district of Kerala to assess quantity of current water supply, quality of water supply, household sanitation facility, sullage disposal, prevailing diseases, personal and environmental hygiene, their awareness of roles and expectations from the proposed Jalanidhi - 2, their views / suggestions to enhance project performance and benefits and also any other new issues needed to be addressed in Jalanidhi - 2. a. Selection ofGPsfor FGD The selection of Gram Panchayats for village level survey was made in consultation with KRWSA based on the guidelines and templates proposed by the World Bank and elaborated as under. Each selected village represented in the best possible manner the typical conditions prevailing in the State. The Gram Panchayats were selected based on the water quality issues, categorization of blocks based on the level of exploitation as assessed by Ground Water department, Government of Kerala & Central Ground water Board. Apart from the water quality and water quantity criteria, the proximity to natural habitats and the physiography were also considered in the selection of GP. The selected GPs based on various criteria are given in Table 1.1. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 8 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Table 1-1 Selected Gram Panchayats • puram 12 Nemom Kaliyoor of ,., .-,-~-----"- 13 • Kollam Mukhathala Thrikkovilvattom I ! I~!W;~;t:d 4 Alapuzha ...... !Y.~ .. I 5 due Ezhupunna/ to fish ! ..~ I .•...•. A. _"".....___.. __.. _,_ ._A_ .. A _", ..__ M_ •• • , __ ......__ ....... '"'.i n~dll~try:... Thuravoor .. .. I A ' A ~ " ' A . ~ 6 Ernakulam Pampakuda Critical Block, mid land area, ! Pampakuda , 1 , wells in summer I 7 Palakkad Chittur Eruthen pathy ,Highland, Fluoride problem, I I · over exploited zone, I Proxi to forest 8 Attapadi Agali High land, Tribal population, forest dwellers fluoride ...blemLJc:l!ilnidhi -1 Scheme. 9 I Thrissur Eriyad Coastal, Degrading· ground ! ! water quality due to sea •..... r' ····-···········~···············~·~·~~···I· .- ....- ...... ~..••............~...+. . ·~·····~··..··~·····I·~r..2~i2n!.Cl\'~L~.~~lQ.i!~. Generic environmental issues );> Water quality issues pertaining to bacteriological, chemical and heavy metal contamination in both ground and surface water sources; );> Environmental hygiene issues(liquid and solid waste disposal) );> Impacts, if anyon, open water bodies and human health, etc c. Formulation of Environmental Management Framework (EMF). This consists of );> An organizational/institutional structure for EMF implementation. This clearly indicates responsibilities pertaining to EM F implementation that various project functionaries and officials at different levels are expected to fulfill along with the line of authority );> A capacity building plan that ensures all parties involved in EMF implementation are adequately skilled and equipped with requisite knowledge / information to perform their respective roles );> A monitoring mechanism that effectively provides real time information on the status and quality of EMF implementation and provides other relevant management information to concerned authorities 1.8 REPORT STRUCTURE The report has been prepared in keeping with the World Bank guidelines described in O.D 4.01 and is presented in four chapters. Chapter I - Introductory chapter presents the objectives of Jalanidhi - 2, the importance of Environmental Assessment, an overall description of approach and methodology followed and the lessons learnt from Ialanidhi - 1 as applicable in the implementation of Jalanidhi - 2 project. Chapter II - Information on the regulatory requirements at National & State level related to environment as related to Jalanidhi - 2. This chapter also includes Rural Water Supply and Sanitation coverage in Kerala. Chapter III - Baseline data on relevant environmental components in the state is presented. Based on a critical review and analysis of baseline data, the issues of environmental concerns are identified. This chapter also outlines the major issues arising from Focused Group Discussions. The potential environmental issues and their mitigation measures are also addressed. Chapter IV - This chapter describes the Objectives of Environmental Management Framework (EMF), Regulatory Requirements applicable to Ialanidhi-2, Criteria for classification of schemes, list of technical guidelines, Environmental appraisal and approval, Environmental Compliance Monitoring during implementation and 0 & M phases and Training and Capacity Building. This report has several annexure including detailed gUidelines and codes of practice for environmental management as applicable to Jalanidhi -2. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 11 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 2. RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN KERALA­ POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND PROGRAMME 2.1 NATIONAL CONTEXT OF RWSS SECTOR Drinking water supply and sanitation are State subjects, included in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution among the subjects that may be entrusted to Panchayats by the States. The Government of India supplement efforts made by the States by providing financial and technical assistance under the two centrally sponsored programmes, namely, the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) and the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP). Substantial investment to the tune of about Rs.50, 000 Crore has been made in the rural water supply sector alone by the Central and State Governments since 1st Five Year Plan in approx. 37 lakh hand pumps and 1.45 lakh piped water supply schemes, crediting the country with one of the largest rural drinking water supply networks in the world. While significant achievement has been made in terms of providing access to potable drinking water - with 95.34% rural habitations fully covered and another 4.28% partially covered - the sanitation coverage in rural areas continues to be a challenge, with only 22% of the rural population having access to basic sanitation, as per the 2001 Census. 2.2 GOVERENMENT OF INDIA PROGRAMMES - NATIONAL & STATE A national water supply and sanitation programme was introduced in the social sector in the country in 1954. The Government of India assisted the States to establish special investigation divisions in the Fourth Five Year Plan to carry out identification of problem villages. Taking into account the magnitude of the problem, and to accelerate the pace of coverage of problem villages, the Government of India introduced the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in 1972- 73 to assist States and Union Territories with 100% grants-in-aid to implement drinking water supply schemes in such villages. The entire programme was given a Mission approach when the Technology Mission on Drinking Water Management, called the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM), was introduced as one of the five Missions in social sector in 1986. ~DWM was renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) in 1991. During the International Water and Sanitation Decade in 1980s, Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) was launched in 1986 in the Ministry of Rural Development to accelerate sanitation coverage in rllral areas with the objective of improving quality of life of the rural people and to provide privacy and dignity to women. Presently, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM), Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development administers the Centrally Sponsored programmes in Rural Drinking Water Supply and Rural Sanitation sectors. During the Ninth-Plan period, special initiative was taken to cover rural habitations with proper sanitation. The CRSP was restructured in 1999 with a provision for phasing out the allocation-based component by the end of the IX Plan i.e. 2001­ 2002. The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under the restructured CRSP was launched with effect from 1.4.1999 adopting a community led and people centered approach. TSC moves away from the principle of state-wise allocation to a "demand driven" approach. The programme gives emphasis on Information, Education and Communication (lEC) for demand generation of sanitation facilities and offering a wide range of technological ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 12 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 choices of sanitation hardware through an effective delivery mechanism of Rural Sanitary Mart and Production Centers to meet the demand for sanitation facilities so generated. It also lays emphasis on school sanitation and hygiene education for bringing about attitudinal and behavioral changes for relevant sanitation and hygiene practices from young age. The X Plan accords the highest priority to providing the "Not Covered" (NC) habitations with sustainable and stipulated supply of drinking water. It is envisaged to cover all the rural habitations including those, which might have been slipped back to NC/PC category by the end of X Plan. The Tenth Plan emphasizes the participatory approach where PRls should be the key institutions for convergence of drinking water supply programmes at the ground level. Considerable success has been achieved in meeting drinking water needs of the rural population. As per the latest report received from the States/UTs, the coverage status as on 1.11.2004 based on comprehensive Action Plan, 1999 and coverage reported by States/UTs thereafter is given in Table 2. 1. Table 2-1 Coverage Status of Water Supply Schemes Not Covered 5368 . _ - _••« . «•••• _ - ­ 0.38 ~(l!!j ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 17 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 84.80 % of the urban population is covered by water supply schemes and the total number of urban citizens covered is 70.11lakhs. (Source: Economic Review, 2070) The increase in the number of citizens covered by water supply schemes during 2009-2010 is 319096. Of this increase, 312695 are in the rural area and 6401 are in the urban area. The district wise details of population covered by water supply schemes in Kerala as on 31-03-2009 are given in Table 2.2 Table 2-2 District Wise Population Covered by Water Supply Schemes Source: Economic ReView, 20.1 0 The details of additional population covered with protected water supply are given in Table 2.3. Table 2-3 Population Covered with Protected Water Supply ·2010-11 430596 48284 3608 Source: Economic Review, 2010 -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 18 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 2.3,2 STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE IN HABITATS According to the survey conducted by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, there were 9776 identified habitats in Kerala. Of these habitats, 1994 habitats were fully covered, 6964 were partially covered, 805 were non-covered and 13 were in forest area during 2001. The present status ofthese habitats is given in Table 2.4. Table 2-4 Status of Water Supply Coverage - Habitats ._~~.p.~Ql0 Source: Economic Review, 20.10 A fresh habitation survey was conducted in 2003 based on 2001 census population and the number of rural habitations/wards got increased to 12165. The details of another 1124 habitations were further added on 1/4/2007 and the total number of habitations became 13289. Out of this, 1406 habitations are Census Town (CT)/or Out Growth (OG). As per the directions from the government, these CTs and OGs were deleted from the list. and the total rural habitations became 11883 only. All these 11883 habitations attained fully covered status as on 12/2008 taking the private wells also into consideration. Details are given in Table 2.5. Details of habitations with various schemes are given in Table 2.6. Table 2-5 Habitation Wise - Quantity of Water Supply Qu~ntity of.Supply No. of Habitations (2003 " . .' .. sumie J as on 3 ~010 . Below 10 LPCD or Non- Nil Nil S'ource: Economic Review, 2010 Table 2-6 Scheme Details of Habitations ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 19 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 Others Source: DWSS Website 2.3.3 WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES IN OPERA1'ION Major implementing agencies of drinking water supply schemes in the State are Kerala Water Authority (KWA), Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (KRWSA) and Local Self Government Institutions (LSGIs). KRWSA and LSGIs are ensuring community participation in the implementation of water supply schemes by sharing the financial costs and taking responsibility in management, operation and maintenance, to some extent. Besides these agencies, Department of Urban Development and Department of Town and Country Planning also act as nodal agencies for water supply schemes under UIDSSMT and INNURM respectively. a) Kerala Water Authority Schemes Various schemes are being implemented by Kerala Water Authority considering the need for extending the coverage of protected water supply in the State such as, Centrally Sponsored National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) and urban water supply schemes, Technology Mission Schemes, Swajaldhara schemes, schemes with loan assistance from NABARD/Banks, externally aided IBIC Projects (now IICA), ADB and World Bank assisted schemes. State funded water supply schemes are also being undertaken by Kerala Water Authority. Kerala Water Authority at present has 86 ongoing Accelerated Rural Water Supply Schemes (ARWSS) under various stages of execution- 74 schemes with central fund and 12 schemes with state fund. NC/PC schemes are proposed to provide water supply to not covered/ partially covered areas. 427 schemes under this category have been completed and works of 108 schemes are under various stages of implementation. The scheme "Varsha" is to collect rain water from the rooftop and store it in a tank 10% of the project cost has to be borne by the beneficiaries. The project is under implementation in Thiruvananthapuram, Alappuzha, Kottayam and Ernakulam districts. 4457 units of Varsha schemes have been completed and works of 25 units are in progress. As per the Government of India directive, all the rural schools and Anganwadis having no drinking water facilities are to be provided with such facilities. The expenditure-for this purpose should be shared by the Central and State Governments on 50:50 bases from the funds allocated for ARWSP. Kerala Water Authority has provided water supply to 1934 schools so far and works of 80 schemes are under various stages of implementation. Government of India provides assistance under Technology Mission for implementing schemes in water quality affected areas. Up to 20% of the ARWSP funds are to be earmarked for new projects designed to address water quality issues. Fifteen schemes have been sanctioned so far for a total estimated cost of Rs.14081.00 lakh. The water supply scheme to Kozhinjampara and adjoining villages in Palakkad District and water supply scheme to Uppala in Kasargod District have been completed. Out of 395 -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 20 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Swajaldhara schemes taken up by Kerala Water Authority from 2002-03 to 2006-07, 345 schemes had been completed and remaining works are in the final stage. " Witter Tariff ami Revel1ue Information on the water tariff in the State is given in Table 2.7. Kerala Water Authority collected revenue of Rs.274.43 crores during 2009-10 as water charges from various urban and rural water supply schemes. The income from water charges has increased by 38.69% when compared to the income of Rs.197.87 crores during 2008­ 09.77.29% ofthe total water charges coilected during 2009-10 was from domestic, non domestic and industrial consumers and 22.71% was collected from local bodies by way of street tap connections. The details of income collected from water charges are given in Table 2.8_ Table 2-7 Water Tariff IA. Domestic I Upto 5000 L Rs.20/­ I 5000 to 10000 L Rs. 20/- plus @ Rs. 4.00 per every 1000 L in excess of 5000 L. I 10000 to 20000 L Rs. 40/- plus @ Rs. 5.00 per every 1000 L in excess of 10000 L. 1,1 20000 to 30000 L Rs. 90/- plus@Rs.6.00pereveryl000Linexcessof20000L. , 30000 to 40000 L Rs. 150/- plus @ Rs.I0.00 per every 1000 L in excess of30000 L. i 1 40000 to 50000 L Rs. 250/- plus @ Rs. 14.00 per every 1000 L in excess of 40000 L. t-~.-- Above 50000 L , Rs. 390/- plus ®._Rs. 25.00 per eve,IT l009_L in excess of 50000 L. ~ I B. Non Domestic I : i Upto 15000 L I At the rate of Rs.I0/- per 1000 Land Rs. 125/- minimum charge. I 1- ~~~~~~~~~g1°~j~::!1~~:;:~: :~_::~;:~~~:;:~;~ ~~~g ~:: :~~:~~;~~g~~L_j I c. Industrial • I I For consumption~Atthe rate of Rs.25/- per 1000 Land Rs. 250/- minimum charge. ! I in a month t--'-~-~------.--",-- ---~'"- .. ----~--"~'.~~----,~-~---~~-~ --~.----'-~---------', I D. Local Bodies , Municipal Taps IRS. 5256/- per year __ L panch~yat Taps IRs. 350QL:..2 er year:______ ,__ ,J Source: Economic f?eview 2009 Table 2-8 Income from Water Charges ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 21 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Source: Economic Review 2010 b) Bank Assisted Projects Certain viable projects originally taken up with LIC/HUDCO assistance were posed for availing term loan from banks for completion. The Adhoc Augmentation of Kochi Water Supply Scheme, taken up with Bank assistance was completed and inaugurated on 5th October 2007. The Chowara Scheme taken up using bank aid has already been commissioned. Bank loan is also being availed for implementing water supply scheme to Thrippunithura and adjoining Panchayats and is partially completed during 2009 (Thrippunithura portion). The scheme is expected to be completed by first half of 2010-11. c) NABARD Assistance There were eight rural water supply schemes costing Rs. 4868.33 lakh sanctioned under RlDF IX of NABARD for implementation with NABARD loan assistance. Total loan sanctioned was Rs.4444.61Iakh. Out of the eight schemes, five schemes were completed and remaining three schemes were scheduled for completion shortly. Thirty six rural drinking water supply schemes have been sanctioned by NABARD under RIDF XIV. Major portion of these schemes were LIC aided schemes which were held up due to shortage of funds. It is proposed to implement these schemes through fast track mechanism since these schemes will have to be completed within the stipulated time specified by NABARD. Of these, 5 schemes are completed, one is partially commissioned in 2010, 11 schemes are targeted for commissioning by 9/2011 and 19 targeted for completion in 2011-12. d) ]BIC Assisted Kerala Water Supply Project The JBIC assisted project envisages the implementation of five water supply projects in Thiruvananthapuram, Cherthala, Meenad, Kozhikode and Pattuvam for a total estimated cost of Rs.1787.45 crores. The project cost has been revised to RS.2987.40 Crores during 2009. The total project has been proposed to be carried out in 23 contract packages of which 11 are International Competitive Bidding (lCB) packages and 12 are Local Competitive Bidding (LCB) packages. Twenty one work contract ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 22 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 packages were awarded and the construction activities are progressing. The remaining two contract packages are the Rehabilitation works of existing components of Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode schemes. Institutional strengthening is also included in the project. The overall achievement ofthe scheme is given in Table 2.9. Table 2-9 Overall Physical Achievement of JBIC Project Schemes 0/0 completion of Expected population 4~ , construction works as on benefited ,' 30.06.2009 '' < , ' '" " hlruvananthapura Sc erne Maenad Scheme Source: Economic Review, 2009 e) ADBAssisted Long Term Works under TEAP The Long Term works proposed under TEAP (Tsunami Externally Aided Project) are (1) CWSS to Alappad, Clappana, Oachira and Karunagappally and (2) WSS to Kayamkulam Municipality and ArattupuzhaPanchayath. These works are carried out in three packages. The works of the three packages have been completed and trial running is in progress. D World Bank Aided Jalanidhi Project Jalanidhi project was initially approved at an estimated cost of Rs.451.00 crores and targeted to cover 80 Gram Panchayats for improving the quality of rural water supply and environmental sanitation service delivery to achieve sustainability of investments. After its midterm review, the project cost was revised to Rs.381.50 crore since impressive achievements were attained with a lower cost than the estimated. Ninety two Gram Panchayats spread over Thrissur, Palakkad, Kozhikode and Malappuram Districts and 18 Panchayats spread over the remaining nine districts excluding Alappuzha @ 2 Gram Panchayats per District on experimental basis have been covered under the project. Besides, two Gram Panchayats of Kollam District were selected to implement Tsunami rehabilitation water supply project. Thus, Jalanidhi Project is covering 112 Gram Panchayats through 122 projects. Of these projects, ten are tribal projects. There are 3712 water supply schemes managed by 4095 active beneficiary groups as on 31-10-2009. 52 per cent of the total Jalanidhi membership is from families living below the poverty line (BPL) and 16 per cent from SC/ST households. 5.07 lakh people are benefited by the construction of latrines through Jalanidhi Project. The benefit of newly constructed EMP units reached 2.46 lakh populations. Besides large number of people were trained on various sanitation and hygiene practices, project management and skill development trainings. Out of the 3712 schemes taken up under Jalanidhi programme, 3707 water supply schemes have already been completed and communities have been empowered for its operation and maintenance. All the functional water supply schemes are operated ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 23 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 and maintained by the beneficiary groups. As on 30-09-2010, about 10.14 lakh people are getting water through Jalanidhi schemes (170253 households and 175 institutions). Ninety five KWA single Panchayat schemes and 253 Gram Panchayat schemes were rehabilitated and handed over to the beneficiary groups. Of the commissioned schemes, 162 are in tribal areas benefiting about 35000 tribes (6755 households). Three types of water supply schemes have been undertaken by Jalanidhi, (a) small schemes (b) comprehensive schemes (c) Tsunami Rehabilitation Schemes. Of the technologies adopted, dug wells are seen to be the most popular, followed by bore wells and rain water harvesting. It is worthwhile to note that 12 % of the Jalanidhi schemes are using rain water as the main source for water supply and it could have a considerable impact on Government of Kerala's initiative to promote rain water harvesting in a big way. Out of the pending five schemes, two are small schemes, one Tsunami rehabilitation scheme and two are comprehensive schemes. g) Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme (TRP) Kerala Water Authority has been allotted Rs.75.00 Crores as grant from Government of India towards the implementation of Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme. Accordingly, administrative sanction has been issued to 115 schemes amounting to Rs.7087.57 lakhs in the Tsunami affected areas covering nine Districts namely, Kasargod, Kannur, Malappuram, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Alappuzha, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram. Details are given below in Table 2.10. Table 2-10 Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme S.No District" Number of Total Estimates fRs. Lakbs} " ~ Schemes 2.3.4 SANITATION a) Malinya Muktha Keralam Historically, Kerala has been ahead of other States in the country in providing sanitation facilities but now the assimilative capacity of environment in Kerala is fast declining due to inadequate attention to environment in general and sanitation in particular. Thus, sanitation has emerged as a critical component in the sustainability of Kerala's attainments. Therefore, it is felt essential to step up the social and infrastructural interventions in the State. Recognizing the past responses in the sector and base~ on the current status and emerging issues in various c?mponents of ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 24 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 sanitation, an integrated action plan has been drawn up namely 'Malinya Mukta Keralam Action Plan' for a comprehensive intervention. The Action Plan, which was released by Her Excellency, the President of India on November 1, 2007 put forward an overall strategy, organizational reform and specific action plans with time-frame and outputs. Accordingly, the action plan envisaged the following outputs to be achieved. • Total coverage of household sanitary latrines in nine months • Total coverage of sanitary latrines in public institutions, schools, hospitals etc in one year • Systematizing household and institutional waste treatment systems within three years . • Popularizing the segregation of household and institutional waste within one year • Developing decentralized common waste treatment facilities within three years • Developing common sanitary land-fill sites for inert waste during the 11th plan period • Making colonies clean and neat within two-years • Making public places litter-free within three-years • Preparation of a perspective plan for liqUid waste management within two years • Extending sewerage facilities and triple the coverage within five years In order to encourage the implementation of the action plans, the local governments, schools, anganwadi, hospitals and public offices will be given awards based on transparent indicators. During 2008, the activities in sanitation sector have been stepped up in accordance with the objectives. The campaign and interventions taken up as part of the action plan to observe one dry day every week to get rid of stagnant water in the household premises and public places and also cleaning the drains and public places are believed to have controlled the spread of vector-borne diseases, to a large extent during 2008. Another major initiative taken up under the campaign was to regulate the use of plastic carry bags with thickness less than 30 micron. As part of the enforcement measures, the Urban Local Bodies have confiscated 245 Lakhs banned plastic carry bags (36.4 tonnes) and charged a fine of Rs.l1.88 Lakhs. b) Solid Waste Management There has been significant importance given to implement the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 which envisages segregated storage of waste at source, collection from source, protected transportation to the treatment facility, establishment of environmentally safe treatment system and its operation and maintenance and safe disposal of inert rejects. A sectoral status study on MSW management in Kerala, undertaken with the support of WSP- South Asia in 2007, indicated that the total MSW generation in the state is about 8300 TPD. These studies indicated that 70-80% of the total waste generated is biodegradable in nature and these putrescible waste needs to be managed within 24 hours. 13% of the waste is generated by the five City Corporations, 23% by the 53 Municipalities and the rest by the 999 Gram Panchayats. The details of waste generated are given in Table 2.11. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 25 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Table 2-11 Municipal Solid Waste Generated in Kerala Source: Slichitwo Mission website The five City Corporations and 49 Municipalities and 44 Gram Panchayats are being supported for establishing full-fledged integrated MSW management facility with financial support fro.m the plan allocation to the State and the Local Governments, funds under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission ONNURM), Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP) and own fund mobilized by the Local Governments. Efforts are also taken to establish solid waste treatment systems in hotspots of 226 urbanized Gram Panchayats by making use of the funds under Total Sanitation Campaign for the purpose of solid and liquid waste management to the tune of about Rs.2000 Lakhs. The preliminary projects for solid waste management in 49 Municipalities and 44 Gram Panchayats with an outlay of Rs.5362 Lakh have been approved and a State level support of Rs.1919 Lakh has been extended. So far 18 Municipalities"and 28 Gram Panchayats have completed the installations and rest is in progress. In addition, Rs.8800 Lakhs has been earmarked under JNNURM, Rs.2429 Lakhs under UIDSSMT and Rs.3294 Lakhs under KSUDP for solid waste management for City Corporations. The MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 makes the disposal of final rejects from the waste treatment plant in an Engineered Land Fill (ELF) a mandatory requirement. If each Municipality ventures for establishing ELF separately, it would require large tract ofland having no environmental constraints. Therefore, Regional ELF is suggested for tackling the requirement. A comparative study on the land and cost requirement of individual ULB-based ELF and Regional ELF are given below. Accordingly, six regional ELFs are proposed for the 14 districts and a feasibility of establishing one regional engineered landfill facility has been initiated during the current year. c) Liquid Waste Management The coverage of sewerage facilities, even in the City Corporations, is extremely low, of the order of 30% in Thiruvananthapuram and 5% in Kochi Corporation areas, probably one of the lowest in the country. Even in this system, the provision for treating the black liquor is almost absent. Rest of the Municipal and rural areas do not have even such a facility. Due to land constraints the septic tanks have volume constraints and due to high water table scenario, the leach pits overflow, especially during rainy season which extend up to about 150 days in a year. Therefore, there is a requirement of clearance and removal of septage, the facilities for which are not available anywhere in the State. The practice now is to collect the septage using vacuum suction into tankers u~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 26 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 which are then emptied into open spaces and even water bodies, one of the most dangerous practices d) Communication and Capacity Development Unit The Government of India has sanctioned a CCDU specifically for sanitation sector with the objectives to develop State specific information, education and communication strategy and provide capacity development of functionaries at all levels at a total cost of Rs. 114.7 Lakh. The state has housed the CCDU in Suchitwa Mission which started functioning since June Z008. The objective of CCDU is to develop communication strategies for reform initiatives in sanitation sector and also to provide capacity development of functionaries at all levels. The unit is to provide IEC/HRD support to State Suchitwa mission and districts. It will provide HRD/IEC inputs to all TSC projects and also to Malinya Muktha Kerala. The CCDU will also document successful IEC/HRD initiatives in the State and disseminate the same among functionaries at different levels. e) Nirmal Gram Purasiwr The Government of India instituted this award scheme in Z003 (operational since ZOOS) for recognizing, encouraging and facilitating the Panchayat Raj Institutions, individuals and organizations to promote and achieve total sanitation. The NGP is awarded to Gram Panchayats having total coverage of toilets in houses, school and anganwadi, open defecation free status and clean and neat environment. The award is also extended to the Block Panchayats as well as District Panchayats. So far, 83% of the Gram Panchayats in Kerala has received the award. The number of local governments that received the award so far is given below in Table 2.12. Table 2-1Z Nirmal Gram Puraskar Awards to Local Governments 1 6 219 600 826 Source: Suchitwa Mission Website 2.4 REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK The proposed Jalanidhi-Z project will address all the issues of concern as laid down in the OD 4.01 of World Bank on EA. Though there are no specific clearances required from the Ministry of Environment, GOI, all the provisions in the various Central and State Acts listed in this chapter and relevant in the context of the proposed project would be incorporated during the implementation of the project. The World Bank Safeguard Policies are indicated in Table 2.13. Table 2-13 World Bank Safeguard Policies lOP IBP 4.01 !Potential environmental consequences iApplicable to this project. The EMF L~E'yi,Z:(J}!!?1~nt~U ofpLQ1~c~J~enti~i,e~1~~tjy~.~l!Eo· ect includes a details @ 27 ~.,,}\,,~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 OP/BP Natural • Habitats OP/BP 4.36 Prohibits financing for commercial ISome of the schemes taken up under Forestry logging operation or acquisition of the project will be located in forest equipment for use in primary moist i areas. Mitigation measures have tropical forests. been appropriately included into the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) to ensure that in all schemes which have a component located on forest land. The required permission is taken through the Forest Department (for approval of the Government of India under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980). Also, any required felling of trees in forest or non forest areas is done with the permission of the Forest Department and in accordance with guidelines --..-..- . ------.-t-...--.--.-.-----.. . -.......- ... -.-.-.---..-----­ J2!:..~_I!!P_~Q~~.~g.~y affo re sta ti on. OP 4.09 Pest !Supports environmentally sound pest NOT Applicable. Management I management, including integrated vector control measures, if I pest management, but does not undertaken in the project will be in i prohibit the use of highly hazardous accordance with the OP 4.09 ! pesticides. Pest Management is the avoiding use of insecticides in I borrower/s responsibility in the classes la, lb and 2 oP/B P 4.1Zt I ~;~:~te~~~dE!:2jt~~(S ~~~j;~t~·----~hi~h1APpji·~~·b·f~-t-;;·the projects. Involuntary ! displace people. Requires public The project will ensure that people Resettlement I participation in resettlement planning are not displaced as far as possible. i as part of EA for projects. I Schemes components will be sited as i Intended to restore or improve income far as possible on Government or ~rning capaci ty of displa~c.:e.:.d-"-P=-a=n:.::.c=h=ac:.L:a=t..::.la=n:.::.d=s::.:._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--' ® ._••)(..". ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 28 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Resettlement Policy Framework has Ii been I prepared separately. lnvo)untary acquisition will be I avoided. ,-,----.----, .-..-.---,"--._-._--.-­ ......-.".-...... _"-,-,-..-....--.......,...-.....- -----+- .-,.; .;-----,.--,-,-..----....--.--...--.-..--.-...-.---... ­..-..­..,...­... ····_·-1• OPIBP 4.20 I Purpose is to ensure indigenous Applicable to the project. Indigenous i peoples benefit from Bank financed 'Adverse effects on the indigenous I Peoples developed and to avoid or mitigate people will be avoided. adverse affects on indigenous peoples. IIndigenous people will be benefited Applies to projects that might with access to water supply and I II adversely affect indigenous peoples or • sanitation. ' when they are targeted beneficiaries. i Requires participation of indigenous' peoples in creation of "indigenous Ie ment s" OP/BP 4.11 Purpose is to assist in the preservation' Not Applicable to the project. i Physical of cultural property, such as sites No existing cultural property will be I i Cultural having archeological, paleontological, . damaged. Resources historical, religious and unique However, any cultural relics if found' cultural values. during any excavation during the i Generally seeks to assist in their project works will be deposited with preservation and avoid their the relevant Government authority . elimination. whose recommendation regarding Discourages financing of projects that further excavation will also be taken. will dam cultural OP IBP 4.37 Applies to large dams (15 meters or Not applicable since the project does I I Safety of Dams more in height). not involve construction of dams. Requires review by independent i experts throughout project cycle. Requires preparation of EA and detailed plans for construction and operation, and periodic inspection by the Bank. IOP/BP 7.50 riparian waterways that form applicable since the project area I Projects on boundary between two or more does not involve international , International states, as well as any bay, gulf, strait waterways. Waterways or channel bordered by two or more states. agreement maps, and applicable as no project components will be proposed in disputed areas. @ 29 l~' ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 without prejudice to claims. Requires early identification territorial disputes and description in all Banks documentation. 2.4.1 NA TIONAL FRAMEWORK Rural water supply is a state subject under the Constitution of India. However, States are guided by policies and regulations enunciated by the Government of India. These include: • 73rd Constitutional Amendment in 1993. • The National Water Policy of 2002 • The Environment (Protection) Act, No.29 of 1986 • Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) as amended in 1988 • Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of 1977 • Forest (Conservation) Act No. 69 of 1980 as Amended in1988 • The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as Amended in 1991 • EIA Notification of 2006 with amendments in 2009 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment designates Panchayat Raj Institutions as providers of basic services to rural communities which include drinking water and sanitation. The aspects of the National Water Policy that impact rural water supply schemes are resented in the Box. National Water Policy aspects impacting Rural Water Supply Schemes • Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved as such and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the needs of the States concerned. • Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfers from one river basin to another, based on a national perspective, after taking into account the requirements of the areas/ basins. • Water resource development projects should, as far as possible, be planned and developed as multipurpose projects. Provision for drinking water should be a primary consideration. The projects should provide for irrigation, flood mitigation, hydro-electric power generation, navigation, pisciculture and recreation wherever possible. The study of the impact of a project, during construction and later, on human lives; settlements, occupations, economic and other aspects should be an essential component of project planning. In the planning, implementation and operation of projects, the preservation of the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a primary consideration. The adverse impact, if any, on the environment should be minimised and should be off-set by adequate compensatory measures. There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment treatment and management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development. • Special efforts should be made to investigate arid formulate projects either in or for the benefit of areas inhabited by tribal or other specially disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In other areas also, project planning should pay special attention to the needs of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections of society. In the planning and operation of systems, water allocation priorities should be broadly as follows: (i) Drinking water, (ii) Irrigation, (iii) Hydro-power, (iv) Navigation and (v) Industrial and other uses. However, these priorities might be modified, if necessary, in particular regions with reference to area specific considerations. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 30 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhl-2 The scope of relevant national environment regulations listed above is presented in Table 2.14. Table 2-14 Scope of National Environmental Regulation 1. The Wildlife I This Act provides for Kerala has about 53 (Protection) I protection to listed species designated natural habitats Act1972, of Flora and Fauna in the and they are protected by Amendment declared network of National and State 1991 ecologically important regulations. These include 2 protected areas such as Biosphere Reserves, 5 wild life sanctuaries and National Parks, National parks. 17WildlifeJBird Sanctuaries, 1 Community Reserve, 2 Tiger Reserve and 28 Mangrove Sites. Details are given in Annexure-2. Activities pertaining to water supply in the above said areas to be Water This Act prohibits the Treatment and disposal (Prevention and discharge of pollutants into wastewater generated from Control of water bodies beyond a the communities must meet Pollution) Act, given standard and lays the standards prescribed by 1974 (Central down penalties for non­ the regulatory authorities. Act 6 of 1974) as compliance. is an international Any scheme near Vembanad, Convention, treaty for conservation and Asthamudi and Sasthamkotta 1975 sustainable utilization of lakes are to be implemented wetlands I with care to protect these lakes contamination. Water This Act provides for a levy Water extraction from ground (Prevention and and collection of a cess on , or surface water bodies will Control of water consumed by be at a cost as per regulatory Pollution) Cess industries and local bodies. authorities i.e. KSPCB. Act No 36 of Forest This Act restricts the This Act restricts the powers (Conservation) powers of the State in of the State in respect of de­ Act No. 69 of respect of de- reservation reservation of forests and use 1980 and of forests and use of of forestland for non forest amendment forestland for non forest purposes. in1988 purposes. Almost 29% of the State is under forest cover. The forest cover is mainly confined to about five districts which are away... from the coast ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 31 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 S.No Relevant A.ct Sco e of the Att Implication for the EMF Therefore care will be taken. so that the impact on these areas from the water supply and sanitation components of the project is not likely to adversely affect the forests with respect to the ecology and health of the forests, nor the welfare and rights of the people residing in the forests, nor the management structures for protection and conservation of the forests. Clearance is to be obtained from the Forest Department when forest land is required for the activities. National Conservation of wetlands in Implementation of schemes: Wetland the country so as to prevent under Jalanidhi-2 near: Conservation their further degradation Vembanad, Asthamudi, : Programme and ensuring their wise use Sasthamkotta, Kottuli and i (NWCP) 1985-86 for the benefit of local: Kadalundi wetlands should· updated 2009 communities and overall i not affect them. conservation of llAQ_<:Ij~~r~ i!y.___ _ The Under this Act, the central Water supply projects in Environment government is empowered coastal areas will require CRZ (Protection) Act, to take measures necessary clearance. No.29 of 1986 to protect and improve the quality of the environment by setting standards for emissions and discharges; regulating the location of industries; management of hazardous wastes, and protection of public health and welfare. 8. The Municipal Every municipal authority Municipal Solid Waste Solid Wastes shall, within the territorial generated in a city or a town (Management area of the municipality, be shall be managed and i and Handling) responsible for the handled in accordance with; Rules, 2000. implementation of the the criteria and the i • provisions of these rules, procedures laid down in. i and for any infrastructure· Schedule II of Municipal Solid· .J~Ii~:~::t:~:~::c~~~~~.!_~~:~f~;~::!~~£~nd:::! ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 32 July 2011 Environmental Assessmentand Environmental Management Framework for )alanidhi-2 and disposal of mUniCIpal I disposal facilities to be set up solid wastes. ! by the municipal authorities on their own or through an operator of a facility shall meet the specifications and i standards as specified in I Schedules III and IV of I . Municipal Solid Waste I I (Management and Handling) ~_.__ ~ I : Rules, 2000. ; ! 9. I EIA Notification ~~lt",.prOje~ts listed under I Th~~p~oposed Jalanidhi - 2 of • Category A of the I project does not fall under September 2006 Notification require i any of the project categories with environmental clearance i listed in Schedule-I of the Amendment in from the MoEF, Gol. Water I Environmental Impact December 2009 supply and sanitation I Assessment Notification and projects, however, are not I hence does not require any covered in the Schedule. i formal environmental clearance of the MoEF, Gol. However, the EMF is designed to ensure that environmental safeguard measures are integrated into the project. However, sanitation projects like municipal solid waste management need Environmental Clearance from the regulatory authorities. following activities in No component of Jalanidhi ­ Ministry CRZ shall be regulated as scheme will be allowed Environment follows, namely:- within 50 m from the HTL of and Forests (i) Within SOmts from the the Backwater islands. Gazette of India, HTL of the backwater Beyond 50 m from the Part-II, Section 3, islands existing dwelling landward side schemes can Sub-section (ii) units of local communities be taken up with GP approval. of dated the 6th may be repaired or January, 2011. reconstructed. However, no new construction shall be permitted; (ii)Beyond SOmts from the HTL on the landward side of backwater islands, dwelling units of local communities may be constructed with the prior GP. ® .• -.J\.b ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 The proposed Jalanidhi - 2 project does not fall under any of the project categories listed in Schedule-l of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and hence does not require any formal environmental clearance of the MoEF, Gol. The project area has not been notified as ecologically sensitive or fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. 2.4.2 STATE FRAMEWORK Water supply and sanitation in Kerala is guided by the following state laws presented in Table 2.15. Table 2-15 Scope of State Environmental Regulations Water This Rule enables for a levy and (Prevention and collection of a cess on water consumed Control of Pollution) . by industries and local authorities. Rules, 1976. 1b The Water This Act provides for the levy and (Prevention and collection of Cess and water consumed ground Control of Pollution) by persons carrying on certain surface Cess Act, 1977 industries and by local authorities, bodies will be at with a view to augment the resources cost as of Central Board and the State Boards regulatory for prevention and control of water authorities 2 Kerala Water Supply and laws relating to water supply, control Sewerage Act, 1986 over water supply, Manufacture and the (Amendment in marketing of packaged drinking water, Kerala Water 2008) mineral water etc, Punishment for Supply and illegal use of public hydrants, Sewerage Board Provision of water meters, New guidelines. premises not to be erected without drains, Work relating to sewer to be I done by Licensed Plumber and as per .sp~(;I~cations etc. 3 Kerala Panchayat As per the Act, a number of powers All decisions Raj Act, 1994 and responsibilities and projects of the regarding the (Amendment in Government were transferred to the environmental 2007) local self-governments with effect from action plan have to October 2, 1995. Along with them, the be endorsed by the service of the concerned officers was village Water transferred to the local self- Supply and government bodies. Sanitation Committee which is a legal body under the Gram ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 34 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Ma"nagement Framework for Jalanidhi-2 S.No Relevant Act Scope ofthe Art Implication for ,::: . , t h e EMF , 4 . Kerala Ground An Act to conserve the Ground water The proposed Water (Control & for the regulation and control of its Jalanidhi-2 project Regulation) Act extraction and use in the State such as should follow the 2002 Notifying areas for the control and Kerala Ground regulation of ground water Water Authority development, grant of permit for regulation for the extraction and use of ground water, extraction of registration of existing wells of ground water, if notified area, funding of ground water any. Act to consolidate and amend the Not Applicable. Irrigation relating to construction of Water Conservation irrigation works, conservation and Act, 2003 distribution of water for the purpose (Amendment of irrigation and levy of betterment 2006) contribution and water cess on lands benefited by irrigation works in the State of Kerala and to provide for involvement of farmers in water utilization system and for matters therewith or incidental 6 Kerala Municipality otherwise stipulated Applicable to Building specifically in a town Planning Scheme, Jalanidhi - 2 (Amendment) workable rooftop rainwater harvesting Rules, 2004 arrangements shall be provided as an integral part of all new building constructions for the following . occupancies, namely:­ : i) Group Al Residential (with floor area of 100 sq.m or more and plot area of200 sq.m or more) ii) Group A2 Special Residential iii) Group B Educational; iv) Group C Medical/Hospital v) Group D Assembly vi) Group E Office/Business vii) Group G1. and Group G2 Industrial (only for Workshops, Assembly plants, Laboratories, Dry cleaning plants, Power plants, Gas Plants, Refineries, Diaries, Food Processing Units and any other occupancies notified by the Government from time to time. 7 Kerala Water Policy, The Policy recognizes that water is a to 2008 .._ ...................•.L..•cc natural resource ..... and a basic ..cc.............. ~ .•.. :'.L ....••...c .•.._ •••............. 'c_.~~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 35 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 S.N 0 Relevant Act Scope of the Act Implication for the EMF human need. The polIcy emphasIzes the need to estimate water resources and plan their allocation and utilization so that human consumption gets the first priority over agriculture, industry and power generation. The I , main objectives are I • Adopt integrated and multi­ sectoral approach for planning, development and management of water resources • Consider micro watersheds as ; the basic unit for the conservation ; and optimal utilization of water resources for achieving resource sustainability. • Integrate the problems and prospects of water resource systems by considering river basin as the basic unit. • Emphasize the importance of comprehensive watershed conservation and management plan, water quality management plan, long term sub basin and river basin operation and monitoring plan and state water resource plan. • Enable appropriate Institutional mechanism and legal measures for sustainable water resource development and mana ement. 8 Kerala State i The exceptional nature of Kerala with Applicable to Environmental : a high literacy rate, its unique Jalanidhi - 2 Policy - 2009 ; economic, social, political and cultural : ethos and high density of population : contribute to pressures on the i environment. The alarming i consequences of this pressure are : becoming increasingly evident and . utmost care has to be taken to see that the demand on the environment does I i not exceed its carrying capacity for the I present as well as future generations. : The Environmental Policy reflects all ! L~~~ _~ .. _ _ L~ ~_~_~~ ___ _____ .~_~ ___ __ ___ __ _ ~~ J~~_~~__~et!Q!l~.J?~~~5:~~_~~f[<:E!!!]K~!:l~~_~~_I1 d_L~~ ~~_~_~ -.