E2886 v1 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Abbreviations and Acronyms CEA Central Environmental Authority CMC Colombo Municipal Council DMLMC Dehiwala Mount Lavinia Municipal Council DOI Department of Irrigation DWLC Department of Wildlife and Conservation EA Environmental Assessment EMF Environmental Management Framework EPL Environmental Protection License GIS Geographic Information Systems GoSL Government of Sri Lanka GSMB Geological Survey and Mines Bureau KUC Kolonnawa Urban Council LAs Local Authorities MC Municipal Council MCUDP Metro Colombo Urban Development Project NBRO National Building and Research Organization NGO Non Governmental Organization SD Survey Department SJPKMC Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Municipal Council SLLRDC Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Cooperation ToR Terms of Reference TRC Technical Review committee UDA Urban Development Authority GreenTech i EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table of Contents Page Executive Summary V Chapter 1: Description of the proposed project 1 1.1. Project Background 1 1.2. Project Description 2 1.3. Project Implementation Strategy 4 1.4. Aim of the EA 4 1.5. Extent and Scope of the Study 4 1.6. Study Area 5 1.7. Proposed Project activities 12 1.8. Analysis of Alternatives 28 1.9. Methodology Used in EA Study 28 Chapter 2: Legislative and Regulatory Considerations 31 2.1. Overview of Environmental Legislation 31 Chapter 3: Description of the environment 44 3.1. Topography and Geomorphology 44 3.2. Geology and Soils 47 3.3. Land Use 50 3.4. Hydrogeology and Ground Water 52 3.5. Climate 55 3.6. Hydrology 57 3.7. Water Quality in Canal/ Lake Network 60 3.8. Sources of Pollution 69 3.9. Biological Environment 70 3.10. Historical sites in the area 83 Chapter 4: Determination of potential impacts of and impacts on the 85 project interventions 4.1. Preliminary Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Stage I Investments 85 4.2. Impacts during Project Implementation 85 4.3. Impacts of Post Project Operations & Maintenance 92 4.4. Special Impacts Need Attention 93 Chapter 5: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 95 5.1. Introduction 95 5.2. Environmental Management Plans 95 5.3. Method of EMP monitoring 145 5.4. Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Monitoring 145 5.5. Capacity Development Requirements 148 Chapter 6: Inter-Agency Coordination and Public/NGO Participation. 152 Chapter 7: Conclusion and recommendations 153 GreenTech ii EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   List of Annexure Annex 1: Terms of Reference Annex 2: List of EA and EMF Report Preparers Annex 3: References Annex 4: List of Stage 1 projects under MCUDP Annex 5: Field Visits/ Consultative Sessions Annex 6: Environment Assessment Process in Sri Lanka Annex 7.1: Water Quality Data Analysis (1997-2009) Annex 7.2: Water Quality Standards Annex 7.3: Sources of Industrial Pollution in the Greater Colombo Canal System Annex 7.4: Illegal sewer connections to St. Sebastian canal Annex 8: Flora and Fauna found in the study area Annex 9: Significant natural, cultural and Historical Sites in Colombo basin   List of Tables Table 1.1: Description of the projects under MCUDP Table 1.1: Extent of area coming under the LAs Table 1.2: Description of the projects under stage 1 of MCUDP Implementation including the activities Table 2.1: Legislative enactments on environmental conservation & responsible agencies Table 2.2: Summary of Environmental Compliance requirements Table 2.3: World Bank safeguard policies triggered by the project Table 2.4: Classification of Sub Projects (as per WB OP 4.01 Para 8) Table 3.1: Land Use pattern of the Colombo Basin Table 3.2: Geology, soil, topography and ground water in the study sites Table 3.3: Annual maximum daily rainfall at different return periods Table 3.4: Rainfall Depth Duration Frequency Relationship for Colombo Table 3.5: Monthly Average Temperature Table 3.6: Relative humidity data of Ratmalana meteorological station Table 3.7: Locations of the Water Quality Data and the Status of Pollution Table 3.8: Extent of Bio Diversity Park & the wetlands Table 3.9: Summary of faunal species in the Beddagana birding site Table 3.10: Summary of the Faunal Diversity in Talangama Lake Side Table 3.11: Summary of faunal diversity in St. Sebastian canal site Table 3.12: Summary of faunal diversity in Wellawatte Canal site Table 3.13: Summary of Faunal Diversity in Maccallum gate area Table 3.14: Summary of Faunal Diversity in Parliamentary lake site Table 5.1: Summary of Stage I Sub projects Table 5.2: Environmental Management Plan for SLLRDC sub projects Table 5.3: Environmental Management Plan for CMC sub projects Table 5.4: Environmental Management Plan for SJKMC sub projects Table 5.5: Environmental Management Plan for DMLMC sub projects Table 5.6: Environmental Management Plan for KUC sub projects Table 5.7: Environmental Management Plan for UDA sub projects Table 5.8: Roles & responsibilities of parties involved in implementing environmental safeguards Table 5.9: Staff Availability for project implementation Table 5.10: Implementation assistance needed Table 5.11: Training needs identified by the Implementing agencies GreenTech iii EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   List of Figures Figure 2.1: EIA Process Figure 2.2: Institutional Arrangement Figure 3.1: Diagrammatic section of Sri Lanka showing the three peneplains Figure 3.2: Monthly average rainfall in Colombo Figure 3.3: Average maximum monthly wind speed in Colombo Figure 3.4: pH Fluctuation in All Locations During 1997-2009 Figure 3.5: Conductivity Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.6: Turbidity Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.7: Temperature Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.8: DO Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.9: Ammonia Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.9 (a): Nitrate Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.10: Phosphate Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.11: COD Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.12: BOD Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.13: Salinity Fluctuation in All Locations during 1997-2009 Figure 3.14: The marshy lands (identified as flood retention areas) within the study area and proposed structural measures to control flooding in Colombo Figure 3.15: Summary of fauna in Beddagana biodiversity area Figure 3.16: Thalangama lake site faunal diversity Figure 3.17: Thalangama environmental protection area (Under the Gazette Notification No 1487/10) Figure 3.18: Summary of faunal species found in St. Sebastian North & South canals Figure 3.19: Faunal diversity in Wellawatte Canal site Figure 3.20: Faunal diversity in Maccallum gate site Figure 3.21: Faunal diversity in parliament lake area Figure 5.1: Institutional Arrangement indicating the different levels of monitoring Under MCUDP for Environmental Compliance Figure 6.1: Structure of Implementing Agency Review Committee List of Maps Map 1.1: Study area within two river Basins Map 3.1: Sketch of relief of Sri Lanka Map 3.2: Contour map of the Study Area Map 3.3: Geology of the study area Map 3.4: Soil map of the study area Map 3.4 (a): Land use of the study area Map 3.5: Ground Water map of the study area Map 3.6: Drainage path Map 3.7: Wetland zoning, their distribution and locations of the proposed sub projects within the study area Map 3.8: Location of the Beddagana Biodiversity Park Map 3.9: Archeological sites GreenTech iv EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Executive Summary The Colombo Metropolitan (CM) area is the most important industrial, commercial and administrative centre in Sri Lanka. A major share of the country’s export oriented manufacturing takes place in the Western Province in which the CM is the engine of growth. The Western province contributes more than 50% to the GDP and about 80% of industrial value additions although it accounts for only 5.7% of the country’s geographic area. Given its importance as the primary international gateway for Sri Lanka and as the main economic driver of the country, the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) has launched an ambitious program to transform Colombo and its metropolitan area into a metropolis of international standards. A number of bottlenecks are preventing the Colombo metropolitan area from realizing its full economic potential. In order to facilitate the transformation of Colombo, the government has to address these bottlenecks which have for long been obstructing economic and physical urban regeneration of the city. The CM area is highly vulnerable to floods as amply demonstrated in the floods of 2010, which has become an almost annual event. Increased storm water runoff aggravated by inadequate drainage infrastructure, canal bank encroachment, clogging of existing canals and drains due to solid waste dumping, reduction in water retention areas due to illegal filling of marshy land etc. paralyzes the city from time to time causing inconvenience to large number of people. The institutional environment characterized by fragmentation of responsibilities for urban planning and development is a major constraint to have effective control of this situation, and for efficient city management. The underlying principle of the proposed Metro Colombo Urban Development Project (MCUDP) is to provide early and timely support to the Government's long-term urban development program for Metro Colombo by focusing on the immediate priorities. Tasks to be performed under MCUDP are identified under two components. Component I of the project addresses the urgent issue of urban flooding, which regularly paralyzes the economy of the Colombo Metropolitan Area with high socio- economic costs. The investment packages required for implementation of component I will be provided under two stages, of which the investments provided under Stage 1 involve urgent and priority items of work that are presently at an advanced stage of preparation and carrying limited or no social and environmental impacts. These are ready for implementation in the first year of the project and will not be complex in terms of social and environmental safeguards. More complex flood mitigation engineering intervention with potential social and environmental impacts and whose preparation requires the development/updating of the hydraulic and hydrological models for the macro and micro-drainage systems will be implemented under Stage 2. Project activities will be carried out in Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council (SJPKMC), Dehiwala Mount Lavinia Municipal Council (DMLMC) and Kolonnawa Urban Council (KUC) areas. The stage 1 sub projects fall in to four major categories. 1. Improvement of Main canals and Lakes 2. Improvement of Secondary Canals 3. Improvement of Storm water drainage 4. Medium and small scale infrastructure projects of CMC and other local authorities GreenTech v EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   In the above background this EA was conducted to: • Predict the likely environmental impacts of the sub projects proposed under Stage 1. • Find ways to minimize such impacts and to avoid delays and extra costs which may subsequently arise due to unanticipated environmental problems. • Inform decision makers of the necessary safeguards to be adopted during project implementation in order to achieve optimal benefits from the proposed investments. The concept of the EA is based on World Bank guidelines as specified under Operational Policy 4.01 of the World Bank and BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment. In addition Acts and Ordinances and their amendments as applicable by the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) have been referred to in the compilation of this EA report. All investments under Stage 1 are identified by the GoSL as 'no regret investments' having no viable alternatives and as such they are evaluated under this EA on that basis. The EA study was conducted in four distinct stages, namely (i) data collection and stakeholder consultation; (ii) data analysis and interpretation; (iii) impact identification; and (iv) report writing. The Study Area for the EA is the area bounded by the Kelani river to the north and the Bolgoda river to the south. The