~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 36 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 ~:S.No Relevant Act ' Scope ofthe ACt Implication for ~ ,~'" " y " , , " , ': the EMIt, our life support systems. The objectives are • Ensure conservation of resources • Ensure equitable access and sustainable use of resources • Optimise the efficiency in environmental resource use • Promulgate guidelines and policies for waste disposal • Integration of environmental concerns in economic and social development • Environmental governance • Enhancement of resources for environmental conservation • Create 9 GO CRt) No. Government Applicable to 3682jOSjLSGD above have permitted the mission to Jalanidhi - 2 organize intensive awareness campaign through various Government, Non Government, Social 10 (Rt) The Local Self Government Institutions Applicable 1961jOSjLSGD (LSGls) are permitted to entrust the Jalanidhi - 2 Integrated Solid Waste Management : Scheme to anyone of the service providers approved and enlisted by the Government of Kerala in their 11 GO(Rt) No. Government of Kerala has Applicable to 2246j09jLSGD Suchitwa Mission as the Nodal Agency Jalanidhi - 2 to the for advising Government on extent of disposal of establishing Slaughter houses of liquid and solid appropriate size for the use of groups wastes arising from of Panchayats and to render Technical slaughter houses. support to the Local Self Government· Institutions. ~~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 37 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 2.5 SECTOR INSTITUTIONS Kerala has one nodal department for rural water supply and sanitation, while four other Institutions have a converging impact on water supply and sanitation. These institutions are as under: 2.5.1 DEPARTMENTOFWATERRESOURCES • The main purpose of the Department is to formulate State water policy fixing of water rates and integrated Irrigation Bill and also an Integrated Water resources Development plan for Kerala for irrigation, drinking water and electricity • Maintenance of the completed projects, prepare Irrigation projects and execute them in time within the prevailing rules and regulations for the benefit of the people of the State. The Department is having plan schemes and Non-plan schemes. Plan schemes are either centrally sponsored or externally aided schemes • The Water Resources Department is the agency that investigates, designs, constructs, operates and maintains, minor, medium and major Irrigation Projects, Flood control works on river banks, coastal protection works, inland navigation, hydrological information system collection, drainage works, salinity extrusion and land reclamation works, engineering research, coastal engineering, field studies etc., based on suitable budget provisions • The Command Area Development Works on irrigated commands of the state under CADA programme for the completed projects • The renewal of PAP Agreements with Tamil Nadu by JWR and settle interstate water disputes through Cauvery cell at New Delhi. ? Major Activities • Conducting Investigation of projects and prepare project reports for implementation for the benefit of the people • Implementation of the Irrigation projects after investigation • Operation and maintenance of the projects for the sustainable development through Project Advisory Committees of each project • Make the Irrigation system reliable, predictable and equitable involving users, planners and policy makers • Conducting sedimentation surveys in reservoirs and water resources surveys to monitor river water quality • Monitoring and Evaluation of the Irrigation Projects using remote Sensing Technique. • Conducting Model studies for Reservoirs, dams, Spillways etc., and also soil surveys for investigation of projects and coastal Engineering, Field Studies • To disseminate knowledge about the availability of water and its utilization to the general public • To assist other departments and the general public in preparing water utilization projects ® ~."J\>-, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 38 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 2.5.2 KERALA RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION AGENCY Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (KRWSA) have been promoting mainly Small water supply schemes and a few large surface based water supply schemes in the rural villages for the last 10 years. The project also lays emphasis for the transfer of existing single Panchayat piped water supply schemes (currently owned and managed by Kerala Water Authority, KWA) to Gram Panchayats (GPs) and then to Beneficiary Groups (BGs) for the future operation and maintenance, as per the new Government of Kerala (GoK) policy. So far KRWSA has taken up 3696 small water supply schemes and 16 large surface based water supply schemes including Tsunami Rehabilitation Scheme under the Jalanidhi project. The Project commenced on 12.02.2001 with the idea to complete and close successfully by 31.12.2006. Since the model was experimented for the first time in India, certain inherent problems in the implementation process resulted to extend the duration upto September 2008. Jalanidhi Project was awarded Runners Up prize under the bank wise "Peoples First Award" competition held during the Feb 2008 Sustainable Development network Week held at the Bank's office in Washington DC. 2.5.3 KERALA WATERAllTHORITY Kerala Water Authority was established on 1st April 1984 as an autonomous body of Government of Kerala by converting the erstwhile Public Health Engineering Department for the development and regulation of water supply and waste water collection and disposal in the State of Kerala. » Responsibilities • Design, construction, execution, promotion, operation, maintenance and financing of schemes for the supply of water and for the collection and disposal of the waste water • Rendering all necessary service to the Government relating to water supply and collection & disposal of waste water in the State of Kerala • Establishment of standards for water supply and waste water service • Fixation and revision of rates for water supply and sewerage maintenance with the approval of Government • Taking other measures necessary to ensure water supply in time of emergency, • Physical, chemical and bacteriological tests at speCified intervals and check whether the water conforms to Water Quality Standards 2.5.4 KERALA STATE GROUND WATER DEPARTMENT The Groundwater Department started as an independent department in the year 1978. Now it is the nodal department in the State for monitoring and management of groundwater. • The department is having several wings like Hydrogeology, Engineering, Geophysical, Hydrology, Chemical, and Information Technology • Resource evaluation, survey and investigation, drilling of wells, quality monitoring, development, technical assistance to Banks, etc forms the routine work of the department ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 39 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • The water quality laboratory under Ground Water Department was established in late 70s • Data for dissemination is generated using available softwares like Groundwater Estimation and Management Systems and Ground Water Data Entry System and is available on demand to different organizations on charges/fee prescribed by the Government 2.5.5 CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD A Unit Office of CGWB was started in 1978 at Trivandrum under the Southern Region, Hyderabad. A full fledged Regional Office of CGWB started functioning in Kerala in 1989 with the jurisdictional power of Kerala and U.T of Lakshadweep Island. Its activities are as follows 1. Exploration Drilling 2. Ground water Management Studies 3. Ground water level monitoring 4. Artificial Recharge Studies 5. Estimation of Ground water Resources 6. Short term water supply investigations 7. Photo geology & Remote Sensing 8. Surface Geophysical Surveys 9. Rajiv Gandhi Technology Mission Programme 2.5.6 SUCHITWA MISSION The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in the State was coordinated and monitored by the Kerala Total Sanitation and Health Mission (KTSHM) and their activities were confined to the rural Panchayats. The Clean Kerala Mission (CKM) was enabling the urban and rural local bodies in establishing solid waste management systems. In order to avoid duplication of efforts and tackle the existing and emerging challenges in various sanitation aspects for an overall health and environmental outcome, it was felt necessary to have a professional institution. Accordingly, the above Missions were integrated as Suchitwa Mission, which started functioning since April 2008. This institutional reform has enabled the up scaling of initiatives envisaged in the Malinya Mukta Keralam Action Plan. The Mission is taking steps to strengthen its technical capabilities in various aspects of sanitation. ~ Main objectives • Enable Local Self Government Institutions to implement the package of practices in sanitation • Organize and monitor the implementation of Total Sanitation Campaign • Provide technical support for sanitation programmes and projects • Advise Local Self Government Institutions on environmental sanitation issues • Evaluation of comprehensive waste management projects of Local Self Government Institutions and suggest corrective measures • Extend complementary financial assistance to Local Self Government Institutions from the State budget provision • Liaison between Local Self Government Institutions and other institutions / departments in the field of sanitation ~~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 40 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • Organizing extensive Information, Education and Communication campaign on environmental sanitation • Enable Local Self Government Institutions to achieve healthy environment and overall cleanliness 2.5.7 CWRDM Recognizing the need for catering to the R&D needs in the field of water management, the Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM) was established as an autonomous research organization by the Government of Kerala, under its Science and Technology Policy in February 1978. The Centre initially had surface water, ground water, water management-agriculture, water quality and environment, education and extension as its mandate. After a decade, scientific divisions to deal with computer applications and isotope hydrology have been added. In order to cater to the requirements of main areas of research, certain central facilities like water analysis laboratory, cartography, reprography, manned observation stations, remote sensing cell and a museum have also been established. To take care of the special R&D needs of different hydro-ecologic regions of Kerala, five regional centers are also in operation since 1990. • The Centre has substantially contributed to the scientific hydrologic studies and water management in the region • The projects of CWRDM were funded by different departments and agencies of the Central and State Governments in addition to the international agencies like UNDP, UNEP, World Bank, USAID, NAS (US), IBIC, ICEF, etc., • The Centre tackled different problems pertaining to forest and urban hydrology, estuarine management, groundwater development, water quality management, water-related environmental issues, wetland management, watershed development, agriculture water management, irrigation and drainage issues, etc., • Several tools like mathematical modeling, systems approach, isotope hydrology and remote sensing techniques were made use of in the studies during the 1990s • The hydrologic data generated by CWRDM are expected to be of immense use to the water managers of Kerala • CWRDM has played a key role in supporting the Kerala Government in sorting out several water management issues • The draft water policy of Kerala, adopted in 1992, was prepared by CWRDM. The government sought the advice of the Centre on several inter-State water issues • The basic proposal leading to the Dutch-funded KCIP project and EC-funded KMIP project were drawn up by CWRDM • A few of the water resources projects of the State were made environment­ friendly by CWRDM • The Centre initiated the IBIC-funded eco-restoration project of Attappady and ICEF-funded drinking water project in Lakshadweep, and carried out consultancy works for the Kerala Forestry Project and Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project funded by the World Bank, and the Dutch­ funded water supply project utilizing the water of Bharathapuzha ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 41 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • The Centre was amalgamated with the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment in 2003 2.5.8 DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT The Government decided to change the name of the Local Administration Department into the Department of Local Self-government. For administrative convenience, the Rural Development Department was merged with the department of Local Self-government and for the urban administrative matters special arrangement was made in the Secretariat. Consequent to the 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, the Local self-government Institutions (LSGls) are to function as the third tier of Government. In Kerala, LSGIs have been meaningfully empowered through massive transfer of resources as well as administrative powers. Coupled with a grassroots level approach of Participatory Planning whereby the developmental programmes are identified and implemented through Grama Sabhas, the LSGIs have emerged as effective agencies for the implementation of developmental programmes. There are 1214 local self-government bodies. A series of participatory studies are also undertaken in every Gram Panchayat and Municipality, most important of which are the following a) Collection of secondary data: The relevant secondary data available in the various registers and records at the local level offices of different line departments were identified and collected in a common data format drawn up for the whole state b) Study of local geography and natural resources: A rapid appraisal of the natural resources was undertaken using walk technique. Eco-zones in every Panchayat were identified by first demarcating the area into various zones based on landform and then identifying the soil, water and vegetation characteristic to each zone. An environmental appraisal of each eco-zone was also attempted in many Panchayats c) Review of ongoing schemes: Each department is to prepare a sectoral report on the ongoing schemes and make them available to the Panchayats and Municipalities d) Survey of local history: A short local history is also prepared by every local body, mostly drawing from oral testimonies and local records. Participatory techniques such as history time line are also encouraged e) Consolidation of Grama Sabha reports: The reports of Grama Sabha discussions, including lists of problems identified, are then consolidated for each development sector in a Panchayat. 2.5.9 KERALA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD Kerala State Pollution Control Board is a regulatory authority for implementing various pollution control laws. The scarcity of land, high pollution density, high water table, high density of dug wells, and abundance of water body and high level of environmental awareness in the state makes KSPCB to adopt standards more stringent than those at national level. ® ~,~,l\v" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 42 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • Development, evaluation and approval of pollution control technologies are statutory responsibility of KSPCB • To assess the water quality of rivers, streams, wells and ambient air in the state and to plan the prevention, control and abatement of their pollution • The Board has also undertaken various studies of underground water, soil and air to take remedial steps to control pollution • The Board is monitoring water and air quality in the state at various locations through National and State level programme. 169 water monitor.ing stations and 24 air monitoring stations are covered in this manner • It is proposed to do water quality monitoring stations at 16 more and air quality monitoring at 6 more stations in problematic areas. ® ~.~f\'w, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 43 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 3. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS This chapter provides an overview of baseline data on relevant environmental components in the State. Based on a critical review and analysis of the baseline data, the issues of environmental concerns have been identified. This chapter also outlines the major issues arising from focused group discussions. The potential environmental issues, the risks associated with the proposed project activities during the design, preparatory, construction and operational phases of the project and their mitigation measures have been discussed. 3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1.1 LOCATION Kerala, with an area of 38,863 km 2 (1.18% of India's landmass) is wedged between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats to the east. Kerala's coast runs some 580 km in length, while the State itself varies from 35-120 km in width. Kerala lies between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 72°22' and is bounded by Tamil Nadu in the East and Karnataka in the North. The State of Kerala is divided into 14 revenue districts. On the basis of geographical, historical and cultural similarities, the districts are generally grouped into Malabar Region (North Kerala) (Kasargod, Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode, and Malappuram), Kochi Region (Central Kerala) (Palakkad, Thrissur, and Ernakulam) and Travancore (South Kerala) (Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, and Idukki). The 14 districts are further divided into 62 taluks, 999 revenue villages and 1007 Gram Panchayats. The location map of Kerala with its District boundaries is given in Figure 3.1. The salient features of the districts are presented in Table 3.1. Table 3-1 Districts ofKerala - Area, Population & Headquarters @ 44 ~'.. h·~· ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z KARNATAKA NADU District Boundary (~) State Headquarter ® District Headquarter Figure 3-1 Location Map of Kerala with its District Boundaries 3.12 PHYSIOGRAPHY Kerala is divided into three geographical regions, namely • Highlands • Midlands • Lowlands The Highlands slope down from the Western Ghats (also known as the Sahyadri) which rise to an average height of 900m, with a number of peaks well over 1800 m in height. It is 1860 sq.km in area and accounts for 48 percent of the total land area of Kerala. This is the area of major plantations like tea, coffee, rubber and various spices. This area is often known as the Cardamom Hills. This region is one of the largest producers of many spices especially cardamom from which it earns its name. Anaimudi (2694 meters) is the highest point in South India, and also the highest point in India outside the Himalaya-Karakoram mountain range. Most of the rivers of Kerala originate from the Western Ghats. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 45 July Z011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 The Midlands, lying between the mountains and the lowlands, is made up of undulating hills and valleys. It is 16200 sq.km in area i.e., about 40 percent of the total land area. This is an area of intensive cultivation. Cashew, coconut, arecanut, tapioca, banana and vegetables of different varieties are grown in this area. The Lowlands are also known as the Coastal Area. It covers an area of almost 4000 sq.km. It is made up of numerous shallow lagoons known locally as kaye/s, river deltas, backwaters and shores of the Arabian Sea and is essentially a land of coconuts and rice. This area is very fertile and most of the paddy cultivation is along this area. Kuttanad region of Kerala is one of the very few places in India where cultivation is done below sea level. Water is the main mode of transportation in these areas. The Physiographic of Kerala is given in Figure 3.2. N w Altitude Sea Ie lOT TO SCALE Figure 3-2 Physiography of Kerala 3.13 RIVERS OF KERALA Kerala is a land abundant in water resources, which include rivers, lakes, backwaters, big and small ponds etc. Lion's share of the States water needs is supplied by the rivers. Kerala has 44 rivers of which 41 are west flowing and 3 east flowing. The west flowing rivers flow down the land and join the Arabian Sea or the backwater lakes which open into the sea. ® ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., ~~,j\~, 46 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Many of these rivers serve as inland waterways in many part of the State. Water from these rivers is used for irrigational purposes, drinking, hydro electric power production etc ... They also serve as grounds for inland fishing. Unlike the rivers of north India, which arise from the Himalayas and are both rain-fed and snow-fed, rivers of the south cannot be treated as a perennial source of water supply. This is because all these rivers are comparatively small and are entirely rain-fed with the result that many of them shrink into rivulets or dry up completely during hot seasons. 3.1.3.1 Lakes and Backwaters ofKerala Backwaters' or 'Lagoons' are shallow bodies of water separated from the open sea by land. Because of this separation from the sea, Backwaters are free from the pounding action of waves. Backwaters are one of the most alluring and economically valuable features of Kerala. These include lakes and ocean inlets, which stretch irregularly along the coast. . The biggest backwater is the Vembanad Lake with an area of 260sq.km. Secondly, the Ashtamudi, which covers an area of 55 sq.km. Sastamkota Lake is the largest natural fresh water lake of the state. It extends over an area of 4sq.km. Other important backwaters are Veli, Kadhinamkulam, Anjuthengu (Anjengo), Edava, Nadayara, Paravoor, Kayamkulam, Kodungallur (Cranganore) and Chetuva. The deltas of the rivers interlink the backwaters providing excellent inland waterways along the lower and costal areas of the state. Backwaters serve as hot spots of Kerala tourism. The picturesque lagoons and backwaters of the state, attracts a considerable number oftourists each year. Backwater tourism includes cruises on luxury houseboats, boating, boat races etc... Nehru Trophy boat race, one of Kerala's most famous boat races is held each year on the Punnamada backwaters of Alappuzha district. The map showing the Rivers of Kerala is given in Figure 3.3 * The length of the rivers is approximate measures and is likely to vary with time and season. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 47 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 ARABIAN SEA ~( Rivers r' . lakes and Reservoirs Ii! M:>unt.in. (j) CHANDRAGIRI 0 MUVATTUPUZHA Q) KUPPAM ® MANIMALA CD KA8ANI ® ACHANKOVIL Total No, of Rivers - 44 Longelt River - Periyor CD 8EYPdRE @) KALLADA No. 01 east ftowing Rivers - 3 ® 8HARATHAPUZHA @ ITTIKARA Lorgest &ockwoter - Vembonod ® PERIYAR @ ATTINGAL NOT TO 5 CALE Figure 3-3 Rivers of Kerala 3.1.4 SOIL PROFILE OF KERALA Kerala possess a wide range of soil types. These varied kinds of soils and the varying climatic conditions ranging from tropical, equable, hot, humid and dry enables the growth of an assortment of flora and other plantation crops. There is a variety of different soils including red, ferruginous, sandy, black, peat late ric and loamy soil in many parts of the State. The soil of South Western peninsula of India- Kerala is lateritic and very permeable like the soil of desert or arid regions. The soil is devoid of any humus and is unable to retain much water. However Alluvium soil is usually found along the banks of the main rivers and broadly in the lower basins of the Pampa and Periyar rivers. Besides these regions, alluvial deposits are also found in the paddy fields of Kerala. Sandy soil and loamy soils are found in the Coastal regions. Laterite soil is -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 48 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 found in the midland regions and highlands, Red soil in the Southern-most part of Kerala, Black soil in the Chittur Village of Palakkad district, Peat soil in Kuttanad district and Acidic Saline soil are found in the Kaipad areas. The district soil profile is given in Table 3.2. Table 3-2 District Soil Profile Fairly rich brown loam oflaterite • Sandy loam Western coastal region • Rich dark brown Eastern hilly parts of the district loam of granite Kollam • Sandy loam Karunagappally and part Kollam taluks • Laterite soil Kottarakkara , Kunnathur and parts of Kollam and taluks Pathanamthitta • Clay soil and Eastern hilly • Laterite soil Parts of Ranni and Kozhencheri taluks Alappuzha • Sandy loam I Karthikappally and parts of I Mavelikkara taluks I i • Sandy soil I Cherthala & Ambalappuzha taluks • Clay loam with Kuttanad much acidity • Laterite soil Chengannur and parts Kottayam • Laterite soil Parts of Changanacherry Kottayam taluks and Kanjirappally and Meenachil • Alluvial soil taluks. Vaikom taluk and of Changanacherry and ldukki • Laterite soil • Alluvial soil Ernakulam • Laterite soil Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam and part of Aluva and Kunnathunad taluks • Sandy loam Parur, Kochi and Kanayannur • Alluvial soil taluks Parts of Aluva and Kunnathunad taluks Thrissur • Sandy loam Part of Mukundapuram, Thrissur and Chavakkad taluks I • Laterite soil East~I"IlP.> 49 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 District Type ofSoil Details oflocation Western part of Thalappally • Clayey soil taluks • Alluvial soil i Back-water area of Chavakkad I and Mukundapuram taluks i, Portions of Chavakkad taluk - - - ji '------- i Palakkad • Laterite soil I Major part of the district ! • Black soil North-Eastern part of Chittur I l-~-.---.-.-.--. ---------------- -.-.-----.--.-------­ taluk i ! Malappuram • Laterite soil Interior region of the district-l __._._--_...... _­ -_._._.­ ;--_. • Salldysoil AI()I1g_thec::Qstal,lJelt ofth~. district j , Kozhikode • Laterite soil Major part of the district except coastal strip • soil Coastal Wayanad • Laterite soil Major part of the district • Loamy soil Valleys in the middle portion of Kannur • Laterite soil • soil Kasargod • Laterite soil • 3.1.5 CLIMA TE AND RAINFALL Compared to other Indian States, Kerala lies closer to the equator. Yet Kerala is bestowed with a pleasant and equable climate through out the year. This is because of the land's nearness to the sea and the presence of the fort like Western Ghats on the east. Kerala enjoys a balmy weather almost all through the year. It is neither too cold in the winter months nor too hot in summer. The warmer (>32°C) months are March-May and September-October. Mid-May to August is the monsoon period, and one can expect a wet time. In addition, June is also a windy month. The average annual rainfall of the State is estimated at 3000 mm. However, the spatial and temporal distribution pattern is mainly responsible for the frequent floods and droughts in Kerala. The average annual rainfall in the lowland of Kerala ranges from 900mm in the south to 3500 mm in the north. In the midland, annual rainfall ranges from 1400mm in the south to 4000 mm in the north. In the highlands, annual rainfall varies from 2500 mm in the south to about 6000 mm in the north. About 60% of the annual rainfall in the state is received during the South-West monsoon (June-August), 25% during North-East monsoon (September - November) and the remaining during the summer months. There are certain areas in the Attappady valley with only 600 mm annual average rainfall. Generally, the high ranges receive more rainfall than the other zones, mainly due to a phenomenon called orography-hills influencing rainfall. Areas on the eastern side of the Western Ghats have less rainfall and are rightly called 'rain-shadow' areas; the rainfall in regions close to the gaps, such as Palakkad is also comparatively less due to the escape of moisture-laden clouds through the gaps. While the temporal ® ",~~(". ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., ' 50 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 distribution of rainfall depends on the monsoon winds to a great extent, the spatial distribution depends on the configuration of land, especially the undulating topography of the ghats. Rainfall is the major source of ground water recharge and the rainfall pattern plays an important role on the water levels in the phreatic aquifers and to the deeper aquifers. 3.2 WATER RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT 3.2.1 SURFACE WATER RESOURCES The rivers of Kerala are monsoon fed and fast flowing. According to earlier estimates (PWD, 1974), the total runoff of the rivers of the State amounts to about 77,900 Mm3, of which 70,200 Mm3 , is from Kerala catchments and the remaining 7700 Mm 3, is from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu catchments. Table 3.3 gives the water potential of the river basins of the State. Kerala has 44 rivers, a river in Kerala is defined as a drainage channel, which is more than 15 Km in length. As per national norm, rivers with drainage areas of more than 20000 and 2000 sq.kms are called major and medium rivers respectively. Rivers with less than 2000 sq km are termed as minor rivers (Rao, 1979). With this national norm, Kerala does not have a single major river and has only 4 medium rivers (Chaliyar, Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Pamba), with a total drainage area of 8250 sq km. The remaining 40 rivers are only minor rivers with a total catchment area of 19,489sq.km. The total catchment area of all the 44 rivers together is only 28739 sq km. The total discharge of these rivers is 77900 Mm 3 • Table 3-3 Water potential of the river basins of Kerala , Chaliyar- Korappuzha - '~~l!~y!-=-I5~d a,_I_u~n_di___________+___~__ -----+-------------------+----------+--------------,1----------------1---­ _____________-; _ _ _ _ __ Tirur ,@. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 51 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 *East flowing Source: Water Resources oIKerola, PWD, 1974 Kerala has 44 rivers, a river in Kerala is defined as a drainage channel, which is more than 15 Km in length. As per national norm, rivers with drainage areas of more than 20000 and 2000 sq.kms are called major and medium rivers respectively. Rivers with less than 2000 sq km are termed as minor rivers (Rao, 1979). With this national norm, Kerala does not have a single major river and has only 4 medium rivers (Chaliyar, Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Pamba), with a total drainage area of 8250 sq km. The remaining 40 rivers are only minor rivers with a total catchment area of 19,489sq.km. The total catchment area of all the 44 rivers together is only 28739 sq km. The total discharge of these rivers is 77900 Mm3 . 3.2.1.1. Surface Water Quality The short, fast-flowing, monsoon-fed rivers of Kerala often encounter salinity intrusion into their lower stretches during the summer months. When the fresh water flow reduces, two major problems can occur in these water bodies: (i) salinity propagates more into the interior of the river and (ii) the flushing of the system becomes less effective. The pollution of the rivers is more severe in downstream. Majority of the Rivers in Kerala has Biochemical Oxygen Demand within 10 mg/I. Bacteriological contamination is one of the major water quality problems of the Kerala Rivers. Water quality ofthe rivers is presented in Table 3.4. ". ----------~--------------------------------------~----- , I I Implication for EMF "\ I I • Water quality of the rivers should be carried out periodically (once in 3 months) • Construction ofweirs/barrage/bunds across the rivers to prevent salt water , ingress. I • Safe sanitation technologies to be implemented to prevent the bacteriological , contamination of rivers. I ' ~----------------- --------------------------------------------~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 52 July 2011 <.~~"~>- Environmental Assessment and Environmental J~~!!!J!1!! Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Table 3-4 Water Quality of Rivers 0.28 0.32 6.575 107.25 5.4 0.385 i 1912 242 6.62 4218.33 0.73 1.48 5.59 12449 12089 ~-----r'---~----~-----~--"--~--------+~-~ .L.V..} 0.03 268 144 0.05 505 282 0.23 1425 288 t: 11l:tcl~1.U~~.(<::~el,!gal!t:)()r Mul1iciPilHt)'l. 6.45 40.25 __~:lhy (l'~GlkGl:t:!ty f>.il_I1s:h~~L_ 6.63 230.50 Meenachil River 6.68 48.50 !<:idangoo.r.tKida.Ilgoor Panchayat) Manimala River 7.08 0.67 0.00 712 466 Thom!c!~.il_lKuttoor PanchayatL_.___ _ -'-___......_...c,____. __ \i} ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., ~"..'j\•... 53 July 2011 <:5,<')::~';» Environmental Assessment and Environmental J..~~!!.!!!l!! Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 0.09 1204 302 0.39 310 6.32 103.05 0.39 0.14 645 125 6.30 125.46 1.34 2.18 0.43 0.12 954 344 0.60 0.12 266 76.75 5.95: 1.80 0.10 500 33 76.75 5.98 i 1.80 0.61 0.10 500 ® "·~·IV· . . ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ld ., t 54 July 2011 <{,:~':>;>::>! Environmental Assessment and Environmental J.~.M!!!.MIJ! Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 35 I Bharathaouzha River Kuttiouram i 7.53 118.75 6.78 0.40 0.18 0.08 918 478 7.63 161.25 7.05 0.40 0.19 0.10 1675 710 6.43 79.50 6.58 0.91 0.09 0.00 636 186 ~~---~-+--~ 36.4 1.14 0.10 0.00 -_ 280 _-------­ .. 6.125 1 0.1125 0.0025 820 236 55.08 0.53 0.23 394 7716.00 0.26 443 79.75 0.47 0.05 735 425 7.20 106.50 0.11 0.06 885 440 6.725 26.75 0.1975 0.035 180 40 183.75 0.05 400 232 20429.75 3.48 1.28 0.62 6.07 1190 560 0.14 0.11 750 0.93 0.00 232 Q13 275 178 ®AB C EnvIron S0 I · ,.~j,_"m . uUons Pvt. Ld ., t 55 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental fe.ii::ldhl Q/~ ....tfII(IbI....,..",~~ Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 58.50 7034.50 U \..110.,£,110.111 V 54 Kavai River Kuttiolpalam (Peralam 5.98 79.50 6.78 0.75 0.19 0.04 100 52 ~~_ ~-+_V_~_~ill~ag\,Le-L)__ 0.081~ 9i7--'~+ -----4 55 Neeleswaram River Hosdurg 7.13 18458.75 0.03 517 -_._---------­ . 820 1042 '"''')2 1900 1412 ---~ ...---~"-" .. _---+.. ._--_.. _,.. ---------­ 6.73 I 19885.25 . 5.23 1.15 0.18 0.06 2275 842 6.50 77.00 1.30 0.10 0.50 2535 2010 ----~-----~-- 7.23 19085.25 5.65 1.35 0.08 0.03 2785 1795 ~i 63 6.25 129.50 6.30 1.65 0.10 0.06 3860 2125 64 River Chandapura 5.98 51.25 ~.-~;--- 7.33 ! 0.90 0.21 0.04 340 195 (KandanClP.Cl}ly:yiIJage.l~ Source: Water & Air Quality DirectOlY, 2009 ® -'·i\~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 56 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 3.2.2 GROUND WATER RESOURCES Geologically 88% of the State is underlain by crystalline rocks of Archaean age, which is a part of the peninsular shield. The crystalline complex of Kerala is composed of charnockites, gneisses, schists, migmatites and rocks of the Wayanad supracrystals. Along the western portion of the State, the crystalline rocks are overlain by the sedimentary formations of Tertiary age and recent alluvial formations. The Tertiary sequence of formations have been divided into four beds viz. Alleppey, Vaikom, Quilon and Warkali, the age of which ranges from Eocene to Lower Miocene. Laterites of Sub­ recent age derived from the crystalline as well as sedimentary formations are seen all along the midlands. Along the coastal plains, sedimentaries and laterites are overlain by alluvium of recent age. (Source: Groundwater Year book of Kerala 2008-2009) 3.2.2.1 Occurrence o/Ground Water Ground water occurs under phreatic, semi-confined and confined conditions in the above formations. The weathered crystallines, laterites and alluvial formations form the major phreatic aquifers, whereas the deep fractures in the crystallines and the granular zones in the Tertiary sedimentary formations form the semi-confined and confined aquifers. Thick zones of weathered crystallines are seen along midland region. The depth to water level in the weathered crystallines in the midland area ranges from 3 to 16 mbgl. The midland area sustains medium capacity dug wells for irrigation. Along the hill ranges, the crystalline rocks are covered by thin weathered zone. Mostly dug wells that can cater to domestic needs are feasible along topographic lows. Bore wells tapping deeper fractured aquifer are feasible along potential fractures in the midland and hill ranges. Potential fractures are seen down to 240 mbgl and the most productive zone lies between 60 and 175 mbgl and the discharge of bore wells range between 36,000 and 1,25,000 lph. Of the four Tertiary beds, the two beds viz. the Vaikom and Warkali form potential aquifers. The oldest Alleppey beds contain brackish water as inferred from electrical logs, whereas the Quilon beds are poor aquifers. The Vaikom aquifer is seen all along the coast between Quilon and Ponnani and the piezometric surface ranges from 1 to 19 m above msl. The aquifer is extensively developed between Quilon and Kayankulam. The aquifer contains fresh water south of Karuvatta in Alleppey district and in isolated pockets in Ernakulam district. The annual flow in the aquifer is computed as 43 MCM, of which 10 MCM is brackish. The Warkali aquifer is seen south of Cochin. The piezometric head in the aquifer varies from 2.6 m above msl to 10 m below msl. The aquifer is largely developed in and around Alleppey. The annual flow in the aquifers is computed as 63 MCM and the draft is around 22 MCM. Laterites are the most widely distributed lithological unit in the State and the thickness of the formation varies from a few meters to about 30m. The depth to water level in the formation ranges from less than a meter to 25 mbgl. Laterite forms potential aquifers along valleys and can sustain medium duty irrigation wells with the yields in the range of 0.5 - 6 m3 per day. The alluvium forms potential aquifer along the coastal plains and ground water occurs under phreatic and semi-confined conditions in this aquifer. The thickness of this 3;> ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 57 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 formation varies from few meters to above 100 m. and the depth to water level ranges from less than a meter to 6 mbgl. Filter point wells are feasible wherever the saturated thickness exceeds 5 m. 3.2.2.2 Ground Water Availability Reliable estimates of the total ground water potential and its distribution over different regions of the state are basic information needed for formulating any plans for groundwater storage being replenished every year by the recharge to the aquifer system from the rainwater. Central Ground Water Board, State Ground Water Department, Central Water Commission and Centre for Water Resources Development and Management have estimated the ground water potential of the state. District wise Net Ground Water Availability as on March 2004 is given in Table 3.5. The net groundwater availability in the entire Kerala State is 6229.55 million cubic meter (MCM). ~~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 58 ,uly 2011 $ Tamil Nadu 10 o - WL Trend in m/yr -0.9000 ..-0.1000 -0.1000 ..-0.0500 9 -0.0500 .. 0.0500 - ! I 0.0500 ..0.1000 0.1000 ..0.9000 15 16 Figure 3·4 Pre-Monsoon Water Level Trend for the Period 1999·2008 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 61 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Map of Kerelill showing Post-monsoon Water Level Trend during 1999-2008 t TamIl Nadu WL Trend in mIyr _ -0.9000..-0.1000 l·je,..1 -0.1000. ·0.0500 [=:::J -0.0500..0.0500 [=:::J 0.0500 ..0.1000 _ 0.1000 ..0.9000 Figure 3-5 Post-Monsoon Water Level Trend for the Period 1998-2007 The hydrographs of villages in Kallam, Kannur, Wayanad, Kattayam and Palakkad districts Kerala are shown in Figures 3.6 to 3.11 H/.r09raph SJltJ Nllme : Edamol1 stBte: K(JrtlNl Di(Jtrict : KOLLAM Tahsil: ANCHAL Black: ANCHAL VIIJI1$J/fl : EdsMcm ---~ re ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m~ ~ m8 0 ~ S ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ g ~ g g g ~ ~ g g g g g ~ g g g g g g ~ g g Q C 0 Q Q Q Q Q Q 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 000 0 0 000 TIme I";~~"II.· 9 ___ PQsIMoI~-'-¥I P --l'reMorIMrLvlTrend P --PosIMonWtrLVlTrondl Ptl?~$OO" W:!hr~'I!!; T rn!. Y = 0 fJM2NX + £I.1iJ.J446 .. Post M;!nSOQn IMIWu-oIf' T~r;r;J· y '" OJJ01W3X +7.351312 Figure 3-6 Hydrograph ofGWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Laterites at Edamon, Kollam District ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 62 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi·2 Hft;irograph S/~ Name: Edakkl1,'u, ...,· T",,.r /.0..1 r",nd: Y = -0.00401.3); .. G.GO.~47 Post Mln""OI? l ., ., ., ., '" ., ., ., (0 en 0; en <» 0) 0) 0) ., " " " " 0" 0" 0 0" 0 0 0 (.) 0 Time Ip:~Pr~rLlII \\itor /.tit ..1 r",nd: Y = 0<00007ax + S]212.G f'igure 3-9 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Laterites at Vayittiri, Wayanad District Hydrograpll Site Name: Palai state <' Kerala District <'II,OTTAYAM Tallsil: PALA MUNICIPALITY Block ,< PALA MUNICIPALITY Village: Palai 8 ~ en <:> ro co ... '" "" .... en en ., 0 8! 8 C!) :g ~ I:; CD '" " lB ~ .... N Ii) ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 CD ., ., ., '" '" " " " " " CD 0; &l C1i CJ) en CJ) en 0 0 " ., " ., " ., &l ., " ., " " ., " ., " ., ., ., (.) (.) (.) (.) t.) t.) &l c &l c (.) c c c 0 c c 0 0 c c Q) Q) Q) Q) Q) Q) Q) &l 0 &l 0 &l &l c 0 !il 0 0 0 0 0 " c c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q) &l 0 Time P?'i~~iMtrLvI P ....:- PO$lMons~rLvl <. P-- PreMonlMrLvlTrend P-- Poslt.tonVlltrLvlTrend I P",Mm""Oflllllilor Lo'!f!1 r",nd: Y =-OQ/) Wllior Lo ..1rrond<' Y = 0< vvOQsax + 4.655788 Figure 3-10 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Laterites at Palai, Kottayam District ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 64 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 HydrO!Jrl1fJh Site Name: Paf!}kat State: !'.flrala District: PALAKKAD Tahsil: CHfTTUR Block: CHITTUR VJ1fa!}e: pal!}hat ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m mg p ~ 8 ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ c g ~ ~ g ceo 0 ~ c ~ 0 ~ ceo ~ g ~ 0 ~ 0 0 ~ g ceo c ~ g g ~ 0 g H ceo ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 2 c ~ 0 ~ c Time ~MJnsO'Vn IMtNr Lfove~ T..~nrI· Y =~O.()14418X ... 4.30"979 "".'it MmsoM ~ler ,".01 TtOfId.· Y = -0006071>; + 1.197875 Figure 3-11 Hydrograph of GWMW Tapping Phreatic Aquifer in Weathered Crystallines at Palakkad District From the hydrographs shown, it is observed that Edaman Village in Kollam District (Dec-79 to Dec-08), Edakad Village in Kannur District (Mar 90 to Feb 09) and Vayittri Village in Wayanad District (Dec 76 - Dec 08), the water table level is almost stable during premonsoon and post monsoon periods. There is no appreciable rise or fall irrespective of water table. From the hydrographs of Thekethukavala Village and Palai village in Kottayam District (Dec 76 - Dec 08), Chittur village in Palakkad District (Dec 78 - Dec 08), continuous fall of water table is observed. This shows the extraction of ground water is more for agricultural and industrial purposes. 3.2.2.4 Categorization ofBlocks Out of 151 numbers of assessed blocks,S blocks are Over- exploited, 15 blocks are Critical, 30 are Semi-critical and 101 blocks are Safe. The long-term water level trends of pre and post-monsoon were taken to categorize the blocks. Some of the blocks have shown a lesser stage of development but the groundwater level is showing a sharp decline some times more than 10 em/year. Table 3.6 gives the district wise break up of categorization of the blocks and its pictorial representation are given in Figure 3.12. The stage of ground water development and water level trend for the selected District and the block-wise figures are given in Annexure 3. Table 3-6 District Wise breal< Up of Categorization of the Blocks WRT Ground water Utilization ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 65 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi.2 S,No District No. of blocks in each category Semi Over Safe Critical Total critical ex Joited 4 Alappuzha 12 - - - 12 5 Kottayam 11 - - - 11 6 Idukki 5 2 1 - 8 7 Ernakulam 7 4 4 - 15 8 Thrissur 12 4 - 1 17 9 Palakkad 6 2 3 1 12 10 Malappuram 5 8 1 14 11 Wayanad 2 1 - - 3 12 Kozhikode 8 1 2 1 12 13 Kannur 7 - 2 - 9 14 Kasargod 12 - 1 4 Kerala State 101 30 15 5 151 Source: Dynamic Ground Water Resources of gem/o, Ground Water Department & Central Ground Water Board (2008) CATEGORISATION Of BLOCKS 1:1 12 IJO 11 00 10 00 Legend Safe _ Semlerllieal os 00 o CfltJcal • Ovarexptolled 75 00 76 00 Figure 3-12 Categorization*of the Blocks ® ,·-1(:- ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 66 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z Source: Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Kerala, Ground Water Department & Central Ground water board. (2008) , ------------------------- ~, I \ I I Implications for EMF \ I I I • Integrated water shed management at micro level to enhance ground I I water recharge, minimize soil erosion and promote green cover. I • Guidelines for sustainability of ground water sources are given in Annexure II. • Appropriate legislations to be enforced to regulate ground water abstraction/prevent water mining and minimize wasteful consumption. I I 3.2.3 WATER SCENARIO IN KERALA Though Kerala is endowed with 44 rivers tanks and wells, backwaters, innumerable rivulets and streams, highest rainfall, yet there is problem related to water throughout the State. The annual yield of water in Kerala in normal year is around 7030 crore CUM. The ground water resource available in Kerala is estimated at 7048 MCM. As per rough estimate of projected demand, 3000 crore CUM is required for agriculture, 750 crore CUM for domestic use, 1220 crore CUM for prevention of salt water intrusion. The total requirement is 4970 crore CUM. Nearly 40 % of available water resources are lost as run off. The pattern of demand is also undergoing gradual but continuous changes towards increasing pressure for drinking and other domiciliary needs and decreasing demand for irrigation. Specific problems in the study area are presented as Annexure 4. Major problems related to water are • Saline water ingress in shallow alluvial aquifer in coastal areas • Water logging in areas bordering backwater lagoons during rainy seasons • Acute water scarcity in many districts during summer months • qroundwater contamination due to effluent discharge from industries, solid waste dumping and improper sanitation • Contamination of surface water due to direct discharge of effluent into water body • Tapping of deep confined aquifer for drinking water supply resulting in excess fluoride concentration in water. • Extension coastal erosion leading to degradation of groundwater quality • Pesticide contamination in surface waters of Kasargod District • Iron contamination is found throughout the State but more predominant in Palakkad, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Kasargod and Kollam Districts • Nitrate contamination is predominant in Malappuram and Kannur Districts • Bacteriological contamination is seen through out the State. ® ABe EnVIron SoI ' ,__ j\'W . utions Pvt. Ltd., 67 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi.2 The Figure 3.13 shows the prominent environmental hotspots of chemical and biological contamination in the State. The Table 3.7 gives an overview of the contaminated habitations in all the Districts in Kerala with respect to Fluoride. Arsenic, iron, Salinity and Nitrate. The Table 3.8 presents the quality of well water in selected places in Kerala. During site visit water samples were collected and analyzed for quality. The analysis reports are presented as Annexure 5. Results of Analysis reports • Bore well samples collected from Kottukal coastal area, Eruthenpathy (ward 1) are high in TDS and require some treatment for TDS removal. • Water samples collected from Moolakara (Kottukal) canal,Kurumana well, Kaniyanthodu (Thirukovilvattam), Velayani lake, Ezhupunna market bore well, Aanithara well (Wayanad), Janakiya well (Malappuram), Puduchola well (Sulthan Bathery), Kanjambadi bore well (Enmakaje), Chanakuzhi bore well, Mupli bore well (Kodom Belur) have higher levels of iron & turbidity. Proper treatment has to be provided for removal of iron from these sources. • Samples collected from Moolakara canal (Kottukal), Manichera well (Sulthan Bathery), have higher levels of nitrate and require removal of the same for the source. • Samples from Velayani lake (Kaliyoor) & Kongerithodu (Ezhupunna) indicate organic contamination, due to increased COD values. • Samples collected from bore well of Eruthenpathy (Ward-i) indicate higher values of fluoride and needs defluoridation. • Samples collected from open well & pond in Eriyad, open well in Enmakaje, open well in Jawahar Colony (Sulthan Bathery) is well within the limits as per IS10500:1991 and can be used as such. Table 3-7 Groundwater Quality Affected Habitations Source: j)W~"S Website ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 68 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 ~ AFFECTED BY ENDOSULFAN >I< AFFECTED BY SALINITY . . . , AFFECTED BY NITRATE ITIIIJ--; AFFECTED BY IRON O-t AFFECTED BY FLUORIDE >I< The villages in the Kasargod district includes Bellur ,Enmakaje panchayat, Muliyar. Periye. Cheemeni, Pedre and Adhur. Figure 3-13 Environmental Hotspots ofGmundwater Contamination in Kerala ~*----------------------------------------------------------, ; / " , / Implications for EMF \ : • Improvement of drainage courses to ensure effective drainage by channeling : : the flood flow. I • Disinfection of water to eliminate organic contamination. • Periodical maintenance of OHT, pipelines and pumps to ensure continuous supply of water. • Programme related to hygine education & awareness to keep the area around traditional water sources clean is essential. • Defluoridation technologies to be adopted in fluoride contaminated areas. , \ . • ", Iron removal plants to be installed in areas affected by iron. RO plants to be installed for removal ofTDSj salinity. ,I I / --------------------------- -------- --- ----------------~ " ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 69 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 Table 3-8 Water Quality of Wells in Kerala uram 2. Well at Nedumangad, near 6.5 184-300 0-6-1.9 i 0.6-1.76 10-60 0 Nedumangad govt.hospital I I in Thiruvananthapuram I district. I3 Open well near Kundara 4.8-5.1 148-182 0.8-2.3 3.2-4.9 540- 350-400 1 • I ! i ceramic factory in Kollam 880 i I district. 1 4 . Open well near KMML. 7.4-7.9 495-2360 0.6-0.8 1.5-6.8 400­ 240-860 I Kollam district. 1800 15. Well located at Kureepuzha 6.5 238-543 0.4-0.7 4.1-8.2 280­ 140-170 near I Kollam 1000 6. Well station located at 4.5-5.9 298-400 0.4-0.7 2.9-9.4 170­ 130-210 Punalur near Kallada river 440 in Kollam district. 7. Public well located near 6.5-7.2 111-273 0.2-0.4 0.4-0.7 10­ 3-500 Fathimapuram municipal 700 waste dump site in Prunna village, Changanasserry taluk in district. 8. Open well at Lalam village, 5.9-6.4 66-110 0.3-0.4 0.9-2.9 10-90 6-60 Meenachi taluk in Pala municipality in Kottayam district. 9. Public well located in 5.4-7.2 1.6-111 0.3-0.5 1.06-3.5 160­ 100-400 Nadavilla Village, Vaikom 500 municipality near Vaikom municipality waste 10 located at 5.4-7.2 1.6-111 0.3-0.5 1.06-3.5 160­ 100-400 Vadavathoor in 500 Vijayapuram village, Kottayam taluk near Kottayam municipality '11 station at 7-7.6 152-153 1.2-2 0.46-0.5 330­ 50-240 i in Cherthala 700 - [ zha district. -I112 located at 7-7.1 in 180-192 0.5-1.2 0.22-0.6 240­ 1600 50-400 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 70 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 l---TKalavoor Panchayat near-'- "1'-" I --r-----,---'----,------'-. I ' municipal dump site yard of . I~ ~-?i Alappuzha municipality., I 13 . Well located at VytilIa in 6.8-7.2 1468~523 i l___ I Kochi corporation in. L 1.1-1.5 b ---1r----1-----1' 2.56-7.6 10­ 850 0-420 Ernakulam district 114 I Open well located 'at Edayar 5.4:~ 174~9-2-~-0.5-- 2.6-3.-2-rSO----I'--0-.'-14-0-·-·--l·, I I near industrial area in . Kadungalloor Panchayat in ' Ernakulam district. ! I ' ,_, ,_ L ,310 . J__ ---+_____--I I 15 Well at Brahmapuram in 6.3-6.6 I 372-900 1.2-1.8! 0.56-1 I 280­ 120-340'- Vadavukode Puthencruz ! 1600 Panchayat in Ernakulam district near municipal solid I _~3 m) to prevent direct contact of human excreta I I I with the ground water can be taken up. : • Guidelines on Solid and Liquid Waste Management are given in Annexure 17. I --------------------- -------------------------------- ------- .­ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 79 ,uly 2011 ~ Environmental Assessment and Environmentai J~~~!!!lJ! Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Table 3·9 Sanitation coverage of the BPL families 2472 1570 4042 3 Kollam 939 939 4702 4 Alappuzha 2609 1717 5 2487 1213 5164 5164 233 893 893 11 233 3203 3203 92.72557 7.27443 12 1442 1442 3777 3777 61.82155 38.17845 --­ ~-- . -----..----..- - - . Kasargod 421 2721 5249 3142 6550 19.8626 80.1374 ------­ 880 2528 Source: DWSS ® ..