environmental aspects of the project are governed by 19 legislative enactments of the GoSL (Which includes the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka as well) and provisions under these enactments are implemented by 16 Government/semi Government agencies. In the EA study it was found that unplanned, haphazard development undertaken in the past has caused many issues in the region and the interventions proposed by the project will begin addressing those issues. A broad categorization of these issues is indicated below: i. Flooding & drainage issues ii. Canal & lake water quality issues iii. Traffic congestion issues iv. Poor public convenience v. Threat to important ecosystems Following positive and negative impacts on the environment that could arise as a result of implementation of phase 1 of the project were identified during the study. The benefits arising as a result of the positive impacts far outweigh the effects of the negative impacts which are mainly confined to the implementation period of the project. The proposed project interventions of stage I will give the following overall positive impacts. • Benefits of improved flood management • Prevention of encroachments • Public Convenience • Wetland protection and conservation • Traffic Improvement • Linear & Nodal parks for recreation • Transport by canal systems • Enhancement of Aesthetics to capital of Sri Lanka as per International cities to attract touristic potential • A cleaner unpolluted environment to sustain bio diversity, and eco systems • Transport via canal systems, which will attract tourist potential GreenTech vi EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   • Non breeding of mosquitoes and other vectors where protected water flows prevail, and stagnation of water will not occur • An overall impetus to the City of Colombo, and its suburbs in an environmentally sustainable concept, forward planned development The following negative impacts have been identified and mitigatory measures have been proposed. • Soil erosion and siltation • Impacts of extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials • Impacts on traffic flow caused by construction activities and vehicles transporting materials to the site etc. • Noise, Vibration and Dust due to Construction Activities • Impacts on Surface Water Quality • Impact on Landscape and Aesthetics • Occupational hazards and impacts to public safety • Impacts from labour camps, work stations and vehicle yards • Impacts on wetland ecosystems and bio-diversity • Disposal of Dredged material • Canal Water Quality • Socio Economic impacts on population living nearby the canal systems Certain project activities or activities associated with the project will have explicit impacts on the natural environment and thus require a specific plan (Environmental Management Plan or EMP) to institute and monitor mitigation measures and take desired actions as timely as possible. It is essential to involve local communities during the development and implementation of the EMP since they are likely to be the most affected parties due to the proposed development. Environmental management plans proposed for each implementing agency are given in Tables 5.2 to 5.7. It is proposed that environmental monitoring of the project be carried out by an Environmental Compliance Unit comprising nominees from the Stakeholder Agency, Contractor and the Local Community at the project site under supervision from the Stakeholder Agency and Project Director at intermediate levels and by the Project Steering Committee at the highest level as proposed in Section 5.3. During the First year it is recommended not to undertake any of the following activities that may need further detail studies. • Sub projects involving dredging activities • Sub projects leading to relocation of people in locations where canal widening might take place. • Sub projects/ activities directing to cut off existing illegal sewer connections; this needs careful assessment and need to provide alternatives by the project to fulfill a basic human need. • Activities requiring relocation of people need to provide full package of facilities including housing and short term relief measures. • Activities requiring disposal of dredging material need to undertake a study on the composition of dredged material update based on what is planned. The composition may be different in canal sediment, lake sediment, marshlands tank beds and wet lands. The disposal method suitable and convenient for each type needs to be identified. GreenTech vii EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Chapter 1: Description of the Proposed Project 1.1. Project Background The Colombo Metropolitan (CM) Area is the most important industrial, commercial and administrative centre in Sri Lanka. A major share of the country’s export oriented manufacturing takes place in the Western Province in which the CM is the engine of growth. The Western Province contributes more than 50% to the GDP and about 80% of industrial value added although it accounts for only 5.7% of the country’s geographic area. The CM area is, therefore, crucial for achieving the country’s long-term development plans in economic growth and social wellbeing. Given its importance as the primary international gateway for Sri Lanka and as the main economic driver of the country, the GOSL has already launched an ambitious program to transform Colombo and its metropolitan area into a middle class income country capital. A number of bottlenecks are preventing the Colombo metropolitan area from realizing its full economic potential. In order to facilitate the transformation of Colombo, the government has to address these bottlenecks which have for long been obstructing economic and physical urban regeneration of the city. The CM area is highly vulnerable to floods as amply demonstrated in the floods of 2010. The Rainfall patterns in Sri Lanka has shown considerable shift, with heavy concentrated rain for shorter periods of time in the recent past. The past experience is that due to this intensification of rain, increase in storm water runoff has occurred. This resulting in increased storm water runoff and aggravated by inadequate drainage infrastructure, canal bank encroachment, clogging of existing canals and drains due to solid waste dumping, reduction in water retention areas due to illegal filling of marshy land etc paralyzes the city from time to time affecting a large number of people. More than half of Colombo’s population is estimated to live in low-income residential settlements that are underserved by even the most basic utilities and services. Outside the urban centers, solid waste collection is either highly inefficient or no-existent. Similarly, urban sewerage services are inadequate and have contributed significantly to widespread contamination of surface/groundwater. While the Government has comprehensive legal tools to deal with industrial pollution, enforcement has proven to be weak and hence many industries contribute to the pollution of surface and groundwater, air and land, excessive noise, and public health risks. The magnitude of these issues has significantly increased day by day and the authorities have an enormous task in resolving them. The institutional environment characterized by fragmentation of responsibilities for urban planning and development is a major constraint limiting efficient city management. Multiple agencies are currently involved in planning and delivery of services in the CMA. Each of them is following their own sectoral plans and priorities with limited inter-agency co- ordination. The result has been haphazard and disconnected land use patterns that have spread beyond the urban core with unplanned mixing of agriculture, industrial, commercial and residential areas. Given the strong consensus that local authorities within the CMA cannot be developed in isolation, the cabinet recently approved the creation of a Colombo Metropolitan City Corporation to co-ordinate and streamline city administration. The underlying principle of the proposed Metro Colombo Urban Development Project (MCUDP) is to provide early and timely support to the Government long-term urban development program for Metro Colombo by focusing on the immediate priorities. The project is built on the premise that flood and drainage management is a high priority investment and that improving local services is critical to unlock the economic potential of the metro area and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. The project will encompasses key investments to resolve the continuity of natural disasters and manmade pollution and to facilitate urban development for CM area with a more rational and holistic approach. GreenTech Page 1   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 1.2. Project Description 1.2.1. Component 1: Flood and Drainage Management (USD 121.1 million) This component addresses the urgent issue of urban flooding, which regularly paralyzes the economy of the Colombo Metropolitan Area with high socio-economic costs. This component will finance both structural and non-structural activities related to flood control and drainage management identified as a priority by the inter-agency Flood Mitigation Task Force chaired by the SLLRDC. This component will also finance complementary interventions to enhance the economic value and aesthetic qualities of the water bodies. The implementation of the investment packages under this component will be phased. Stage I investments comprise urgent and priority investments at an advanced stage of preparation and with limited or no social and environmental impact. These investments will be fast- tracked and implemented in Year 1. More complex flood mitigation engineering interventions, with potential social and environmental impact and whose preparation requires the development/ update of the hydraulic and hydrological models for the macro and micro- drainage systems will be implemented in Stage II. This component will include the following sub-components: • Sub Component 1.1: Primary and Secondary Canals and Lakes (USD 67.7 million). Floods in the CMA are caused by heavy rainfall on a macro-drainage system with insufficient storage, conveyance and outflow capacity. Investments under this sub-component will aim at (a) increase the storage capacity of the South-Eastern part of the basin; (b) create lakes/ retentions areas around Parliament Lake; (c) remove system bottlenecks in the downstream reaches to maximize the conveyance capacity of the canals; (d) improve the outflow of St. Sebastian Canal; (e) improve the outflow capacity of Mutwal, North Lock and Gotatuwa; and (f) integrate water quality improvement in the flood management measures. • Sub Component 1.2: Micro-Drainage System within Colombo Municipal Council (localized floods) (USD 20 million). Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) has identified 45 flood prone areas where flooding is regularly taking place. The main problems causing recurrent flooding can be identified as a combination of (i) unauthorized constructions on and along drainages; (ii) dumping of waste in the drainages, obstructing/ blocking free flow; (iii) backwater from the main canals system during major floods impedes the drainage; and (iv) lack of regular maintenance and cleaning of the drainage system. Out of the 45 localized flood-prone areas, CMC has identified 15 priority sub-projects to be financed under Component 1. • Sub Component 1.3: Institutional and Capacity Enhancement for Flood and Drainage Management (USD 15.4 million). This Sub-component will aim at improving the overall Drainage System Management for the Greater Colombo Basin to ensure the sustainability of project investments over time. This Sub-component will fund the purchase of maintenance machinery; investments for a pilot water-based transport system to demonstrate the viability of this type of public transport; a detailed drainage study and real-time monitoring system, including the development of an integrated flood management system (IFMS) for the Greater Colombo Basin. • Sub Component 1.4: Beira Lake Development and Beddagana Bio-diversity Wetland Management Park (USD 18 million). Two priority interventions by the UDA with strong potential for urban regeneration and mobilization of private sector investment will be funded under the project to complement the flood reduction measures. Within its urban regeneration activities, UDA plans to: (i) improve the public fruition of the East and South-West Beira Lake through the development of a continuous promenade (linear park) and seven green areas (nodal parks) along its shores; GreenTech Page 2   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 and (ii) establish a natural reserve area on a branch of the Parliament Lake (Beddagana Bio- diversity Park). 