• ,\ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 80 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 3.5 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Groundwater has been the major source of water for drinking, irrigation and industrial uses in Kerala. Due to large-scale extraction of groundwater for irrigation, combined with increasing demands in other sectors due to population and industrial growth, the aquifers are under stress. For a large number of rural households which are dependent on dug wells, the declining and fluctuating groundwater levels are adversely affecting the water supply. There are complaints from the community that some of these sources go dry during summer season (dry period) and the public supply from various sources is inadequate. The problem is very acute in coastal areas (for ego Thiruvananthapuram), where traditional dug well sources are saline and the service level from the existing water supply schemes is meager. Declining water table (for e.g. Palakkad) is observed to be an emerging phenomenon in some parts of the state. In cases where the water supply is from river or canal, it is adversely affected during the periods of river! canal non flow !maintenance shutdown. The decline in water level has been confirmed in some parts of all districts of Kerala. Increase in ground water draft is the major cause for this phenomenon. It is also observed that competing demands for agricultural and domestic purpose are leading to increase use of 'pumps' for lifting water from traditional sources, in addition to bore wells. This increasing pressure of demand for water is not keeping in pace with the annual replenishable recharge of ground water reserves. Environmental Issues specific to the study area (14 Districts) are presented in FGD Status Report Annexure 7. ® ~w)( .• _ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 8l July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 4.1 INTRODUCTION The EMF is an environmental management tool to define criteria, methodologies, tools and procedures, to be applied throughout the Jalanidhi - 2 project implementation, in order to serve people with protected water supply and to provide adequate sanitation facilities. An analysis of the baseline environmental situation, observations during site visits, discussions with State, district and GP level functionaries as well as the Focused Group Discussions have identified the key environmental issues. These issues mainly relate to, a. Inadequate or disrupted water supply b. Bacteriological contamination of surface and ground water quality. c. Presence of Salinity, Iron and Fluoride concentrations exceeding the permissible levels in drinking water. d. Lack of sanitation facilities. e. Inadequate Solid Waste Management These environmental issues need to be addressed in the project planning, design and implementation. For this purpose an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been developed. 4.2 OBJECTIVES OF EMF The proposed Jalanidhi - 2 Project will finance investments in rural water supply and sanitation improvement schemes to serve the rural population in Kerala. The project interventions are, therefore, expected to result in public health benefits in the rural communities through improved quality and delivery levels of RWSS services. Some of the main environmental health benefits expected under the project include: increased and better quality water supply for drinking, cooking, washing, bathing and cleaning purposes; time and energy savings through providing water supply closer to homes; improvements in personal hygiene and village sanitation levels; and reduced fecal oral contamination of drinking water resulting in lower occurrence of diseases. In order to ensure that the environmental issues are systematically identified and addressed in the various stages of the implementation of subprojects, an EMF has been developed with the following objectives: • To design a set of procedure, delineate the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and institutional structure in the implementation of sub projects along with the capacity building and staffing requirements for mainstreaming environmental management in project implementation processes • To provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmental impacts at the different stages of the scheme cycle • To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental issues -~ ABe Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 82 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 4.3 LIST OF REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO JALANIDHI- 2 4.3.1 WATER ,. Kerala Ground Water Act, 2002 • Prohibits digging of well, without permission, for any purpose within 30m from any drinking water source from where water is pumped for public purpose. • For extraction of ground water, energized pump with capacity not more than 1.5 HP for open wells, and 3 HP for tube wells, bore wells and dug­ cum-bore wells should be used ;,. Water Act, 1974 • Prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of polluting matter • Restrictions on new outlets and new discharges into inland water bodies or on land ,. Kerala Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1986 • Any person who unlawfully draws or takes or uses water from a public hydrant shall be punishable. • Punishment will be given to the persons for tapping or making illegal connection from main or service pipes. , Water Cess Act 1977 • Water extraction from ground or surface will include levy and collection of cess 4.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ;. Environmental Protection Act 1986 • The Central Government has issued norms to improve the quality of environment by setting standards for emissions and discharges, regulation in location of industries, management of hazardous waste and protection of public health ,. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011 • Harvesting or drawal of ground water and construction of mechanisms within 200 m of HTL is prohibited. • Harvesting or drawal of ground water shall be permitted in the 200 ­ 500 m zone only when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries • Withdrawal of ground water is permitted, where no other source of water is available in the zone between 50 to 200 m from HTL in case of seas, bays and estuaries and within 200 m from HTL in case of creeks and backwaters (when done manually through ordinary wells or hand pumps for drinking and domestic purposes) with approval from an ~~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 83 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 authority designated by the State Government or Union Territory Administration. , Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 • The baseline data of ground water quality in the area shall be collected and kept in record for future reference before establishing any landfill site. • The ground water quality within 50 m of the periphery of landfill site shall be periodically monitored to ensure that the ground water is not contaminated beyond acceptable limit as decided by Ground Water Board or State Board or the Committee. • The monitoring shall be carried out to cover different seasons in a year. • Usage of ground water in and around the landfill sites for any purpose (including drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its quality. , Kerala Municipality Building Rules 2004 • Rainwater harvesting arrangements has to be provided and is an integral part of all new building constructions like residential (floor area ~100m2 and plot area~ 200 m2), educational, medical, assembly, office. 4.3.3 NATURAL HABITAT CONSERVATION ; Forest Conservation Act 1980 & amendment in 1988 • Implication of water supply and sanitation projects in forest areas should neither affect the ecology and health of forests, nor the welfare or rights of people residing in the forests, nor management structures for protection and conservation of forests. • Clearance is required form Forest department, when forest land is required for project activities. i"'- Wildlife Protection Act 1972, amendment 1991 • Kerala has 53 designated natural habitats (including 2 Biosphere Reserves,S National Parks, 17 Wild life/Bird sanctuaries, 1 Community Reserve, 2 Tiger Reserve & 28 Mangrove sights) • Activities pertaining to water supply & sanitation in these areas are to be restricted , Ramsar Convention, 1972 • Any scheme near Vembanad lake covering an area of 1512sqm, Ashtamudi lake the second largest wetland and deepest among the estuaries and Sasthamkotta lake of Kollam District are to be implemented with care to protect these lakes against contamination. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 84 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 'T National Wetland Conservation Programme 1985-86 • Implementation of schemes under Jalanidhi-2 near Vembanad (Alappuzha, Kottayam, Ernakulam and Thrissur), Asthamudi (Kollam), Sasthamkotta (Kollam), Kottuli (Kozhikode) and Kadalundi (Kozhikode and Malappuram) wetlands should not affect them. " OP I BP 4.04 Natural Habitats • Prohibits financing of projects involving "significant conversion of natural habitats" unless there are no feasible alternatives and requires EA with mitigation measures. " OP I BP 4.36 FOl'estry • Require permission from Forest department, if any scheme of Jalanidhi - 2 is located in forest areas. Appropriate environmental mitigation measures have to be implemented. • Any felling of trees in forest I non forest area is done with the permission of Forest department and in accordance with guidelines for compensatory afforestation. 4.4 LIST OF TECHNICAL GUIDELINES The following is the list oftechnical guidelines I details given in the Annexure. ~ Guidelines for Sanitary Survey -Annexure 8 ~ Guidelines for Identification of Water Supply Sources - Annexure 9 ~ Recuperation Test - Annexure 10 ~ Guidelines for Sustainability of Water Sources - Annexure 11 ~ Methods for Disinfection of Water - Annexure 12 ~ Sanitary Protection of water supply sources, wells & springs - Annexure 13 ~ Mitigation measures for Fluoride Contamination - Annexure 14 ~ Selection of Safe Sanitation Technologies - Annexure 15 ~ Recommended construction practice for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines - Annexure 16 ~ Guidelines for Solid and Liquid Waste Management - Annexure 17 4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEMES AND ENVIRONMNETAL CODES OF PRACTICES In order to classify the water supply schemes and to address the environmental aspects of water supply or sanitation improvement interventions, the EMF requires the basic environmental data which includes the details of water supply schemes, source of water supply, water quality problem, proposed water treatment, sanitation facilities, sullage conveyance, treatment and disposal, solid waste disposal etc., For this purpose, Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) for schemes on water supply, sanitation, solid and liquid waste management etc., have been formulated. The EDS will be compiled at the field data collection stage of the proposed water supply and sanitation scheme. The formats of the EDS are given in Annexure 18. The GPE of the RPMU fills up the EDS in consultation with the SO Engineers and BG. Later, it will be approved by SE of the RPMU. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 85 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 The Schemes are classified from the environmental point of view as follows and screening tool for categorization of new schemes under Jalanidhi-2 is presented in Annexure 19_ • Category I (low impact), • Category II (medium impact) and • Category III (high impact) The Jalanidhi-2 will also include rehabilitation of KWA implemented water supply schemes. Since these schemes are already in place, the environmental impact due to rehabilitation is not expected to be of any significant level, these are considered as Simple Schemes. However, if an impact of significant magnitude is identified they will be addressed suitably with a proper EMP. Accordingly; the projects are classified into Low, Medium and High impact category. The next step after the categorization is environmental assessment and mitigation planning. Two possible steps are: Step A: A regulatory screen or filter, based on prevailing and applicable regulations, may be applied to determine if any regulation is contravened by any aspect of the given sub-project. In case this is so, the sub-project has to be rejected or refused environmental approval. Step B: This is to be taken up only if the proposed sub-project successfully passes through the regulatory filter. The proposed number of water supply schemes under Jalanidhi -2 is as follows: Small Water Supply Schemes 6018 Large Water Supply Schemes 10 Multi - GP Schemes (river based) - 3 Total No. of schemes 6031 The environmental code of practices for water supply and sanitation for Jalanidhi-2 are presented in Annexure 20. 4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL Based on the category under which a given sub-project is classified, suitable and commensurate environmental assessment and mitigation planning procedures should be applied. The procedures could vary for different categories. ~ Forlow impact category (Category I), a set of very simple mitigation steps have to be incorporated in the project plan based on the environmental codes of practice and technical guidelines. ~ Formedium impact category (Category II), possibly a limited environmental appraisal can be undertaken either through RPMU or an environmental consultant. This may pertain to collection of information on source, sanitation, quality of water etc, and its analysis for environmental implication. Please refer Annexure 21 for LEA format. ® *.~)(: .• ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 86 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 ).> For high impact category (Category III), a full-fledged environmental appraisal to be conducted through an environmental consultant. In this case, the EMF would recommend a ToR and consultant profile for hiring such an expert. Please refer the TOR in the Annexure 22. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Category I schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS). The GPE of the RPMU will ensure this. The Detailed project Report (DPR) for Category II & III schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) as well as the environmental appraisal. The SE of RPMU will ensure this. Environmental appraisal study for any category of water supply scheme as specified by KRWSA shall be conducted and reported to the respective RPMU of KRWSA within a month from the date of awarding of the contract. The period required for Environmental Appraisal of individual project falling under Category III is as follows: Field visit - 7 days Preparation of Report 15 days Submission of report and discussion - 7 days Approval of the scheme - 12 days Total - 41 Working days. The Figures 4.1 and 4.2 show the Process Flow Diagram Pertaining to Low & Medium Impact and High Impact Category Projects respectively. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 87 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Figure 4-1 Process Flow Diagram for schemes pertaining to Low & Medium Impact Category Project Process Activity EMF Activity Responsibility Formation of BG and mobilization of communities ( SO ] ~ Preparation of Situation Analysis Report ( SO ] + . Community Consultations & Field data collection for design Completion of I GPE 1 of scheme (GPE and SO) Environmental Data Sheet + ~ Preparation of rough cost estimate Environmental Classification of Scheme r SE ofRPMU ] (by OPE of RPMU) ! ! r GPE ofRPMU Preparation of DPR Environmental Appraisal and Evaluation J (by GPE of RPMU) I ~ Description of low ( ) Administrative & Technical environmental f---. Impact ,. GPE ofRPMU approval (by SE of RPMU) mitigation measures specific Medium ! to the scheme r LEA 1 r GPE ofRPMLJ ] Preparation, approval and issue of Notice inviting l J quotations for community contracting r Engineers of l RPMU ~ Implementation of Scheme (By Engineers of RPMU) The ICR needs to include the compliance certificate that designed environmental ~ H mitigation measures (including GPE ofRPMU Implementation Completion Report U construction implemented. stage measures) were J Water quality monitoring as per protocol; IEC on personal& public Operation and Maintenance phase hygiene, environmental sanitation BG/SO & water conservation -@. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 88 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Figure 4-2- Process Flow Diagram for schemes pertaining to High Impact Category Project Process Activity EMF Activity Responsibility ~ Formation of BG and mobilization of communities 1 Preparation of Situation ~ Analysis Report Community Consultations & .r Completion of 1. l Environmental Data Sheet J J GPE Field data collection for l design of scheme (GPE & SO) ~ Environmental I r SLC ] l Classification of Scheme J I • Preparation of rough cost [ estimate (GPE of RPMU) J IaEnvironmentaJ Appraisal Envt. Manager/ and Evaluation (High Impact Engg. ofRPMU Preparation of DPR Catego ry Projects) ~ (by SLC) Administrative & Technical l J ( D (T) ofPMU ) approval (D-T of PMU) Preparation, approval and issue of Detailed Notice inviting Tender / ( D (T) of PMU ) bid documents Engineers of Implementation of Scheme ] RPMU The ICR needs to include the compliance certificate that designed environmental Implementation Completion mitigation measures (including Report construction stage measures) were Engineers of implemented. r'f--1 RPMU Water quality monitoring as per Operation and protocol; IEC on personal& public Maintenance phase hygiene, environmental sanitation & 14 ( SLC IBG ) water conservation ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 89 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 4.7 INSTlTUTlONALARRANGEMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT The personnel and agencies with the responsibility for environmental management will be located as follows in the project institutional structure: 1. The KRWSA will be staffed with technical unit for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 2. The State Project Management is headed by Directors who provide guidance and technical support to RPMU Engineers 3. Each of the RPMU will be staffed with a Senior Engineer (Technical Unit) and will appoint Engineers to each ofthe Gram Panchayats. 4. A panel of technical experts at the State and district level will be constituted to provide technical support to PMU and RPMU. The suggested Institutional Arrangement for implementation of EMF is presented in the Table 4.1. Table 4-1 Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of EMF Kerala Rural Ensure overall implementation of I Water Supply the EMF in the project and b. Arrange funds and human resources Sanitation required for implementing the EMF. Agency c. Ensure that recommendations from (KRWSA) supervision and monitoring are integrated into the project and the EMF is updated periodically as necessary . d. Recruit external experts for conducting Environmental Audit and ensure that the relevant II recommendations are integrated into the project. e. Selection of suitable expert for conducting detailed appraisal for. Category III schemes and i preparation of Detailed Appraisal i Sheet with the help of RPMU to identify the environmental impacts and on measures. Region Regional a. Carry out regular monitoring and • SE, SOE and Project supervision of the EMF GPE of RPMU, Management implementation through appropriate District Level Unit (RPMU) mechanisms (and report the same to environmental KRWSA and RPMU as necessary) Expert b. Supervising the accuracy of the environmental appraisal conducted by SOE, GPE of RPMU as part of the scrutiny of the schemes including checking if the screening is accurate, if the Environmental Data Sheet ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 90 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 (EDS) has been filled in as required. c. Evaluation of EDS and categorize the scheme into one of the categories l, II or III d. Conduct supervision visits to 20 % of the completed schemes twice in a year (in coordination with the SO / GPE) e. Provide technical advice and guidance on environmental management and environmental policies to SO, GPs & BGs f. Ensure capacity building of all stakeholders in environmental management g. Design and implement IEC campaigns on environmental management h. Maintain a database consisting of relevant baseline environmental information of the district, environmental appraisal of the various ongoing and completed schemes, findings of supervision etc., i. Coordinate with institutions, agencies and individuals relating to i environmental management ·1' including the regional offices of the KRWSA, Forest Department etc., , j. Collect, collate and publish data on EMF implementation in the project. k. Environmental management and monitoring of sector projects at the I GP level I , . 1. Sensitizing the public I I Jjepresentatives, officials and the I Ii general public about the provisions I ; - - _ ••• _ _ ••• _ _ _ •• _ _ _ • of the EMF • ••• _ _ _ m I 1 _ ,_ _.._ I Gram Supporting a. Participation in preparation of ' President of I (SO), ' b e enclosed with DPR. GPE, SE of Regional II· b. Deliberate on environmental I. ! RPMU I Project ,safeguards relevant to the schemes I i Management I and adopt the same during I I Unit (RPMU)! construction and implementation. ! ''c. Certitying the implementation ofthe . I environmental mitigation measures ' - -_ _ _ m~ ----L_~~part of the Implementation _ _ _"'---_ __ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 91 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z Completion Report (ICR) d. Facilitate lEC activities regarding water conservation, sanitation and hygiene among he villagers e. Liaison with forest department, KSPCB and other related departments at scheme level for ensuring implementation of identified mitigation measures (permissions, technical support etc.,) f. Provide support to the RPMU in the supervision, monitoring and audit activities of the EMF g. Training should to be given in conforming to the EMF requirements in operation and maintenance of 4.8 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING DURING IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PHASES EMF will ensure that, a. The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including construction stage measures) are adequately implemented by the respective identified agency as per the responsibility matrix. b. Supervision, monitoring and evaluation of water quality and environmental indicators is conducted, as a part of the overall project monitoring program c. lEC activities are undertaken for awareness raising and sensitization regarding personal and public hygiene, environmental sanitation, and water conservation, as an integrated component of the project IEC activities. 4.9 ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN The implementation of water supply and sanitation schemes is likely to result into varying level of environmental impacts that would require supervision and monitoring. The environmental monitoring and supervision will be undertaken to, • Ensure that mitigation measures have actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice. • Provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of preparation of this EA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures • Provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future similar projects. The list of district laboratories and contact details for water testing are presented in Table 4-2. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 92 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 Table 4-2 District Laboratories fOl- Water Testing with Contact Details . Asst.Engineer, I District Ernakulam • QC district lab, QC district lab, pump. M.E.Joseph, . 04842623476 Aluva junction, KWA, Aluva- I AE . 683001 3 Ernakulam State referral State referral institute, Jolly • 0484 2702278 I institute for Nettoor P.O, Maradu-' Thomas,EE : water 682040 QC District Lab, QC District lab, KWA, Aby.M. I 04862232388 I Painavu Idukki Regional lab, II QC Sub Division, KWA, 0497 2704380 Kannur Thana Kannur QC District Lab, QC District Lab, KWA, Assistant 04994255542 · Kasargod i Vidya Nagar Kasargod Engineer +~~~-~~::-~--~"-~~-~-'I-'~ ..--~~~-~.- ..-.... --~--.~ . .~.-~~-j-. -~~. .~~~~~-. . . . . . .- . . .-.--.. . ~~.-. ~.-~~-.-... - ~. -~. . -. --.- . --.. . . . . -+-- --.. ~ ... -.....--.-.._.-.. -_... ... . . 1 : QC District Lab, i QC District Lab, QC I A.Hasheer AE 9446048648 + ...__....~~.~~__..~__._~_~~~. +'.. cK_:::.:::oc:ll,..cac.m::.:~. __._. . ___ ..~.+_~£~!2!}LIfQ!~C!!!!___.__...._+.__.~ ___....____.. ~_ .-i-..•.- .. --.-.....-.-.. -.--~ · QC District Lab, I QC District Lab, Office of : Suresh I , 0481 2309911 Kottayam I the AE, QC District Lab, Babu.G, AE I Kottayam. i 9 Kozhikode . Divisional Lab, I Divisional Lab, QC I Executive 04952374570 · Kozhikode • Division, KWA, '1' Engineer , I Malaparamba, I ---4 Kozhikode-673 0 0 9 ' I i ~ 110 Malappuram I QC District Lab,lQC District Lab,KWA I Assistant 04832738735 I I I _.l........ IIMalappuram Kottakunnu, I Malappural1! J.ngineer ~~ I' r 11 Palakkad QC District Lab, i QC District Assistant ----ro. 049102547557 ! I l I --~~-+--~.---- tta Palakkad.: Lab,KWA,Kalmandapam, Engineer --;- - - - - - - - - I 12 I Pathanamthi i QC Regional I Palakkad I ----.-- I Lab, Thiruvalla. I of the AEE, QC Sub . ~_.___i___~_~ I QC Regional Lab, Office Roy George I 0469 2625050 : . ; ---------~-"In:----- i3 '-I-Thir~va~an't-" i-QC ---- DiVi~io-nal-: ~fiS6Ti;s~:~~Y~!k---QC 'P.K Sreevasa~~- r-- 04712-3-29105 -; I hapuram I Lab, I Sub Division, i AE i fi~hrisSUr-- ~;~~:;;a~;:~;na:::::~am~b.:A5siStaOt__ 0497 27043BO~ ',1 LI I 1 I fhnssur. ! KWA, ExecutIve I I I Kiz~akkumpattukara, Engineer~ [i5L I I I . I Thnssur.. i . I wayanad----I QC District Lab'Ji QC Lab, KWA, Assistant Dist~ict I 04936202594-1 _1..... i Kalpetta. KalpE?tta, Wayanadu , Enginee~ . J ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 93 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 In Jalanidhi-l, water quality monitoring was being done three times: at the time of yield test of the source, at commissioning and third time during operation phase. The BGs were required to test the samples at least twice in a year at the nearest district laboratory of KWA. This did not happen in majority schemes. Both CCDU and TSC are carrying out IEC to create awareness about the water quality and are distributing water test kits to the schools and the community and training the students. KRWSA will also train GOK's National Rural Health Mission-ASHA workers in water quality testing as being done in other states. In Jalanidhi-2, KRWSA will entrust KWA to monitor water quality in water supply schemes. The WQM in the project will include: (i) Anganwadi or ASHA workers will check daily for residual chlorine (ii) KWA will collect water samples at least twice in a year and analyze water quality at district level in KWA labs and inform the BGs/ GP to take corrective actions where required. Water quality surveillance will be done at local level through GOK's National Rural Health Mission- ASHA workers or Anganwadi workers and at district level by health department. Table 4-3 Recommended Monitoring Plan 2. Internal Supervision RPMU 3 Other Monitoring Health Department of GoK or District. Once every 6 National Rural Health Mission. ASHA or months "crO:>""ATo:>ni workers. 4.10 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING The State currently has limited capacity for environmental management. The training and capacity building program developed for the project aims at building environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as well as in the intended target communities. The training programs for the staff in the project agencies at various levels as well as for the village communities will be organized. The capacity building for environment management will be integrated with overall capacity building component of the project with the following objectives: ~ To build and strengthen the capability of rural water and sanitation agency institutions (KRWSA, KWA) and other partners (NGOs, contractors and Supporting Organisations) to integrate sound environmental management in water and sanitation services. ~ To orient the service delivery of staff and GP representatives to the requirements of the projects' Environmental Management Framework. ~ Systematic capacity building initiatives will be introduced only after the completion of training needs assessment. ~ The training will be of Cascade mode. All the trained staff and other will in turn conduct further trainings at State, District and Gram Panchayat levels for improved service delivery. . ~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 94 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidbi-2 Both SO engineers and engineers employed by KRWSA to work in the project in GPs, Regional and state PMUs will require capacity building for survey, design, preparation of designs, drawings and cost estimates for the water supply schemes by using computer-oriented tools. Apart from other institutions, KRWSA will use the services of KWA for training of engineers. 4.10.1 TECHNICAL TRAINING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT A specific training program for the key officials of the project, focused on the procedural and technical aspects of environmental assessment and management will be developed. This training would be mandatory for the BG, SO Engineers and GP Engineers and SE of RPMU and SPMU. The training will involve initial orientation, main training program and refresher training programs. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, where as the initial orientation workshop will be of duration of one day. Some specialized institutions identified for training are CWRDM : Centre for Water Resources Development and Management CGWB : Central Ground Water Board DSTE : Department of Science, Technology and Environment (Govt of Kerala) GWD : Ground Water Department (of Kerala) KSPCB : Kerala State Pollution Control Board KWA : Kerala Water Authority KRWSA : Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency 4.10.2 DETAILS OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES The various training programmes along with the details are presented in the Table 4.4. The number of training programmes is presented in Table 4.5 and the estimated cost of Training in Table 4.6. The budget for Environmental Management activities under the proposed project has been worked out as 6.22 crores and detailed in Table 4.7. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 95 ,uly 2011 -'- <"'~.;~> Environmental Assessment and Environmental rY..~~!!l!!l!! Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Table 4-4 Training Programmes Tl I Introduction to a. Filling of EDS, procedural & 1. Engineers Orientation - 1 day Environment aspects Environmental technical aspects of Environmental from SO pertaining to Management in Assessment. 2. GP engineer sustainability of water Jalanidhi­ 2 b. To equip with knowledge and skills from RPMU Main & Refresher sources, water quality, including EMF necessary for undertaking 3. Senior Training Programme ­ treatment technologies. environmental appraisal as per the engineer of 3 days protection of sources requirements of the EMF. RPMU for SWSS, Multi-GP c. To undertake periodic supervision 4. Resource schemes, besides of environmental performance of personnel sanitation facilities and schemes Environmental d. To prepare for planning and appraisal. Water monitoring implementation of quality monitoring, environmental mitigation measures Prevention of pollution identified through the appraisal & surveillance. process. To equip with skills necessary for water quality testing using the field kits under the Community based System for water quality Monitoring and Surveillance. ® --;", ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 96 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z Other Training programs on Water Quality and Environmental Sanitation This training program will focus on aspects such as Source selection, water quality monitoring, construction of latrines and safe disposal of sewage, municipal solid waste handling, Operation and maintenance of water supply schemes etc. Participants - BG, SOE, GPE ofRPMU Thematic Training Programmes Thematic training programmes will be conducted for three years focused on the themes 'Solid Waste Management and Sanitation Aspects', 'Water Quality Aspects' and 'Operation and Maintenance'. Training will be conducted by selecting limited number of Engineers (60 engineers for each theme/ year) for three days (orientation - 1 day and 2 days-main training programmes). Accordingly, the cost for thematic training programmes has been estimated to be around Rs.8,10,OOO. Table 4-5 Number of Trailling Programmes 6 trainings /year for I year Environmental I 4/year from 2 nd to 5 th year Management in Jalanidhi- 2 including EMF ..-------_._ .•. _._-----.­ T2 i Thematic Training 3 training programmes and 3 18 equal number of refresher I Table 4-6 Estimated Cost of Training S.No. Training No of Estimated Unit Cost Total Cost in Rs > " 1,:. , " Programs ; in R$ (c ; 1 T1 22 ! 1,22,000 1 2 T2 18 Course Material 37,24,000 1 Training cost includes TAiDA for the trainees, renumeration for Resource Personnel, accommodation and food, course materiaL ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 97 July Z011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 4.11 BUDGET FOR EMF IMPLEMENTATION The total expected budget for Environmental activities under the proposed Jalanidhi-2 scheme is found to be 1.35 crores and is detailed in Table 4-7. Table 4-7- Budget for Environmental Management S.No Activity Amount (in Crores) 1 Training 37,24,000 2 Internal supervision visits* @ 2 lakhs Lyear for 5 years 10,00,000 3 Environmental Audit by the external agency twice during the project period @ Rs. 10 lakhs / audit 20,00,000 4 Preparation of specific environment related community awareness materials at state level 5,00,000 5 EA for schemes @ 10 lakhs per year for 5 years 50,00,000 Sub Total 1,22,24,000 Contingencies @ 10 % 1222400 Total 1,34,46,400 *Internal visits will be done for low and medium impact projects by SE of RPMU and by SLC or D (T) ofPMU for high impact project during EMF implementation. 4.12 SUMMARY OF EMF The following Table 4.8 summarizes the application of the EMF to the scheme­ cycle, indicating the EMF activities, and corresponding objectives, processes, responsibilities and the decision results. ® ~'>- Environmental Assessment and Environmental J..~P.!:!!!!!1!! Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 Environmental To ensure • For category I schemes, GPMU for Category I. Environmental Appraisal and relevant simple mitigation measures RPMU for category II appraisal and Approval environmental will be implemented. and for category III, approval of issues have been • For category II schemes, services of proposed scheme of identified and limited Environmental environmental Category I or II or III appropriate Assessment procedures will consultants will be is made using the mitigation be required. availed by inviting checklist. measures have • For category III schemes, tenders through been designed to full-fledged environmental SPMU / KRWSA. address them. assessment has to be prepared by environmental experts selected by RPMU. ensure that Technical Approval for the I Director Operations I Technical approv-;'l mitigation scheme will not be accorded of KRWSA. for scheme with measures and without Environmental environmental their costs are Clearance from RPMU / SPMU. mitigation measures integrated in and costs are scheme design and integrated in scheme implementation design and plans. implementation ® ~ql\.· ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 100 ,uly 2011 <""~>;>:;.. Environmental Assessment and Environmental ~~!!.!~/!! Management Framework for Jalanidhi~2 Implementation GPMU for Single GP prescribed Report OCR) for scheme will schemes; GPE/ SE of environmental due attention to environmental need to include compliance RPMU for Multi GP compliance environmental mitigation certificate that all prescribed schemes information mitigation measures environmental mitigation measures (including measures (including construction construction stage) have been stage) are compiled with. implemented. O&M ensure Audit for water . will be Water supervision, environmental availability and water quality done by Senior monitoring monitoring, and aspects are through external agency will be Engineer of RPMU at periodic evaluation integrated in the conducted once in a year by district level. environmental -IEC and O&M phase. selecting 10 % of schemes supervision, capacity completed. Water quality D (T) of KRWSA / monitoring and building on monitoring will be done by KWA SPMU at State level. audit reports. hygiene and twice a year. Training and IEC environmental activity reports. health issues @ 101 '-~11',~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 PUBLIC CONSUtTATION ON DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR JALANIDHI-2 PROJECT As a part of procedure for seeking the environmental clearance as per Bank's safe guard policies laid down in of World Bank guidelines, the project proponent i.e. KRWSA is required to conduct public consultation on the report so as to obtain views, suggestions and objections, if any, of the public on the proposed project. KRWSA has taken following steps for public disclosure of the report: 1. The report will be displayed on the website to seek the public opinion / comments. 2. Report will be circulated to District Collector 3. Report will be circulated through listed NGOs. Public Consultation was conducted on 14 June, 2011 at Institution of Engineers Building, Thiruvananthapuram. At the meetin~ there was overwhelming response from the public, beneficiaries and NGOs. The project benefits, Environmental issues, Environment management, Tribal Development Plan etc were the main aspects of the consultation. This was intended at updating the understanding of the villagers regarding the Rural water supply and sanitation project and soliciting there feedback on the proposed EMF. Number of participants was around 50 and the proceedings of Public Consultation are enclosed as Annexure 23. Query rose in the Public Consultation and the reply addressed in subsequent pages of the report are enclosed as Annexure24. ® ~~'J"'''' ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 102 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 1 - Sanitation in Jalanidhi-2 (Strategy, Components and Process) STRATEGY The challenges with regard to rural sanitation in Kerala in spite of the high level of sanitation coverage are: • Emerging issues of solid and liquid waste management due to the urbanization of the rural areas, high density of population and the fast changing life style of the people. • Coverage of the difficult groups and areas with household toilets i.e. high water table areas particularly in the coastal region, low lying areas like Kuttanad in Alappuzha District and tribal people living in forest areas and forest fringes. • Coverage of landless people or those having very small holdings of land, especially those living in densely populated colonies and encroached land. • Unsafe disposal of septage collected from the septic tanks of households and institutions by private operators, which is currently getting dumped mostly in water bodies. • High level of bacteriological contamination of drinking water sources, due to poor sanitation. Jalanidhi - 2 will address the above challenges adopting the folloWing strategy in the GPs to be covered during the project period. • Jalanidhi will draw upon the experience and expertise of Suchitwa Mission to implement the sanitation component of the project. KRWSA will enter in to an MOU with the Suchitwa Mission to collaborate and get the technical support in the planning and implementation ofthe program. • Jalanidhi will try to cover the gaps in HH sanitation coverage in the project GPs, by undertaking complementary social mobilization, sanitation awareness and capacity building in collaboration with Kudumbasree, NRHM and ICDS programs. In the Jalanidhi-2 GPs, the GPATISO team will undertake an assessment of existing household sanitation and will identify households without toilets. They will then prepare a plan for addressing the issues using the TSC funds or Plan funds of the GP and lor the funds available under the sanitation component of Jalanidhi. In the case of tribal HHs in tribal projects (TDP), the project will provide subsidy of Rs. 3500 per HH for constructing twin pit pour flush toilets and GP will contribute Rs 1000/- per unit including labour through MNREGA • Reaching the uncovered population living in difficult areas would require higher levels of investment since the construction is to be carried out in difficult terrain in case of tribal and fishermen colonies where the conventional models of single or twin shallow pit toilets are not suitable. Ecological sanitation (Eco-san) can be considered as a suitable alternative thinking for water scarce and high water table areas. Urine-diversion dehydration (UDD) toilets, composting toilets etc are some methods. Effective IEC activities need to be carried out to change the mindset of the people towards the new approach. -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 103 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • The Suchitwa Mission has launched a pilot program in 225 GPs for Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) using the fund available under TSC for SLWM. Jalanidhi-2 will learn from this pilot and scale it up with suitable modification in the project GPs. The strategy to address the issues of solid waste is to (a) Promote community level management of bio-degradable waste through composting or bio gas technologies (b) Collection and processing of the market waste through composting or bio-methanation technologies by the GPs and (c) Non bio­ degradable waste to be recycled at community level and reuse using appropriate technologies in a centralized manner. • Regarding liquid waste, the strategy is to encourage community level decentralized waste water treatment systems in hot spots. • Jalanidhi-2 will set up a Septage Treatment Plant (STP) for one district on a pilot basis during the project period in collaboration with LSGs. The STP will be operated by a private operator on payment basis collecting revenues from the service providers for collecting and treating the septage. COMPONENTS The following sanitation components are proposed for Jalanidhi - 2 , Safe disposal of human excreta 1) Subsidy for construction of HH toilets for tribal people in 24 tribal projects (TOP) 2) Piloting new technologies for larine solutions in water logged / difficult areas. 3) Pay and use latrine in appropriate locations (markets, tourist spots etc). , Safe disposal of solid waste 1) Community based vermin composting units jbiogas units in hotspots 2) Processing of the market waste through composting or bio­ methanation technologies by the GPs. 3) Implement processing units for Plastic (shredding units). 4) Implement recycling units for plastics. , Safe disposal ofliquid waste 1) Implement drainage interventions in critical sections of GPs with disposal systems to protect the water sources. 2) Piloting of septage treatment facility in one District. );> Capacity building for water safety (to be renamed) 1) Set up water quality testing facilities in the GPs to be based in higher secondary schools for ongoing testing of drinking water sources including domestic wells. -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 104 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 DESCRIPTION OF EACH COMPONENT AND THE PROCESS INVOINED a) Safe disposal of human excreta Effective disposal of human excreta is an important parameter of sanitation since bacterial pollution of water bodies is ubiquitous in our state. Quite often indiscriminate excreta disposal results in to spread of water borne diseases in various parts of the state. In order to combat such situations and to create awareness among the people various components are proposed in the project for safe disposal of human excreta. A brief discussion in respect of each of such components is given below. 1. Subsidy for construction ofHH toilets for tribal people In the project, provision is made for providing subsidy for tribal households without toilets in 24 tribal projects (GPs) for the construction of HH toilets. The proposed amount of subsidy for each household is Rs 3500 and the number of tribal households without toilets in each GP is estimated to be around 100 and thus the total beneficiary HHs becomes 2400. The total cost for this program works out to Rs 21,600,000(Rs.3500 x 2400). This subsidy will be paid from project funds. For implementing this program necessary lEe work will be carried out by the SO / GPAT team. An amount of RS 1000 per unit will be provided by GP including labour under MNREGA. 2. Community Septic tanks in densely populated areas This program would include constructing community septic tank for a group of families in thickly populated areas where sufficient space is not available for individual facilities. Simple technology for construction of septic tank is to be followed. Land for constructing such type of septic tank is to be selected by the GP and the community benefitted from the septic tank is to be mobilized by the SO/GPAT. The unit consists of septic tank of appropriate capacity depending upon the users and an attached anaerobic digester for effluent with average retention period of two days. The purpose of the anaerobic digester is to get better treatment for the effluent to reduce pollution. In the project provision is given for 100 such units with an average cost for each unit at Rs. 200000. The total cost for this program comes to Rs. 20, 00,000. The cost will be shared between the project and GP in the ratio 80:20. 3. Piloting latrine solutions for water logged and rocky terrains The project will address difficult situation for safe disposal of excreta in areas which are flooded for a considerable period of time in the year. In spite of prolonged research, no fool proof technology has been developed for safe disposal of excreta in such areas. But in the case of places where the flooding does not last for long and the height of water above the ground level is less various methods can be adopted. In this connection it is noteworthy that various organizations are seriously involved in research work to develop appropriate technology for safe disposal of wastes in water logged areas. At present the following options can be considered for implementation: Eco-san toilet, sand shrouding, dewats, horizontal cylindrical latrines with raised embankments, common septic tank etc. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 105 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 While implementing this program the technical wing of KRWSA will take the leadership and the Manager - Environment in the State PMU will be responsible for managing this program. For onsite support and supervision, the technical staff of SO/GPAT will be responsible and the social staff in the SO/GPAT will do the community mobilization /IEC work The cost of each unit is approximately Rs 50000 and the number of units proposed is 15 and thus the total cost becomes Rs 7, 50,000. Cost sharing for this item will be in the ratio 80:20 between project and GP. The cost of eco-san and sand shrouding are not considered for estimating as at present its acceptability is not confirmed. 4. Pay and use latrine in appropriate locations (markets, tourist spots) The project will invest in constructing pay and use latrines in GPs where it is necessary due to floating population (migrants, tourists, markets etc). An appropriate location for establishing the unit will be selected by the GP and the operation and maintenance will be entrusted with Kudumbasree by the GP. The main component of the system is a septic tank, 2 no. of latrines and 3 no. of urinals. An amount of Rs 5 lakhs per unit is proposed for this program and the total cost comes to Rs. 750lakhs (Rs.5 lakhs x 150 GPs). Cost sharing for this program will be in the ratio 80:20 between project and GP. b) Safe Disposal of Solid Waste Safe disposal of solid waste is a major problem in Kerala in both urban and rural area. It is also pertinent that indiscriminate dumping of solid waste is resulting in pollution of water sources and unhygienic environment. Hence the project is planning to address the issue through community based solutions. The Suchitwa Mission has issued guidelines on specifications, standards, unit costs, O&M protocols, subsidy norms etc. for guiding the LSGs in preparation of SLWM projects. Jalanidhi - 2 will follow these guidelines. 1. House hold level composting units- Vermi Composting unit Vermi composting is conversion of biodegradable solid waste into a usable fertilizer product by the action of earthworms. Under the community level vermi composting program, facilities for the composting of biodegradable solid waste into organic manure using worms will be set up. The compost has good demand and can be sold at a reasonable price. The requirement of this unit is, work shed, adequate number of tanks for composting the waste, appropriate worms, leachate collection system, cow dung, water storage tank etc. Size of the unit will be 1.5 kg/day waste feed .The cost of each unit is Rs 800 and 5000 units will be provided. A subsidy of Rs 400 will be met from the project. 2. Household level anaerobic composting units-Ring Composting units It is proposed to setup 60000 units of capacity 1.5kg/day waste feed. The cost of each unit is Rs 1800/-. A subsidy of Rs 900 will be met from the project. 3. Community level bio gas - Floating bio gas Biogas refers to gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion or @< --J\.c ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 106 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste and plant material. This type of biogas comprises primarily methane and carbon dioxide. The gas produced can be used for cooking purpose or production of electricity. Jalanidhi - 2 will assist GPs to set up bio gas plants where the waste can be processed using this method. Units having treatment capacity varying from 100 kg to 500 kg of solid waste per day will be provided. It is estimated that the average cost of setting up one bio-gas unit is Rs 3.37Iakhs. The cost will depend on the size of the unit which will depend on the volume of the waste to be processed. It is proposed to set up 150 units in needy GPs in Jalanidhi - 2. The guidelines of the Suchitwa Mission will be adopted for the implementation of this program. The total cost on this program is estimated to be Rs. 505.65 lakhs. The cost of construction should be shared by the project and the GP in the ratio 80:20. KRWSA will empanel service providers to construct the above units and publish guidelines for implementation. The facility shall be owned by the GP and Kudumbasree will be engaged to operate it. The SOjGPAT team shall plan the implementation under the technical supervision of concerned RPMU staff 4. implementing processing units for plastic waste. Excessive use of plastics and its indiscriminate disposal is a major challenge for waste management even in rural areas, especially where there are markets and urbanized areas. To address this problem, the project envisages implementation of community level plastic shredder units. The method involves segregating plastic from other wastes cleaning it and thereafter shredding and disposing it suitably. The shredded plastic can be sold to industries which are manufacturing plastic goods out of recycled plastic. It can also be used for other genuine purposes like using as an admixture with bitumen for roadworketc Figure 1 Plastic shredding unit for Various Establishments (a) Processing (recycling) units for inorganic waste. 5 units will be provided and the average cost per unit will be Rs 13 lakhs. Total cost will be Rs 65 lakhs. The cost of construction should be shared by the project and the GP in the ratio 80:20 (b) Processing units (shredder): The cost of plastic shredder unit with 50 to 100kgjhour capacity with necessary shed for storage etc comes to Rs 5 lakhs. The total cost for 30nos of units comes to Rs 150 lakhs. The cost for implementation will be shared by the project and the GP in the ratio 80:20 ® ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., _u.)