1.2.2. Components 2: Urban Development and Institutional Building for Metro Colombo Local Authorities and Implementation Support (USD 51.5 million) This Component aims at strengthening the institutional capacity at metropolitan and local level, and support project implementation, and will comprise the following Sub components. • Sub Component 2.1: Support to metropolitan planning (USD 2 million). This sub component will support improved metropolitan planning and development by financing strategic development and growth plan for the CMA and subsequent integrated Master Plan. • Sub Component 2.2: Support to Local Authorities (USD 44.5 million). This sub component aims to enhance the capacity of the four core Local Authorities to deliver sustainable local services and coordinate at the metropolitan level. Activities that will be financed under this sub component include a combination of (a) investment support to Local Authorities; and (b) institutional strengthening support for Local Authorities. a. Investment Support to Local Authorities (USD 33 million). This sub component aims at building local capacity through “on the job training� while helping Project Local Authorities (PLAs) respond effectively to local demand for better services and infrastructure and gain greater credibility with their constituencies through immediate and visible service delivery improvements. This sub component will support small and medium scale high priority infrastructure investments (sub-projects) in the four PLAs. Capital funds would be disbursed on a sub-project basis, and would be allocated to PLAs based on their readiness to undertake the investments. The sub-projects follow into the following broad categories: (a) community services (e.g. libraries, public health facilities and public toilets for the un-served communities); (b) improved recreational and public open space facilities; (c) micro-drainage; (d) upgraded local markets; (e) access to safe and cost- effective transport; and (f) rehabilitation/ improvement of municipal roads. b. Institutional Strengthening Support for Local Authorities (USD 11.5 million) This sub component will support the strengthening of Local Authorities in the following areas: (a) service provision (through the procurement of goods and equipment such as compactor trucks for solid waste collection); (b) asset management; (c) integrated metro GIS platform; (d) municipal finance and revenue enhancement; and (e) business systems. While each Local Authority is expected to determine its own priority areas of strengthening, this sub component also aims at starting the process of harmonizing business systems and processes and facilitating information sharing across the Local Authorities that will form part of the CMC. • Sub Component 2.3: Implementation Support (USD 5 million) The implementation support sub component comprises: (i) Project Implementation Support (USD 3 million) in the areas of project management, monitoring and evaluation, procurement, financial management and environmental and social safeguards; (ii) preparatory work for priority follow-on SIL projects to support the broader urban regeneration agenda in the Colombo Metropolitan Area, including preparation of updated metropolitan GreenTech Page 3   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 solid waste management strategy and plan and detailed project preparation studies to implement the strategy (USD 1 million), and preparation of feasibility study for Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte sewerage system (USD 1 million). 1.3. Project Implementation Strategy The MCUDP will be implemented in two stages. Structural interventions that are considered urgent and those interventions that can be designed based on the evidence of existing investigations that can only have a positive impact on the hydrology of the basin are categorised as Stage 1 investments. These are ready for implementation in the first year of the project and will not be complex in terms of social and environmental safeguards. Interventions that will require further investigations prior to detailed designs and are complex in terms of environmental and social safeguards will be undertaken as Stage 2. The finalization of the detailed designs of Stage 2 investments will coincide with the completion of a thorough investigation of the complex hydrology of the basin both at a macro and micro level. The proposed intervention and scale can only be ascertained after such an analysis. Preparation of safeguard assessments has reflected this staged implementation approach and, as such, the GoSL has carried out an Environmental Assessment for stage 1 investments and an EMF for stage 2 investments as a prerequisite for project approval by the World Bank (WB) since this has fallen under category “A� project according to WB categorization. 1.4. Aim of the EA The aim of this EA has been to ensure the early identification of potential environmental consequences resulting from stage I investments (given in detail in Table 1.2), incorporate necessary safeguards into the project design and determine appropriate mitigation measures. To achieve these objectives, the EA findings have been shared/ communicated with all concerned parties who will influence and make decisions about the proposed project. The EA will help project planners to shape and fine-tune the project to derive and sustain its maximum benefits without causing inadvertent problems. In short the EA will: • Predict the likely environmental impacts of stage 1 sub projects • Find ways to minimize this risk and to avoid delays and extra costs which may subsequently arise due to unanticipated environmental problems. • Inform decision makers of the necessary safeguards to be adopted during project implementation in order to achieve optimal benefits from the proposed investments. 1.5. Extent and Scope of the Study As stated earlier, this EA has concentrated only on stage 1 investment which comprise of interventions that are straightforward and ready to be implemented in the short term without having to detail hydrological or technical assessments. Two major state agencies and four local authorities are involved in project implementation and they are the main custodians of most of the land in the proposed project area. GreenTech Page 4   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Map 1.1: Study area within two river Basins GreenTech Page 6   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 1.7. Proposed Project activities The stage 1 sub projects fall in to four major categories. • Improvement of Main canals and Lakes • Improvement of Secondary Canals • Improvement of Storm water drainage • Medium and small scale infrastructure projects of CMC and other local authorities Table 1.2 provides detail information of the proposed stage 1 investments. GreenTech Page 12   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Table 1.2: Description of the projects under stage 1 of MCUDP Implementation including the activities (Long list of sub projects are in Annex 4) Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage A. Implementing Agency: SLLRDC 1. Embankment Protection of main canals and demarcation of reservations St.Sebastian North • The proposed improvement of • The right bank of segment (I) • It is likely that the materials will • Periodical dredging of silt canal storm water drainage in the St. has few encumbrances i.e have to be transported for most would be required to Sebastian North canal is the bank collapse etc which will segments on barges and maintain the designed Total length: 1290m demarcation and clearing have to be cleared before the excavation/ trimming of banks depth of the canal. Banks: 2580m reservations of the canal banks, construction starts. and placement of gabions will To be protected: construction of gabion walls and have to be done from a floating 2252m sheet pile walls at selected • Segment (II) is encroached excavator arrangement. For the positions on both banks along the right up to the canal boundary establishment of sheet pile walls canal. on the left bank. Require percussion or vibratory methods opening an access for bringing of driving sheet piles will have to • A mix of Sheet piles and gabions in materials, preferably on right be avoided since this may lead are proposed on both banks from bank. to impairment of structures the Sedawatte road crossing up to along the banks of the canal. the river out let. • Segment (III) is also Non vibratory non percussive encroached upon on both insertion method will have to be • A mix of sheet piles and gabions banks. Require opening an used for establishment of sheet from the lock gates up to the access for bringing in pile walls wherever possible. Sedawatte Bridge on either bank. materials, preferably on both banks. • A mix of sheet piles and gabions from the New Kelani Bridge • Segment (IV) is relatively crossing up to the lock gates. unencumbered on the right bank. Require opening an • A mix of sheet piles and gabions access for bringing in on the left bank and gabions on the materials, preferably on both right bank from the junction at St. banks. Sebastian East canal to the New Kelani Bridge crossing. • This intervention will not affect residential units and relocation requirement will not arise. GreenTech Page 13   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage St.Sebastian South • The proposed improvement of • Some encumbrances i.e bank • For Construction works on • Periodical dredging of silt canal storm water drainage in the St collapse etc will have to be Segment (I) of the canal, access would be required to Sebastian south canal is the cleared before the construction is available on the right bank maintain the designed Total length: 1973.5m demarcation of the canal banks starts. from the Maradana road end for depth of the canal. Banks: 3947 m reservation, construction of gabion insertion of sheet piles of both To be protected: walls and sheet pile walls at • This intervention will not affect banks. Placement of gabions on 2240m selected positions on both banks residential units and relocation the balance length may have to along the canal. requirement will not arise. be done from a floating barge/excavator/crane • A mix of Sheet piles and gabions arrangement are proposed on both banks from the Maradana road (St. Sebastian • Access is available for transport hill road) crossing upto the of materials and placement Hultsdorf bridge (Adikarana gabions and sheet piles on Mawatha bridge crossing). segments (II), (III) and (IV). No adverse environmental • A mix of sheet piles and gabions problems foreseen. from the Hultsdorf bridge upto Panchikawatte bridge crossing is proposed at selected locations on either bank of the canal, mostly on the left bank of the canal close to the bridges. • Construction of a Gabion wall from the Panchikawatte bridge crossing upto Dr Babapulle road bridge crossing is proposed on both banks of the canal. Construction of a Gabion wall is proposed on the length of both left and right banks from the Dr. Babapulle bridge crossing upto the confluence of Dematagoda canal. GreenTech Page 14   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage Wellawatta canal • The proposed improvement of • Both banks of the canal are • It is likely that the materials will • Periodical dredging of silt storm water drainage in the encumbered with permanent have to be transported on would be required to Total length: 1851.0 m Wellawatte canal is the structures upto the Galle road barges and excavation/trimming maintain the designed Banks: 3702 m construction of a gabion protected bridge. Access along either of banks and placement of depth of the canal. To be protected: 760m embankment from the mouth of the bank would not be possible. gabions will have to be done sea outlet up to the Galle road The materials for gabion from a floating excavator/grab bridge end on the right bank and construction will have to be arrangement. the