\ ]07 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 KRWSA will empanel service providers to construct recycling units for inorganic wastes and publish guidelines for the implementation of this scheme. Facility shall be owned by GP and Kudumbasree or a private operator shall be engaged to operate it. The operating costs of the unit can be met from the revenue generated by selling the shredded plastic. c) Safe disposal of waste water 1. Implement drainage interventions alld disposal systems in critical sections ofGPs to protect the water sources In order to protect the water source from ingression of waste water, provision is given in the project for constructing drainage for diverting the waste water to far off distance from the water source and to dispose it through a soak pit etc. It is restricted that the length of drainage to be provided in a GP should not exceed 1 kilometer and the proposal is to divert waste water sources located within a distance of 250 meter from the water source of a particular scheme. A provision of Rs 10 lakhs is given for each GP and the total amount comes to Rs 1500 lakhs assuming that the scheme will be implemented in 150GPs. The cost will be shared in the ratio 80: 20 between the project and the GP. 2. Piloting one septage treatment plant for collection, treatment, and disposal ofseptage collected from households& other establishments In the project provision is given for piloting one regional facility for collection, conveyance and treatment of septage from various households and other establishments. The intention behind implementation of this project is to prevent pollution of water bodies due to the current practice of indiscriminate dumping of septage by the private operators. The proposal is to implement one unit in a District with the cooperation of local Government. Land should be provided by the local bodies. The cost will be shared in the ratio 90: 10 between the project and the GP. Process involved The process involved in this sanitation component is to collect, transport, treat and safely dispose the septage. The septage from a septic tank contains septage water, sludge and other inorganic matter like napkins, plastic items, etc. In this connection it is noteworthy that most part of the excreta will be in an assimilated form and hence anaerobic digestion is not required. The septage water is to be treated in a treatment plant constructed based on the principle of activated sludge. The plant should have the following components: (a) Screening system for the removal of floating materials if any (b) Grit chamber for the removal of grit (c)Primary clarifier (d) Aeration tank (e) Secondary clarifier (f) Belt thickener (g) Anaerobic digester (h) Belt press (i) Chlorine contact tank and m Pump, pipes and other required accessories. A typical flow diagram of the activated sludge process is shown below. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 108 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 OUt nCfi;(m I El1luel\. Chfunnn contact tiln:k Pump I ~J An:WlOl>lc (119(:$ter Physical, chemical and bacteriological treatments are performed in an activated sludge. The physical treatment processes are screening, grit removal, flow equalization, sedimentation, sludge thickening, filtration, etc. In chemical treatment the process involved are chemical precipitation, adsorption, disinfection etc. The biological treatment is facilitating the growth of appropriate bacteria and thereby the conversion of organic matter into settleable mass of bacteria and removing it by settling. In the plant the water is treated to the required effluent level and the sludge after necessary digestion should be moulded in cake forms and disposed off as manure. The inorganic matter will be disposed by cindering or by any other appropriate method. The following assumptions are made for implementation of the scheme • Excreta is removed from a septic tank usually once in eight years • On an average one lakh litre of septage will be treated in a day • Mostly septage collected from septic tanks will be treated • Time required for one complete run of the treatment will be around 24 hours • Tanker Lorries with pumping arrangements will be used for collection of septage • On an average the plant will function for 300 days in an year Considering the above mentioned assumptions septage collected from about 24000 nos of septic tanks should be available for running the project. The project is appropriate for Districts where at present excreta disposal is a serious matter of concern. The facility when developed will be a regional facility serving both the rural and urban population of a District with high rate of urbanization. KRWSA will engage a consultant to conduct a needs assessment in selected Districts and prepare a detailed project report including the necessary institutional arrangements. The pilot District for implementing this project will be identified through the needs assessment and after negotiations with PRIs and ULBs in the District. Suchitwa Mission will be actively engaged in the identification and negotiations. The land required for putting up the plant will be acquired through local governments. The plant will be operated by a private operator selected through ® I~"'\ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 109 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 a competitive bidding process. The estimated total cost of the facility is Rs 180 lakhs and it will be met from the project funds. However negotiations will be held for cost sharing by the beneficiary ULBs and PRIs. The necessary institutional arrangement for managing the facility will be decided after a study of various options by the Consultant. The O&M of the facility will be vested with a private operator and it can be managed by the revenue generated. CAPACITY BUILDING FOR WATER SAFETY 1. Setting lip water quality testing facilities in the GPs to be based in higher secondary schools for ongoing testing of drinking water sources including domestic wells It is proposed to set up water quality testing laboratories in any of the selected higher secondary school in every GP where Jalanidhi - 2 is implemented. The purpose of such an establishment is to test water samples from the drinking water sources including domestic wells and to create awareness among the people about the quality of their drinking water and measures for protecting the sources. The laboratory will have the required equipments for the analysis of conventional water quality parameters. Necessary training for analyzing the various water quality parameters will be imparted to the teachers and students after establishment of the laboratory. Facilities will be provided for analysis of all the conventional physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. A provision of Rs. 3lakhs is provided for establishing the laboratory in each GP. The total cost for this program is 300*4 = Rs 1200 lakhs. The total cost for the implementation of this programme will be met by the project. This program is prepared on the presumption that the school authorities will provide the necessary space for establishing the laboratory. The initial expenses for running the laboratory shall be met from the project funds. Thereafter the laboratory may raise the required maintenance expenses by contribution from the GPs as well as by collecting charges for testing the water quality from the users. IEC activities associated with the implementation of sanitation will be met from the IEC fund of KRWSA. ® _'4.l\,," ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 110 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 2 - Protected Areas in Kerala WltD LIFE SANCTUARIES NATIONAL PARKS Shola National Park 12.817 7.5 2003 ldukki BIOSPHERE RESERVES , S. No Name of Reserve Area in Km2 Year of , , Formation ABC Environ Solutions Pvt Ltd., 111 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 COMMUNITY RESERVE S. No Name of Reserve Area Year of District in Km 2 Formation 1 Vallikunnu Community 1 Kadalundy 1.5 2007 Kozhikkode & ..~_e._s.~ r.y.e...........__ ... ............... _.... ..L Malappuram Source: www.keralaforestorg MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS No. Mangrove Area District 1. Chittari Kasaragode 2. Dharmadom Kannur 3. Nadakkavu Kannur 4. Edakkad Kannur 5. Valapattanam Kannur 6. Pappinisseri Kannur 7. Muzha pilangad Kannur 8. Kunhimangalam Kannur 9. Pazhayangadi Kannur 10. Kavvai Kannur 11. Thalassery Kannur 12. Ezhimala Kannur 13. Mahe Kannur 14. Kotti Kozhikode 15. Koduvalli Kozhikode 16. Badagara Kozhikode 17. Kallai Kozhikode 18. Kadalundi Kozhikode/ Malappuram 19. Tirur Malappuram 20. • Chetwai Thrissur 21. Edappalli 11 22. Panangad/Kumbalam Ernakulam 23. Kannamali Ernakulam 24. Puthuvypin Ernakulam 25. Aroor Alapuzha 26. Kumarakom Kottayam 27. • Asramom @Jlam 28. Veli iruvananthapuram Source (50£: 2007) ® -~-,\,,.,, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 112 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 Annexure 3 - District Wise Categorization of Blocks (March, 2004) puram 2 Quilon 3 Idukki 4 Ernakulam 5 Thrissur 6 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 113 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 BLOCK-WISE CATEGORISATION AS ON 31 st MARCH. 2004 DISTRICT: THiRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT: KOLLAM 7 Pathanapuram I 30.20 Yes Yes Semi critical Sharp decline in water level -~. Env~ron ABC Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 114 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 ! 8 Anchal 11.70 Yes Yes Safe ! 9 Kottarakara I 66.72 Yes No Safe ! 10 111 Mukhatala Ithikkara I 91.46 56.17 Yes Yes -­ No Yes Semi critical Safe I I 12 Chadayamanga 56.11 Yes Yes Safe lam j13 Oachira 75.95 No No Safe DISTRICT: ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT: ERNAKULAM Sharp decline in water level ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 115 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 5 Kothamangalam 47.02 No No Safe 6 Mulanthuruthy 87.76 Yes Yes Semi critical 7 Moovattupuzha 47.69 No Yes Safe 8 Palluruthy 62.14 No No Safe 9 Pampakuda 79.84 Yes Yes Critical 10 Parakadavu 99.81 No Yes Critical 11 Paravur 91.83 No Yes Semi critical 12 Vadavucode 24.63 Yes No Safe 13 Vazhakulam 57.21 No No Safe 14 Vypin 51.67 Yes No Safe 15 Vyttila 57.14 Yes Yes Critical Sharp decline in water level DISTRICT: THRISSUR Sharp decline in water level (i) ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., __ ')\'m 116 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-Z DISTRICT: PALAKKAD water level Sharp decline in water level 11 Chittur 90.71 Yes Yes Over exploited Sharp decline in water level 12 Sreekrishnapuram 37.96 Yes Yes Semi critical Sharp decline in water level DISTRICT: MALAPPURAM water Yes Yes , Semi critical Sharp decline in I water level ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 117 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 No Yes Sharp . decline in water level No No No -­ No -------­ No Yes No No No Yes No Yes _ · _ · _ · • • _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ n· ••••• No Yes Semi critical - •.. <-~~"" ... - •• -.-~ No No Safe No Yes Semi critical No No Semi critical DISTRICT: WAYANAD 3 Sulthan 25.90 Yes Yes Semi critical Sharp Bathery decline in water level DISTRICT: KOZHIKODE .~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 118 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 5 Koduvally 58.60 Yes Yes Safe 6 Kunnummel 66.31 Yes Yes Safe 7 l Kunnamangalam 67.32 No No Safe 8 Meladi 33.71 Yes Yes Safe 9 . Panthalayani 26.45 No No Safe 10 Perambra 73.84 Yes Yes Safe 11 • Thodannur 42.96 No No Safe· 12 i Tooneri 103.80 Yes Yes Critical DISTRICT: KASARGOD Source: Dynamic Ground Water Resources of /{era!o, Central Ground Water Board, 2004 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 119 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 4 - Specific Problems in Study Area I. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT Field study was conducted at Kaliyoor GP (Nemon Block) and Kottukal GP (Athiyanoor Block). Issues > Major part of the Districts is underlain by the crystalline rocks. Sedimentary formations over lie the crystallines especially in the western part of the District. > Coastal belt is mostly occupied by alluvial deposits of recent origin. > Ground Water exploration in the deeper aquifers of hard rock area has indicated that yield varies from lto7 Ips, whereas in the sedimentary, the yield goes up to 10 Ips. > Yield of dug wells in the hard rock areas vary from 1 to 3 Ips. > In alluvial areas, yield of dug wells/ filter point wells varies from 2 to 5 Ips. Net annual ground water availability is 278.03 MCM and the stage of ground water development is 66.82%. > Out of 12 Blocks, 1 (Athiyanoor) has been categorized as over exploited, 2 as Critical, 2 as Semi critical and 7 Safe Blocks. II. KOLLAM DISTRICT Estimation of groundwater resources in different Blocks of the District for the year 2004 has indicated that groundwater development in the District is around 45.82%. However four Blocks come under semi-critical category. Thirukovilvattam GP, (Mukhathala Block) which comes under semi-critical zone, was selected for the EA study. The serious issue in the GP is iron contamination, over exploitation of groundwater from tube wells and fluoride problem in some areas. During preliminary visit, samples were collected from wells and from Kaniyanthodu stream. The water samples contained iron. The main water source for the GP is Kaniyanthodu and the stream gets water from Kallada River. Solid waste dumping and the discharge of sewage into the stream have contaminated the water. Issues > Saline water ingress was observed in shallow alluvial aquifer in the western part of the District. > Water logging is a general phenomenon along the regions bordering backwater lagoons during rainy season. > The foothill regions of the Western Ghats falling in Pathanapuram and Anchal Blocks face acute water scarcity during summer. > Chavara is polluted due to the effluent from the factory M/s. Kerala Metals and Minerals Ltd. The groundwater in the nearby area is highly acidic and contains certain trace elements like Zn, Mn and Fe. > Paddy fields in the Ithikara are affected, Paravoor Kayal has become saline (fresh water laterite aquifer) due to sea water ingress. > Ward no. 19 at Thirukovilvattam is located in Industrial area. Since the industries do not have proper ETP, effluent is discharged into nearby water bodies which in turn contaminate ground water. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 120 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 HI. AtAPPUZHA DISTRICT All the blocks come under safe category. Ramankary GP (Veliyanad Block) and Ezhupunna GP (Pattanakad Block) were selected for the EA study. Both the GPs are located in low land. From the results of water samples collected, it was found that organic contamination in Kongerithodu and Iron contamination in well water collected from Ezhupunna GP. Pesticide contamination is a serious issue in Ramankary GP. This is due to the usage of toxic pollutants for paddy cultivation by the farmers. Issues ~ There are many fish processing industries in and around Chandirur and Thiruvarur. The waste from the processing industries is directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment, which ultimately results in the contamination. ~ Kuttanad has a very delicate ecosystem. Most of the Kuttanad areas lie in submerged condition during major part of the year. It is subjected to the twin hazards of flood discharge during monsoon and sea water ingress during summer. ~ Certain tube wells tapping deeper confined aquifer around Alappuzha urban area, for drinking water supply registered excess fluoride concentration in the range of 1.7 to 2.56 mg/I. ~ Shoreline erosion is one of the natural hazards affecting the District and extensive coastal erosion is taking place in the coastal areas of Thottappalli and Purakkad. IV. ERNAKULAM DISTRICT Among 15 blocks, 4 blocks are found to be in critical zone. Pampakuda GP (Pampakuda Block) was selected for the EA study. This block is located in mid land area and comes under critical category. The water quality is fair. There are many ponds in this GP but most of them are contaminated due to the disposal of solid waste. Most of the dug wells dry up in summer. Issues ~ Even though the district receives very good rainfall of about 3400 mm annually acute water scarcity is felt in Vypin Island along the coastal area. ~ Water scarcity is recorded all along the coastal parts of the District down to Chellanam. ~ In the southern parts of the District, in the top layer of sand, the quality is brackish. ~ In the midland areas of the District as in Mulanthuruthy, Pampakuda, Kothamangalam blocks, the dug wells dry up in summer. ~ The District being industrial capital, pollution studies conducted by CGWB indicate that ground water pollution is highly localized within 80m of the dumping site of industrial waste. V. THRISSUR DISTRICT Ollurkara, Thalikulam, Mathilakam and Mala Blocks of Thrissur District fall under semi critical zone and all other blocks are under safe category. The Kodungallur Block falls under over exploited category and already notified by central ground water Authority and State Ground Water Authority. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 121 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Eriyad GP (Mathilagam Block) was selected for EA study. This GP comes under coastal and over exploited zone. The water samples were collected from well and pond in Eriyad GP. Issues >- Degradation in the quality ofthe ground water due to sea erosion. >- Acute water scarcity in the hilly areas in summer period due to drying up of dug wells and hand pumps. Dug wells in midland region dry up if monsoon is delayed or if there are no summer showers. >- The coastal areas stretching from Engandiyoor to Chettuva and the villages of Eriyad, Nattika and Chamakala experience severe sea erosion frequently leading to degrading ground water quality in nearby coastal aquifer. >- Kole land and adjoining areas are water logged for about six months in year and salinity increases from February to May. >- The water quality problems are highly localized which is found along the coastal area particularly during summer months. VI. PALAKAD DISTRICT In Palakkad District, 2 Blocks fall in semi critical, 3 in critical and 1 under over exploited Category. Eruthenpathy GP (Chittur Block) and Agali GP (Attapadi Block) were selected for EA study. The Blocks are located in highland area close to the forest and come under over exploited zone. Sample was collected from well in Eruthenpathy GP and is found to contain Iron. TDS, Hardness, Alkalinity, Ca and Mg exceed the permissible limit. Issues >- The quality of the groundwater in shallow aquifer is good. Certain pockets in the eastern parts are showing quality deterioration especially eastern part of Palaghat District where fluoride content is slightly high. >- The dug wells are showing fluoride in the range of 1 - 5.75 ppm. The higher values recorded from Kopanur and Chinnamoolathara. The water supply bore well of Eruthanpathy is also showing 1.76 ppm of fluoride. >- Inland salinity is noticed in Kadumthuruthi (Yakkara) and Kuduvayoor. >- Soft drinks manufacturing factory which was extracting groundwater for its products in the Chittur Block has invited agitation in a big way. The company is presently non operational. >- Factories operating in the industrial belt of Malampuzha Block are also extracting groundwater for its product. VII. MALAPURAM DISTRICT In general the District is devoid of any serious ground water related issues in terms of quantity and quality. However, the dug well in the lateritic aquifer goes dry immediately after the monsoon causing severe drinking water shortage to rural population. Thirurangadi GP (Thirurangadi Block) was selected for the EA study. This GP was selected because of the location in low land area near to natural habitat (Bird sanctuary). This GP comes under semi-critical zone and contains iron problem. ® -~'I\"~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 122 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Issues ~ The chemical quality of the ground water in the District is generally good. ~ The shallow groundwater from the alluvial formation has higher total dissolved solids and major ion constituents than that of other formation. This is due to the proximity of the pond water channels and tidal influence in the area occupied by coastal alluvium. ~ Since the District is devoid of any major industries, ground water pollution is minimum. VIII. WAYANAD DISTRICT In this District, Sulthan Bathery Block, comes under semi-critical zone. Sulthan Bathery GP (Sulthan Bathery Block) was selected for EA study. This GP is located in low land close to the natural habitat (Bird Sanctuary) and comes under semi-critical zone. Well water sample collected, revealed that the parameters are within permissible limit. Issues ~ Decline in water level is observed at many places bordering Karnataka. ~ Water scarcity is a severe problem during the drought period in the villages bordering Karnataka State. Mullenkolly, Pulpally, Tamitheruvu, Kappiset, Padichira and nearby areas come under rain shadow areas. ~ Solid waste dumping is a severe problem. There is no proper solid waste management system. ~ Shallow ground water in the vicinity of dumpsites is susceptible to contamination. IX. KOZHIKODE DISTRICT In Kozhikode District, Kozhikode Block comes under over-exploited category, Balusserri and Tooneri in critical; Chevayoor in semi- critical and the remaining blocks are in safe zone. Ramanattukara GP (Kozhikode Block) was selected for the EA study. The major issues identified with Ramanattukara GP were sea water intrusion in streams and poor solid waste management system. Issues ~ The quality of water from shallow and deep aquifers in the District is good for domestic and irrigation purposes. All the major chemical constituents including fluoride in the groundwater are within permissible limits and suitable for all purposes. ~ The major problems noticed in the District are water scarcity, decline in water level and localized pollution etc. ~ Water scarcity is a severe problem during drought in many Blocks especially those bordering Wayanad District namely Tooneri, Kunnummal, Perambra, Balusserri, Koduvalli and Kunnamangalam. ~ Most of the tanks and ponds in the District are filled with silt and waste materials. The ponds are not recharging water into ground water system due to silt formation. ~ The river water is exploited by constructing infiltration galleries to large wells and the galleries open to the river channel. ~ Localised pollution is reported from many areas in the District, especially from effluent and sewage discharge from factories and hotels. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 123 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 X. KASARGOD DISTRICT Kasargod Block comes under over exploited category, Manjeshwar and Kanhangad Blocks under semi critical and the Nileshwar Block falls under safe category. Enmakjae GP (Manjeswaram Block) and Kodumbelur GP (Kanhangad Block) were selected for the EA study. Enmakaje GP is located in coastal zone. Jalanidhi- 1 was implemented in this GP and there is Surangam for water harvesting. Water samples were collected from wells in Swarga and Kanjampady in Enmakaje GP and from Chanakuzhi & Mupil in Kodumbelur GP. Pesticide contamination is found in Swarga stream. Samples taken in Enmakaje & Kodombelur contain high turbidity and iron is above the permissible limit and it requires treatment. Pesticide contamination - Overview Kasaragod is famous for cashew plantation over a long period of 26 years. Arial spraying of endosulfan on cashew sprayed over 4700 hectares resulted in the high incidence of central nervous system problems, psychiatric problems, nervous disorders, congenital problems and cancer. Endosulfan was found in the blood samples of the children in Kasargod. The UNO classifies Endosulfan as highly dangerous insect killer and banned in 62 countries. Even though the Endosulfan is banned for more than 26 years, the usage of Endosulphan still continues. As the plantations are mostly in mountainous areas, the pesticide drains and get washed down the slopes during rain into drinking water. Consuming this water will result in diseases ranging from physical deformities, cancers, birth disorders and damages to brain and nervous system. During 2000-2001 the victims got huge media introduction which resulted in Study of the victim's. The study of Endosulfan effects showed larger abnormality such as mental retardation, cancer and infertility. India needs an effective chemical norm and should ratify a chemical & pesticide policy which would help people affected from chemical accidents & disasters; also stop usage of deadly pesticides for agriculture. Affected places: Bellur village, Enmakaje Panchayat, Muliyar, Periye, Cheemeni, Pedre. Padre, Bovikanam, Rajapuram and Adhur. ,-~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 124 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 5 - Water Test Reports TEST REPORT REPORT NO 275 DATE OF REPORT 22-11-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA. Kerala SAMPLE Drinking DESCRIPTION Water ADDRESS 3'd Floor. PTC Towers. SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/201 0 SAMPLE RECEIVED 18-11-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED BY ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd DATE OF ANALYSIS 18-11-2010 SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 - 1987 COMPLETED ON 20-11-2010 S. PARAMETER I UNIT:I RESULTS I Desirable Limit as I , • NO TEST PROCEDURE • per W1 W2 IS 10500: 1991 1 Physical - Pale yellow Clear and APHA 21" EDI-211 0 - Appearance with Turbid Colourless 2 pH at 25°C - 6.99 7.04 IS: 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 6.5-8.5 3 Turbidity NTU 75.2 BDL«0.5) IS :}025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 4 Conductivity at j.JS/cm 3140 180 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2002) N.S. 25°C 5 Total dissolved mgll 1823 108 IS : 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 500 solids 6 Total Alkalinity mgll 280 32 IS: 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2003) 200 as CaC0 3 7 Total Hardness mgll 508 40 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 1998) 300 as CaC0 3 8 Calcium as Ca mgll 104 11.4 IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2oo3) 75 i 9 Magnesium as mgll 61 2.9 APHA 21"' EDITION 30 Mg I· 10 Chloride as cr mg/l 749 30 IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 St , 11 Sulphate as S04 mgll 151 1 APHA 21 EDI-4500- SO/- E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgll 455 16.8 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. 13 Potassium as K mgll 32 5.6 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) ·N.S. . ­ Page 1 of2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 125 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 275 DATE OF REPORT 22-11-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t201 0 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Drinking Water 14 Nitrate as N0 3 mg/l 65 APHA 21 EDI-4500- N03 ' B 15 Fluoride as F mg/I APHA 21$ EDI-4500-F B&D 16 Iron as Fe mg/I IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 17 Ammonia as NH3 mg/I BD APHA21 EDI-4500- NH3 B&C 18 Phosphate as P04 mg/I 0.08 N.S. 19 Chemical Oxygen mgtl 17 15 Demand 20 Total suspended mgtl BDL«2) 21 IS: 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: solids 2002 ..•. END OF REPORT.. .. BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 -Kottukal, Costal Area - Ward No: 9 W2 - Kottukal, Canal Water - Ward No 6 &7 » Sample No (W1) contains more dissolved salts and also exceeds the limits of drinking water Specification IS 10500: 1991. It is recommended that alternate source for drinking water must be identified. » Sample No (W2) contains high level of dissolved Iron which causes Turbidity. Treatment is required before Consumption. for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 2 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 126 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 294 DATE OF REPORT 03-12-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIP1'ION ADDRESS 3'd Floor, PTC Towers, SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-69500 1 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 29-11-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 30-11-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 - 1987 COMPLETED ON 02-12-2010 Desirable S. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS Limit as I NO TEST PROCEDURE per IS 10500: W1 W2 1991 1 Physical Appearance - Clear and Pale APHA 21 s, EDI-2110 Colourless Yellow 2 pH at 25°C - 7.02 7.10 IS: 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 6.5-8.5 2002) 3 Turbidity NTU BDL«0.5) 2.1 IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 5 2002) 4 Conductivity at 25°C !-IStcm 252 210 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: N.S. 2002) 5 Total dissolved mgtl 163 136 IS: 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 500 solids 2003) 6 Total Alkalinity as mg/l 90 80 IS : 3025 Part 23­ 200 CaC0 3 1986(Reaff:2003) 7 Total Hardness as mgtl 100 76 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 300 CaC0 3 1998) 8 Calcium as Ca mgtl 36.8 25.6 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 75 (Reaff:2003) 9 Magnesium as Mg mgll 1.9 2.9 APHA 21"' EDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mgtl 24 11 IS: 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 250 I 2003) 11 Sulphate as S04 mgtl 9 2 APHA 21 5 EDI-4500- SO/- E 200 12 • Sodium as Na mgll 8.1 9.7 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 N.S. {Reaff:2003} 13 Potassium as K mg/l 5.5 5.9 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 N.S. (Reaff:2003) Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample{s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. . ~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 127 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 294 DATE OF REPORT 03-12-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water 14 Nitrate as N03 45 15 Fluoride as F 1.00 16 Iron as Fe 0.30 17 Ammonia as NH N.S. 18 Phosphate as P04 N.S. 19 Total suspended mg/l BDL«2) 4 IS: 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: solids 2002 .... END OF REPORT .... BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Eriyad, Open Well. W2 - Eriyad, Pond Water for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 20f2 This test results relate only to the items tested, Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified, This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 128 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 291 DATE OF REPORT 29-11-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA. Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION ADDRESS 3'd Floor. PTC Towers. SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt,4/8/2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 26-11-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 26-11-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 -1987 COMPLETED ON 28-11 -2010 S. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS I Desirable Limit as NO TEST PROCEDURE i per W1 W2 liS 10500: . 1991 1 Physical Appearance - Pale Yellow Pale Yellow APHA 21"1 EDI-2110 - ! 2 pH at 25°C - 6.10 5.01 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 6.5-8.5 2002) 3 Turbidity NTU 5 1 IS: 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 5 2002) 4 Conductivity at 25°C J.lS/cm 240 80 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: N.S. 2002) 5 i Total dissolved solids mgll 138 47 IS : 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 500 2003) 6 Total Alkalinity as mgll 48 I 4 IS : 3025 Part 23­ 200 CaC0 3 1986(Reaff:2003) 7 Total Hardness as mg/l 52 8 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 300 i CaC0 3 1998) 8 Calcium as Ca mg/l 15.2 1.6 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 75 (Reaff:2003) 9 Magnesium as Mg mgll 3.4 1 APHA 21" EDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mg/l 33 15 IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 250 2003) 11 Sulphate as S04 mgll 8 BDL{<1) APHA 21"1 EDI-4500- SO/' E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgll 24 12 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 N.S. (Reaff:2003) 13 Potassium as K mgll 3.8 BDL«1) IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 N.S. (Reaff:20031 Page 10f2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (5) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ""~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 129 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 291 DATE OF REPORT 29·11-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water 14 Nitrate as N0 3 mgll 6.3 7.6 APHA 21" EDI-4500- N03' B 45 8 15 Fluoride as F mgtl BDL«0.1) BDL«0.1) APHA 21 EDI-4500-F B&D 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.52 0.07 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 8 17 Ammonia as NH3 mgll 0.10 0.06 APHA 21 EDI-4500- NH3 B&C N.S. 18 Phosphate as P04 mgtl BDL«0.01) BDL«0.01) IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 N.S. (Reaff:2002) 19 Total suspended mgtl 2 6 IS: 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: - solids 2002) ••••END OF REPORT .... BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Thirukovilvattam, Well Water (Kurumana). W2 - Thirukovilvattam, Open Well Water (Mylapore, Near Industrial Locality) Note: Sample No (W1) contains Iron above the permissible Limit, it requires Treatment. Sample NoW2 Indicates that the sample is slightly acidic in nature. for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 20f2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ~.~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 130 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 292 DATE OF REPORT 29-11-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLEDESCRIPTION Water rd ADDRESS 3 Floor, PTC Towers, SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 26-11-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 26-11-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 -1987 COMPLETED ON 28·11 ·2010 Desirable S.NO PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS Limit as per TEST PROCEDURE IS 10500: W1 1991 s 1 Physical Appearance - Pale Yellow APHA 21 EDI-2110 - 2 pH at 25°C - 6.57 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 6.5-8.5 3 Turbidity NTU 1.9 IS: 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 4 Conductivity at 25°C IJS/cm 98 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2002) N.S. 5 Total dissolved solids mgll 56 IS : 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 500 6 Total Alkalinity as mgll 16 IS : 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2003) 200 CaC0 3 7 Total Hardness as mgll 14 IS : 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 1998) 300 CaC0 3 8 Calcium as Ca mgll 4 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2003) 75 9 Magnesium as Mg mgll 1 APHA 21 sEDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mgll 15 IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 11 Sulphate as S04 mgll BDL«1) APHA 21 st EDI-4500- SO/- E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgtl 12.2 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. 13 Potassium as K mgll 2.2 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. i Page 10f2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as speCified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full. without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 131 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 292 DATE OF REPORT 29-11-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water 14 Nitrate as N0 3 mg/l BDL«1) APHA 21 s EDI-4500- N03 B 45 15 Fluoride as F mg/l BDL«0.1) APHA 21$ EDI-4500-F B&D 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.37 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 17 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l 0.22 APHA 21 s EDI-4500- NH3 B&C N.S. 18 Phosphate as P04 mg/l 0.10 IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 (Reaff:2002) N.S. 19 Total suspended solids mg/l 4 IS: 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: 2002) - 20 Chemical Oxygen mg/l 8 IS:3025:Part-58:2006 - Demand ••.•END OF REPORT ...• BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. Not Specified W1 - Thirukovilvattam, Surface Water (Kaniyanthodu). Note: Sample No 0/1/1) contains Iron above the permissible Limit, it requires Treatment. for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 2 of 2 . This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 132 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 293 DATE OF REPORT 29-11-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION ADDRESS 3rd Floor, PTC Towers, SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 26-11-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 26-11-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 -1987 COMPLETED ON 28-11 -2010 Desirable I S.NO I PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS Limit as per TEST PROCEDURE IS 10500: W1 1991 1 I PhYSical Appearance - Highly Turbid APHA 21 5 EDI-2110 - ~PHat25°C - 6.74 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 6.5-8.5 3 Turbidity NTU 129 IS: 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 4 Conductivity at 25°C ~S/cm 115 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2002) N.S. 5 Total dissolved solids mgll 78 IS: 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 500 6 Total Alkalinity as mgll 32 IS : 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2003) 200 CaCO s 7 Total Hardness as mgll 20 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 1998) 300 CaC0 3 8 Calcium as Ca mgll 6.4 IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2003) 75 st 9 Magnesium as Mg mgll 1 APHA 21 EDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mgll 12 IS: 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 11 Sulphate as S04 • mgll 14 APHA 21 St EDI-4500- SO/- E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgll 9.8 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. 13 Potassium as K mgll 5.6 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 133 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 293 DATE OF REPORT 29-11-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t2010 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water 14 Nitrate as N0 3 mgtl 8 APHA 21$ EDI-4500- N0 3­ B 45 15 Fluoride as F mgtl BDL«0.1) APHA 21 EDI-4500-F B&D 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mgtl 1.1 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 17 mgtl 1.6 APHA 21 EDI-4S00- NH3 B&C N.S. mgtl 0.24 IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 (Reaff:2002) N.S. mgtl 88 IS : 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: 2002) mgtl 26.7 :Part-58:2006 ••••END OF REPORT •••• BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Kaliyoor, Vellayani Lake Water Note: The Sample was highly turbid and colored also contains iron above the permissible limit. COD Result indicates the organic contaminant in water. for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 2 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample{s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for ali other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ~~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 134 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·Z TEST REPORT REPORT NO 295 DATE OF REPORT 06·12·2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA. Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION m ADDRESS 3 Floor, PTC Towers. SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road.Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram·695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 30·11·2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 30·11·2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 -1987 COMPLETED ON 04-12 -2010 Desirable S. PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS Limit as NO TEST PROCEDURE per Wi W2 IS 10500: 1991 1 Physical Appearance - Pale Yellow Pale Yellow 5 APHA 21 EDI-2110 . 2 pH at 25°C - 7.61 6.96 IS : 3025 Part 11· 1983 (Reaff: 6.5-8.5 2002) 3 Turbidity NTU 2.5 1.3 IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 5 2002) 4 Conductivity at 25°C IJS/cm 570 1775 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: N.S. 2002) 5 Total dissolved solids mg/l 317 1049 IS: 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 500 2003) 6 Total Alkalinity as mg/l 220 80 IS : 3025 Part 23· 200 CaC0 3 1986(Reaff:2003) 7 Total Hardness as mgtl 218 190 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 300 CaC0 3 1998) 8 Calcium as Ca mgtl 77 32 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 75 (Reaff:2003) 5 9 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 6.8 26.7 APHA 21 EDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mgll 38 501 IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 250 2003) 11 Sulphate as S04 mg/l 2 35 APHA 21·' EDI-4500- SO/' E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgll 25 264 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 N.S. (Reaff:2003) 13 Potassium as K mg/l 5.1 22 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 N.S. (Reaff:2003) Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 135 July ZOl1 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 295 DATE OF REPORT 06-12-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water 14 Nitrate as N03 mg/l 3.4 2.0 APHA 21$ EDI-4500- N03' B 45 15 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.1 0.2 APHA 21 s EDI-4500-F B&D 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mgtl 1.1 0.25 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 M 17 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l 0.6 1.5 APHA 21~' EDI-4500- NH3 B&C N.S. 18 Phosphate as P0 4 mg/l 0.54 1.1 IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 N.S. (Reaff:2002) Total suspended mg/l 3 8 IS: 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: solids 2002) 20 Chemical Oxygen mg/l - 31 IS:3025: Part-58:2006 - Demand .... END OF REPORT.. .. N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Ezhupunna, Bore Well Water (Market). W2 - Ezhupunna, Surface Water (Kongeri Thodu) Note: Sample No (W1) contains Iron above the permissible Limit, it requires Treatment. Sample No: 2 COD Value Shows Minor Organic Pollution in the surface water. for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 20f2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 136 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 296 DATE OF REPORT :>6-12-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION ro ADDRESS 3 Floor, PTC Towers, SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/201 0 SAMPLE RECEIVED 30-11-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 30-11-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 -1987 COMPLETED ON 04-12 -2010 i Desirable i S.NO PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS Limit as per i TEST PROCEDURE IS 10500 : W1 1991 1 Physical Appearance - Clear and APHA 21 s • EDI-2110 - Colourless 2 pH at 25°C - 7.21 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 6.5-8.5 3 Turbidity NTU BDL«0.5) IS: 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 4 Conductivity at 25°C fJS/cm 322 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2002) N.S. 5 Total dissolved solids mg/l 196 IS : 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 500 ! 6 Total Alkalinity as mgll 100 IS : 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2003) 200 L CaC0 3 i 7 Total Hardness as mgll 96 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 1998) 300 i CaC0 3 8 Calcium as Ca mg/l 28 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2003) 75 9 Magnesium as Mg mgll 6.3 APHA 21 5 EDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mgll 20 IS: 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 11 Sulphate as S04 mgtl 18 APHA 21 S[ EDI-4500- S04"" E 200 12 Sodium as Na mg/l 24 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. 13 Potassium as K mgll 4.5 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified, This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 137 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 296 DATE OF REPORT 06-12-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t201 0 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water 14 Nitrate as N0 3 mgtl BDL«1) APHA 21 s EDI-4500- N03- B 45 s 15 Fluoride as F mgtl 0.23 APHA 21 EDI-4500-F B&D 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mgtl 0.19 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 St 17 Ammonia as NH3 mgtl 0.08 APHA 21 EDI-4500- NH3 B&C N.S. 18 Phosphate as P0 4 mgtl 1.0 IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 (Reaff:2002) N.S. 19 Total suspended solids mgtl BDL«2) IS: 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: 2002) - .... END OF REPORT .... BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Ramankary, Well Water. for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 2 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 138 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 297 DATE OF REPORT )8-12-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION ADDRESS 3rt! Floor, PTC Towers, SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695oo1 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt. 4t8t2o 10 SAMPLE RECEIVED 02-12-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 02-12-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 - 1987 COMPLETED ON 06-12 -2010 Desirable S.NO PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS Limit as per Wi TEST PROCEDURE IS 10500 : 1991 1 Physical Appearance - Pale Yellow APHA 21"' EDI-211o - 2 pH at 25°C - 6.70 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 6.5-8.5 3 Turbidity NTU 2.6 IS: 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 i 4 . Conductivity at 25°C fJS /cm 560 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2002) N.S. 5 Total dissolved solids mgtl 297 IS : 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 500 I i 6 Total Alkalinity as mgll 130 IS : 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2003} 200 CaC0 3 7 Total Hardness as mgll 106 IS': 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 1998) 300 CaC0 3 8 Calcium as Ca mgll 36 IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2oo3) 75 9 Magnesium as Mg mgll 3.8 APHA 21 5 EDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mgll 75 IS: 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 11 Sulphate as S04 mgll 24 APHA 21"' EDI-45oD- SO/- E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgtl 65 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2oo3) N.S. 13 Potassium as K mgll 12 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 {Reaff:2oo3} N.S. Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as speCified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 139 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 297 DATE OF REPORT 08-12-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water 14 Nitrate as N0 3 mg/l BDL«1) APHA 21 s EDI-4500- N0 3 B - 45 St 15 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.25 APHA 21 EDI-4500-F B&D 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.44 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 s 17 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l 1.1 APHA 21 EDI-4500- NH3 B&C N.S. 18 Phosphate as P0 4 mg/l 0.04 IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 (Reaff:2002) N.S. 19 Total suspended solids mg/l 11 IS: 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: 2002) - .... END OF REPORT.. .. BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Aanithara, Well Water. (Ward No: 23) Note: Sample No (W1) contains Iron above the permissible Limit, it requires Treatment. For ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 2 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. -~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 140 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for lalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 298 DATE OF REPORT )8-12-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION ADDRESS 3rd Floor, PTC Towers, SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 02-12-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ud. DATE OF ANALYSIS 02-12-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 -1987 COMPLETED ON 06-12 -2010 Desirable S.N PARAMETER UNIT RESULTS Limit as 0 TEST PROCEDURE per W1 W2 IS 10500: , i 1991 1 Physical Appearance - Pale Yellow Pale Yellow APHA 21"' EDI-2110 - i 2 pH at 25°C - 6.30 6.88 IS: 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 6.5-8.5 2002) 3 Turbidity NTU 5.4 2.2 IS: 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 5 2002) 4 Conductivity at 25°C J..IS/cm 96 65 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: N.S. 2002) 5 Total dissolved solids mg/I 59 38 IS : 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 500 2003) 6 Total Alkalinity as mg/l 18 16 IS : 3025 Part 23­ 200 CaC0 3 1986(Reaff:2003) 7 Total Hardness as mgtl 22 16 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 300 CaC0 3 1998) 8 Calcium as Ca mgtl 8 4 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 75 i' (Reaff:2003) 9 Magnesium as Mg mgtl BDL«1) 1.4 APHA 21 St EDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mgtl 15 8 IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 250 2003) 11 Sulphate asS04 mgtl BDL«1) BDL«1) APHA 21"' EDI-4500- SO/' E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgtl 8.7 5.5 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 N.S. (Reaff:2003) 13 Potassium as K mgtl BDL«1) 1 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 N.S. (Reaff:2003) Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample{s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified, This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 141 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 298 DATE OF REPORT 08-12-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t201 0 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water s 14 Nitrate as N03 mgtl BDL«1) 1.4 APHA 21 EDI-4500- N03- B 45 01 15 Fluoride as F mgtl BDL«0.1) BDL«0.1) APHA 21 EDI-4500-F B&D 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mgtl 1.98 0.24 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 51 17 Ammonia as NH3 mgtl 0.33 0.26 APHA 21 EDI-4500- NH3 B&C N.S. ~ Phosphate as P04 mglJ BDL«0.01) BDL«0.01) IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 N.S. (Reaff:2002) Total suspended mgtl 4 6 IS : 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: - solids 2002) .... END OF REPORT.. .. BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Janakiya Panchayat Well Water (Ward No: 32). W2 - Kadalundi River Water Nole: Sample No (W1) contains high amount dissolved Iron, which imparts Colour and Turbid. for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 20f2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as speCified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. -~ AHC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 142 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 299 DATE OF REPORT 14-12-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION rd ADDRESS 3 Floor, PTC Towers. SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 09-12-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 09-12-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 -1987 COMPLETED ON 13-12 -2010 Desirable RESULTS Limit as per TEST PROCEDURE S.NO PARAMETER UNIT IS 10500 : W1 1991 Clear & st 1 Physical Appearance APHA21 EDI-2110 - Colourless 2 pH at 25°C - 6.83 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 6.5-8.5 3 Turbidity NTU BDL«0.5) IS: 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 4 Conductivity at 25°C IJStcm 238 IS: 3025 Part 14-1984 (Reaff: 2002) N.S. 5 Total dissolved solids mgtl 154 IS : 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 500 Total Alkalinity as 6 mgtl 96 IS: 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2003) 200 CaC0 3 Total Hardness as 7 mgtl 83.7 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 1998) 300 CaC0 3 8 Calcium as Ca mgtl 28.7 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2003) 75 st 9 Magnesium as Mg mgll 2.9 APHA 21 EDITION 30 ! 10 Chloride as cr mgll 23.8 IS: 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 11 Sulphate as S04 mgll BDL{<1) APHA 21 st EDI-4500- SO/- E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgll 12.8 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. I 13 Potassium as K mg/l 4.2 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. .. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 143 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 299 DATE OF REPORT 14-12-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt,4181201o SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water st 14 Nitrate as NOs mg/l 1.6 APHA 21 EDI-45oO- NOs" B 45 15 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.18 I APHA 21 st EDI-45oo-F B&D I 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.13 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 I 0.30 st 17 Ammonia as NHs mg/l 0.29 APHA 21 EDI-450o- NH3 B&C N.S. 18 Phosphate as P04 mg/l 0.02 IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 (Reaff:2oo2) N.S. .... END OF REPORT .... BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Sultan Bathery GP, Jawahar Colony, Well Water. (Ward No: 08) for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 2 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 144 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 300 DATE OF REPORT 14-12-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION rd ADDRESS 3 Floor, PTC Towers, SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 09-12-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 09-12-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 - 1987 COMPLETED ON 13-12 -2010 Desirable RESULTS Limit as per TEST PROCEDURE S.NO PARAMETER UNIT IS 10500 : Wi 1991 1 Physical Appearance - Pale Yellow st APHA 21 EDI-2110 - 2 pH at 25°C - 6.28 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 6.5-8.5 3 Turbidity NTU 7.6 IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 4 Conductivity at 25°C J.lS/cm 143 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2002) N.S. 5 Total dissolved solids mg/l 82 IS : 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 500 Total Alkalinity as 6 mgll 52 IS: 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2003) 200 CaC0 3 Total Hardness as 7 mg/l 49.8 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 1998) 300 CaC0 3 8 Calcium as Ca mg/l 11.2 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2003) 75 9 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 5.3 APHA 21 st EDITION 30 10 Chloride as cr mgtl 8.9 IS: 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 11 Sulphate as S04 mg/l BDL«1) APHA 215\ EDI-4500- sol- E 200 i 12 Sodium as Na mgll 8 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. 13 Potassium as K mgll 2.3 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 145 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 300 DATE OF REPORT 14-12-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t201 0 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water st 14 Nitrate as N0 3 mgtl 6.2 APHA 21 - EDI-4500- N0 3 B 45 st 15 Fluoride as F mgtl 0.18 APHA 21 EDI-4500-F B&D 1.00 16 Iron as Fe mgtl 0.56 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 st 17 Ammonia as NH3 mgtl 0.07 APHA 21 EDI-4500- NH3 B&C N.S. 18 Phosphate as P0 4 mgtl 0.07 IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 (Reaff:2002) N.S. .... END OF REPORT .... BDL - Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Sultan Bathery GP, Pudhuchola, Well Water. (Ward No: 03) for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 2 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ~~- ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 146 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 301 DATE OF REPORT 14-12-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION ADDRESS 3n:l Floor, PTC Towers, SAMPLE QUANTITY 2 Ltrs S.S Kovil Road,Thampanoor Thiruvananthapuram-695001 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4/8/2010 SAMPLE RECEIVED 09-12-2010 ON SAMPLE COLLECTED ABC Environ Solutions Pvt.Ltd. DATE OF ANALYSIS 09-12-2010 BY SAMPLING METHOD IS: 3025 Part 1 -1987 COMPLETED ON 13-12 -2010 Desirable RESULTS Limit as per TEST PROCEDURE S.NO PARAMETER UNIT IS 10500: W1 1991 1 Physical Appearance - Pale Yellow APHA 21 st EDI-2110 - ! 2 pH at 25°C - 7.76 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 6.5-8.5 I 3 Turbidity NTU 1.4 IS: 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 4 Conductivity at 25°C ~S/cm 920 IS: 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2002) N.S. 5 Total dissolved solids mgll 576 IS: 3025 Part 15-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 500 Total Alkalinity as 6 mg/l 236 IS : 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff:2003} 200 CaC0 3 Total Hardness as 7 mgll 215 IS: 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 1998) 300 CaC0 3 8 Calcium as Ca mgll 62.3 IS: 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff:2003) 75 I~ Magnesium as Mg mgll 14.6 APHA 21 st EDITION 30 i 1 Chloride as cr mgll 99 IS: 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 11 Sulphate as S04 mgll 4 APHA 21 st EDI-4500- sot E 200 12 Sodium as Na mgll 70 IS: 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. 13 Potassium as K mgll 69 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff:2003) N.S. Page 1 of 2 This test results relate only to the items tested, Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples, The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified, This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 147 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 301 DATE OF REPORT 14-12-2010 REFERENCE NUMBER Ag.No. 11890 dt.4t8t2010 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Water 14 Nitrate as NOs mg/l 61 APHA 21 st EDI-4500- NOs- B 15 Fluoride as F mgtl 36 APHA 21 st EDI-4500-F B&D 16 Iron as Fe mg/l BDL«0.05) IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 17 Ammonia as NHs mgll OA8 APHA 21 st EDI-4500- NHs 18 Phosphate as P04 mgll 1.3 IS: 3025 Part 31-1988 (Rea .... END OF REPORT .... BDL Below Detection Limit N.S. - Not Specified W1 - Sultan Bathery GP, Manichera-ST Colony, Well Water. (Ward No: 11) for ABC ENVIRON SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD., AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY Page 20f2 This test results relate only to the items tested. Unless otherwise state of the results shown in this test report only to the sample(s) tested and such sample (s) are retained for 7 days in case of Wastewater and 30 days for all other samples. The samples from regulatory bodies are to be retained as specified. This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the company. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 148 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 TEST REPORT REPORT NO 302 DATE OF REPORT 14-12-2010 CUSTOMER NAME KRWSA, Kerala SAMPLE Water DESCRIPTION ADDRESS 3r­ 31;' ! c: '" fi. :> i'" .;~ .;E .E Districts t= ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 159 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 WaterBorne Disease in Kerala for the Vera 2005-2009 (Chloera) 1.2 1 "0 I'G 0.8' c! 0.6 '" s:: 0 . '" QI no 0.4 .2009 0.2 , . -- --­ .2008 15 ".-'--'-~---.- 0 0 .2007 z ... . E I II E '" 'a ~ :E - :i! :I 'E Ii "5 :; ~ 'i :tl .'" e :I 4> :2 'i c It! ::J s:: C '1:1 0 ... l>C .2006 .. :I ~ ~ +" Q, ~ .!!! 1': i;' '" ... t= i Q, !>' E .!!I l.: •.2005 '" ii '" C C( ::.: '" c III a.. N c 3: '" :.:! 16 !>' c '" :Ii '" c '" 1; ~ ~ Districts ACUTE WATERY DIARRHOEA ~ .. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 160 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 161 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 PERSISTENT DIARRHOEA Water Borne Diseases in Keral for the Year 2005-2009 (Persistant Diarrhoea) 1600 "C Q) ..!It! 1400 '-' 1200 ra ..... ~ 1000 III c 800 0 ... '" 600 Q) ----_2009 CI. 400 .... • 0 200 Z ci 0 ra •ra :;: ... .... Q. ra E ..... ..... ..t::. E ra E ::J -0 ra E Q) "C -0 ra ::J "C 0 ra ..t::. ..... c ~ 0 :c ..... N ::J Q. >- ra ..... ::J :!a ::; ..!It! III ­ c C ra e!l ra _2005 ra ~ E ra ..... ra ..t::. ni ra ::.:::: III ra C ra > ra c ra « ~ 0 c .... w I- CI. Q. ~ ra N 0 ::.:::: :: ~ .... ::J ..t::. ..... :!: ..t::. ra I- CI. Districts ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 162 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 DYSENTERY Water Born Diseases in Kerala for the year 2005-2009 (Dysentary 12000 "0 Ql ""'" '-' 10000 .... '" < 8000 'c" 0 6000 .... VI - 0... Z Ql 0 0 4000 2000 -2009 _2008 0 E c:: E ..!!! '" ~ :2 ~ ::; E "" :> :.;;: '" :s! E ..!!! - ::J ~ 1;) '" .-'" E ~ OJ -0 0 -0 '" c '3 c c: -0 0 e!' l1li2007 _2006 ::> CL '" (5 '"' E CL "" g ::J -'" '" 'C "" f­ -'" -'" ro ::J CL a. -'" :2 ro >- '" '" "'" '" l(l a 2005 -£ '" co 2 0­ :2 f- Districts Source: Directorate of' health Services, ORT (Oral Rehydration Therapy) l?eports, 2005­ 2009 -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 163 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z Annexure 7 - FGD Report REPORT 1 KALIYOOR................................................................................................................ 165 REPORT 2 KOTTUKAL .............................................................................................................. 173 REPORT 3 THIRUKOVILVATTAM ......................................................................................... 181 REPORT 4 EZHUPUNNA........................................................................................................... 189 REPORT 5 RAMANAKARY ....................................................................................................... 195 REPORT 6 PAMPAKUDA .......................................................................................................... 202 REPORT 7 ERIYAD...................................................................................................................... 209 REPORT 8 AGALI ......................................................................................................................... 214 REPORT 9 ERUTHENPATHY .................................................................................................. 220 REPORT 10 THIRURANGADI .................................................................................................. 227 REPORT 11 SULTHAN BATHERY ......................................................................................... 233 REPORT 12 RAMANATTUKARA ........................................................................................... 240 REPORT 13 ENMAKAJE ............................................................................................................ 246 REPORT 14 KODOM BELUR ................................................................................................... 253 @ -~.. j\ .•• ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 164 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for JaJanidhi-2 REPORT 1 KALIYOOR VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT No ortankwith : c_.._. ________ c;;_:.:.. Common well - 24 Lake-l -+------_..... Canal-l--­ -_... Lakhs litres Depth of the aquifer (ifit is ground water) water level -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 165 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Summer Yes Winter No No is no periodical checking of water 1. Individual Sanitary latrine (ISL) 2. 0 en ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 166 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Centre and Ayurvedic Before & after eating After Defecation Daily 2. Once in two kind of hygiene messages often hear during Common 3. Skin diseases Cold & No Awareness program is conducted by staff of Gram Panchayat and public Is there any occasion where the whole village is cleaned & sanitized FIELD STUDY ON 22 nd NOVEMBER, 2010 Field study was conducted at Kaliyoor Gram Panchayat on 22 nd November, 2010. The GP is located in Nemon Block (Thiruvananthapuram District). The GP is about 45 Km from Thiruvananthapuram. The total area of the GP is about 17.23 Sq.Km. As per 2001 census, the population is about 36836. The GP has 1 village, Kaliyoor with 20 wards. The topography is flat terrain. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 167 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 KaJiyoor Gram Panchayat a) SOURCE OF WA l'ER AND WATER SUPPLY );> Since last 20 years, people get water from Kerala Rural Water Supply Scheme and it's the only scheme available in the GP. );> Pump house is available only at Mukaloormula ward (ward no: 3). The source of water is Vandithadam tank. Water is supplied to agricultural college, Pumkulum, Vandithadam, Palapoore, Kaliyoor, Kunnampara road from this pump house. );> Water is supplied weekly once or twice. Submersible pump of 60 HP is used. Pumping is done on shift basis. );> In Nadungal, from over head tank of 1.5 lakhs capacity, water is pumped and supplied to households by individual pipeline. For new pipeline connection, HH have to pay Rs.4000 - 5000 and for water meter Rs. 500. Water is supplied weekly 4 days. );> In Vellayani (ward no.2) one pup house is there but not functioning. The source of water is Vellayani Lake. Due to silt accumulation, pumped water was muddy and pumping was stopped. Closed Pump House in Vellayani ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 168 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 ;.. Pump House in Kakkamoola ward (Ward 18) is functioning for more than 20 years. The pump house has 4 pumps, 1 with the capacity of 60 HP, 3 with 20HP and the OHT is in Peringamala having the capacity of 15 lakh litres. Source of water is Nedinjal thodu. Water is potable and the water is available during summer, but frequency of pumping will be less. The pump house is having filtration system. Kakkamoola Pump House ;.. In Santhivilla (ward No.3), the pump house is not maintained properly by the operator. Pumping is done continuously and as the pump house is locked, water overflows and floods the main road. Santhivilla Pump House Over Flow of Water from the Pump House ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 169 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Improper Maintenance In The Pump Overflow into the main roads House b) WATER QUALITY ~ The quality of the water supplied from the Kakkamoola pump house is good. ~ Water from the Santhivilla pump house is muddy. ~ The main reason for non -functioning of Vellayani Pump house is Silt accumulation. Samples were collected from lake during the visit and the results are also enclosed in Annexure 5. c) SOLID WASTE ~ Solid wastes generated from households are disposed in canal, ponds and lakes. There is no proper solid waste collection and disposal facility in the village. ~ People are dumping waste in the backyard. ~ There is no separate sewerage system. ~ Sewage is disposed in nearby canal and ponds. ~ Water in the canal water polluted due to waste (solid & liquid) disposal and it cannot be used for any purpose. ~ Pollution of Vellayani lake is due to Solid'Waste Disposal from Kizhakke colony and also waste from agricultural college leads to pesticides contamination in the lake. d) ENVIRONMENTAL SANITli TJON ~ 90% of the houses have good latrine facility and in some places open defecation is noticed. ~ There is no common latrine in the GP. e) Htl1LTH AND HYGIENE ~ GP is having Primary Health Centre in Kaliyoor and in Vellayani. There is also an Ayurveda Dispensary in Kaliyoor. ~ With the help of the Panchayat the Primary Health Centre is conducting many health and awareness camps. ~ They also provide bleaching powder and medicines to each household during rainy days. @ 170 --k·,,· ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 23.11.2010AT KALIYOOR, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT A. All the GP members and villagers actively participated in the FGD. B. People that water from the Santhivilla pump house is very muddy and even if boiled, sediment can be noticed. C. Water is supplied without any treatment and the people expected some treatment system for drinking water. D. Opinion regarding increasing the capacity of storage tank was given. E. People informed that there are 24 common wells in the Panchayat and mostly they are not in use due to contamination and suggested that it can be used if any treatment is provided, which will in turn reduce water scarcity in the region. F. The depth of the aquifer is about150feet. G. The ward members and the villagers expressed their interest for implementing Jalanidhi-2. H. There is no rain water harvesting system in the GP and they expressed their interest in RWH in every household. I. In ward 20 (Signal Station) one mini pump house is there and the President suggested that by increasing the capacity of the tank, water can be supplied to more areas. J. There are two fresh water ponds in the GP (ie), Elathara Kulam and Thenoor Kulam, which are not in use due to the contamination due to bathing, washing clothes etc., K. They also discussed about pollution of Vellayani lake due to the solid waste disposal. The lake is enriched with nutrient and leading to eutrophication, which will reduce the dissolved oxygen level in the water and affect the living organism in the water. Eutrophication ofVellayani Lake ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 171 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 L. They also suggested raising a compound wall to protect the lake from flood and sewage disposal. M. Netherlands Waste Scheme is now conducting a research in Kaliyoor GP to implement waste treatment in that GP. FGD at Kaliyoor Gram Pallchayat ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 172 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 REPORT 2 KOTTUKAL VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT Source of water in summer --- "--------.. --~~- -~ ,~----.---.--. Typ~.Qf distribution network .pipelin~_._ . . .. How drinking water is met in coastal The drinking water is met by near by wells area? which is water Main source of drinking water any treatment in case of open what treatment is followed? 1. Chlorination • 2. Alum or herbs Gram Panchayat No ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 173 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 S 23 3 -----,--- lakhs litres .......... ­ ------------- (if it is ground 50 metres 1·~~~e:;e-de~li~e·i~·grO~nd water level l~;~~';!;; I Summer the source from a canal Cost fpr the Water Supply any maintenance shut down if ~~ Yes _ _-+-'Rs~4_5'-'-M__"_0'__nt.:.ch'___.___________.__..___ L AnnuaLO_& M expenditure Q& M expenditure is l>orne by con!!.~£!()I-_____ • Repair and JI1.t!blic Health Centres How you protect drinking water Nil sources? .......-._-- .......... Is there any occasion where the whole No village is cleaned & sanitized .cQIl1Pll!~orily. __...____...... ABC Environ Solutions Prt Ltd., 175 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 FIELD STUDY ON 16TH NOVEMBER, 2010 Field Study was conducted at Kottukal on 16th November, 2010. The GP is located in Athiyanoor Block of Thiruvananthapuram District and is about 15 Km from Thiruvananthapuram. As per 2001 census, the total population is about 31,827 and as per the voters list it's about 43,000. There are 19 wards. The terrain is sloping. a) SOURCE OF WATER AND WATER SUPPLY y KWA water supply scheme is available. Water is pumped from bore well and canals and supplied to households but water availability is less during summer. y Water distributed through pipelines but no proper distribution system is available for most of the wards. y Other sources of water are lake, river, spring, stream and wells. y There are about 40 wells (mostly not in use), 23 springs and 27 streams in the GP. y There are llKWA schemes available in the GP and the major pump houses are located in Oochakada, Puthalam, and Kollamkonam. y Pump house in Oochakada is the major source of the water to the GP and the pump house covers major areas of the GP. Water is also supplied to nearby GPs. y The pump capacity is 75 HP and from the pump house, about 3, 00,000 litres of water is pumped daily. The depth ofthe well is about 30 feet. Stand by motor is not available. Hence if there is any repair in motor I pump, water supply will be impeded. y The water quality is very good. Only chlorination is done in the pump house. There is a storage gallery and after pumping, water is stored in the gallery for future supply. During rainy season, excess water is stored in the gallery and overflows to nearby waste lands. Discussion with the Pump House Storage Gallery at Uchakada Operator at Uchakada Pump House Pump House y The supply is twice a week with the duration of more than 2 hours. Water is distributed through the PVC pipelines. -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 176 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 ).- The water tariff is Rs.43 for 10,000 litres and if water usage exceeds beyond 10 KLD, Rs.6 per litre is charged extra. ).- There is a valve for each area having minimum of 40 to 50 households, to maintain uniform distribution ofthe water for each area. Meter is fixed for each household to calculate water usage. Street Valve ).- Operation and maintenance is carried out only by the contractors. ).- A pump house supervisor is appointed to operate the pump house and salary is provided by the contractors. ).- Pump house at Puthalam, pumps about 2, 00,000 litres of water daily. The depth of the well is 50 feet. Stand by motor is available in the pump house but non functional. The main source of the water for this pump house is bore well and Spring. During rainy season the availability of spring water is more and in summer the availability is poor. Chlorination is the only treatment provided in the pump house. Pump House at Puthalam Pump house at Kollamkonam .~~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 177 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 y There are 2 pump houses in Kollamkonam. The source of water for the two pump houses are nearby canal. The pump capacity is 2S HP and the depth of the well is about 30 feet. Water is not potable and people are using the water for bathing, washing etc., y Distribution of water is through the pipelines and there are more than 2 public taps in each street. b) RA1NWATERHARVESTING y Rain Water harvesting system is provided only at Chinnanvilla Colony (Ward No.1S). It was facilitated by Shanthigram & Mitraniketan, supported by Department of Science & Technology, Government of India and maintained by SYCAMORE Trust, an NRI trust running successfully. y More than 680 households are benefited by the scheme. The households are using water for washing, bathing and for other purposes, but water will be available only during rainy season. Rain Water Harvesting System in Rain Water Harvesting System in Chinnanvilla Colony Punnamkulam y In Punnamkulam the rain water harvesting scheme is available only in one house and they get water during rainy season which is used for washing, bathing and for other purposes. c) WATER QUALITY y The quality of water supplied from the Kollamkonam pump house is poor. The colour of the water is yellowish. Due to the solid waste disposal into the canal water is contaminated. y The water sample was collected and the results are enclosed. y People expressed that, they could find sediment when water is stored in pot or container and even if boiled the taste is not good. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 178 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi.2 Canal Water with Yellow colour :r In Moolakara (Ward No.7) water supply is from canal and water source for this canal is Kallikadu Dam. Water has hardness and by consuming the water, people are affected by throat infections. :r In Punnamkulam ward (ward No.14) only hard water used and scale formation is seen in vessels while boiling water. :r As Ambalathumula is near coast, they get only the saline water for drinking. About 200 families are affected due to water quality but now water is available for drinking from nearby well in the church. :r Water quality is not checked periodically. d) SOLID WASTE :r Dispose of solid waste is done inside the village. :r Dispose of fodder waste and dung is in house backyard and in some houses cow dung cake is used as a combustion material. :r Cow dung is also used as manure. :r Due to the improper sanitation and solid waste management system, the canal is contaminated. Waste from hotels is disposed directly in to the canal in Nellimode. :r No composting of waste is done. Waste is burnt or simply thrown in the streets e) ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION :r 15% of HH do not have Individual Sanitary Latrines (ISL) and open defecation is common. :r The ISL is connected with leachate pit only. :r There are five public latrines in the GP of which one public latrine is in market. :r There is no sewerage connection throughout the GP and sewage is disposed finally in to open area or nearby pond. f) HEALTH & PERSONAL HYGIENE :r Primary Health Centre, Homeopathy Hospital, Ayurvedic Hospitals are available in the GP and doctors are readily available. :r National Rural Health Department is available and there are 8 sub centres for this department. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt Ltd., 179 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z }> Duringrainy season, Public Health Department provides bleaching power to households having wells. With the help of the Panchayat they conduct health \ and awareness programmes. FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 17.11.2010 AT KOTTUKAL, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT Total No. of people participated in the FGD are 16. The President, Vice President, members of the various wards, Anganvadi teachers, school teachers and women participated in the FGD and issues related to water supply, quality of water, sanitation etc was discussed. Following are the outcome of FGD. Focused Group Discussion A. All the members and villagers actively participated in the FGD. B. Pump house supervisor of Uchakada pump house suggested that since the pump house is the major water source for the GP, another storage gallery to store water during rainy season will help to store the overflow which otherwise cause the flood in that area. C. The village people suggested providing some treatment for 40 common wells in Panchayat, which are contaminated. D. In Chinnanvilla Colony there are 680 households and there is one common well near the SYCAMORE Trust which is contaminated. With the help of the RWH system, water is made available for washing, cleaning and other uses. Since there is water scarcity for drinking, people suggested, cleaning of well will make the water potable. E. There is severe water scarcity during summer as water availability is reduced by 25%. F. In Thekkekonam, the RWSS Scheme is not functioning due to improper maintenance. G. Due to scarcity of water, households having well, sell the water for Rs.300/1000 litres. H. People expressed their willingness to new water scheme and Panchayat is also willing to pay 10%. I. As water from Kollamkonam pump houses is not potable, people suggested treatment of water and regular water quality monitoring. ® _~J\h" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 180 July ZOll Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 REPORT 3 THIRUKOVILVATTAM VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT Identification Name of the District Name of the Block. _ m . _ m m m••••••••••••• How drinking water is met in coastal area? Main source of drinking water well Is there any treatment in case of open well? How is the cost aspect maintained for met through the help of public health centre treatment? and ASHA bY.&()'\lt:J_ ...., __ What is the village institutional KWA authorizes the treatment through private arrangement for drinking water contraction. The treatment includes only the treatment? Who does the treatment, disinfection by chlorination .This activity is Tank capacity of 1,20,000 litres proposed by :KWA Depth of the aquifer (if it is ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 181 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 decline in ground water level Summer Yes No No No "",~t ...,·" water quality in the time of flow Treatment J:yJ.l~_ of Treatment _TYJ.le of Storage __________+-'-. Environmental Sanitation Nature of Defecation ofISL ISL Covera e % of Households) No. of Public latrines No ..... ________ .._ _._......._ ..... __ r·---·'·-·'-:··~:··..:·:::'·=:~...c-·:c:..::.::;:..'-:::---··-·---··---------+-'---.------ ---------~. Whether the latrine is conversion of Mostly shallow two pit latrine and some leach pit to shallow two pit or new households there are leach pits and new latrines are found. is managed in coastal N/A Is ISl,/l'.Eblic Latrine connected to Leachate How often and what process is close the pit followed to ornnru Where other people go for defecatio l1 In the field and Near the Water Resource Us there any wastewater body __ I Yes _______ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 182 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 Is there any drinking water source the Leachate pit ~~+- --~~.~ into the . -,---.--.-.­ streams Do you have compost pit for this No waste Locations .---~-- ~--~---~-----~------- Distance from What is done with the waste Before & after eating ... --- .. ~-- ..-- ~ .. After Defecation -~ Awareness ----~-----~----..-----~----~---~--~---------- ..-----.--.-----------------------­ Awareness programs regarding water Yes, It is conducted ASHA and public health ~_~~!!it~tJQ!1_!~1s~e:".__._. .~ ... ~~_~__. ______ ~_ ..~__._. ..~ __ +--_.... -~.- _ PaQcl!§lY'!L _____________~ __._ .---..1 How you protect drinking water There is no protection over the drinking water any occasion where the village is cleaned & sanitized -I ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 183 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 FIElD STUDY ON 24TH NOVEMBER, 2010 Field study was conducted at Thirukovilvattam on 18th November 2010. Thirukovilvattam GP is located in Mukhathala Block, Kollam District. There are three villages, Thirukovilvattam, Thazhuthala, Kottankara and 23 wards in the GP and the GP is about 15Km from Kollam Junction. The nature of the terrain is sloppy. The total area is 18.66 Sq.Km and population is about 539195 as per 2001 Census. Thirulwvilvattam Gram Panchayat aJ WATER SUPPLY )- Source of water is open well, bore well and KWA Scheme in Ward 8 - Kottaikail and it covers 20% of households only. )- Through Beneficiary Group, each household contributed Rs.3000 initially and monthly minimum payment of BPL-Rs.22JHH, SC-Rs.44jHH and general Rs.50jHH. )- Supply of water is weekly once or twice with duration of 5-6 hrs. )- For each household, water meter is fixed and regulatory authorities will collect extra amount if water usage exceeds 10,000 litres. )- Kannannallur River is located here and it is the main source of water for that area. )- Water level depth is low in some area and it goes up to 20-30 feet depth. )- In Anganvadi, for drinking & cooking purposes, water has to be collected from 2Km. )- In ward 10 (Muzhiara Road), there is no scheme and no pipe connection. Water scarcity is prevalent from Kutipuram to Panayil. )- In ward 11 (Panaikkalam), water source is well, which could not be used due to improper maintenance. )- Stream water cannot be used for the drinking purpose due to solid waste dumping & sewage contamination. )- Water is supplied by KWA scheme in Ward 18 to 375 families through public taps. The frequency of water supply is weekly once or twice for 3 to 4 hours. Source of water is Kaniyanthodu. Source of the stream is Kaladai River having many sub streams. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 184 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 );- The source of water is bore well (300-350 feet depth), provided by Rajiv Gandhi Water Supply Scheme. About 125 households are benefited by this scheme, which is functional for the last 7 years. );- Initially Rs.1000jHH was collected as installation amount and Rs.100j HH monthly. );- 200 families are there in Ward 19 and the source of water is open well. This well was constructed by private party. Local people contributed Rs.10, 000 -15,000 and beneficiary group is maintaining the well. Monthly charge of Rs.200 is collected from each HH. );- In some places, Kerala Water Authority is supplying water by public taps but water supply is not frequent. );- Source of water for Ward 20 is open well having 35 feet depth, 7feet dia. This well was constructed by private party with contribution of Rs.10, 000­ 15,000 from local people. Now the Panchayat is maintaining the well by collecting Rs.200jHH each month. The open well is located downstream and hence HH in upstream cannot get water frequently. Water supply duration is 4-5hrs daily. Pump house and motor is maintained by beneficiary group. During maintenance and power failure the water supply is stopped and the HH has to rely on other private well. Well of Ward no. 20 Pump house );- In ward 22 (VettilathaIam), though KWA Scheme is available, water from bore well is used as source and the pump capacity is 15 HP. );- Distribution network for public taps is under process in some areas. );- In Ward 23 (Chenthapur) water source is bore well. From bore well, water is pumped to the overhead tank and supplied to HH. Each HH pay Rs. 45 ­ 60 jmonth. b) WATER QUALITY );- In ward no.19, dairy and gum industries release waste water in to the stream, which changes the physical parameters of water like odour and colour. ,~~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 185 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 ~ Due to improper sewerage and solid waste management system, the Kaniyanthodu is polluted and water is not even used for washing of cloths. c) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ~ Market is located in Kottaikail ward. There is no proper disposal facility for the waste generated from market. Bio Waste Treatment Plant was constructed by Bio Tech Company. But presently, the plant is not working and wastes are stored in open places, creating odour problem. > Solid waste generated from the industries, are dumped in open area and meat wastes are dumped near households. ~ Domestic waste is dumped into the open place and sometimes the waste is burnt ~ There is no dustbin for waste collection. Solid waste dumping in Bio Waste Treatment Plant market Domestic Waste Burning of Waste ~@, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 186 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 d) ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION >- 95% households have proper sanitation facility. >- In each HH, ISL is provided with leachate pit of 20 to 30 feet depth. >- There is no separate sewerage system. >- Sewage is disposed to nearby canal. 1St l,eachate pit e) HEALTH & PERSONAL HYGIENE >- During rainy season ASHA workers provide bleaching powder to individual HH having wells. >- They also conduct health camp and awareness camp. FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HEtD ON 19.11.2010 AT THIRUKOVII,VATTAM Focused Group Discussion was conducted on 19.11.2010 at Thirukovilvattam GP, of Mukhathala Block, Kollam District. In FGD, we mainly discussed about problems related to drinking water supply, quality of water, sanitation and solid waste disposal. President, ward members, housewives, anganwadi teachers, school teachers and representatives from local NGO's actively participated in the FGD. A. Water supply from Kerala Water Authority is weekly once or twice and this is not enough to suffice the demand. B. The Bio Waste Treatment Plant is currently not working and solid wastes dumped are creating odour problem. Suggestion was given to maintain the existing treatment plant. C. Due to location of water source downstream, HH in upstream face problem in receiving water. ® ~-.)\.""" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 187 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 D. Since distribution system is through cement pipelines, water will not be available in some places due to leaks/ breakage. E. As more agricultural land is converted into residential places, the ground water table is declining. F. Ward Number 23 (Chethapur) does not have any scheme and the HH, suggested providing them with one scheme. G. Water scarcity is high in summer and hence people have to travel long distances to collect water. H. HH suggested rain water harvesting system in every household. I. They are ready to accept new water supply scheme and Panchayat is also ready to give land and pay 10%. J. People in the GP are economically well doing, more NRI are available and hence are willing to form BG and ready to give 15% share. K. Panchayat has provided 1 cent land to dig the open well to KWA. But the scheme was not taken up. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 188 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 REPORT 4 EZHUPUNNA VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT Identification Source of Water Is the covered Whether the well is Sanitized Main source of drinking water Panchayat Tap Is there any treatment in case of open Yes well? If yes, what treatment is followed? Chlorination many households are 70% of House holds water Whether water is boiled or heated Boiled How is the cost aspect maintained for O&M cost is borne by KWA is the village institutional There is no village institutional arrangement arrangement for drinking water for drinking water. Only chlorination is done treatment? Who does the treatment, by Panchayat. Once in a week 1. Wells -70 4. Tap 2. Tanks-3 _._- -,._....._---- +,3. Hand ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 189 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 of the aquifer (if it is ground -150 m Is there decline in ground water Summer There is no rain water harvesting scheme. But rain water harvesting tank is constructed in most of the.......c.:.. :...:...: ...: ..:. c No 1. Muddy 2. Salty I 3. Bacterial _~owoftent~~~~?terqual~~check~d?4-0_t~h. e_rs_____._________~ ____________ __ _ . ______~ Any records maintained for water No records are maintained for water quality !l_ality? ------------f-----.-----------------------1 I Quality Parameter (Specify parameter i anAvalue in ppm) ________f--_ _ ~reat!!l-.:mt - - - - - . Yes I ---..-­ ! Type of Treatment 1. Chlorination ____________. Wn~~fnS!OJ:~:1 Sanitation - - - _+-O_H_T_..__.. ._._._...__~____._____.___..-------' I Nature of Defecation 1. Individual Sanitary latrine(ISL) I r~-~~"-~_'~_M ____----_." ,-­ -~-" 2. I Number of ISL rIs_~·~g~~~~g_e_rt~Qf I!Q~~~J:1.()I.~~l._. __.__ .. 70% No. of Public latrines Whether the latrine is conversion of New leachate pit leaf!!.pit to shallow two pit or!l~_w_::---_T---._-_-_-----------.----------' How sanitation is managed in coastal Sanitation is not managed properly in coastal areas & hills? areas. ................................ H~.Y<:>ur ISLifublic Lat!"ine connected to ~~eact!.~t.t?J?!! __.___.___.. _.__._.____..__._ _.___ ....i Ji<:>!.!<:>..fte!!_and w h~t pro~ess is_followe1l.:________._ _ ._..__..____.____.____....______ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 190 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Solid Waste Wh e re9gJ'()~\!~ Common tap water, wells and ponds are the main sources of drinking water. There are about 70 common wells located in the GP. )i> Socio Economic scheme and JBlC water supply scheme are the two existing water supply schemes in the GP. From Socio economic scheme, an overhead tank of capacity 5000 L has been constructed in market area and water is supplied to the households from the tank. )i> Due to poor maintenance of the taps and pipelines, most of the HH are facing problem in getting water. Water supplied by KWA scheme is not sufficient to meet the demand and people are collecting water from nearby ponds and wells. )i> In Vadakkakath ward, ponds are the main source of water. HH using the pond water are affected by skin diseases. )i> In Thottapalli temple, water is supplied by Socio Economic scheme. The quality of the water is good. )i> In some wards, HH buy water from private parties. )i> There are many ponds and lakes in the GP which has potable. )i> A fish processing industry located in the GP discharges waste water directly into the lake. b) Water Quality )i> Hardness and salinity are the two main problems in drinking water. )i> The water is brown in colour and has a foul smell. c) Rain Water Harvestiny )i> Rain water harvesting structures are constructed in 10 % of households. )i> During rainy season, people collect rain water and use for drinking. Rain Water Harvesting System ti} 192 ~""l\."" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 d) Sanitation ~ Only 2 % of the houses have proper sanitation facility (two pit latrines). ~ Open defecation is in practice in rest of the areas. Latrine in Ezhupunna Overflowing Leachate pit e) Solid Waste ~ Solid waste generated from the households is disposed into canal, ponds and lakes. There is no proper solid waste collection and disposal system in the village. ~ People are dumping waste in their backyards. fJ Sewage Disposal ~ There is no separate sewerage system. ~ Sewage is discharged directly to the nearby canal and ponds leading to contamination. Sewage Disposal g) Health & Personal Hygiene ~ Public Health Centre, ayurveda hospital and homeo hospitals are found in the GP. A8C Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 193 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 )0> Anganvadi teachers also provide training programs regarding health and hygiene. )0> Health camps and awareness programs are conducted by local NGO's. )0> During rainy season, bleaching powder is provided by Public Health Centre. FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 27.11.2010 AT EZHUPUNNA GP In the FGD, problems related with drinking water supply, quality of water, sanitation and solid waste disposal were discussed. More than 30 people .participated in FGD. President, ward members, housewives, anganwadi teachers, school teachers and representatives from local NGO's actively participated in the FGD. A. The participants informed that drinking water is available but contains hardness and salt. B. Vice president told that socia economic scheme supplies water, but the scheme covers only some of the villages. ,BIC water supply scheme is not in operation due to problem within BG. e. People residing in ward no.2 suggested cleaning of pond will help them to use the water for washing and bathing, as the water is contaminated by solid waste dumping. D. Though Panchayat is providing subsidy for constructing latrines, the amount is not adequate as per the information given by participants. E. Suggestion was given to provide common latrines in bus stops and public places. F. HH are ready to take up rain water harvesting structures. G. Needankara participants suggested providing individual pipeline connections to each HH. H. People are very much aware about solid waste management. Participants enquired about solid waste management facility and are willing to pay the maintenance cost for MSW facility. FoclIsed Group Discussion ABC; Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 194 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 REPORT 5 RAMANAKARY VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT How drinking water is met in \.v,..,n"" area? Main source of drinking water Panchayat Tap Is there any treatment in case of open Yes well? If yes, what treatment is followed? Chlorination How many households are boiling 70% of House holds & heated Boiled How is the cost aspect maintained for KWA is charging Rs.42jl0 KLD for supplying treatment? water to public. The treatment cost maintained What is the village institutional There is no village institutional arrangement arrangement for drinking water for drinking water. Only chlorination is done treatment? Who does the treatment, byKWA how often and is it working~~ll? Handling of drinking water 1. 4. Tube well 2. 5. Tap 3. Hand 2.50 lakhs litres ~~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 195 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Depth of the aquifer (if it is ground 100 -150 m i I _~~_t~!t._...._._.. ___... ---- •.. -"-'- - .... --_._.._._.__.._----_. -----_._-_._. _--_ __----_._-_._--_..._. ----_.._----_.._._.._--_.._.__._-_._--_._....._._._---- -..._ ._-_._-_..._-_._-_.._------_._..._.-. .. .. .. ...... .. Is there decline in ground water level Summer Yes Winter -_... _-_._._--_._._-- ---_...__._-_..........._-_....__ ..._..... No _.- --_._._.__ ._.. _-- -_._..._-_.......- ...... _-- _.. __ _._..__._--_._._-----_._-_ _._._-_ ... _._--_... _. ---_ ..... ... ... .. .... ... Is there any maintenance shut down if Yes a canal the source from ..- - - - -...---.-.-.-..- ...- - - . ­ R~-42/1 OKLO-------·----------··---·--·-·· f-.. _. Cost for the Water Supply/HH _Annu(~~jJI'.2.!"!L_._.. __ ____ - ... - -­ --_._----_ __ __._-_._--- --_._--_._._._----- ---- .. ._. .--~--.-.- ..--.--..-----------~ Is there is any Rain water Harvesting There is no rain water harvesting scheme. But Scheme rain water harvesting tank is constructed in --.­ some of the houses. Is there any conflict between villages No for . __.__ . water? -_. __._-_.. _­ - _._. - . _._-_ ..... _._--­ ... .- -----­ Water Quality Quality Perception 1. Muddy 2. Salty 3. Bacterial ........._ .... 4 . Heavy~eta.l~.()~_pE:!~~ic:id e Surface water quality in the time of low Bad level flow : How often the water quality is checked? Others Any records maintained for water i No records are maintained for water quality ! ~ality? Quality Parameter (Specify parameter - and value in ppm) .. " Treatment .. Yes --' ..1Yp.e of Treatment 1. Chlorination - _Iyp.~_()J~~.()t- Wells, lakes and ponds are the main sources of drinking water. >- Kerala Water Authority Scheme is the existing water supply scheme in the GP. From Thiruvulla station, water comes to Kedangara substation and· pumped to the overhead tank in Pallikoottuma located 5 km away from Kedangara. >- The capacity of the overhead tank is 2.50 lakhs litres. From the overhead tank, water is supplied through pipeline to Ramankary. Each house hold has to pay Rs.42 for 10 KLD of water to KWA. The frequency of water supply is once a week. >- In Ramankary, there is no pump house. New pump house is on commissioning stage. >- In Mampuzhakary thekke, people are collecting water from nearby areas by auto. For auto, they have to pay Rs.50 which can carry only 35 litres of water. >- In Mampuzhakary kizhake, there are about 325 families. KWA scheme common tap is seen. But it is not in use. >- Most of the villages are not getting water because the tap and pipelines are not maintained properly. Water which is supplied by KWA scheme is not sufficient to meet the demand; so the people are collecting water from nearby ponds and wells. b) WATER QUALITY >- Quality of the pond and lake water is very poor. >- Water is contaminated by pesticides. People using the water for washing and bathing are affected by skin diseases. >- Salinity problem is seen in back waters. >- The color of the water is brown and cannot be used for drinking purpose. >- The surface water quality is poor due to the eutrophication. Water Quality ~~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 198 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z c) RAIN WATER HARVESTING ).> Rain water harvesting system provided in school and Anganvadi is in working condition. ).> In rainy season, people collect rain water in drums by using polythene sheet and use it for drinking. Simple form of Rainwater Harvesting d) SOUDWASTE ).> Solid waste generated from HH is disposed in nearby ponds and lakes. ).> There is no proper solid waste collection and disposal system in the village. Solid Waste Disposal e) SANITATION ).> Only some houses have proper sanitation facility with two pit latrines. ).> Open defecation is very common. t) SEWAGE DISPOSAt ).> There is no separate sewerage system. ).> Sewage is discharged to the nearby canal thereby polluting the canal. ® ~h~·l\" c . utlons Pvt. Ld., AD. Environ S0 I ' t 199 July ZOl1 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Sewage Disposal into the Streams g) HEALTH & PERSONAL HYGIENE ~ People are affected by diseases like diarrhea, viral fever and skin diseases. ~ The volunteers from ASHA are conducting awareness program regarding personal hygiene in schools and ward members. ~ Panchayat is providing bleaching powder for disinfection. FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 25.11.2010 AT RAMANAKARY In FGD, problems related with drinking water supply, quality of water, sanitation and solid waste disposal were discussed. More than 100 members actively participated in FGD. President, ward members, housewives, anganvadi teachers, school teachers and representatives from local NGOs participated in the FGD and gave their comments. A. The participants said that, though water availability is plenty, contamination by pesticides used in paddy fields make it unusable. 8. The school head master suggested providing latrines and rain water harvesting system in schools, which will improve the sanitation and solve the problem of water scarcity. C. The participants from the ASHA suggested providing some remedy to canals as they are affected by pollution. D. One of the ward members suggested providing biogas plant, as they can use cow dung in the biogas plant, which is available in plenty. E. The people informed that pond in Orikkari is used only for bathing and washing purposes. F. The participants suggested providing common latrines in each ward. ® -'··JI>· ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 200 July 2011 ~ .. Environmental Assessment and Environmental J~~iil.!!l!.! Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Focused Group Discussion G. The people informed that for the past 10 years, they are getting water only from nearby ponds which is not potable. Drinking water from these ponds, affect . their health, causing diarrhoea and viral fever. H. People are very much interested in this project and are also ready to pay the 10% maintenance cost. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 201 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z REPORT 6 PAMPAKUDA VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT Identification Type of Scheme : Kerala Water Authority Scheme and scheme Source of Water Is or covered Whether the well is Sanitized Source of water in summer of distribution network ..._._--_.... _._._-_ How drinking water is met in coastal area? Main source of drinking water 1. Private Tap 2. Panchayat Tap 3. Common 'A'~lIjII1_<:l_i_':'_i_<:l_~<:lLQ.P.en well any treatment in case of open Yes what treatment is followed? ---------- --- -------_._._-_ .. _-_.- -----.-- -- - -- - - - -- - - -- 2. Chlorination _. _._--_._.. -_.,.. --_.-._ ... - ...---------------------- - -- -- ­ How many households are boiling water: 85 % of houses are using boiled water for ~ drinking? ._____ i drinking ______ _ Whether water is boiled or only heated ! Boiled _. -------------~ I How is the cost aspect maintained for i Bleaching powder is supplied by KWA, L!r:~~t!!1~nt? ..... ,P~I1~hClY--'=!.Efl.lY Frequency ________---'--_D_a~ily"__Jfc._O_nc_e_i_n_4_D_a~yc.c.s_ _.________-' -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 202 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 water harvesting scheme is available in 3. Bacterial or Chemical ~~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 203 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Near the Water Resource _f.!"_esence of Sewerage connectio!!_ _--+__;~~____,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, Sewera e Cover~~_(%J_Qf hO_ll~~l!9~ld_s_"____t- _ __ --~-------"--------~----- Se~a~ Treatment Wll~!"~~~,~~rage is disposed finally I Sewage is disposed in the field Solid Waste Before & after eating After Defecation kind of messages villagers most often hear during programs and campaigns and are these useful? Common diseases r<>n<>c~ program on sanitation is health centres --·-··,·-·--,·,·,··,---·----·-,-,·'·····r-------·-·····-.~---~. No ABC Environ Solutions Prt Ltd., 204 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 FlEtD STUDY ON 14 NOVEMBER, 2010 Field Study was conducted on 14.11.2010 in Pampakuda GP, Ernakulam District. This GP has two villages Onakoor and Memmury and total no. of wards is 12. The GP is located at the distance of 48 Km from Ernakulam. As per 2001 census, the total population of the GP is about 17,324. The area of the Gram Panchayat is about 30.09 Sq.Km. a) SOURCE OF WATER );> The type of Water Supply Scheme available in the GP is Kerala Water Authority (KWA). The KWA scheme covers only 10% ofthe population. The remaining population is taking water from well or nearby ponds. The main source of water is from Aruvizkkal- Muduku Thodu and Uzhavoor thodu. );> The source of water for the KWA Scheme is taken from both the Canals and bore well but the quantity is less during summer. Distribution of water through the pipelines is not proper for most of the wards. );> In Piravam there are two bore wells and water is distributed to 13 wards. );> In Kakard there is 1 pump house with the pump capacity of 25HP.The supply of water will be once or twice a week, for 3 to 4 hours. );> In Pulikunna mala there is KWA Scheme, with a tank capacity of 5000 litres. Due to slopy terrain, HH in higher elevation didn't get water and also the pipes are damaged. );> In Pullamphadam (Ward No.13), a water tank is there but not functioning, due to slopy terrain. );> In Chellakathinal mala, there is Perincharakudi Scheme and it covers 50 HH. But water supply is through one public tap and the duration is one day in a week. );> In Nallanikunnur, water is supplied by KWA scheme for 25 households. There are only 2 public taps and water is supplied weekly once by gravity. );> In Muttakul there is no water supply scheme and people are taking water from nearby pond, which is 1.5 Km away. );> In Chennatumala for 40 HH, the Panchayat provided 40 cent land to implement the Harijan water supply scheme but due to high land area and non availability of the ground water, the scheme was cancelled. People in that area get water by paying Rs.900 to Rs.1000 by lorry service. );> HH having well, sell the water to other agencies which in turn supplies water through lorries. b) RAIN WATER HARVESTING );> Rain water harvesting scheme is found in only some HH );> Olikathandel Colony is having rain water harvesting scheme in one house and they are using the water for washing and bathing. c) WATER QUALITY );> The quality of water is mostly good in this area. );> In Piramadomalpara, the HH does not use KWA Scheme water for drinking due to yellowish colour and poor quality. The people use the water for other purpose only. #@., ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 205 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 ~ Testing of water quality is not done. ~ There are many ponds in the GP, but most of them are contaminated. Pond Contamination d) SOLID WASTE ~ Dispose of solid waste is done inside the village. ~ Dispose offodder waste and dung is done in backyard and in some HH the dung is used as a combustion material. ~ Cow dung is also used as manure. Poor Solid Waste Management e) ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ~ Only 60% of HH have proper sanitation facility with two pit latrines. Rest of the people use open area and field. ~ The ISL is connected with leachate pit only. ~ No public latrines are available. -~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 206 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 );> There is no sewerage connection throughout the GP and the sewage is disposed in open area or nearby pond. t] HEALTH & PERSONAL HYGIENE );> Primary Health Centre is available in the GP and 2 doctors are there for 24 hours. );> The Public Health Department is providing bleaching powder for the households and with the help of Panchayat they are conducting health and awareness program. );> There is no common disease found but some people are affected by cancer. Public Health Centre Public Health Awareness Programmes FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 1.5.11.2010 AT PAMPAKUDA Total No. of participants in the FGD are 21. The President, Vice President, ward members, anganvadi teachers, school teachers, women participated in FGD and issues related to water supply, quality of water, sanitation etc were discussed. A. During rainy season, silt and clay accumulate in the well, affecting quality of water, clogging impeller of the pump, resulting in pump failure. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 207 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 B. There is water scarcity during summer, as the water availability reduces by 25%. C. Common wells are available but not in use because of contamination and poor maintenance. Poor Maintenance of Well D. People boil canal water for drinking and the drink the well water without boiling. E. The vice president addressed about the severity of sanitation problem and contamination of ponds due to poor solid waste management system. F. Women participants addressed about traveling long distances (2 Km) for collecting water. G. Source of canal water is Kallikadu dam. Since canal water is yellow, HH use the water for purposes other than drinking. H. People are willing to accept the new scheme but Panchayat is not willing to pay the 10%, due to poor economic status of the GP. 1. Participants suggested that disposal of garbage along the roadside and in the vicinity of residential area needs to be addressed. FGD at Pampakuda @ -~".j\"". ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 208 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 REPORT 7 ERIYAO VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT Identification HQ'w\'A-J'i n~il1g ""!e.""~!e.r:Q(),QL_________ No Is there any drinking water source near No !lleV\'.as~ewater body Se tic -:~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 210 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 1. Before & after eating 2. After Defecation """"-- .. ~",,' What is used for S()Clil._ . Frequency of bathing 1. Daily What kind of hygiene messages villagers most often hear during programs . t"~~~~;~:~~~~d i!re thes~Esef~_~L_.~. -T··Common COld&----!3."-·Skin(i"iseases·---··i I fever i ! I 2. Diarrhoea i r"IiO.;------.--iSihedis-easeOutbreak-------· .Seai()I!~I._=-"~~==----·---·---------~~-=~:=~.~-"--.-"--- I,. ____ ".-"1 I Was there a health epidemic due to No I I_£()_ntaminat~d water i!l the ~! two years? ._...__________ r Awareness .._-.--_.: I Awareness programs regarding water & Awareness program is conducted by Gram : ~ sanitation take!l...!!2L. ..____..._____ I Pan<::fl.'!Yat and puJ~!ic health ce!!t~~... _~___.__ i t··~~he~~~~~9~~s~~~~h;r:~~~~~~f~~~L·-t·~~··········---··--_······-1 I. vil!Clg~.Js._I:!£Cl!!~.'!~si!I!!!i:l£9.<::()ll1P.1!!s.orjly ... 1 . ........... FIELD STUDY ON 25NOVEMBER, 2010 Field study was conducted at Eriyad Gram Panchayat on 25 November, 2010. The GP is located at Kodungalur Block, Thrissur District. As per 2001 census, the population is 44863. The GP has 23 wards. a) SOURCE OF WATER >- The source of drinking water is KWA scheme. Water is pumped from Salagudi River and sent to the vaithala pump station. Water is treated here and supplied to the Eriyad Panchayat. >- Water is supplied to each house by Panchayat tap, the frequency is once or twice a week for one to two hours. >- Water from individual bore well is used for bathing and flushing. >- HH collect water whenever available and store in cans. >- Wards located in Coastal areas get saline water and the only source of drinking water is KWA scheme, which is not supplied regularly. >- In Eriyad market the source of water is open well, bore well & KWA scheme. Most of the HH use KWA scheme for drinking purpose. Water is supplied weekly 2 to 3 days. >- One scheme was already implemented 15 years back by Panchayat in Eriyad but not in use for drinking because of more iron content in the water. The Panchayat has decided to revamp the scheme. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 211 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 KWAscheme Water Stored in Cans b) WATER QUALITY >- In coastal areas there is saline water. >- In Eriyad market, iron content is more. So, the water is not fit to drink. c) SANITATION >- Open defecation is very common. >- Some HH have pit latrines. The latrine was constructed by an NGO 10-15 years ago. Initially each HH spent Rs.250 >- Some toilets are damaged. Once the pit is full, the waste is emptied into sea. d) SOLID WASTE >- Solid wastes generated from HH are disposed to the canal, ponds and lakes. >- There is no proper solid waste collection and disposal system. >- People are dumping waste in the backyard. e) SEWAGE DISPOSAL >- There is no sewerage system. ". Sewage discharged into streams and contaminates them. Sewage disposal into the stream ® ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., ~_l\'o#, 212 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 t) HEALTH & PERSONAL HYGIENE };> One Public Health Centre is available, which conducts health awareness programs. };> Bleaching powder is also provided by PHC for disinfection. FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 26.11.2010 AT ERIYAD GP In the FGD, problems related with drinking water supply, quality of water, sanitation and solid waste disposal were discussed. Total no. of participants was more than 30. Focused Group Discussion A. The waste water from HH is discharged into stream and it gets contaminated. Participants suggested revamping of the stream. B. Participants expressed 15% B.G contribution to be high. C. KWA is constructing a tank of capacity 2-2.5Iakh litres. People are of opinion that once the scheme is completed, they will get enough water. Hence, they are not interested in new scheme. D. The participants expressed their interest inrainwater harvesting scheme. E. Participants expressed that, revamping Seraman pond will provide water for drinking purpose . .i , ABC Environ Solutions Pvt Ltd., 213 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 REPORT 8 AGALl VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT Whether the well is Sanitized Source of water in summer f~--"C-. _.."d.,.r,_i_nking.!V~t~_i.~~_rl1e~.~~_t:2~?_!~J :.::_::::..._.. ~._.:_:.:.::::.:..::. c:.::.~n:.o.::,_:::.:._::::..:.::.:...~.:.:..=.:~.::::_,:.::==-..:::--::-=:~~_:...__.__.....~_~ .._._._.1 Main source of drinking water 1. Panchayat Tap I--~----------------- 2. Public ~~.n WelljIndividual Open well ____ Is there any treatment in case of open well? rifyes:-~hait;:'eatment is followed? 1. Boiling I ---'--- r 2. Chlorination .. .-.-.---------------- -- ---,-,--,-~---~-----------~ -~~--.------ ---.. ---.----.~~.- ' How many households are boiling water & ~ 70 % of houses are using boiled water for , d~inking? _____ drinking----rl --~.------------------_____J ~1'l.ether water is lJ_oile_~_ or onlJl. hea!~ __l Boiled ____.. ---:c------i I How is the cost aspect maintained for i The implementing agency is collecting the money i treatment? I for supplying of drinking water. This money is I_. , ! used for _.__...__ . ___ _ _+-.. - ....----- ... _.:....' . ..:.:......c••: . ....,.c. water and maintenance ~ ~ of ...;c~ ..: : : ..'_C::.:.· ,=. ..;..:.:'-=.~::..:.:....=.:.:... .:.:~ I What is the villag~ . institutional I There is no institutional arr~ngement for dri~king , i arrangement for drmkmg water i water treatment Local NGO sand Panchayat IS ! I i treatment? Who does the treatment, how I treated the drinking water such as chlorination I I I ~_2f!~E.~!!.d i~l!..!V.()!:.king__ Yel!L._________ l_._..__..____.,____.._________.____. ______ ~___' " _ I Handling of drinking water i 1. Cover . i 1 I Supply Duration~===_--.._==~=....----...-t-~~:;t2o~~:~kH~~tPta~ I i Supply Frequency Daily/ Onc(;!)n 6 Days, i I Numberof 1. Well-S 4. T--u--be-w-e-ll--­ 1 I . i 2. Tan ks 5. Tap i I 3. Han::cdc:.:...:.·.:::r......_.._.l._~... ~..= !'20,000 litre~~t Kavund::.:.ikka=:.:..l_ _ _ _ _ ~ :11. Storage Cap.:.:ac.:.:i"'-"ty'---_ i Depth oft1!e aquifer (ifit is ground watt:r) I Below 1 00 meters I ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 214 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 Is there decline in ground water level Summer Yes Technical support is given for 0 Is there is any Rain water Harvesting Rain water harvesting system was provided by Scheme AHADS (Attapady Hills Area Development Is there any conflict between villages for the village which is located in higher altitude water? not receive enough water and a house which is located in low lying area receives more water. So, there is a conflict between two villages for water.----"-"--------"-_._--" ...__ -,_ ._" ; Quality Perception Fluoride ® -.·1\, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 215 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 FIELD STUDY ON 11 & 12 OCTOBER, 2010 Field Study was conducted at Agali GP on 11 & 12 October 2010. The GP is located in Attapady Block, Palakkad District. Attapady is the only tribal Block in Kerala. As per 2001 census, the total population of the Block is 66,171. The general category population constitutes 55 % of the population and the ST&SC comprise 45%. Among the Scheduled Tribes, there are Kurumbas, Mudugas and Irulas. a) SOURCE OFWATER ).> The source of water is open well in Kavundikkal. Jalanidhi -1 is implemented here in 2003 and running successfully till date. Totally 68 families are benefitted from this source. Initially there were 58 families and later 10 families were added. Water is stored in overhead tank of capacity 20,000 litres. There is a water shortage during summer. Each ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 216 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 family pays Rs.60/- month to the committee. The project was implemented by ASSO (Attapady Social Service Organization) Kavundikkal Jalanidhi-l scheme );;> The source of water in Mettuvizhi Hamlet is well for drinking purposes. The well is located near river basin. This project was implemented by Jalanidhi in 2005 and water was available till 2007. This scheme is non functional due to poor maintenance of motor and pumps. Mettuvizhi JaJanidhi-l Scheme );;> Now the HH depend on other sources for water like river, small ponds etc. » 35 families live separately in the Hamlet. These HH use private well as a source for water. This facility was arranged by AHADS (Attapady Hills Area Development Society). The capacity of the private well is 1708 m 3 (8.5 m depth and 9 m dia). The well water is pumped to tank and circulated to 35 HH by pipe. Private well by AHADS "~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 217 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 » Sarangamalai is located in Mettuvizhi Halmet. Totally 25 HH are getting water from Jalanidhi-1. The tank is located in Sarangamalai and water is distributed from there. » People also bring water from a private well used for cultivation which is 600m to lkm distance from their residence. » Since water is of great demand, people sell their domestic animals and hence the area is economically affected » There are 100 families in Guddyaoor. The source of water is open well and the scheme was implemented by ASSO. Motor is driven by diesel engine and as the fuel cost is very high, people use the motor weekly once. Capacity of well 700m 3 (Sm dia, 5m depth) and tank storage capacity is 15,000 litres. During summer water is of great demand and hence they bring water from private well located at a distance of 500m-7S0m. b) RAIN WATER HARVESTING » Rain water harvesting System is constructed in Anganvadi and Government Tribal School at Kavundikkal. This system is in working condition. The Rain Water Harvesting System was developed by AHADS. » The Rain Water harvesting tank in Mettuvizhi Hamlet has a capacity of 15,000 litres. This water is used for drinking and other purposes. It was developed by AHADS. RWH facility at Mettuvizhi c) SOLID WASTE » Domestic waste is stored inside the village, which is collected once in 10 days by Panchayat. » Cow dung is used for agricultural purpose as manure. d) SANITATION » Only 70% of the HH have proper sanitation facility with two pit latrines. » Open defecation is common. » Private parties collect waste from septic tank and the charge for collecting the waste varies from Rs.3000-4S00j­ e) SEWAGE DISPOSAl, » T here is no separate sewerage system. » Sewage is disposed to open area. -~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 218 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 13.10.2010 AT KAVUNDIKKAL Total participants were 29. Women participants were also seen in the FGD. Issues related to water supply, quality of water, sanitation etc. was discussed. A. Water supply system at Mattuvazhi failed due to poor maintenance of pumps Due to prolonged failure beneficiaries are unwilling to pay monthly contribution towards operation and maintenance pump, pumping main energy charges, operator salary etc. B. Participants expressed that during rainy season, flood with silt and clay accumulate in the well, affecting quality of water, besides clogging impeller of the pump, resulting in pump failure. C. Lack of interest among the beneficiaries to maintain water supply system because of improper accounting system of executive committee of the Beneficiary Group. D. Electricity to the water supply system is supplied through a transformer and the supply has also been extended to other users resulting in failure of transformer on account of over load. Inspite of their repeated request with the concerned official, there was no response from the electrical department. E. Lack of cohesiveness among beneficiaries and local political interference does not allow any further steps to be taken. F. Beneficiaries of Kavundikkal expressed satisfaction on water distribution system in winter and summer season, through there is reduction in per capita water supply during summer. There is a perfect understanding among the community in rendering co-operation regarding operation and maintenance of the water supply system without any financial constraints. G. Participant expressed that disposal of garbage along the roadside and in the vicinity of residential area needs to be addressed. H. Rise in subsidy for contribution of pit latrines was requested by the beneficiaries. Though many of the households were benefited earlier from the subsidy, they have not completed the construction. The community lack awareness and ownership or participation in a government scheme. I. Participants expressed that, tribal community may be exempted from paying initial contribution for the demand responsive water supply project. FGD at Kavundil{kal ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 219 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 REPORT 9 ERUTHENPATHY VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT weIJ2p~~}!~pr~covered Whether the well is Sanitized . Source of water in summer any treatment in case How is the cost aspect maintained for The implementing agency is collecting the treatment? money for. supplying of drinking water. This money is used for treatment of water and What is the village institutional There is no institutional arrangement for arrangement for drinking water drinking water treatment. Local NGO's and treatment? Who does the treatment, how Panchayat is treated the drinking water often as chlorination 1. Cover or tank Duration ® ~-l\w ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 220 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 No No H . Power Whether Technical support is given for 0 &M? What.. :.C.L':::• ..:c;:...::...:::.r:.c ..: No •.•.••......... -..........-.-.........••.. Is there is any Rain water Harvesting Rain water harvesting system was Scheme provided by AHADS (Attapady Hills Area Is there any conflict between villages for water? Quality Perception Surface water quality in the time How often the water quality is Any records maintained for water quality? Quality Parameter (Specify parameter and l ,,- The problem of fluoride is very high in this locality. Rice cooked with this water turns yellow. Yellowish water c) RAIN WATER HARVESTING >- Rainwater harvesting system was constructed by Panchayat in 2002-03. The tank capacity is 15,000 litres and another one is 10,000 litres. Now it is not functional because the pipeline is damaged. Rain Water Harvesting System d) SOLID WASTE >- No proper method for solid waste disposal. People are dumping the waste in the open land. Collection of waste is not practiced. )i> Burning of waste is very common. >- Cow dung is stored in house backyard and it is used as manure. ~~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 224 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Solid waste Disposal Burning of waste e) SEWAGE DISPOSAL y. Sewer connections are given to 100 houses out of 700 houses. Sewage is not treated and discharged in the open land. f) SANITATION y. Only 50 % of the HH have proper sanitation facility. y. ISL is mostly connected to leachate pit and in some case septic tank. y. The waste from septic tank will be collected by private parties on chargeable basis. y. In remaining areas open defecation is common. g) PUBUC HEALTH & HYGIENE y. Health centre is located at vannamada. y. PHC conduct awareness program on health & personal hygiene. y. Issue of medicine during rainy season is common. y. Last year the people were affected by water bone diseases i.e. Chikungunya, Typhoid, Hepatitis and viral fever. FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 8.12.2010 AT ERUTHANPATHY In FGD, problems related to drinking water supply, quality of water, sanitation and solid waste disposal were discussed. More than 30 members participated. A. Panchayat has already constructed rain water harvesting tank but some are not working due to damage in pipeline. Participants suggested revamping the same. B. Since fluoride content is high, suggestion regarding treatment for fluoride was given. C. Disposal of solid waste is a major problem in Vannamada area. Participants also suggested providing solid waste management system. ® ~"',\'" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 225 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 FGD at Eruthenpathy -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 226 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 REPORT 10 THIRURANGADI VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT Area in Acres J~£E.!llatio~ ______'_________ T 24L~1~~_~r 200~~~nsu~______._______..._._.__.1 Distance from the Gram Pancha at ! 16 kms from Mala uram I :- Deptll of wa~er!able (~ocatioI1 wjse L_.._~O fe~ __________._.._____.._._________ J ! Water SuPP!~. _ . I [TYPe of Scheme _. I Kerala water Authority, Wasco scheme i ~.?~urceof Wale.!:_________.___ .____._~ Bore .!Vell!.EI>en we]J, riv~.!..LKadalundiL____. ! ~ Is the well open or covered .19.R~ _______________. _____.______ lW!!~jh~~!!:t~.~~.I!i~_~C1l1J!!~.~~ ... .... .Ly~~........._...._. I Source of water in summer i Less [·IYp~Ef..rk ... _. _____ . . _.J.. ~.ip~liI1_~ __.__.___ .___ ._....~=~-=_~=--.~=_=-: I How drinking water is met in coastal : The drinking water is met by near by wells ' r area? . ..----.---1 wllich is havin~rl Thrikkulam Attakulangara consists of 400 families. Open well is the only source of water. No other water supply schemes are seen in the ward. 90 % of the people have individual open wells. But iron is present in the well water. About 75 % of the wells are having iron content and 10 % of the well water is not used for drinking. The quality of a private well located in the ward is good. The diameter and depth of the well are 5 m and 3 m respectively. Well contaminated with iron );> In Venchali, there are 460 families. The only source of water is open well. KWA scheme covers only 5 % of HH in the ward. People paid Rs. 500 initially for this scheme and monthly Rs. 40 is collected from each HH. Water supply is for 1 - 2 hours, once / twice a week. During summer water supply is less. );> During summer season wells get dried. Private party supplies water by tankers at a cost of 150 for lOOOL. Private well in Venchali -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 230 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 y There is a private well which can be used as water source. y In Azad Nagar and G.K. Nagar, Panchayats mini project scheme was implemented and it is running successfully. But during the summer season, water shortage is seen in the wards. Open well is the source of water. From here, water is pumped and stored in an overhead tank of capacity 50, 000 L, and supplied to 70 - 80 families. Initially Rs. 1000 - 1500 was collected from each HH and monthly charge for each HH is Rs. 40 - 50. y In Kottuvalakkad, Panchayat scheme was implemented but was not successful. HH are not utilizing the water due to salinity. Panchayat spent money and constructed the well of overhead tank capacity Rs. 30,000 L. Initially from each HH Rs. 1000 - 1500 was collected and monthly charge of Rs. 50/ HH are collected. The scheme ran successful only for four months. b) SANITATION y 90 % of the households have sanitation facility. y Some households have pit latrines and others have septic tanks. ISL RWH tank in Panchayat office c) SOLID WASTE y Panchayat has acquired 28 cent land for disposing the solid waste without any treatment process. d) RAINWATER HARVESTING y Panchayat constructed rain water harvesting tank in Panchayat office of capacity 10,000 L and it is functioning. e) SEWAGE SYSTEM y There is no separate sewerage system. y Sewage is discharged to nearby land. y Due to sewage disposal into the land, waste water stagnates and cause diseases. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 231 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Water Stagnation in Waste tand FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 29.11.2010 AT THlRURANGADI More than 90 members participated in FGD. A. Ward No 1, 2, 3,4,5,6 and 23 are located near river and the people are taking water from river. B. Some wards are located in the slopy terrain and hence yield is not proper during summer. C. In some wards water quality is very poor as iron and salinity are high. Participants expressed, providing treatment. D. As there are many NRls, they are ready to take up the scheme. FGD at Thirurangadi ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 232 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 REPORT 11 SUtTHAN BATHERY VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT of the District .. ­.... ~--.~.-. Name of the Block Sulthan How drinking water is met in coastal area? Main source of drinking water Panchayat Tap 2. Hand Pump 3. Public well Is there any treatment in case of open Yes what treatment is followed? How many households are boiling 80 % ~(l~'?r..~~ri!lI:ct!lg? . Whether water is boiled or only Boiled heated.-..--•....•....... How is the cost aspect maintained for By Gram Panchayat treatment? What is the village institutional No arrangement for drinking water Who does the treatment, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 233 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 Yes No No by Beneficiary There is no Rain Water Harvesting tank in this Gram Panchayat Yes 3. Iron content No periodical checking of water quality Nil f-c:Lc=:."-"L-=-'--"--'~----:-.........--::--'--'-'-----+---:""""'-~'---~--- Nil Nature of Defecation 11. Individual Sanitary latrine(ISL) I _~~._________ -1-.....=2;;.:..----'O'-'p=-:e:..;:.n=---_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--.; p'.Juml?~I2L~L______.__.. ___ ..._____L-.~.~- _______~___._._._~_ ~L CoveI~~_('}b of HousehoJ~J>~ i 85 % ________._._.___ _._~ ___, I No. of Public latrines' I No .. ·--····----+----.--.--.------------ --.....---------.----....--.----.------... I··--·------------~·---·~·-·-------···-·-····· ~. I Whether the latrine is conversio.n of No It ~ leach pit to ~hallow two pit ~_r_n_ew-----+.-------- ___________-, I How sanitation is managed in coastal I Not applicable I area~~ hills? ___ . _ . I Is your ISL/Public Latrine connected to I Leachate pit---~~·--·~·--· -------~- I How often and what process is Once the Leachate pit is full, it is closed ---, . l~ll ow~ to ~!!l.Q!Y.!h~pit~_~_~g_.t.~. !l._ks ?_________ ._..._...____.._....._ __ .. -~.-.--~~-~- _._......___.._._______ ._._. ...... i Whe..r:e other people gQjor ~efecation In the field 0 en area d~ui~:~: :~~;~~~:~~f~;d:O.~~~~-- .I~-~ ......­.. . . . . .­.. .­. .-. . . . . . _­ -~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 234 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 near Septic tank/Leachate pit waste close the pit No What kind of hygiene villagers most often hear programs and campaigns and are useful? Common diseases Common Cold & 3. Skin diseases fever 4. Viral Hepatitis - A 2. Diarrhoea _ ............... _ ............ L. Seasonal No program is conducted by Gram and No ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 235 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 FIELD STUDY ON 1 DECEMBER, 2010 Field study was conducted at Sulthan Bathery GP on 01 December, 2010. The GP is located in Sulthan Bathery Block, Wayanad District. As per 2001 census, the total population is 42059. The GP consists of23 wards. a) SOURCEOFWATER » Thirunelli (Pazahkacolony) ward contains 30 - 40 HH. Panchayat well is the only source of water. The well is 10m deep and 4m dia. Most ofthe HH are Below Poverty Line category. No scheme is available in the ward. During summer season, due to water scarcity, people collect water from agricultural wells. Open well water source Overhead Tank » In Odappalam, Panchayat scheme was implemented. The well is 6 m deep and 5 m dia and the tank capacity is 15,000 20,000 litres. The scheme is running successfully. Initially the scheme was planned for 60 families, but due to the shortage of water, only 40 families could avail the facility. Each HH paid Rs. 500 - 1000 initially and paid Rs.40 every month. During summer, people collect water from the agricultural well. The electricity bill and the maintenance works are taken care by the Beneficiary Groups. » In Pazheri (Puduchola), collector scheme was implemented in 2003 - 2004. Collector funded Rs. 1, 00,000 and Panchayat funded Rs. 35,000 for the scheme. The tank capacity is 10,000 L and the source is from open well (Depth 6 m - 7 m, Diameter - 4 m). Water is muddy during monsoon and during summer water dries up. Each HH pay Rs. 40 as monthly rent. No individual connection is made to houses. People have to collect water from the tank. Electricity bill comes around Rs. 300 - 400 jmonth. ~~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 236 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 OveJ'head Tank & well );> In Kaipenchery (Thoduvelli colony), there are 30 - 40 HH. People in most of HH are Below Poverty Line and daily waged. KWA scheme is implemented and the frequency is twice / thrice a week. In summer the frequency of water supply is once in 10 days. The ward is located in the hilly terrain. People have to come down to get water. There are neither Panchayat wells nor private wells. );> In Kaipenchery (Jawahar Colony), there are 30 - 40 HH. People in most of HH are Below Poverty Line and daily waged. KWA scheme is implemented in the ward and the frequency is twice / thrice a week. In summer the frequency of water supply is once in 10 days. Panchayat constructed (MLA Scheme) one public well. Due to internal problem, people are not using the water. The ward is located in the hilly terrain and people have to come down to get water. Well in Kaipenchery (MLA scheme) );> Kotakunnu has 40 - 50 HH. Most of the people work for daily wages. The main source of water is Panchayat well. Due to iron contamination, the well is not in use and HH use Panchayat hand pumps. ~@. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 237 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Open well water source b) SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ? Panchayat has acquired 50 cent land in Karivalikunnu for solid waste management. The market waste and other solid wastes are disposed at the site. ? Biodegradable wastes are composted in Bio compost tank and non biodegradable wastes were incinerated. The plant was successfully running for 3 years. ? Vegetable waste generated is 75 Kg / day. ? Biogas plant of capacity 10 m3 is maintained by Rural Innovative Technology Development Society and the biogas generated from plant was used as fuel for Incinerator and for cooking purposes in nearby HH. >- The non biodegradable waste generation is approximately 150 - 250 Kg / day and incinerated. The ash from incinerator was stored and used for leveling the ground. Solid Waste Disposal ® ---J\# ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 238 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for JaJanidhi-2 c) SANITATION ~ 85 % of the HH have sanitation facilities. ~ Remaining HH using open area for defecation. d) HEALTH & PERSONAL HYGIENE ~ Primary Health Centre is available. ~ They also conduct health awareness camp. )- Diarrhoea, viral fever and skin diseases are common during monsoon. Public Health Centre FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 02,12.2010 AT SULTHAN BATHERY More than 80 participants were present for FGD. FGD at Sultan Bathery A. Already water supply project was implemented but it was not planned for future because source of water and tank capacity was not enough for new HH. B. HH located in higher elevation face problem of unequal water distribution when compared to HH located in low lying areas. C. Participants suggested providing sanitation facility and rain water harvesting schemes, ® "'-.1\-- . ABC Environ So I ' Pvt. Ld ., utions t 239 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 REPORT 12 RAMANATTUKARA VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT Identification Kerala Water Authority, Rajiv Gandhi water How drinking water is met in coastal area? Main source of drinking water I 1. Panchayat Tap f~~~----------.-.~---------~-.~ ~--in case of open ---1I __._~:_;~~~i:~~~I!~elllJn~l",i~t~<1I~QP.~I!_~~JL.~. _; Is there any treatment .. ____________•.__.__.._.___ Yes is followed? How many households are boiling 80 % ~h;[h:rd::~~i7fboiTed or only--j~Boifed ---.---------_.------_.-..- - ­ heated I How is the cost aspect maintained for . By Gram Panchayat What is the village arrangement for drinking water treatment? Who does the treatment, how often and is it working~~IE of water 1. .~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt Ltd., 240 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 Is there decline in ground water level Summer Winter ... ... ................. "" ~- " Is there any maintenance shut down if the source from a canal Cost for the Water Quality Perception Muddy 3. Saline Bacterial........... ­ ........­ .. - ..........................~......­ ............ - ................·..·..·..···· .......... i Surface water quality in the time oflow level flow How often the water quality is No periodical checking of water quality checked? Any records maintained for water i.911 Open well is 6 m depth and 5 m diameter. The depth of the bore well is 300 feet. The capacity of the motor is 10 HP and the capacity of the tank is 1, OO,OOOlitres. b) WATER QUALITY );> There are many ponds in the GP but most of them are contaminated. );> Due to poor solid waste management system, water gets contaminated. c) SOLID WASTE );> In Ramanattukara solid waste is a major problem. Before 7 years, incinerator was in use. The plant is not functioning due to problem in the incinerator. );> At present, the Panchayat collects the waste and they are disposed in open land (approximately 1.5 acres). );> A large pit was dug, the waste was disposed into the pit without segregation and closed. Due to this process, the land and the streams get contaminated. Solid waste dumping d) SANITATION );> The GP has 90 % sanitation facility. );> Most of the HH have pit latrines. Only newly constructed houses have septic tanks. e) HEALTH & PERSONAL HYGIENE );> Primary Health Centre is available at Ramanattukara. );> They conduct health awareness program on water borne diseases. >- They also provide bleaching powder for disinfection. @ 244 -~.j\"," ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Primary Health centre FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 27.11.2010 More than 100 participants were present for the FGD. A. During summer, sea water mixes up in stream. So, the water is saline and it cannot be used for drinking. Suggestion was given to construct a check dam to provide water in summer. B. Solid waste is a major problem in Ramanattukara. During monsoon, the flood occurs due to blockage in streams. Participants suggested solid waste management facility. C. Totally 13 schemes were implemented but 50% of schemes are not functioning due to technical and maintenance problem. Participants expressed revamping the schemes. D. Participants were ready to take up Solid waste management scheme under Jalanidhi -2 E. The Panchayat does not maintain any record for the scheme which is in operation and proper maintenance of record is necessary. Focused Group Discussion \i} 245 ~~K'# ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z REPORT 13 ENMAKAJE VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT r~ource ofwater_iJ! summer i Less . . . __________ I-~~~~!i~~~i~\~~fs~~i-~~ coastal ·---t-~:e~J~~king-;-ater ismetbY-PanChayatt-';-p·-··_·-! • area? ! IIF-Main source of drinking water ---+-II--21-.-P-U-b-lic-ta·P Surangam I 3. Hand Pump I ___ _~ 4. Pu~Jic Open Well[Individual Open well I Is there any treatment in case of open I Yes • well? r- ------ ..._ - : I ----.---­ I If yes, whattreatment is followed? 11. Chlorination l- I 2._ Filte:.::.r.:::.:inJg,,-w~it:.::.:h:...cc:.::.lo::..t:.::.h::"-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-i I I How many households are boiling water & drinking? - I 85 % . I ;r:;ti~e{h;;'~:{~eO~~;::~~Iii~~ed I{~~!am-Panc"ay;'-t a';-dBeneflciariGr;'up._. .. . ~~.~tm entl___. _ .__ ._.__ I ..._____ ..... _____.____ .__..._. ________.______.__.__._..... What is the village institutional! No I arrangement for drinking water I I treatment? Who does the treatment, i I how often and is it working well? __ I .. I Handling of drinking water I 1. Cover 2. Pot or tank with tap ! Supply Duration I Fr0I!l_.? Hrs to 4 Hrs ~ Supply Frequ~J!~'y _. _ : Weekly ~i_ce or thrice in a wee~_._ _ __ I Number of • 1. Well I . . . . ._- . . --.J-~:- _.. ~!r~am ... .... ____ _ L~!2.~Ag~_~_~ci!Y_____._...__.._________ .___!-:~~.!POQ. !i!!..es________________ ._..._.__..___ .____.. 1 1 Depth ofthe aquifer (if it is ground 150 metres I ; wat~_ _____._______.________.1 ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 246 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 in ground water level Summer Yes Winter No Is there any maintenance shut down if No the source from a canal Cost for g~PJli!~!!d Maintenance Power Whether Technical support is given o M? What Is there is any Rain Water Harvesting Rain Water Harvesting tank is available at Govt Sch e m e """_.. . ","'.f"" .... w " ..... ",s.,e,. _c,o_,n, dalJ'~<::h.q<:ll,y(l.l1il1(lgt:l~ ..... ,..._,_"., ",_ .. Is there any conflict between villages for water? Water Quality Perception Iron content Surface water quality in the time of low Bad No periodical checking of water quality Nil 85 No No Not applicable ~~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 247 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 area L!?..Q..Y0U have co IT!IJg~j!J'2I_!h!~_~_Cl.::.st::-=e_._.+._:N._=-0:_. ___..__..___._.._.~_______.___._._________.. ______ --< . . Locations ......_.... ___ ----_._- .... --- " ' - " " " ' - - ' No ..•. j • .::•..: ..-..... --.--... -.----.. ---• • Distance from vil~age (Km) . Not In Swarga, Vaninagar and Kanjampady, the main water source is Surangam. The terrain is such that the flow in the rivers is high during monsoon and less in summer. People therefore depend on ground water and a special water harvesting structure called Surangam. It is a horizontal well mostly excavated from hard laterite rock formations. The excavation continues until a good amount of water is struck Water seeps out of the hard rock and flows out of the tunnel and collected in an open pit constructed outside the Surangam. Front view of Surangam );> A Surangam is about 0.45-0.70 metres (m) wide and about 1.8-2.0 m high. The length varies from 50-300m. Usually several subsidiary Surangams are excavated inside the main one. If the Surangam is very long, a number of vertical air shafts are provided to ensure atmospheric pressure inside. b) RAIN WATER HARVESTING );> In Vaninagar, rain water harvesting scheme was constructed in Government Higher Secondary School at Vaninagar by NGO. Now this is not working, due to leakage in the structure. As a result, water is not getting stored in the tank -~- ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 250 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 c) SANITATION Y 30 % of the HH belong to Below Poverty Line category so proper sanitation facilities cannot be seen. Kerala Government provided Rs. 2000 2500 / per home for constructing latrines. HH use pit latrines and dispose the waste in the field. y In Swarga, the GP constructed public latrine in 1999 - 2000. This latrine is being used by the people in and around the locality. Public Toilet d) SOUD WASTE y No proper method of disposal of solid waste is practiced. y People are burning plastic and other waste near their houses or nearby land. e) PUBLIC HEALTH & HYGIENE y Public Health Centre is available at Vani nagar. y They also conduct health awareness program in the Gram Panchayat. FO(USED GROUP DISCUSSION ON 4.12.2010 AT ENMAKAIE The total no of participants were more than 80. FGD at Ellmakaje ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 251 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 A. Adkasthala River covers six wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 17 and 16. Participants suggested constructing water tank and supplying to these wards will help preventing water scarcity in summer. B. Participants expressed reduction in beneficiary contribution percentage. C. All the wards in the GP are located in hilly terrain. The Panchayat has already dug bore wells and open wells in some wards but in summer, there is acute water scarcity. So, people bring the water from a distance of 1 to 1.5 km. Participants suggested rainwater harvesting system for each HH. D. The Panchayat is providing Rs.2000 to 2500 per home for constructing sanitation facility, people below poverty level expressed the amount to be insufficient, as constructing sanitation required Rs.10000 to 15000. E. Hydrological testing was not conducted in many places. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 252 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 REPORT 14 KODOM BELUR VILLAGE SURVEY FORMAT 11()~Qr!I!I{tflg~!l~er . ::-._.:..::_.=...: ...: Main source of drinking water Is there any treatment in case of open well? [fyes, what treatment is followed? How is the cost aspect maintained for treatment?__ - ------_._--_..,,,-,,,,'.-­ What is the village institutional No arrangement for drinking water treatment? Who does the treatment, how often and is it well? Ha!lQli_flg ..._,._.._._---­ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 253 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Cost for t~e Water SupplyjHH ~~. . Rs Annual 0 & M expenditure 0& M expenditure is borne by Gram Panchayat and __________~____ ~ __.____. ___.______, Ben~fic!~.I)1_q!:.o,_!!fl_ _ '::'_~::~_'_'~~~.~':::_____ ~______..____._.___ ._....__ _+_-I:1j'-l!.f!.l!~!1cla!Y~Q.t!~-- ..---__..... __ ~. ________......_" KSEB No Iron content ! Surface water quality in the time of low 1_ • ! level flow . [How often th~~c!'!~l'_quality is checke(~L__~eriodl~~hecking of water ~9...l!~lit:i=-_=_-=--: ~~!ly.r.~cords maintained for water _quali.:ty'£-+-..:.N:::.il=__~__________________._ _ ~___________ j Quality Parameter (Specify parameter and value Treatment li~~r~ns:;~lsanitatio'n-----------------~-'------- 1-:-:--- --~~ I ! Nature of Defecation 1. Individual Sanitary Latrine(ISLJ I 2. Public latrine l_________~~_______________+-=-=--=..J=-=:..:c=-----.-----.--.------_ _ _ _ __ • Number ofiSL r-I§L~o~erage-C-o/~ ofHo}lse~~.21ds )_____J--7-'O'--o:..::}tJ:....-._______________._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--' ! No. of Public latrines :: ;:.:Nc.o____________________ !-i ! Whether the latrine is conversion ofleach I No Lp!!.!()~~ha!low tw()pi!.o,rnew I ~~ i How sanitation is managed in coastal areas , Not applicable f$~]~!~~ib~~;:~~~i:;-:;:I:~~:~-~o-~:~h;::f:!~ChatePitTsfujf.jtiSc1OSeT-- -------··-i _~!l1e pits ~~q!~[ll In Vyambu, Jalanidhi- 1 was implemented in 2005 - 2006. The source of water is bore well of 170 feet depth and an overhead tank of capacity of 5000 Litres. There are about 30 Beneficiary Groups in the ward. The scheme was running successfully. Initially each HH spent Rs. 1000 - 1500 and a monthly contribution of Rs. 40 - 50 is collected. Maintenance cost comes to around Rs. 5000 - 6000 per year. During summer there is water scarcity. ® ~-Ji~~~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 255 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Bore well Over head tank );0> In Podavadukkam, there are 15 - 20 HH. The source of water is Panchayat and private open well. During summer, water in the well dries up and hence people used to bring water from a private well located at the distance of 500 - 800 m. );0> Jalanidhi-l was implemented in ward no.8. Initially KWA dug the well, which was handed over to Jalanidhi. Under Jalanidhi, a tank and pump was provided to supply water for 60 families. Initially the scheme was planned for 80 families but now only 60 families are receiving water due to shortage of water. Water meter is not fixed and as a result, there is confliction among HH regarding supply of water. Now 20 HH are voluntarily not using the water received from this scheme. );0> New people cannot join in the scheme since there is a problem of water shortage in summer. So it was decided to dig an open well but the work was not completed. The representatives of Jalanidhi informed that the work will be taken up in Jalanidhi - 2. b) SANITATION );0> 30 % of the HH belong to Below Poverty Line category so proper sanitation facilities cannot be seen. );0> Panchayat provided Rs. 2000 2500 j- per HH for constructing latrines. But the people are saying that this amount is not sufficient for constructing toilet and septic tank. );0> Community latrines were provided by Jalanidhi-1. Sanitation facility by Jalanidhi -1 ~~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 256 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 c) SOLID WASTE ~ No proper method of disposal of solid waste is practiced. ~ People burn plastic and other waste near their houses or nearby land. d) RAIN WATER HARVESTING ? In Jalanidhi - 1 about 1230 RWH structures were constructed. All the structures are functioning except few which failed due to structural problem. The of rain water tank is 10,000 - 15,000 L. Rain Water Harvesting e) WATER QUALITY ~ Water is likely to contain iron due to corrosion of the GI pipe used in distribution line. FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION HELD ON 6.12.2010 AT KODOM BELUR Total no. of participants was more than 140. A. Jalanidhi -1 was implemented and the scheme is running successfully. People are interested in contribution towards Jalanidhi - 2. B. Cost estimation for each scheme to be prepared for hilly terrain as the cost estimate is high for hilly regions. C. The jalanidhi-1 rain water harvesting scheme is working successfully and hence 90% of HH are interested in rainwater harvesting system. Participants suggested increasing the capacity of rain water harvesting tank. D. Participants suggested using lSI make motor, pipe, etc. E. Participants are interested in sanitation facility. F. Already few water schemes were implemented but below poverty level (SCjST) people could not maintained the scheme due to economic problem and poor education. In such cases participants suggested Panchayat's cooperation with people. G. Participants suggested providing contribution in installments. H. Participants suggested visit of technical person after implementation of the scheme. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 257 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 FGD at Kodom Belur -!? ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 258 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 Annexure 8 - Guidelines for Sanitary Survey of Water Supply Sources Current Practice The KRWSA has to conduct sanitary survey of rural water supply sources while initially installing the source. However annual survey ofthe sources after installation is not being done systematically. Guidelines for Sanital'Y Survey in KRSWA The guidelines for Sanitary Survey given in this Annexure are in line with the guidelines documented in the Implementation Manual on National Rural Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme published in 2004 by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, and Government of India. These guidelines will be applied for Sanitary Surveys in the KRWSA Sampling f'requency Ground Water t.- --Shallow- - '''--'''-t-u'b'e"" j -,f (including once Once initially (while wells with hand initially I while filling the EDS) and pumps filling the EDS of thereafter as situation ,- ..---------1- .. _ _ _.._ _ ~-th~ ~cl!~m~t~ ___ --f-.==-----=,'--,...:.....-~-----...---...... ---+-.- ........_.__._~ ____.. -1 2. Deep tube wells 4 (including once with hand pumps initially while filling the EDS of i 3. T:~I~~~::~dPiPed-in~~ridT.;~~~~~ ~[~~~\~~~~I~n(.l~ing the .~h:~~afterini~~~~ ! , I I~~~~~h~~:~DS of EDS ofthe scheme) i:::~:P~:~i~ l Surface Water and/or chlorinated aJ.1~d sul!P.!!~____ ~__.__~__. I ,1. TPopulation up to 112 (including. 2 (including once I Once initially I I 5000 I once initially I initially there after I thereafter I , . while filling the i initially while filling the I once every 5 yrs i I i EDS of the I once every 5 years or as i or as situation I :-----------r' . I scheme) --.-1 EQ..S oft!1_e_~~!t~.E1~___.J dem'!nd~ ______1· 2. jPopulation 5000-! • 24-48 (including once Once a year ! 20000 I initially while filling the I :-3, "lco~~unity l-i(i-~ci~ding-o·~ce ~~~n~~udin~c~~:~Lj i rainwater I initially while initially while filling the I l_~_J collection systems I ~~~~~h:~~rs of I EDS of the S~heme) . .______ .J ~~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 259 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Sanitary Survey Procedure and Recording Forms Sanitary inspection requires detailed examination of the water-supply system, especially at its key points in order to check whether the installations are satisfactory and whether the various operations are being carried out properly. The recommended method of undertaking an inspection is to follow the natural sequence: starting with the source water and its intake, and going on to treatment, disinfection, storage, distribution, etc. Observations are recorded on preset forms. Formats for various sources are given below: SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATlON OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES 1 Type of facility . Shallow and Deep hand pumps (tube well) General Information i. Location Village................................................................. Gram Panchayat. ................................................. District............................................................ ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. Is Water Sample Taken ................Sample No ................ Acceptable/Reject able 2. S. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risks No I 1 I Is there a latrine with in 10 m of hand pump -----t-I----+------1 ~ i Is there any other source of pollution within 10m of the hand! L.._LQ~mp? ......... ..... ' 13 lis there any stagnant water with in 2m of the cement floor of! I I hand pumps? ......___ I I4 I Is the hand pump has drainage channel? Is it broken? Does it I ! l need cIean!!l:gL ............ .. . . .~......... .! ~~flr~~~:~~i~~~:k;~sth:~cir.~~e;;'i-a~~~~~~dn~;~~;~- r- - - .. 1 1 l..._+P_t!.r!!pJ_.~_..___._ ----..-----.. -...-------..-.-.-----.----- ......- .. 1---------.l-.. -.. --.-j L.? I Is printing 9Jbore well required dry season? I I ~ I Total Score of risks 7 .... '_.' ! .. j .mL ... Containment Risk Score: 6-7 =V.high 5-6 =High 3-4 = Intermediate 0-2 =low Number of YES to be counted 3. Result and recommendation: The following importance point of risks (Seniority from top) was I I I I I I noted and the authority advised on remedial action. ® -~-I\"'" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 260 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES 1 Type of facility Deep Borehole General Information i. Location Village................................................................. Gram Panchayat. ................................................. District............................................................ ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. Is Water Sample Taken ................Sample No ................Acceptable/Reject able 2. .I~th~f~e~fh!()rlr:te residual at the~~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 261 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for JaJanidhi-2 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINAT10N OF DlUNKING WATER SOURCES 1 Type of facility Gravity Feed Piped Suppliers General Information i. Location Village................................................................. Gram Panchayat. ................................................. District ........................................................... . ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. Is Water Sample Taken ............... .sample No ................Acceptable/Reject able 2. S.No. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment RiskS I Conductlo,!~ to resery-o!! _______.__ .___T____ __.