left bank. It is also proposed to taken in preferably from the widen the opening under the Galle Marine drive end for which • Discharge of micro tunneling road bridge and High level road access has to be obtained. spoil can be made to the sea at bridge with construction of micro a suitable distance from the tunnels between the piers and the • Micro tunneling will require shore (Spoil barges) as the abutments. staging pits on either bank location is closer to the sea, adjacent to the bridges in hence a cost effective method. • Cleaning and clearing of the canal Wellawatte and High level and reservations was done by road. SLLRDC recently. • Total of 18 units including households and commercial establishments will be affected due to the project. Dehiwala canal • The proposed improvement of • Both the banks of the canal are • Bank trimming/ excavation and • Periodical dredging of silt storm water drainage in the unencumbered and accessible placement of gabions. The canal would be required to Total length: 3836.0 m Dehiwala canal is the demarcation for transportation of materials at this area is wide enough to maintain the designed Banks: 7672 m of canal bank reservations, and for equipment for retain few coconut trees on the depth of the canal. To be protected: 697 construction of a gabion protected construction works. No adverse banks. No adverse m embankment from the mouth of the environmental problems environmental problems sea outlet up to the Galle road foreseen. foreseen. bridge end on the right bank, and up to the end of the existing gabion • Removal of rock layer is wall from the bridge on the left straightforward since the area is bank. easily accessible. • Removal of a rock layer in the GreenTech Page 15   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage canal little upstream of the Bolgoda canal junction is also proposed. Dematagoda canal • Construction of Gabion walls are • Some encumbrances i.e bank • Bank trimming/ excavation and • Periodical dredging of silt proposed on selected sections of collapse etc will have to be placement of gabions. No would be required to Total length: 3388 m both banks. cleared before the construction adverse environmental maintain the designed Banks: 6776m starts. Access for problems foreseen. depth of the canal. To be protected: • Construction of gabion walls transportation of materials and 1790m almost the entire length of left and for equipment for construction right banks between baseline works should be cleared. roads crossing up to the railway bridge crossing. • Construction of gabion walls are proposed mostly on the left bank and a small section on the right bank, (in both stages I and II) between Kolonnawa road bridge crossing and the railway crossing. Main drain • The proposed improvements to the • Both the banks of the canal are • The proposed construction • Periodical dredging of silt main drain consists of rehabilitation relatively unencumbered and works of rehabilitation and would be required to Total length:1650 m of existing Gabion walls and accessible for transportation of construction of Gabion walls are maintain the designed Banks: 3300m construction of new Gabion walls materials and for equipment for straight forward. However if depth of the canal. To be protected: on certain selected segments of the construction works. dredging is required to obtain 1506m drain up to the Aluth Mawatha the designed canal depth culvert which too is to be disposal of spoil has to be reconstructed, and covering the handled not to cause any drain from the Aluth Mawatha environmental problems. No culvert upto the tunnel intakes with other adverse environmental new cover slabs. problems foreseen. • The banks canal segment from the intake at Nagalagam street and Sirimavo Bandaranayake Mawatha GreenTech Page 16   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage junction upto port access road crossing is proposed to be protected with Gabion walls and a small section with a sheet pile wall on both banks. • The segment from Port access road crossing upto Cyril C Perera Mawatha crossing is proposed to be protected with a gabion walls on certain selected sections on either bank. • The already available gabion walls on the segment from Cyril C Perera Mawatha up to the second Port access road crossing is to be rehabilitated. certain small sections are identified for new gabion walls • The canal segment from the Port access road upto the proposed new culvert at Aluth Mawatha road is proposed with a construction of a new gabion wall on the entire right bank and mix of new gabion wall sections with rehabilitation of existing Gabion walls on the left bank. GreenTech Page 17   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage 2. Reconstruction of • Reconstruction of a 3 meter wide • The road has to be temporarily • The construction of this box • Execution of a suitable Aluth Mawatha Aluth Mawatha culvert on the diverted while the new culvert is culvert proposed (designs maintenance system. Culvert Main Drain is envisaged as part being built. The proposed available) is straight forward. of improving flow to the existing diversion road requires removal Requires excavations and out flow tunnel and the new of two buildings (houses) on the shoring during construction proposed tunnel. proposed diversion path. phase. And removal of materials used for the temporary diversion road. This however is not likely to create any environmental problems. 