________ . [1 ! Is there al!Y_PQ!!lt leakages be~~en t.!Ie sour~_ 2000 mg/L) is the only problem, the local source will be selected. Water from the local source will be treated with innovative technology such as Reverse Osmosis (RO). As RO plants have certain problems (for example, safe disposal of brine), this option will be chosen only under exceptional circumstances. B. Water Quality Testing Before selecting the source the raw water quality will be tested to check conformity with the drinking water standards. C. Spacing between the proposed well and the existing groundwater structure to avoid interference When a new well is located close to an existing well, the cone of influence of both wells may overlap and affect the yielding potential of both the wells. While locating new wells the spacing between new well and the existing well will, therefore, be fixed appropriately. The following table recommends the spacing between the existing groundwater abstractions structures and the proposed wells. ® --·l\·~· ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 264 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Source: NABARD ,-~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 265 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 10 -Recuperation Test for Estimation of Yield of an Open Well The hydraulics of flow towards open well is slightly different. In the case of tube well, radial flow takes place all around the well and there is no flow from the bottom of the well, while in the case of an open well, all the flow is essentially from the bottom. An open well has relatively large diameter at its base, and its sides are mostly lined with brick. The discharge of an open well can be determined with the help of a recuperation test. In the recuperation test, water level is depressed to any level below the normal level, and the pumping is stopped. The time taken for the water to recuperate to the normal level is noted. From the data, the discharge from the well can be calculated as under: Let, aa =static water level in the well, before the pumping started bb =water level in the well when pumping stopped hi =depression head when the pumping stopped (meters) cc =water level in the well at a time T after pumping stopped h2 =depression head in the well at a time T after pumping stopped (meters) h =depression head in the well at a time t after the pumping stopped (meters) dh =decrease in depression head in time dt t, T = time in hours Thus, in a time t, reckoned from the instant of stopping the pumping, the water level recuperates by (hi - h) meters. In a time dt after this, the head recuperates by a value dh meters. Volume of water entering the well, When the head recuperates by dh is dV =A dh Where K is constant depending upon the soil at the base of the well through which water enters. Equating (1) and (2), we get Khdt = -Adh. The minus sign indicates that h decreases as time t increases. Integrating the above between the limits @ .. _)\,- ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 266 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 t =0 when h=hlj to t = Twhen h =h2 dt = hZ dh K We get K A fT Jo J,hl -I t '·from-T ,A [log e]hzhl Or K -= 1 loge -=-lcgl0(hl /h 2) hl 2.3 A T hZ T Thus, knowing value of hl, h2 and T from a recuperation test, the quality KIA can be calculated. KIA is known as the specific yield or specific capacity of an open well, in cubic meter per hour per square meter of the area through which water percolates under one meter depression head. In the absence of the recuperation test, the following rough values of K/A, specified by Marrio, can be adopted Type Kilt ~(ubic meter pel' bour, per m sq .. "ofarcea under 1m de ression bead) . Clay 0.25 I Fine sand 0.50 i-Coarse sand ' "- i -.-----.. --------" 1.00 i ----~-.--~--.--~~~----. Knowing the value of KIA by observations, the discharge q from a well under a constant depression head H can be calculated as under: q =KH K) 2.3 hI) m3 = (- AH =T ( 10g10- AH-­ - A h2 hour Example: During a recuperation test, the water in an open well was depressed, by pumping, by 2.5 meters and it recuperated 1.B meters in BO minutes. Find (a) yield from a well of 4 m diameter under a depression head of 3 meters, (b) the diameter of a well to yield Bliters/second under a depression head of2 meters. Solution: The specific yield is given by !!. = 2.3[og 10 hl where T = time in hour = ~ 4/3 hours A T 112 , K O.9SS!!!.! H1=2.5m; h2=2.5-1.B=0.7m :. - = A ----l!!l / m hr (a) Yield from the well of diameter 4 m: ~ A = - (4)2 = 12.56 mZj q = (~ AH = 0.955 X 12.56 X 3 = 36-- = 10 Lisee K - 4 h our (b) Yield =Blit/sec =2B.Bm 3 /hour (since 1 liter /sec=3.6 m3/hour) ... q = (-K) AH q or A = - X - (i) =-- 28.8 X -- 1 = 15.05ml A H 2 0.955 15.05 d= 4 X - - = 4.37 m ~ 4.4 m(say) K ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 267 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 11- Guidelines for Sustainability of Ground Water Sources Existing Practices in Ground Water Recharge in Kerala The Jalanidhi, Government of Kerala has implemented schemes involving several different types of water harvesting structures (depending on the local site conditions). These include: );> Check Dams );> Percolation Tanks );> Sub-surface Dykes );> Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting Structures );> Infiltration Rings );> Recharge Pits );> Injection Wells and Recharge Wells RoofTop Water Harvesting Systems Roof top water harvesting systems can provide good quality potable water with the design features outlined below are taken into account: );> The substances that go into the making the roof should be non-toxic in nature );> Roof surfaces should be smooth, hard and dense since they are easier to clean and are less likely to the damage and released material/fiber into the water. );> Roof painting is not advisable since most paints contain toxic substances and may peel off. );> No overhanging tree should be left near the roof. );> The nesting of birds on the roof should be prevented. );> All gutter ends should be fitted with a wire mesh screen to keep out leaves etc. );> A first-flush rainfall capacity, such as detachable down pipe section, should be installed. );> A hygienic soak away channel should be built at water outlet and a screened overflow pipe should be provided. );> The storage tank should have a tight fitting roof that excludes light a, manhole cover and a flushing pipe at the base of the tank (for standing tanks). );> There should be a reliable sanitary extraction device such as a gravity tap or a hand pump to avoid contamination of the water in the tank. );> There should be no possibility of contaminated wastewater flowing into the tank (especially for tanks installed at ground level) );> Water from other sources, unless it is reliable source, should not be emptied into the tank through pipe connections or the manhole cover. );> During the rainy season, the whole system (roof catchment, gutters, pipes, screens, first-flush and overflow) should be checked before and after each rain and preferably cleaned after every dry period exceeding a month. 268 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 )0> At the end of the dry season and just before the first shower of rain is anticipated, the storage tank should be scrubbed and flushed all sediment and debris (the tank should be re-filled afterwards with a few centimeters of clean water to prevent cracking). )0> Ensure timely service (before the first rain) of all tanks features, including replacement of all worm screened and servicing of the outlet tap or hand pump. Percolation Tanks )0> Percolation tanks should normally be constructed in a terrain with highly fracture and weathered rock for speedy recharges; in case of alluvium the bouldary formations are ideal. However, the permeability shouldn't be too high that may result in the percolated water escaping the downstream. )0> Submergence area should be uncultivated as far as possible. )0> Rainfall pattern based on long-term evaluation is to be studied so that the percolation tanks gets filled up fully during monsoon (preferably more than once) )0> Soil in the catchment area should preferably be oflight sandy type to avoid silting upon the tank bed. )0> The location of the tank should preferably be downstream of runoff zone or in the upper part of the transition zone, with a land slope gradient of 3 to 5%. )0> While deSigned, due care should be taken to keep the height of the ponded water column about 3 to 4.5 m above the bed level. It is desirable to exhaust the storage by February since evaporation losses becomes substantial from February on wards. It is preferable that in the downstream area, the water table it is depth of 3 to 5 m below level during the post monsoon period, impaling that the benefited area possesses a potential shallow aquifer. )0> Construction-wise, there is not much difference between a percolation tank and a minor irrigation tank, except for providing outlets for surface irrigation and the depth of the cut-off trench. The cut-off trench is to be provided below the earthen bund with depth limited to one fourth of the height between bed level and full storage level. Check Dams Check Dams are constructed in the drainage course of narrow streams in low rainfall area to impound run-off rainwater. The following are some gUidelines for construction of check dams. )0> The total catchment of the nala should normally be between 40 to 100 hectares though the local situations can be guiding factor in this. The rainfall in the catchment should be less than 1000mm/ annum )0> The Nala bunds should be preferable located in area where contour or graded bunding of lands have been carried out. )0> The rock strata exposed in the ponded area should be adequately permeable to cause ground water recharge through ponded water. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 269 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 » Nala bund is generally a small earthen dam with cutoff core wall of bricks work, though masonry and concrete bunds/plugs are now prevalent. » Dams should be built at sites that can produce relatively high depth to surface area so as to minimize evaporation loses. » Rocky surface should not be fractured or cracked, which may cause the water to leak away to deeper zones or beneath the dam. » Dam foundation must of solid impermeable rock with no soil pockets or fracture line. » No soil erosion in the catchment area » Dams should be site along the edges of depressions or directly across the lower ends of deep gullies into rock. Ponds/ Tanks A good pond should possess the following traits: » The site should be narrow gorge with a fan shaped valley above: so that amount of earthwork gives a large capacity. junctions oftwo tributaries, depressions and other sites of easily available fill material and favorable geology should be preferred » The capacity catchment ratio should be such that the pond can be filled up to about 2-3 months of rainfall. The capacity should not be too small to be choked up with sediments very soon » The pond should be located where it could serve a major purpose e.g. if irrigation it should be above irrigated field » The site should not have excessive seepage losses. » The catchment areas should be put under conservative practices Gully plugging, Contour bunds The gully plugging measures includes vegetative plantings and brushwood check dams, boulder bunds, brick masonry and earthen bunds or a combination of both, sand bag plugs etc. Contour bunds involve construction of horizontal lines of small earthen or boulder bunds across the slopping land surface. » Ensure there is no open defecation in/near structure » No tethering of animals at the site » There must be no pit-latrines on the bank upstream » Avoid use of pesticides/chemicals upstream of the site Rainwater Harvesting Structures Guidelines for Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Structures for Sustainability of Drinking water supply sources: » The rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures should be site specific closer to the source but 15 m away from the bore well to prevent direct contamination; the location should be certified by the hydro geologist of the KRWSA department. ~.~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 270 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 ~ The local geological and hydro geological conditions have to be studied in conjunction with the location of the groundwater source to facilitate maximum recharge from the structure. ~ No RWH structure should be installed in the supply feeder channel of tanks. ~ RWH structure should be simple and suitable to the location and economically viable to the community. ~ All the works ofRWH structure should be implemented before the onset of the monsoon. ~ Pre and post water level and water quality monitoring should be carried out in the well for water supply source to evaluate the benefit accrued of the RWH structures. Erosion control in catchment There is no unique solution for erosion control. The following are some of the erosion control measures used in many parts of the country. L Conservation cover: Establish and maintain perennial vegetative cover to protect soil and water resources. 2. Contour bunding trenching: Forming contour bunding or trenching along the contour in steep sloped areas may be taken up for reducing runoff and erosion. Terraces are constructed with earthen embankments that retard runoff and reduce erosion by breaking the slope into numerous flat surfaces separated by slopes that are protected with permanent vegetation. 3. Critical area planting: Planting vegetation such as trees, shrubs, grasses or legumes on highly erodible or eroding areas. While undertaking any plantation programme care must be taken to plant only indigenous species with involving and close coordination with local people "-~" AEC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 271 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 12 -Disinfection of Water Raw water container can incorporate one or several filter elements depending on the flow required. The filters can also operate by siphon action as shown in Figure 1. Complete unit of upper and lower containers and filter elements can be purchased. Always order spare filter elements as they need replacing after long or heavy use. Spare filter elements can also be used to filter water in combination with a plastic bucket for the upper container and a jerry can for the filtered water. - - a} simple gravity system b} a siphon Figure 1 - Ceramic candle filters After some time the water flow diminishes as the candle becomes coated by the filtered out particles. The accumulated slime is cleaned off with a nylon brush in a bucket of water. Each brushing removes part of the ceramic candle so that the diameter of the candle is gradually reduced. A circular gauge should come with each filter - try not to lose it! The filter element needs replacing if the gauge can be slipped over the candle. Silver acts as a bactericide, and candles are available which are silver impregnated for added protection. Disinfection by chlorine Disinfection kills pathogenic organisms. It can be achieved by a variety of physical and chemical means. This section deals with the method most widely used in emergencies, chlorination. Some information is also given on two other methods: the use of iodine and boiling. Chlorine is the most readily available and widely used chemical disinfectant for water supply. The aim of chlorination is the destruction of pathogens and the protection ofthe water supply. To achieve this, a chlorine dose must be sufficient to: • Meet the chlorine demand of the water, that is, it must oxidize the contaminants (including reacting with any organic or inorganic substances). • Leave a residual, in order to give protection against further contamination. This is achieved by ensuring a free residual of 0.2-0.5 mg/l of chlorine in the 272 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 disinfected water, which inhibits any subsequent growth of organisms within the water supply system. Higher residuals may give an unpleasant taste. A pre­ condition for effective chlorination is that the turbidity of the water must below. In an emergency water supply the aim is to have a turbidity of less than 5 NTU. Chlorination will function relatively effectively up to 20 NTU, but steps should be taken to reduce turbidities as soon as possible. At high turbidity levels, large quantities of chlorine are needed to oxidize the organic matter present. This leaves a strong chlorine taste which may cause people to use other, possibly contaminated, sources of water for drinking. Furthermore, some pathogens inside particles of organic matter may survive the oxidizing effects of the chlorine. Chlorine may be added to a water supply by • Dosing with a continuous flow of a one per cent solution of chlorine • Adding chlorine tablets or powder directly to a tank of water (for emergency chlorination only). Advantages It comes in several forms: powder, granules, liquid, and gas. );> It is usually r_eadily available and relatively cheap in one form or another. );> );> It dissolves easily. );> Residual chlorine remaining in treated water provides some protection against further contamination. );> It is effective against a wide range of pathogens Disadvantages It is a powerful oxidizing agent which must be handled carefully - do not breathe );> chlorine fumes. );> It does not effectively penetrate particulate matter. );> It can give an unpleasant taste when slightly overdosed, which could dissuade people from drinking safe water. );> Its effectiveness against some pathogens - cysts, ova, viruses - requires higher chlorine concentrations and a longer contact time. Chlorination - Necessity Drinking polluted water can result in a reduction in immunity or resistance to disease, either because the chlorine affects the flora in the stomach or because the absence of pathogens in the water lowers subsequent immunity. There is no evidence that any low level of residual chlorine that survives to the point of consumption is harmful. As an oxidizing agent, residual chlorine will react quickly with organic matter and it is therefore unlikely to survive long in the contents of the stomach (in which there are, in any case, high levels of naturally occurring hydrochloric acid). Current evidence suggests that there is very little likelihood that the absence of pathogens will have any effect on immunity to disease. Therefore, in crowded emergency situations, chlorination of the water supply is strongly recommended. In other disaster situations, especially ® ,-",1,\ m ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 273 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 where populations are dispersed, chlorination of supplies may not be a priority. The decision on whether or not to chlorinate a water supply does not concern immunity. It concerns the balance of feasibility, cost and benefit to the health of the community as a whole (Feachem, 1993). How much chlorine is required? Enough chlorine must be provided to meet the chlorine demand and to leave a free residual of 0.2-0.5 mg/l (WHO, 1984) after a contact time of 30 minutes. Chlorine residuals are of two kinds, combined residuals and free residuals. Combined residual chlorine is the proportion of the original chlorine dose which combines with ammonia and organic nitrogen compounds to form stable but less effective disinfectants than free chlorine. Free residual chlorine is that part of the chlorine dose which remains after the chlorine demand has been fully satisfied. The actual dose will depend on the condition of the water. It can be expected to be in the range, 1-5 mg/I. Determine the optimum dose by trials on water samples. To determine how much chlorine is required, it is necessary to analyze the water for the chlorine residuals. Simple colour comparator kits with reagents are available to indicate the free and combined residuals of chlorine in water. The colour comparator shown in Figure 2 is used to indicate both chlorine residuals and pH concentrations. Figure 2 Colour comparator Water treatment using chlorine Chlorine in watel;' will form hypochlorous acid CHClO), at low pH values, or tend to dissociate into hydrogen CH+) and chlorite (CIO-) ions at higher pH values. Hypochlorous acid is the more active disinfectant and therefore chlorination is more effective in low pH (acidic) water. Chlorination is considerably less effective when the pH is greater than 8. Disinfection using chlorine takes longer in cold than in warm water. Therefore, a normal contact time of 30 minutes may need to be increased to one hour. This implies that chlorination tanks may need to be increased in size or number to obtain the residence time for a particular throughput. Ensure all Chlorination tests are conducted on samples that ,are at the correct temperature. For example, test samples in the outside temperature, not in a warm office or laboratory! The following gives a sample calculation for the chlorine requirement for a continuous process water supply system supplying a large community. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 274 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Calculation of chlorine requirement Task: to calculate how much chlorine is needed to chlorinate a water supply for 20000 people receiving 15 litres/person/day of chlorinated water. Water demand = 300000 litres If water is supplied by pump at a flow rate of 8 Ijs then the total pumping time is about 10.5 hours/day. In this case the water is of medium quality requiring a dose of3mg/1 of active chlorine to give a residual of 0.2 mg/I. This information was obtained by dosing small samples and analyzing using a test kit. For a pumping rate of 8 Ijs the dosing rate must be 3 * 8 = 24 mg/s. Using a 1% chlorine solution, which contains 10 g chlorine/litre: the rate of application required will be (24/1000) * (100/1) = 2.4 g/s (mljs) or 144 ml/minute. For 10.5 hours pumping per day the amount of 1% chlorine solution required = 144 *60 *10.5/1000 = 90.7litres/day .Therefore, a 200-litre drum of 1% chlorine solution would last two days. Forms of chlorine Chlorine is available in the following forms: • Chlorine gas is normally used in conventional water supply schemes of substantial size. Chlorine gas dosing equipment is expensive to install, complicated to operate and maintain, and it can be dangerous ifnot handled properly. Chlorine gas is unlikely to be used in an emergency water supply. • High Test Hypochlorite (HTH) - calcium hypochlorite granules supplied in drums (70% available chlorine). • Sodium hypochlorite - supplied in liquid form as: a) Household disinfectant (Chloros, Parazone, Domestos, etc.) 5-15% available chlorine. b) Laundry bleaches 3-5% available chlorine. c) Antiseptic solutions (Milton, Javel) 1% or 2% solution. • Electrolytic generators are available which generate sodium hypochlorite from common salt. They are powered by electricity from mains AC or solar photovoltaic cells. • Bleaching powder or chlorinated lime - about 30 per cent available chlorine when fresh. • Chlorine tablets - various relatively expensive types: a) Small calcium hypochlorite tablets (60-70 per cent available chlorine) used in tablet chlorinators. b) 'Swimming pool' tablets containing trichloroisocyanuric acid: these tablets can be suspended in a tank with a purpose-made float to give a slow release of chlorine. ® -~<~~<'" ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 275 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 c) Antiseptic solutions (such as Milton or Javel) are usually of one per cent (or two per cent) concentration. If chlorine is required in bulk, it is more economical to make up a one per cent solution from stronger solutions. Making a 1 per cent cillorine solution A comparatively stable working solution is of 1 per cent available chlorine. This can be used to dose water in a water treatment plant. A 1 per cent solution contains 10 g of chlorine per litre, i.e. 10 000 mg/litre or 10 000 ppm (parts per million). Small quantities of 1 per cent solution are suitable for dosing supplies to service centres such as clinics, and for relief worker compounds. Take care when mixing bleaching powder, as it will form lumps if simply added to water. Add just enough water to the powder to form a cream. Use a wooden stirrer and gradually add water to make the required solution. Allow the sediment which forms to settle and decant the liquid before use. Table 1 is an approximate guide to make 1 litre of a 1 percent solution from various sources. Remember that ifthe chlorine source has been stored for some time, its strength will have reduced. Table 1 Preparation of 1 Litre of 1 percent chlorine solution Chlorine Source Available Quantity Approx measure Chlorine G/o re uired I High Test 70 14g 1 heaped tablespoon I Hypochlorite (HTH) I Lgranul~~ • Bleaching ~wder ~__ + _____._._._ • 34 ----r----.. 30 g 2 hea ed tablespoons ~ • Stabilized tropical I 25 25g 3 heaped tablespoons ! . bleach ;-.-.--.. ._..__._.-.---. -_._- --.-----.----.-.-.-.-~ ! -------1----- ---- ..--.--.-.- ------.-_._-----.-- _. ---------: t:5;f.!;';~:~+~=~=1:·--i __~l;g~mi :~::::;;:s- ! .A.ntise~tjC .SO lution . .... 1: 1g No need to adjust as it is I II i (eg: Milton) . . [a 1 % solution Table 2 Water treatment Guide based on the approximate measures: 1 teaspoon = 5 ml, 1 tablespoon Storage and handling Both the liquid and powdered forms of chlorine reduce in strength over time, especially once containers are opened. Therefore, store dry chlorine in sealed containers, away from heat and out of sunlight, and keep liquid solutions in dark colored bottles. Chlorine is corrosive - handle with care, avoid skin contact and, when ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 276 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 mixing a chlorine solution, wear protective clothes and gloves, protect the eyes and do not breathe the fumes. Some other methods of disinfection Iodine Iodine is an effective bactericide and kills spores, cysts and viruses. The recommended dose is 2 mg/l with a contact time of 30 minutes (WHO, 1989). It appears to be more effective than chlorine in penetrating suspended solids in water. This may be significant in an emergency in the absence of pretreatment, and where iodine is available for small­ scale use in clinics, etc. However, iodine is not appropriate for large scale use as it is far more expensive than chlorine and not so widely available. Boiling Boiling is an effective physical method of complete sterilization. It is more reliable than chemical disinfection as it will destroy pathogens within suspended particulate matter. However, there are significant disadvantages: • Energy is required to boil the water (about 1 kg of wood is needed to boil 1 litre of water). • Boiling must continue for 5-10 minutes. • Boiled water is de-aerated and has a flat, unattractive taste. • There is a delay between boiling and cooling before the water can be drunk. • There is nothing to hinder post-boiling re-contamination through poor handling and storage. • It is only practical for small quantities of water. Chemical dosing equipment Methods for the dosing of liquid chlorine and coagulant solutions fall into the following categories: • Batch dosing to a fixed volume of water. • Constant rate dosing into water floWing at a steady rate, • Proportional dosing at a rate proportional to a variable flow rate. Figure 3 shows an improvised, gravity fed, constant rate method of chlorine dosing. The dose rate from the floating bowl is controlled by the driving head to the glass jet, which is controlled by the weight of the floating bowl. This driving head, and hence the dosing rate, may be adjusted by adding or removing stones from the floating bowl. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt, Ltd., 277 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Floallng bowl chlorinator Figure 3 - Gravity fed, constant rate chlorine solution dosing The displacement doser (Figure 4) is a common method of proportional dosing used for small-scale community and institution supplies (such as hospitals). The differential pressure created across the orifice (or alternatively a venturi) displaces solution from the flexible bag and injects it into the flow. A displacement doser needs skilled operation and maintenance. Portable treatment units generally consist of a water pump, a filtration unit and a method of chlorine dosing. Each section of the package may be supplied as a module, for ease of handling and independent use, or supplied as a self contained unit for mounting on a trailer or skid. Typical capacities range from 2 to 22 m3/h. Larger units are installed in standard freight (ISO) containers. When ordering, obtain guideline operational data from the supplier so that sufficient consumables (chemicals and fuel) can be ordered in advance. Disinfection may be by super chlorination. The addition of a large dose of chlorine can rapidly disinfect water without the need for a long residence time. Excess residual chlorine is removed by a carbon filter and the water is then ready for immediate supply. A carbon filter may also remove bad tastes and odours. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 278 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 'lo----- Pre-mixed solution i.----Strainer l..!-_ _ _ _ _it';"- Flexible bag containing ! chemical solution to be dosed ,*--Control valve ~-----!t- Pressurized container Drain Isolation valve ] ____ Injector Main flow } _ -_~l_,-~_1U1__~~-___.,. G'.::~.. _--.....r~_-~-_-_-_-~ _ 1-. '\---Orifice plate (or venturi) Figure 4 Displacement Doser Packaged water treatment plant Portable packaged plants may be suitable in certain cases where appropriate expertise and a supply of consumables (fuel and chemicals) are available. They have been used to supply relief personnel during the installation of a larger system for the population as a whole. They are not normally appropriate for supplying water to large populations. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 279 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 13 -Sanitary Protection of Wells and Springs The annular open space on the outside of the well casing is one of the principal avenues through which undesirable water and contamination may gain access to a well. The most satisfactory way of eliminating this hazard is to fill the annular space with neat cement grout. To accomplish this satisfactorily, careful attention should be given to see that 1. The grout mixture is properly prepared. 2. The grout material is placed in one continuous mass. 3. The grout material is placed upward from the bottom of the space to be grouted. Neat cement grout should be a mixture of cement and water in the proportion of 1 bag of cement and 20 - 25 liters of clean water. Whenever possible, the water content should be kept near the lower limit given. Hydrated lime to the extent of 10 per cent of the volume of cement may be added to make the grout mix more fluid and thereby facilitate placement by the pumping equipment. Mixing of cement or cement and hydrated lime with the water must be thorough. Up to 5 per cent by weight of bentonite clay may be added to reduce shrinkage. Grouting Procedure The grout mixture must be placed in one continuous mass; hence, before starting the operation, sufficient materials should be on hand and other facilities available to accomplish its placement without interruption. Restricted passages will result in clogging and failure to complete the grouting operation. The minimum clearance at any point, including couplings, should not be less than 4 cm. When grouting through the annular space, the grout pipe should not be less than 2.5 cm nominal diameter. As the grout moves upward, it picks up much loose material such as results from caving. Accordingly, it is desirable to waste a suitable quantity of the grout which first emerges from the drill hole. In grouting a well the material will move upward, there are two general procedures that may be followed. The grout pipe may be installed within the well casing or in the annular space between the casing and drill hole if there is sufficient clearance to permit this. In the latter case, the grout pipe is installed in the annular space to within a few cm of the bottom. The grout is pumped through this pipe, discharging into the annular space, and moving upward around the casing, finally overflowing at the land surface. In 3 to 7 days the grout will be set, and the well can be completed and pumping started. A waiting period of only 24 to 36 hours is required if quick-setting cement is used. When the grout pipe is installed within the well casing, the casing should be supported a few cm above the bottom during grouting to permit grout to flow into the annular space. The well casing is fitted at the bottom with an adapter threaded to receive the grout pipe and a check valve to prevent return of grout inside of the casing. After grout appears at the surface, the casing is lowered to the bottom and the grout pipe is unscrewed immediately and raised a few cm. A suitable quantity of water should then be pumped through it, thereby flushing any remaining grout from it and the casing. The grout pipe is then removed from the well and 3 to 7 days are allowed for setting of ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 280 luly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 the grout. The well is then cleared by drilling out the adapter, check valve, plug, and grout remaining within the well. A modification of this procedure is the use of the well casing itself to convey the grout to the annular space. The casing is suspended in the drill hole and held a few meters off the bottom. A spacer is inserted in the casing. The casing is then capped and connection made from it to grout pump. The estimated quantity of grout, including a suitable allowance for filling of crevices and other voids, is then pumped into the casing. The spacer moves before the grout, in turn forcing the water in the well ahead of it. Arriving at the lower casing terminal, the spacer is forced to the bottom of the drill hole, leaving sufficient clearance to permit flow of grout into the annular space and upward through it. After the desired amount of grout has been pumped into the casing, the cap is removed and a second spacer is inserted in the casing. The cap is then replaced and a measured volume of water sufficient to fill all but a few feet of the casing is pumped into it. Thus all but a small quantity of the grout is forced from the casing into the annular space. From 3 to 7 days are allowed for setting of the grout. The spacers and grout remaining in the casing and drill hole are then drilled out and the well completed. If the annular space is to be grouted for only part of the total depth of the well, the grouting can be carried out as directed above when the well reaches the desired depth and the well can then be drilled deeper by lowering the tools inside of the first casing. In this type of construction, where casings of various sizes telescope within each other, a seal should be placed at the level where the telescoping begins, that is, in the annular space between the two casings. The annular space for grouting between two casings should provide a clearance of at least 4 cm and the depth of the seal should be not less than 3 m. Spring Development and Protection Source of most springs is rainfall that seeps into the ground uphill from the spring outlet. A spring is a place on the earth's surface where groundwater emerges naturally. The water while springs may seem like an ideal water supply, they need to be selected with care, developed properly, and tested periodically for contamination. Spring water moves downhill through soil or cracks in rock until it is forced out of the ground by natural pressure. The amount, or yield, of available water form springs may vary with the time of year and rainfall. Groundwater obtained from springs is similar to water pumped from shallow wells. Like shallow wells, springs may be contaminated by surface water or other sources on or below the ground surface. Springs are susceptible to contamination because the water feeding them typically flows through the ground for only a short distance, limiting the amount of natural filtering that can occur. Springs may not be a good choice for a water supply if the area uphill where the water collects is used for industry, agriculture, or other potential sources of pollution. Spl'ing Development Proper spring development helps protect the water supply form contamination. The objective of spring development is to collect the flowing water underground to protect it from surface contamination and store it in a sanitary spring box. Proper development depends on whether the spring is a concentrated spring or a seepage spring. (i) 281 -~"~j('~." ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 Concentrated springs occur along hillsides in mountain and piedmont areas at points where groundwater emerges naturally from openings in rock (Figure la). These are the easiest springs to develop and protect from contamination. Proper development for concentrated springs consists of intercepting water underground in its natural flow path before it reaches the land surface. One type of concentrated spring found in valleys or other low areas is termed a low-area spring (Figure lb). Low-area springs are not as easily protected as those located in higher areas where other surface water naturally drains away from the spring. Figure 1b. Cut-eway view of.low-area spring. Seepage springs occur where groundwater "seeps" from the soil over large areas (Figure 2a). The development process for seepage springs consists of intercepting flowing groundwater over a wide area underground and channeling it to a collect ion point. Because seepage springs collect water over large areas, they are more difficult to protect from surface water contamination than concentrated springs. To develop a concentrated spring the following steps have to be taken. (Figures la and lb): 1. Dig upslope from the spring outlet to a point where flowing water is at least 3 feet underground or where rock is encountered. -~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 282 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 2. Install a rock bed to form an interception reservoir. On the down slope side, install a cutoff wall of concrete or plastic. The cutoff wall may not be necessary for a low-area spring, where the spring box may serve as the collector. 3. Insert a collector pipe low in the cutoff wall to guide water into the spring box. As much as possible, prevent water from backing up behind the wall. Figure 2s. Cut-away view of Ii seepage spring. 4' to 6' beyond seep area Pipe to springbox Figure 2b. OYerbead view of a seepage sprlng. Follow these steps to develop a seepage spring (Figures 2a and b): 1. Dig test holes uphill from the seep to find a point where the impervious layer below the water-bearing layer is about 3 feet underground. Water flows on top of this layer in sand or gravel toward the surface seep. 2. Dig a 2-foot-wide trench across the slope to a depth of 6 inches below the water­ bearing layer and extending 4 to 6 feet beyond the seep area on each side. Install a 4-inch collector tile and completely surround the tile with graveL 3. Connect the collector tile to a 4-inch line leading to the spring box. The box inlet must be below the elevation of the collector tile. The spring box should be watertight (most are made of reinforced concrete) and have a tight-fitting "shoebox" cover. It should be at least 4 feet tall and should extend at -@ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 283 Iuly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 least 1 foot above ground level when buried. The size of the spring box depends on the amount of storage needed. Typically, it should be at least 3 feet square, which would provide storage of 135 gallons with water standing 2 feet deep. If the size were increased to 4 feet square, the amount of storage would increase to 240 gallons with water standing 2 feet deep. The spring box should have and outlet pipe and an overflow pipe. The overflow pipe should be screened and located below the collector pipe or tile so that water will not back up behind the spring. The overflow may be a floating device connected to the outlet pipe. Install a drain for cleaning the box. Spring Protection Springs are susceptible to contamination by surface water, especially during rainstorms. Contamination sources include livestock, wildlife, crop fields, forestry activities, septic systems, and fuel tanks located upslope from the spring outlet. Changes in color, taste, odor, or flow rate indicate possible contamination by surface water. To protect springs you can take the following measures. 1. Divert all surface water away from the spring as far as possible. Do no allow flooding near the spring. 2. Construct a U-shaped surface drainage diversion ditch or an earth berm at least 50 feet uphill forms the spring to divert any surface runoff away from the spring. Be careful not to dig deep enough to uncover flowing groundwater. Prevent pounding in the diversion ditch. 3. Construct an earth berm adjacent to the spring or a second U-shaped diversion ditch lined with concrete tile for added protection. 4. Fence an area at least 100 feet in all directions around the spring box to prevent contamination by animals and people who are unaware of the spring's location. 5. Avoid heavy vehicle traffic over the uphill water bearing layer to prevent compaction that may reduce water flow. Water Testing Most spring contamination result from poor spring development construction of from direct flow of surface water into the shallow groundwater feeding the spring. Spring water should be tested before and after heavy rains each year for bacteria, pH, turbidity, and conductivity to determine if surface-water contamination is a problem. If water levels change frequently when it rains, the spring is very susceptible to contamination. If bacteria are found at any time in the water, properly disinfect the system and retest the water before using it again. Springs are susceptible to contamination by Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and other microorganisms that are not detected by standard bacterial tests. Test for these microorganisms if spring water is suspected as a source of illness. Spring Disinfection Springs are often contaminated with bacteria during construction or maintenance. All new and repaired water systems should be disinfected using shock chlorination. If bacterial contamination occurs on a regular basis because of surface sources above the spring, continuous chlorination may be necessary. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 284 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Shock chlorination requires concentration of at least 200 parts per million (ppm) chlorine. (As a point or reference, 200 ppm is the same proportion as 1 pound of salt in about 600 gallons of water.) To obtain this concentration, add 3 pints of liquid chlorine laundry bleach (such as "Chlorox," which is about 5 percent chlorine) for each 100 gallons ofwater to be disinfected. Other sources of chlorine are 1 pint of swimming pool disinfectant or concentrated bleach (at 12 to 17 percent chlorine) per 100 gallons of water or 4 ounces of high-test calcium hypochlorite tablets or powder (at 65 to 75 percent chlorine) per 100 gallons ofwater. Follow these steps to disinfect spring-fed water systems with chlorine: 1. Remove debris and sediment from the spring box and distribution system. Scrub all interior surfaces with a strong chlorine solution (1 gallon of liquid chlorine laundry bleach per 10 gallons of water). Be sure to wear gloves and other appropriate protective clothing 2. Disinfect the spring box by first allowing it to fill with fresh spring water. If the spring flow is small enough, plug the outlet pipe and add chlorine to the spring box to obtain the 200-part-per-million chlorine concentration as described above. Hold the chlorinated water in the spring box for at least 12 hours. Keep the overflow pipe open. If the flow rate is too high to retain water in the spring box, feed the chlorine solution into the spring box continuously for at least 12 hours. 3. Disinfect the water distribution system including pressure tanks, storage tanks, pipelines, valves, and faucets by pumping chlorinated water through the system. Open all faucets until a strong chlorine odor is detected at each one. Close the faucets to allow the chlorine solution to remain in the system for at least 12 hours. 4. Open all valves and faucets to allow fresh spring water to flow through the system until no chlorine odor or taste can be detected. 5. Test the spring water for bacterial contamination 24 hours after chlorine has been removed from the spring and household system. Continuous chlorination is necessary if bacterial contamination continues after repeated shock chlorination. In this system, equipment is used to feed chorine continuously in sufficient amounts to kill bacteria. Chlorine must be in contact with water at least 1 to 5 minutes to kill all bacteria. At the end of this time, a chlorine residual of about 3 to 5 ppm should remain to indicate that the disinfection is complete. Typical chlorine feed rates are about 1 cup of 5 percent laundry bleach per 300 gallons of water. This rate depends on water temperature, pH, and pumping rate. Use an inexpensive chlorine residual kit to determine if the feed rate should be increase or decrease to obtain the proper chlorine residual. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 285 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 14- Mitigation Measures for Fluoride Contamination Effects of excess fluoride in water Excessive fluoride >1.5 mgjL in drinking water may cause dental fluorosis, a condition resulting in the discoloration of the enamel, with chipping of the teeth in severe cases, particularly in children. With higher level of fluorides >3 mgjL, skeletal fluorosis with its crippling effects is observed. Non-skeletal and allergic manifestations of fluorosis can also occur. The effects of fluorosis are irreversible and there is no treatment. Avoiding excessive intake of fluoride can help in prevention. Fluorides are present mostly in ground water and high concentrations have been found in Kopanur in Chittoor taluk, Chinnamoolathara, Eruthenpathy, Anakatti and Vannamada of Palakkad district and Alappuzha of Kerala. Strategy for mitigation When high levels of fluoride are detected in local ground water, the ideal course of action to take would be: 1. Using alternate water sources. 2. Improving the nutritional status of the population at risk. 3. Removing excess fluoride (defluoridation). Removing excess fluoride (defluoridation) The following table gives an overview of the various defluoridation technologies that have been implemented in Kerala. D fl 'dati Te h . 10 'es Detluoridation Principle Advantages Limitations Process Activated Adsorption • Removes fluoride • Sensitive to pH fluctuations, TDS, Alumina up to 90%. presence of other elements, etc. • Treatment is • Regeneration is needed every 4-5 cost-effective months. • Effectiveness reduces with each regeneration. • Disposal of fluoride sludge is a problem. Nalgonda Coagulation • Does not involve • Removes only 18-33% of Technique and regeneration of Fluoride. precipitation media. • Regular analysis of feed and using alum • Employs treated water is required to and lime chemicals which calculate the correct dose of are readily chemicals to be added, because available. water quality changes with time • Colour, odour, and season. turbidity, • High maintenance costs. bacteria & • Large space requirement for organic drying of sludge. contaminants are also removed. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 286 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 Fluoride removal Expensive. process (up to 98%) and • Nearly all ions are removed so disinfection are demineralization and pH semi achieved correction may be needed. permeable simultaneously. • Lot of waste brine water is membrane • Low maintenance generated and its disposal poses & regeneration a problem. re uirements. Bone Charcoal Adsorption • Efficiency of the • There is no technology to material in regenerate used bone char, so the fluoride removal material must be replaced is independent of periodically raw water characteristics such as hardness and Recommended Strategy for Fluoride Mitigation In any attempt to mitigate fluoride contamination, it is recommended that the provision of safe, low fluoride water from alternative sources, either as an alternative source or for blending, should be investigated as the first option. The following table presents the available options for fluoride affected villages and the situation for which they seem appropriate. Recommended Options for Fluoride Affected Villages , " , " Ava"ilable options ' 'x' Situation for wlticb tlte option seems , "', , appropriate Alternate local/distant ground water Where isolated small number of habitations source (with appropriate ground water are affected recharge arrangementsl Local distant surface source Where large number of contiguous villages are affected Blending with non-fluoride water Where fluoride concentration is marginally higher (1.5-2 mg/l) and fluoride free water is available. • Dual supply with different servic,e level Where community is aware and able to (drinking, cooking and other purposes) distinguish the difference (on pilot basis) ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 287 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 15- Selection of Safe Sanitation Technologies Selection and installation of safe sanitation technologies to suit the local soil characteristics and hydrogeology is necessary so as to minimize ground water contamination. For selecting the most appropriate system for any location the following factors are to be considered: » Number of people to be served ).> Per capita water supply rate and the water availability for ablution and flushing ).> Extent of space available within the plod street for sanitation facility » Hydro geologic characteristics of the subsoil ).> Depth to groundwater table from the ground surface (summer and rainy season) ).> Quality of groundwater in the vicinity and their present uses ).> Locations of the existing water supply wells ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 288 July 2011 <"'~""'~ Environmental Assessment and Environmental J..~~!!!.!!1!! Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Pour flush Direct Twin I Yes, if Yes, if raised Yes, for Not for No Easy Easy Safe sludge Pit Latrine Without raised I fully clay soils Pour flush lined Offset I Yes, if - Yes, if raised I Yes, fO~---IYes~with Yes Easy Easy Sludge Single Pit , raised and I Fully lined soak away unsafe Latrine with I with soak Pour-flush a",,(iY Offset Twin Yes, if Yes, ifraised rYes, for Yes, with Yes Fairly easy Fairly Safe sludge Flush Pit Latrine raised and Fully lined soak away easy raised and with with soak Pour flush ~ away Solar heated I Yes Yes Yes Yes No Easy Difficult Safe single-vault eco­ dehydrated sanitary latrine material with urine _sel?ara~iQl'! Single-vault eco­ Yes Yes Yes Yes No Easy Difficult Safe sanitary latrines dehydrated with urine material Urinal Yes Yes Yes Yes i Yes a bit Easy Easy @ 289 " "l\, " ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Considering the various sanitation options available and the factors to be considered, the following on-site sanitation options are recommended as suitable sanitation for the rural habitations: » Two-pit pour-flush toilet (TPPT) » Composting toilet or eco-sanitation (Eco-san) The SOs should playa crucial role in facilitating the choice of appropriate sanitation system for the site specific situation. Considerations Line the pits. In sandy soils, sink cement rings that are perforated or set on top of without cement. Use the pits. In sandy soils, sink cement rings that are perforated or set on top of each other without cement. Clay soil Test by pouring water into a hole and measure the time how long it takes to be absorbed. Pits in dense clay may need back filling about 1.2 meters with more soil. Coarse sand Back fill around the rings with denser soil and or locate the latrine pipes far away, (for example, 40 meters or more) ~-------------------------.---~- -----------4 from a well used for Hard If there might be cracks in the latrine, the latrine pits can pollute nearby drinking water sources. Place the latrine far from these sources. Locate the latrine pit far away from any well used for drinking purpose (for 40 meters or Raise the latrines above the ground level so that the top of the pit is always above the water level. Place latrines far from drin water source. Distance from latrine pit to drinking water At least 15 meters sources ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 290 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi-2 Annexure 16 -Recommended Construction Practices for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines Construction of Pits 1. Pits in Water logged, Flood Prone and High Sub-soil Water Areas In high sub-soil, water logged or flood-prone areas, the pits should be raised above the ground level to a height such that the invert of the incoming drains pipes is just above the likely flood water or sub-soil water level. Raising the pipes will necessitate raising the latrine floor also. In pits located in water logged or flood prone areas, earth should be filled and well compacted all around the pits in 1000 mm width and up to the top. It is not necessary to raise the pits by more than 300 mm above the plinth of the house. In these situations, the pits should be designed as wet pits, taking into consideration the infiltration rate of the type of soil. 2. Pits in Rocky Strata In rocky strata with soil layers in between, leach pits are designed on the same principles as those for low sub-soil water level taking the infiltration capacity of the soil as 20 litres per sq.m per day. However, in rocks with fissures, chalk formations, or old root channels, pollution can flow over a very long distance; hence these conditions demand careful investigation and adoption of pollution safeguards. In impervious rocky strata the pits will function as holding tanks since there will be no infiltration of liquid. In such situations, a PF latrine with leaching pits is not a suitable system. 3. Pits in Soils with Low Infiltration Capacity Leaching capacity tends to be the limiting factor when the infiltration capacity of soil is low. In these circumstances, there are two options: construct a larger pit, or increase the critical leaching area by backfilling and compacting with brick ballast, gravel, sand etc., for the required width all around the pit. Emptying of Pits/Septic tanks Emptying of pits becomes essential when they get filled. The three most important issues related to emptying of pits are frequency, cost, and hygiene. Manual methods of emptying are common for pour-flush latrines. The responsibility for emptying latrines is with the users. The main guidelines relating to latrine emptying include ).> Advising householders that the fillingl emptying cycle is likely to be between three to six years and that they need to make their own arrangements for emptying the pits. ).> Emptying costs are location-specific; anticipated emptying costs should be ascertained with local contractors during programme planning. Operation and Maintenance - DO's and Don'ts s of Twin-pit Pour-flush Latrines: DO's ).> Keep a bucket full of water outside the toilet. ).> Keep 2 liters can in the toilet filled with water for flushing. ).> Before use, pour a little quantity of water to wet the pan so that excreta can slide smoothly into the pit. ).> Flush the excreta after each use. ® "~"}\'~' ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 291 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 };- Pour a little quantity of water, say half a liter, in the squatting pan after urination. };- The squatting pan should be cleaned daily with a soft broom or soft brush with a long handle after sprinkling a small quantity of water and detergent powder/soap. };- Use minimum quantity of water in washing the pan and toilet floor. };- Wash hands, using soap or ash, after defecation at the assigned place. };- If any construction defect is observed during the defect-liability period, report the matter to the local authority or the construction agency. };- When the pit in use is full, divert the flow to the second pit };- If the trap gets choked, rodding should be done from the pan side as well as from the rear side by means of a split bamboo stick, after removing the cover of the drain or junction chamber. };- Care should be taken while desludging the pits located in water-logged or high water sub-soil water areas and in case of combined pits, as humus may not be safe for handling. Dont's };- Do not use both the pits at the same time. };- Do not use more than 2 Htres of water for each flushing (if the waste is not flushed with 2 litres, pour more water at the specific spots for flushing the waste). };- Do not use caustic soda or acid for cleaning the pan. };- Do not throw sweepings, vegetable or fruit peelings, rags, cotton waste, and cleaning materials like corn cobs, mud balls, stone pieces, leaves, etc. in the pan or the pits. };- Do not allow rain water, kitchen or bath waste to enter the pits. };- Do not provide water tap in the toilet. };- Do not throw lighted cigarette butts in the pan. };- Do not desludge the pit before 1% years of its being in use. To ensure that the risk of polluting ground water and drinking water sources is minimal, the following safeguards should be taken while locating the pits: a. Drinking water should be obtained from another source or from the same aquifer but at a point beyond the reach of any fecal pollution from the leach pits. b. If the soil is fine (effective size 0.2 mm or less), the pits can be located at a minimum distance of 3 m from the drinking water sources, provided the maximum ground water level throughout the year is 2 m or more below the pit bottom (low water table).If the water table is higher, ie. less than 2 m below the pit bottom, the safe distance should be increased to 10 m. c. If the soil is coarse (effective size more than 0.2 mm), the same safe distances as specified above can be maintained by providing a 500 mm thick sand envelope, of fine sand of 0.2 mm effective size, all around the pit, and sealing the bottom of the pit with an impervious material such as puddle clay, a plastic sheet, lean cement concrete, or cement stabilized soil. If the pits are located under a footpath or a road, or if a water supply main is within a distance of 3 m from the pits, the invert level of the pipes or drains connecting the leach pits should be kept below the level of the water main, or 1 m below the ground level. If this is not possible due to site considerations, the joints of the water main should be encased in concrete. -~, A.BC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 292 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 17- Guidelines for Solid and Liquid Waste Management Solid and Liquid Waste Management is the main component of sanitation initiatives which rightly emphasizes and focuses on achieving a 'clean village'. SLWM largely promotes the concept of 'Environmental Sanitation' for better health of individual, health and community. The goal of solid and liquid waste management is to collect, treat and dispose of liquid and solid waste generated by all rural groups in an environmentally and socially satisfactory manner using the most economical means available. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT The solid waste management plants have been classified as Household level, Institutional level and Community level with different capacities under each category. Solid waste should be managed at the household level for effective management of solid waste in rural areas. Composting is one of the best options for treatment of solid waste. 1. COMPOSTING In composting process the organic matter breaks down under bacterial action resulting in the formation of humus like material called compost. The value of compost as manure depends on the quantity and quality of feed materials poured into the compost pit. Guidelines for Vermi-composting and Ring composting at household level are given below. 1.1 VERMI COMPOSTING Vermi composting involves the stabilization of organic solid waste through earthworm consumption which converts the material into worm castings. Vermi composting is the result of combined activity of microorganisms and earthworms. Microbial decomposition of biodegradable organic matter occurs through extracellular enzymatic activities (primary decomposition) whereas decomposition in earthworm occurs in elementary tract by micro-organisms inhabiting the gut (secondary decomposition). Microbes such as fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa etc. are reported to inhabit the gut of earthworms. Ingested feed substrates are subjected to grinding in the interior part of the worms gut (gizzard) resulting in particle size reduction. Vermitechnology, a tripartite system which involves biomass, microbes and earthworms is influenced by the abiotic factors such as temperature, moisture, aeration etc. Microbial ecology changes according to change of abiotic factors in the biomass but decomposition never ceases. Conditions unfavourable to aerobic decomposition result in mortality of earthworms and subsequently no vermi composting occurs HOUSEHOLD LEVEL VERMI COMPOSTING UNITS FOR 1.5 KG/DAY a. Infrastructure & Specifications • Two numbers of broad mouth plastic basin/ clay pots of 25 litre capacity each • Base layer with coconut fibre and gravel/sand with cow-dung (-5 kg) powder • Wire-mesh lid for the basins • 200 worms in each basin/pot • Holes at the bottom ofthe basin to drain leachate/vermi wash to a vessel if kept at below @ --l: .. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 293 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 • Arrangements for protecting the basin from mouse, red ants etc • Thick wet cloth or wet sack piece for covering the waste • Surgical hand gloves for handling waste & manure • Vermi wash collection system is optional b. . Standards • Eudrillus eugineae worms • Moisture content of waste 40-55% • Temperature- 20 - 30 0 C c. Unit cost • Rs. 800 j - per unit d. O&M Protocols • Chop the waste to size less than 5 cm before placing in the basin • Thickness of waste layer in the basin should not exceed 15cm • Use one basin for the first 15 days and then use the second basin after filling the first • Sprinkle cow-dung powder along with waste • Protect the basins from mouse, ants and other pests • Keep the basin covered with wet sack or cloth piece • Sprinkle water over the cover sackjcloth to maintain a moisture of 50-55% • Avoid over sprinkling of water and stagnation ofliquid at the bottom of the basin • Basin should not be exposed to direct sun light or rainfall • Prevent introduction of excessive hot, sour and oily substances and also bones, meat & fibre Materials • For removing the vermi compost, expose the basin with contents in shaded sunlight for 2-4 hours and remove the compost from the top and use the basin with earthworms for further composting ofbio-wastes • Compost taken out should not be dried under sunlight • Renew the base layer annually • Collection of wash out from the basin in the final stages of composting for vermi­ wash e. Maintenance cost • Rs.0.4 per kg of waste for small house-hold unit 1.2. HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING UNITS -l.S KGjDAYWASTE FEED (RING COMPOSTING UNIT) a. Infrastructure • Two sets of circular ferro - cement rings resting on circular ferro - cement slabs and covered by another circular ferro - cement slab with provision for loading the waste from the top and removing the compost from the bottom, when ready. • Base layer with cow-dung (~5 kg) powder • Surgical hand gloves for handling waste & manure ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 294 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for ,alanidhi·2 b. Specifications • Ferro- cement ring of internal diameter 0.7 m ,thickness 2.5 cm and height 0.5 m placed over a circular ferro-cement slab of dia 0.75m and thickness 2.5 cm (without fixing). • The ring to have a 30cmx30cm opening on the side at the bottom with a ferrocement slab cover of the same curved shape which can be removed and refitted back tightly with a locking arrangement for removal of compost when ready. • The ring will also have a hole of dia 2.5cm at the bottom for the leachate to flow out. • Circular ferro- cement cover slab of 0.75 m diameter and 2.5 cm thick with central circular hole of 0.30 m diameter to cover the ring. The hole will have a lid cover which can be removed and refitted back for loading the waste into the ring and closing it tightly after loading the waste. c. Standards • Moisture content of waste 40-55% • Temperature- 20 - 300 C d. Unit cost • Rs. 1800/- per unit e. O&M Protocols • Chop the waste to size less that 5 cm before placing in the basin • Remove the top central lid cover of the ring and drop the waste inside the ring • Spread the waste evenly in within the ring • Use one ring for the first 90 days and then use the second basin after filling the first. • After 175 days, compost from the first ring can be emptied from the side opening and the ring can be used for further waste feeding • Renew the base layer annually f. Maintenance cost • Rs.O.l per kg of waste for small households 2. BIO GAS PLANT When biodegradable organic solid waste is subjected to anaerobic decomposition, a gaseous mixture of Methane (CH4) and Carbon-dioxide (C02) known as Biogas could be produced under favourable conditions. The decomposition of the waste materials is mainly done by the fermentation process which is carried out by different group of microorganisms like bacteria, fungus, actinomycetes etc. The group of microorganisms involved for biogas generation is mainly the bacteria. The process involves a series of reactions by several kinds of anaerobic bacteria feeding on the raw organic matter. "In anaerobic conditions, anaerobic bacteria disintegrate the biodegradable solids by a biochemical process". The biogas technology can be used for management ofbio degradable solid waste (portion) generated from: ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 295 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • Household • Community • Commercial establishment The guidelines for household and community level biogas plant are given below. 2.1 HOUSEHOLD LEVEL (PREFABRICATED -LOW COST TYPE) BIOGAS PLANT a. Infrastructure & Specifications • Treatment capacity - 2.5 kg of solid waste per day • Volume of digester including gas holder - 0.50 m3 • PVC tank with circular shape as digester and gas holder • Inlet device with PVC pipe of diameter 110 mm • Inlet chamber with a plastic mug having circular shape and with a lid. • Outlet device with PVC pipe of 63mm • A plastic can of 10 liter capacity to be used for collecting slurry/effluent for safe disposal. • If toilet waste is also treated in biogas plant, slurry from biogas plant to be treated in a septic tank soak pit arrangement. • Rubber hose of 25 mm (% inch) diameter for conveyance of biogas for use with a maximum length of 10 m • Stove with single burner • Control valve for regulating gas *Plant to be established in a place fully exposed to sunlight and away from drinking water source. b. Standards • Minimum waste retention time of 40 days • All PVC pipe of class 4 kg/cm 2 • Rubber hose, stove and control valve with lSI mark • Particle size of waste notto exceed 20 mm c. Unit cost • Rs.6,SOO/­ d. O&M Protocols • Start up by adding 50 kg of cow dung with equal quantity of water • Waste feeding after chopping and mixed with water or part of waste water in the ratio of 1:1 • Daily feeding of easily degradable waste in slurry form or solid waste mixed with equal quantity of water. Rice water, other waste water used for washing of rice, vegetables or meat in the kitchen is used in place of water. • Limit the maximum quantity of daily feeding of waste to 7.5 kg/ day. A plastic can to be used for collecting slurry/effluent for safe disposal. If toilet waste is also treated in biogas plant, slurry from biogas plant to be treated in a septic tank soak pit arrangement. • Clean the inlet chamber after each feed and keep it closed • Prohibited to feed wastes of slow degrading nature like straw, soil, egg shells, fibrous materials like banana leaves, coconut shells, coconut coir, pseudo stem etc. Feeding of toxic substances like fungicides, insecticides, pesticides, detergents, and disinfectant like phenyl, dettol etc. are also prohibited. ® -~,j(: ..~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 296 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • Mix the substrate or rotate the drum at least weekly for preventing scum formation e. Maintenance cost • Rs. 200/- annum per unit 2.2. HOUSEHOLD LEVEL FLOATING DOME TYPE BfOGAS PLANT tM3 CAPACITY a. Infrastructure & Specifications • Treatment capacity - 7.5 kg of solid waste per day • Volume of digester(including gas holder) - 1 m3 • Digester -PVC tank circular shape • Gas holder dome PVC/ Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP). • Central support of GI pipe of 40 mm (medium class), fixed to a steel frame work to act as guide for the dome to move up and down • Inlet device with PVC pipe of diameter 110 mm • Inlet chamber with plastic container, having circular shape of 30 em diameter and with a lid. • Outlet devise with PVC pipe of 63mm diameter. • A plastic can of 10 liter capacity to be used for collecting slurry/effluent for safe disposal. • If toilet waste is also treated in biogas plant, slurry from biogas plant to be treated in a septic tank soak pit arrangement. • Rubber hose of 25 mm (%, inch) diameter for conveyance of biogas for use with a maximum length of 10m • Stove with single burner • Control valve for regulating gas *Plant to be established in a place fully exposed to sunlight and away from drinking water source. b. Standards • Minimum waste retention time of 40 days • All PVC pipe of class 4 kg/cm2 • Medium class GI Pipe for central support • Rubber hose, stove and control valve with lSI mark • Particle size of waste not to exceed 20 mm c. Unit cost • Rs.I0, 000/- (without septic tank and soak pit) d. O&M Protocols • Start up by adding 50 kg of cow dung with equal quantity of water • Waste feeding after chopping and mixed with water or part of waste water in the ratio of 1:1 • Daily feeding of easily degradable waste in slurry form or solid waste mixed with equal quantity of water. Rice water, other waste water used for washing of rice, vegetables or meat in the kitchen is used in place of water. • Limit the maximum quantity of daily feeding of waste to 7.5 kg/ day. A plastic can to be used for collecting slurry/effluent for safe disposal. If toilet waste is ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 297 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 also treated in biogas plant, slurry from biogas plant to be treated in a septic tank soak pit arrangement • Clean the inlet chamber after each feed and keep it closed • Prohibited to feed wastes of slow degrading nature like straw, soil, egg shells, fibrous materials like banana leaves, coconut shells, coconut coir, pseudo stem etc., • Feeding of toxic substances like fungicides, insecticides, pesticides, detergents, and disinfectant like phenyl, dettol etc. are also prohibited. • Mix the substrate or rotate the drum at least weekly for preventing scum formation e. Maintenance cost • Rs. 500 j - annum per unit 2.3 COMMUNITY LEVEL BIOGAS PLANT (FLOATING DOME TYPE) (CAPACITY 300 KG TO 2000KG OF SOLID WASTE PER DAY) a. Infrastructure • Pre-processing room with space to accommodate the pulverizing jgrinder mixer machine and an inlet mixing chamber for mixing the pulverized waste, provision of a platform outside the room with extended roof and ramp, to receive the waste digester. • Inlet mixing cum feeding tank near to the digester, with locking arrangements for feeding waste to the digester • Inlet devices with PVC pipe of diameter 150 mm, connecting the bottom of the inlet mixing chamber located inside the pre-processing room for conveyance of pulverized waste to the inlet feeding tank and connecting the inlet feeding tank and the digester. • Digester with reinforced cement concrete and brick masonry lining on both sides and having the following; • Bottom slope of digester shall be 1 in 8 for easy withdrawal of sludge. » Outlet devise with PVC pipes 140 to 200mm » Floating Gas holder dome with fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) » Central support of GI pipe medium grade 65 to 100 mm fixed to base concretej fixed to central beam ofthe dome. • Pumps of screw type or submersible type or external chemical process type for pumping water, slurry and sludge. • Pre-digester tank for increasing the efficiency of main digester j digesting of slow digesting items for plants of capacity 1 Ton and above. • A Pulverizing machine jgrinder mixer for reducing the size of waste larger than 20mm and to mix the same with water and putting it into inlet mixing tank inside the preprocessing room. Waste to be converted into slurry form by mixing it with equal volume of water to feed in to the digester for easy and clog free digestion. • Pre-filter tank with four number of chambers in series with baffle walls in between. The slurry from the outlet manhole passes through the baffle walls and flow to the septic tank. Certain amount of slurry get settle down in the pre-filter which is to be cleared periodically. This is to reduce the load on the septic tank. -@ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 298 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • Septic tank - soak pit system for treatment and disposal of effluent from biogas plants. • Rubber hose for conveying gas 20 mm dia ,min 40 meters long" moisture trap, H2S scrubber, pressure blower ,fire arrestor, regulator and a gas stove to spend the gas. • Control Panel for monitoring / operation b. Notes • All metal parts to be coated with epoxy primer and epoxy enamel for avoiding corrosion. • All masonry tanks to be coated with epoxy or other corrosion resistant coating. • Plant to be established in a place fully exposed to sunlight and away from drinking water source. • Gas utilisation for heating /cooking purpose. c. Optional items (to be ordered separately) • A balloon storage facility for storage of at least %th ofbio gas generated in a day.1/4th quantity of the gas produced in a day is stored inside the floating gas holder chamber of the digester itself. • Water heater working on bio-gas is mounted on the wall of the pre­ processing room, with all safety arrangements and plumbing .Hot water be utilized to mix with the feed waste. • Gas measuring meter for supplying the gas to the nearest domestic/commercial customer/so • Solar water heater for making hot water to mix with the water to maintain the temperature where considered necessary in plants of 1000 to 2000 kg • Bio gas engines of single mode fuel (using methane gas only) in special cases only after obtaining approval from Suchitwa Mission Additional facilities include; • Facility for utilizing the electricity generated for operating equipments in the plant /lighting the plant area. • Facility for flaring of excess gas with automatic or semi automatic flame ignition. • Facility for Biogas cleaning for removal of water vapour and H2S concentration to 100 ppm or less d. Standards • Minimum 45 days waste retention time • Particle size of waste not to exceed 20 mm • Rubber hose of % to 1 1/2 inch diameter with maximum length of 40 m for conveyance ofbiogas • All PVC pipe of class 4 kg/cm 2 • Rubber hose, stove and control valve with 151 mark • The capacity of the bio gas plant to be mentioned in terms of the loading rate (ie, maximum quantity of waste to be fed in kg per day). e. Land requirement • Land area 20mx10m for 300 kg plant to 30mx15m for 2000 kg plant ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 299 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 f. Unit cost • Total cost of setting up of a bio-gas plant capacity wise is given under (in Rs Note • Estimating has been done based on Kerala PWD schedule rates 2010. • Estimate is based" all soil conditions "(mix of ordinary soil and hard soil in the ratio 50:50) and to be suitably modified for different site conditions • Optional items are not included in the cost. • The cost include contractors' profit ,but doesn't include statutory works tax or service tax g. O&M Protocols • Start up by adding cow dung and equal quantity of water • Waste feeding after chopping and mixed with water in the ratio 1:1 • Daily feeding of easily degradable waste in slurry form or waste mixed solid with equal quantity of water • Limit the quantity of daily waste feed below the designed capacity • Maximum particle size of waste shall be 20 mm • Daily removal of slurry in to Septic Tank - Soak Pit system • Clean the inlet chamber after each feeding and keep it closed • Prohibited to feed wastes of slow degrading nature like straw, soil, egg shells, fibrous materials like banana leaves, coconut shells, coconut coir, pseudo stem etc. Feeding of toxic substances like fungicides, insecticides, pesticides, detergents, and disinfectants like phenyl, dettol etc. are prohibited. • Mix the substrate or rotate the drum at least weekly for preventing scum formation • Skilled Manpower for Operation of the Plant. • Operation and maintenance contract with the executing agency/ supplier for a period of 2 years after installation and initial capacity building period of six months of plant h. Maintenance cost • Consultancy charges in Rs for technical support and capacity building for the initial period of six months are as under:­ • Operation and maintenance cost per annum in Rs lakh capacity wise are given as under:­ ® ~-TRUCTURE OF THE WELL _ _~~._ 29 I Will the well be provided with sanitary p till the pump is y~;-·-~-~---:No plug I installed? 30 Is a concrete mat (of at least 75 em radius ) planned around the Yes , outside the well casingJ?l(inned? ~___ Yes iNo ® .." ;\,,~ nVlron SoI ' AB CE' utlOns Pvt. Ltd ., 308 July 2011 £I <.,;.,,)teo>.> Environmental Assessment and Environmental Q/~li!!!!.!!l!l Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 L\VATER . .~ U~LiTY~~~__ ==-=~=--~~--'--- _~__ I~_j~!~~~~ty ofwate~~ccePtable? (water quality test report ---1 No r-~4-. _-i'.~~~~-f~i~~~~!~n~~~~~~~!:~s?.Jr-Qr~ _. _________ L_ summer summer -----,~-~-~- - ---~- 10 Is the RWH locateda.~a.yfroma.Il'y_stlP~ly_Lfeeder of ___ _ ®1\· ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 311 July 2011 J~l!f~.!!l!l Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 ---------------------­ - --r------------------------­ _ _ _ _ _ 0_.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ • _ _ _ _ _ _ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -~"~ (RWH must not be in these locations) J 11 i Has the location of RWH structure been certified by a hydro geologist of 'the KRWSA? 12 Is there any possibility of contaminated water flowing into the RWH . structure? i _l:J___ ~_i\:!!y_~p~~!t_~~l!§~Ql Yes Yes No No -- 11---1_ W--h-----a-t- 1'-s----t--h­ e frequency planned for cleaning the filter of the soak pit? Must be cleaned every [ ___-1J0rtnight Irmonth ° 1~1_2 i~~a~~; equency planned for cleaning the pit and replacing the filling s? Mitigation Measures 5 (if any) 1. 5 Refer Environmental Code of Practices (Table 4-2) for addressing the mitigation measures ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 316 July 2011 <"-~~ Environmental Assessment and Environmental ~!i!!!!.!!..'!! Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 2. 3. 4. s. 6. 7. 8. Prepared by Endorsed by Signature Signature Designation Designation (GPE of RPMU) (SE of RPMU) E. EDS for Community Solid Waste Management ......J of solid waste ...._ ....... . oPnI>r::ltj @ ~~~j\.,.- ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 317 July 2011 cJ~JJtii.?!!l!! Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 11 What is the expected quantity of bio waste _ _ can be _ _+-",-_ _ _ that _ _ _ composted) per day? (tons) ~" ""~_"~"~_-L-A __ What is the expected quantity of non bio degradable waste I "L",.""~~-"t,-,--ha;c;"t can be composted)per daY?(~~______~_____ l _____________ """"""--------"""~~-_______1 WASTE MANAGEMENT -._--_ .._-­ - - -­ -­ " SEGREGATION AND COLLECTION 13 Are awareness on househoid--;-~~T~~- No 14 Is segregation of wastes at household level No biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes) being lanned? 15 How will the household waste be collected? Community waste door bins 16 I Are the community waste bins planned to be located at least 15 m away from any water sources? 17 What is the planned frequency of collecting waste (from community bins or from individual households)? COMPOSTING FOR BIODEGRADABLE WASTE ------"-­ 18 What is the type of composting planned? Underground (lined or unlined) pits -suitable for low rainfall areas Over ground heap or tank -suitable for high rainfall areas and rocky terrain Vermi compost units ! FOR COMPOSTING UNITS-~~-------- 'II 19 I Will the wi~dfl~;;--djrection at the compo~~- yard c~ti~~ r~_~O::~Tstheco;;;post _I foul odor in the habitation? yard in a low lying area (likely to get water t_~1.1___ Will\\'€!€!ld~~ng of the compo~!J?!~L1!€!ClE..\\'!tlt_!h!~_ ARC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 318 July 2011 If} <<,~*> Environmental Assessment and Environmental Q/i!'~!!!.!!!!1 Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 24 What pest control (control of red ants, cockroaches, etc.) methods are planned at the vermi-composting unit? (Only non-chemical methods such as application of turmeric and . . . . . . . .,_..fl_.oc..u around p.«:riIll~ter of the tank must beP..!:Clc:~icedl.___ ....r MANAGEMENT OF NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE 25 What part of the non-biodegradable waste will be .. ,~~""-.----- -><, 26 ~-~ ... -----~---+.::.:::.;:..;:;::,.:: .. -~... ~.--..... --~. --.------~.-- ---+ --------------+..__._-_... .. ~--.. 27 Yes No Avoid forest area. 28 the site located for the land fill near (within 5 km) any Yes No Avoid having the sensitive area (National Parks, Wildlife near the sensitive area. ----- ------.-- -----.~--------,~~-~---- -----­ ------- ~ 29 is the extent ofland available for the land fill site? 30 What is the ownership of the land identified for the land Government! Private land fill site? Panchayat land for @ 319 - --1\"- ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., July 2011 J~JJ:.i~-'l! Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 31 What is the distance of the land fill site from nearest water supply source/catchment boundary/water body (less than 100 ...._. I······· .......... - 32 I What are the prec autions taken / planned to prevent surface and groun dwater contamination? I ____ _____._"_..._ •.• _ •. M"."" ""'_.,.,". .- r· . ~ _ . 33 I Is periodic covering of waste with minimum 10 cm of soil / n debris olanned? ..... 34 Is covering of was te with 40-65 cm thick soil cover planned before ev ery monsoon (to prevent infiltration)? 35 Is an appropriate jrainage system planned at the land fill site to divert run 0,ffwater? -_... -------- •.... ---_ . ... .. _ . 36 Will the land fill si te have fencing and a gate to prevent l1als and unau!!!.~rlze.d"'persons? 37 baseline data on groundwater quality in the area been I collected (for futu re reference)? Enclose report water f-_.._.... quali!y!est. _. ----------------- l_.. ~mnm :~~~:i;:~~ ~~!~: I ~ular monitoring of ground water quality d? ------------- Mitigation Measures 6 (if any) 1. 2. 3. 4. "Refer Environmental-Code of Practices (Table 4-2) for addressing the mitigation measures ~@ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 320 July 2011 J~~~l.!!!!! Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Prepared by Endorsed by Signature Signature Designation Designation (GPE of RPMU) (SE of RPMU) .. ~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 32J July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental J~~!!!:!!l!l Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 a. SWSS involving pumping, construction of I a. SWSS with water source requiring a. LWSS with source as river where storage tanks and piped distribution special treatment for removal of water will have to be conveyed from networks, with source as open weill bore iron, fluoride, and salinity long distances. well. b. SWSS with source located in Ivery b. SWSS with source as spring where water close to natural habitat! sensitive will flow by gravity to the distribution ecosystems such as National parks, network. Wild life sanctuaries (requiring forest c. Existing WSS requiring rehabilitation. permission/clearance) d. Roof water harvesting units, where scattered households cannot be served by piped network. measures. a. Construction of ISL where subsurface strata I a Community latrines and disposal of a. Construction of ISL/community is favorable for adopting twin pit pour flush sewage through septic tanks I soak latrines where subsoil strata is not toilets and groundwater table is at depth pits where ground water table is less favorable (hard rock or low infiltration greater than 3.0 m below ground level. than 3m.below ground level capacity) b. Construction of ISL/community latrines in water areas. a. Construction of drains where b. Construction of drains in water logged groundwater table is at 2-3m below areas err"unrl level a. Household biogas plant a. Household biogas plant No Scheme b. Household vermi compo sting plant b. Household vermi composting plant c. Household aerobic (,()lTIn()<;: c. Household aerobic composine: olant ~, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 322 July 2011 ...... ~<~~> Environmental Assessment and Environmental ~~!!!!!l!! Management Framework for Jalanidbi-2 Annexure 20 -Environmental code of Practices for Water Supply and sanitation for Jalanidhi-2 1 Water supply Damage to intake structures • Elimination of site having potential sources of contamination by schemes due to improper siting of conducting detailed sanitary survey as given in Annexure 8 source • Source to be selected as per the guidelines given in Annexure 9 • Scientific investigations should be undertaken to ensure sustainable yield of source throughout the year. • CWRDM and the Dept. of Science, Technology and Environment of Government of Kerala should playa lead role in rendering technical assistance to the GPs (local bodies) in identifying and siting of aquifers of sustainable yield • Complete physico chemical analysis of source water has to be conducted and the source commissioned for supply only if the quality meets with the drinkine water standards. Reduction in yield of source: • Safe yield of the source should be SWSS recuperation/pumping test as described in Annexure 10. • Construction of dug well/ bore well during the most critical period, such as towards end of summer. • Appropriate recharge measures to be implemented to ensure sustainability of yield of dug wells/ bore wells • Per capita water supply has to be decided based on the yield. Hence, the per capita supply should be flexible to match with the source yield subject to a minimum of 40 lpcd in summer months • Distribution system design will be done to ensure uniform supply of water without frequent valve operations • Roof catchment of rainwater in drought prone areas and remote/ isolated settlements. • Water development plan for each participating GP will identify the ® •.•• l\y~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 323 July 2011 D < Environmental Assessment and Environmental cJ:j!P~!!!!!l!l Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 • Sanitary protection of wells and springs will practically contamination from the surface through leaching of spill water storm and agricultural runoff. The technical details of protection measures for wells and springs are given in Annexure 13. • Programmes related to hygiene education and awareness is essential to keep the area around the traditional water sources clean. These will be taken up under the health, sanitation and hygiene education component of the project, including safe handling of drinking water, I disposal of waste water (sullage), personal hygiene, household hygiene and community environmental sanitation. • To cut down the entry of pollution to a minimum in a well, the recommended interventions are good parapet, good lining, good. adequate drain and at least a nylon net cover. . \ Salinity • For treating salinity, the project will have provision for Reverse Osmosis plant wherever required and demanded by the community. I • Construction of weirs/ barrage/bunds across the river to prevent salt' water intrusion. I Fluoride • Defluoridation technologies to be adopted in fluoride contaminated areas. Details of such technology are presented in Annexure 14. I Iron • Iron removal plants shall be installed in areas where water is affected I by iron I • Proper monitoring to be done to check the quality of water. Recommended moni!oring,Elan is given in Table 4.~. J Repairs to pumps, infiltration • Allocation of adequate funds \' gallery, collection conveyance • Ensure availability of skilled manpower for rehabilitation works system and OHT. Excessive concentration of Iron I & minerals due to corrosion in • Installation of PVC pipeline distribution pipelines .~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 325 July 2011 ~/aG.~}dhl W~AM.~~""""~ Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 3 Rainwater Drying up of source during • Guidelines for sustainability of ground water sources are given in harvesting summer Annexure 11. High rainfall in the state favors roof catchment of rain Schemes water especially in areas where there is acute scarcity of drinking water during summer months. The Government has also recommended RWH in Kerala Municipality Building (Amendment) Rules, 2004, which is discussed in Chapter II. Damage to Rain Water • Repair to Rain Water Harvesting structures, bunding at appropriate Harvesting structures resulting locations in wastage of water during rainy season. Contamination of harvested • Periodically clean the catchment area and other parts of Rain Water rain water due to dust, leaves Harvesting system and bird droppings Taste and color in • Avoid metallic paint or other roof coatings as they impart taste and color to the collected water • Increasing the community coverage with sanitation facilities to achieve personal hygiene habits and 100 % coverage in as short a time frame as possible. lack of adequate supply of safe • Selecting and installing safe sanitation technologies to suit the local soil water characteristics and hydrogeology so as to minimize ground water contamination. Selection of safe sanitation technologies and environmental considerations in the location of toilets is given in Annexure 15. Proximity of latrine pits and • A minimum distance of 15 m, other than in fractured formations, shallow wells on neighboring between a pit and a downstream water-point. is normally sufficient to plots remove all contaminants. Recommended construction practices for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines are enclosed in Annexure 16. • Low cost sanitation systems like pour flush single/two pit latrines, conventional septic tanks could be installed. • Revamping the existing deep pit latrines (>3m) to prevent direct L ~_onta~~ of huma.ll~xcre!..a with ~~EI:0und ~ater. DeQend.iTlK..ll.p.on.site .•... ® "-':I'.~. nVlron S0 I" utlOns Pvt. Ltd " ABeE' . 326 July 2011 <~"-~~> Environmental Assessment and Environmental J~~!!!!!l!! Management Framework for'Jalanidhi-2 ,--­ ----'1---------­ specific conditions, such latrines~~uld be a source of potential risk t~l public health. I Water logging and formation of • Improvement of drainage courses and the construction of new drainage I pools of stagnant water during channels to ensure effective drainage by channeling the flood flow. ~iny season ____ _ ___ Solid waste I Poor Solid Waste Management • Awareness must be created on solid waste segregation among the Management I practice Beneficiary Group to process biodegradable waste into compost. The non biodegradables and the recyclables to be sold to recyclers. Batteries, Tube lights etc to be sent to hazardous waste landfill. These measures will prevent contamination of ground water • Training programmes in the area of Solid wastes Treatment, disposal, sanitation and drainage system for staff in the project agencies and ~-~----~------ communities to be , Liquid Waste Poor Liquid waste disposal • In areas where population density is high, communal latrines I Management practice connected to a biogas plant could be installed. • Wastewater generated from individual dwelling units can be treated I I through biodigester, water reeds and impervious storage pits. Capacity I ofbio digester is in the range of 1.2 m3 to 1.5 m 3• Detention time in the water reed beds would be around 7 days. Guidelines for Solid and I 17. 5 I All schemes Financial Aspects • Operation & Maintenance cost may be excluded for tribal community. These 0 & M cost shall be borne by the Kerala Government under Social upliftment and programmes and welfare steps. Directorate of SC Development will have to initiate necessary action. • Power to change the terms of contribution may be considered to the village President in consultation with DPMU. I • Inclusion of women in planning and decision making activities and also i encouraging them to form "Thrift and Credit groups" to help them make , .~I~.__ Q?yments towarc.i~_r:.ecurri!l.E:_~xpenc.iiture of w:ater supply system_~ ® --l\· ARC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 327 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Annexure 21- LEA Format for Medium Impact Schemes a) GENERAL S.No Descri tion Particulars 1 Name of District ~-=--4-~~~~~C~~-----~-~~-------------~----------------~ 2 Name of Block ---- .. --~.--- _ ~ ..•.-­ ......... ~..N<:lI!l~_2f~r(lI!lPan~h~yat 4 Name of Habitation '~-~"---'~~--'------~--'" -.~~-.~ . ~~+~~-.-..... -..--.~-..--..--..--.-..--..- ..~~-..~~~.~~-...~-....~.~. ---I 5J>'2pulatip_IL~pY.'«:E~g!!__...___+._..._.__._... _..-........~~.~.- .....--~---.-.-.-.. -~.--.-..- - . i 6 Name ofBG.......................................... .......... .,.::; ~ 7 Name of the Pr2j~<:!...___._-l_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--I 8 Duration of Project b) PROJECT DETAILS 1 4 ® ·~·l\, ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., . 328 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental 1-: Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 Environmental issues specific to the project 6 c) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS I. Land Envil'Onment ~ E]Cpected Impacts Mitigation Cost Measures Change m land use / land cover/topography soil erosion due to i activities Alteration of natural drainage ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 329 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 system Modification of wetlands/ low lying areas Waste generation II. Air Environment Expected Impacts Miti ation Measures Cost Generation of dust, smoke, fumes or Hazardous gases from p!.()J~.ct activities Increase in traffic noise due to ro' ect activities --------------------------+-------------------, Vehicular dust I III. Water Environment Expected Impacts Mitigation Cost Measures Run off from construction activities leading to contamination of aquifers/ nearby water bodies Flooding of site due to rain Groundwater depletion Discharge of wastes I_;educed availabili t)' of water _ _ _ __ ~:::~:~:p:::d~ater _ _ _ -_._ _-_.­_-_-_- _-_-_-. __-_-._­.-____ .___-...-.._­ - -_-_­.-.-_-_._­1 _-._-t._._.-_­ . - ..-.... . ___ ... IV. Bio- Diversity Expected Impacts Mitigation Measures Cost Clearing or modification of vegetation Threat to endangered species (flora & fauna) ~- "-- .. -- .-.. ---.~. - ---.. -------.. .-.---------.'".-.-~ ..---.--..-----.. -----.--.-.-.---..----..-.-..--.. -. ··_-_··_·_·__·__·_-t -_.... __ ._....._..__. ·------·..---·-·-··-----····""1 Obstruction to migratory i I path of birds ® ."J\. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 330 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 of alien species V. Health and safety Expected Impacts Mitigation Cost Measures " , l ' Domestic waste accumulation Bio- Medical waste accumulation Hazardous waste accumulation maintenance public toilets Accidents & Hazards Vector borne diseases Communicable diseases sanitation VI. Socio Economic Aspect Expected Impacts Mitigation Cost , Measures, ~ noise near ! Threat to archaeological sites =--,-,.~., ........... • ~. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 331 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for 'alanidhi-2 1. 2. 3. Overall recommended mitigation plan Cost involved in implementing mitigation measures Prepared by Name Designation Date ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 332 ,uly 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-Z Annexure 22- Model ToR for Conducting EIA for High Impact Schemes BACKGROUND KRWSA, which is, today, an important player in the rural water supply and sanitation sector, has successfully developed a viable alternate model for service delivery based on the sound principle of cost recovery. Over the last ten years since its inception, this agency, which was constituted as a special purpose vehicle to implement Jalanidhi - a Rs.381 Crore World Bank aided Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, has acquired unique expertise in establishing rural water supply and sanitation projects based on the cardinal concepts of sector-reforms, namely, demand responsiveness, community ownership and sustainability of investments through cost recovery. The Jalanidhi project provides a central role to the Gram Panchayats in implementing community based water supply projects. KRWSA has also networked itself with a large pool of NGOs in accomplishing the challenging job of mobilizing communities and enabling them to have water supply and sanitation facilities owned and managed by themselves. Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency has been promoting mainly Small water supply schemes and a few large surface based water supply schemes in the rural villages for the last 10 years. The project also give emphasis for the transfer of existing single Panchayat piped water supply schemes (currently owned and managed by Kerala Water Authority, KWA) to Gram Panchayats (GPs) and then to Beneficiary Groups (BGs) for the future operation and maintenance, as per the new Government of Kerala (GoK) policy. So far KRWSA has taken up 3696 small water supply schemes and 16 large surface based water supply schemes including Tsunami Rehabilitation Scheme under the Jalanidhi project. Inspired by the success of this model GoK has decided to go on for a follow on project and accordingly submitted a proposal amounting to Rs.1200 Crores to Gol for approval. All time high target of 6720 small water supply scheme above apart from Joint venture large schemes through 224 Gram Panchayats together and to be completed by April 2016 in a progressive manner from 2010. Intra Gram PanchayatjMulti Gram Panchayat schemes are taken up under joint venture of KWA and KRWSA. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed project to meet the environmental compliances laid down by the World Bank Wherever necessary the compliance laid down by the State and Central Government shall also be met with. It will include detailed characterization of existing .status of environment in an area of 10 km radial distance from the centre of the project site for various environmental components viz., air, noise, water, land, biological and socio-economic components including parameters of human interest. The objectives of the present study are: » To carry out EIA for the proposed project to meet the environmental compliances laid by World Bank » To establish the existing environmental settings of the project area based on information obtained from primary data and compilation of secondary ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 333 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 data from published literature . .> To evaluate potential environmental impacts from the project during construction and operational phase and identify appropriate mitigation measures . .> To prepare an effective Environment Management Plan for proper implementation and monitoring of mitigation measures . .> To develop post study monitoring programme. MODEL ToR Project ElA is the stage when thorough assessments of project impacts and their mitigation are done. It includes carrying out detailed surveys, analysis of data, assessment of impacts and corresponding mitigation and/or enhancement measures, and preparing various reports that include the detailed EIA and EMPs. The Consultants shall carry out the project EIA based on the ToR which is the outcome of the project specific scoping process by modifying this ToR that is of generic nature suitably. a) Baseline Surveys The Consultants will i. Collect information from secondary sources that are relevant to understand the baseline, as well as design and mitigation of enhancement measures, as pertaining to physical, biological and socio-cultural environments, ii. Carry out site visits and investigations of all environmentally sensitive locations and document them on base maps to identify conflict point with preliminary designs (including verification of these from authentic sources of information, such as from revenue and forest records, etc.), iii. Prepare detailed specific maps showing details of sites for environmental enhancements. b) Additional Baseline Surveys The Consultants shall collect information on the existing environmental scenario from secondary sources, and identify gaps to be filled, relevant to the environmental screening needs from primary surveys. The Consultants shall survey the environmentally sensitive locations along the project site, as well as within the project influence area. The Consultants shall extensively use the video and other records of the study (carried out as part of engineering surveys). All regionally and nationally recognized environmental resources and features within the project's influence area shall be clearly identified and studied in relation to the activities proposed. Typically, these will include stretches with significant trees, environmental and common property resources such as forests, large water bodies, and major physical cultural properties. All these may be depicted using a line diagram or a strip map. All surveys will be carried out in compliance with Gol standards / guidelines / norms. Wherever such guidelines / norms are unavailable, the techniques, tools and samples employed for the surveys shall conform to international practices. Whenever directly relevant secondary data is available, these should be used, while indirectly relevant data should be verified through primary survey. Environmental ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 334 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi·2 quality (air, water, land and noise) monitoring shall include an adequate number of samples, as established on a sampling network, so as to provide a representative sample of the entire project corridor. Additional sample data for sensitive environmental/ecological receptors, if any, shall be collected such as to analyze and predict the possible impacts to a large degree and precision of acceptable professional standards. Further, additional specialized surveys, such as biodiversity assessment survey, and / or hydrological surveys shall be conducted, if and when recommended by environmental scoping. It is recommended that environmental surveys be co-ordinate with social and engineering surveys as far as practical. The Consultants shall also collect information on the various prevailing environmental and forest laws / regulations so as to carry out the project EA in conformity with these laws and regulations. c) Stakeholder Consultation The Consultants shall undertake community consultation sessions at the State, District, Village and Community levels. The objective of these sessions shall be to improve the project's interventions with regard to environmental management. At least two rounds of consultations shall be carried out - the first to seek views from the stakeholders on environmental issues and ways that these could be resolved, and the second to provide feedback to stakeholders that their views have been taken into account for the project (when the EMPs are nearly complete). Following this the final feedback received shall be analyzed, and the Consultants shall determine how these shall be addressed in the Final EMP and project designs. The Consultants shall co­ ordinate the entire consultation programme with social and engineering consultants. d) Environmental Analysis of Alternatives As the overall project alignments are final at this stage, the environmental analysis of alternatives shall focus on location-specific issues relating to cross-sections, materials and their sources from an environmental management perspective. This analysis shall also cover comparisons in relation to siting, design, technology selection, construction techniques and phasing. and operating and maintenance procedures. e) Impact Prediction and Management The Consultants shall determine the potential impacts due to the project through identification, analysis and evaluation on sensitive areas (natural habitats, sites of historic, cultural and conservation importance), urban settlements and villages / agricultural areas. These should be classified as significant positive and negative impacts, immediate and long-term impacts, and unavoidable and reversible impacts. For each impact predicted, feasible and cost-effective mitigation measures shall be identified to reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. The capital and recurring costs of the measures, and the institutional training and monitoring requirements to effectively implement these measures shall be determined. The Consultants shall explore and recommend environmental enhancements including landscaping, separation of non-motorized lanes in an aesthetically appealing manner, provision of pilgrimage pathways, and development of cultural properties. At this stage, it would be important to identify issues that cannot be dealt with during the project preparation stage, but should be undertaken during the implementation stage. ® •. _)\c~ ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd., 335 July 2011 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for Jalanidhi-2 f) Institutional Arrangements to Manage Environmental Impacts Effectively The Consultants shall identify institutional and organizational needs to implement the recommendations of the project EA, and to propose steps to strengthen / expand them if needed. This may extend to new agency functions, inter-sectoral arrangements, management procedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance, training and budgeting. g) Training of Staff The Consultants shall develop and implement a plan for training the client's staff. This plan must specify types of training, participants for each type, number of sessions, duration of each session and when they should be conducted. At the end of the training, when the draft EMPs are ready, brief reports shall be prepared on the training conducted and observations relevant for future training, if any.