3. Improvements to • Proposed improvements are • Arrangements may have to be • The new tunnel trace is partly • Execution of a suitable Mutwal Outfall restoration of the existing 554 m made with the owners of the over a heavily built up area and maintenance system. long 1.8 m Dia Mutwall tunnel and land proposed for the tunnel partly over open ground. establishment of a new 740 m long trace depending on the Therefore the construction of the a 4 m dia outfall tunnel. Both these construction methodology tunnel may have excavated and tunnels discharge storm water from chosen. buried tunnel section in the open the main drain. The intake of the area as well as pipe jacked and proposed new tunnel is from the bored tunnel sections over the main drain at 6 Deg 57 Min and 23 built up areas. Therefore sec North and 71 Deg 51 Min and arrangements may have to be 59 Sec east and the outfall is made with the owners of the land expected to be around 6 Deg 57 proposed for the tunnel trace Min and 51 Sec North and 79 Deg depending on the construction 51Min and 54 Sec East. methodology chosen. • The new outfall will have an inlet channel of section of 122 meters from the main drain, a tunnel section of 740 meters and an outlet channel of 120 meters leading to the sea outfall. GreenTech Page 18   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage 4. Madiwela East • The present capacity of Madiwela • None • Provide two flood control gates • Execution of a suitable Diversion: East diversion canal which stands at spill way 1(1.0×1.5m each). maintenance system. i. Provide two flood at 20 Cumecs is to be increased by control gates at 4 cumecs by raising the spill level • Raise the spill way 2 by approx. spill way 1 of of the causeway at Thalangama 1 “and provide a slotted gate to Talangama tank tank by approx. 1 “. use during dry weather, to cater (1.0×1.5m each). for irrigation water requirement. ii. Bund road top • Raising the spill level will not result leveling (raising) to in peripheral areas being • Bund road top leveling (raising) get the bund crest inundated. to get the bund crest to a to a constant level. constant level. iii. Raise the spill way 2 of • Bank protection from Amaragoda Talangama Tank culvert to Athurugiriya Road. by approx. 1� and provide a slotted gate to use during dry weather, to cater for irrigation water requirement. iv. Bank protection from Amaragoda culvert to Athurugiriya Road 5. Restoration and • As a means for increasing the • Unencumbered government • Dredging will be carried out • Execution of a suitable Creation of Lakes retention areas in the Parliament land. using amphibious excavators maintenance system. in parliament catchment lake, lake 6 and 7 will be and spoil is removed with Catchment-Lake dredged at stage 1. motorized rear end dump trucks. 6,7 Care should be taken by the implementing agencies to eliminate adverse environmental effects. GreenTech Page 19   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage 6. Improvements to • The proposed improvement of • The banks of canals will have • It is likely that the materials will • Periodical dredging of silt secondary canals. storm water drainage in the to be cleared before the have to be transported for most would be required to secondary canals is the construction starts. segments on barges and maintain the designed • Sethsiripaya construction of gabion walls and excavation/ trimming of banks depth of the canals. canal sheet pile walls at selected • Identification of sediment and placement of gabions will • Sarana Mw canal positions on both banks along the disposal methods and sites. have to be done from a floating • Poorwarama canal. There may be some families excavator arrangement. For the Canal affected, especially in Sri establishment of sheet pile walls • Sri Wickrama • The capacity of canals will be Wickrama canal. percussion or vibratory methods Canal improved by dredging and of driving sheet piles will have to widening. be avoided since this may lead to impairment of structures along the banks of the canal. Non vibratory non percussive insertion method will have to be used for establishment of sheet pile walls wherever possible. • Method of disposal will depend on the sediment quality. 7. Restoration of • Certain section of the Beira lake • Some sections to be protected • Constructing Gabion walls are • Periodical dredging of silt Beira Lake. requires embankment protection. are encumbered with straightforward. Access for would be required to embankment The preferred method is unauthorized settlements. transport of materials and maintain the designed Protection construction of Gabion walls. Stage I will focus on these construction works available. depth of the canals. unencumbered sections. GreenTech Page 20   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage B. Implementing Agency: CMC 1. Improvement of storm water drainage i. Flood prevention at • Consists of dredging and clearing • Identifying site/s to dump the • Dredging to be done using a • Needs regular maintenance Kimbula Ela Housing of Kimbula Ela at the upstream and dredged material and also suitable dredger and the dredged of the Ela and reservoir. Scheme downstream sections up to the Identifying the method of material to be transported and main canal and converting the dredging. dumped at the selected sites existing marsh into a retention using dump trucks operating in a reservoir. defined sequence. ii. Flood prevention at • Consists of improvements to • Determination of the extent of • Demolition of existing damaged • Execution of a suitable Armour Street, existing drains with silt traps, work involvement and obtaining sections and reconstruction of maintenance system. Jethawana Rd. reconstruction of sides and also of the needed resources drains whilst incorporating the silt opposite DIMO(PLC) providing openings within the including the project funds. traps and the needed openings. and Prince of Wales Sugathadasa indoor stadium and Also construction of the new Avenue also construction of an additional • Detail designs on-going. drain to the required drain along Sirimavo Removal of obstructions if any specifications. Bandaranayake Mawatha. and traffic diversions. iii. Flood prevention at • Consists of construction of a new • Determination of the best way • Construction of the new drain • Execution of a suitable Green Lane, George storm water drain along Green of constructing the new drain along Green Lane and through maintenance system. R. De Silva Mw. And Lane and through Ratnam play along Green Lane and through the play ground to the required Ratnam Play Ground ground and de-silting of drains the play ground with least specifications and de- silting the Area along George R. de Silva Mawatha disturbance to the urban existing drains along the said and Christie Perera Mawatha. environment. Detail designs are roads. on-going. iv. Prevention of • Consists of improvements to Norris • Examination of extent of • Demolishing damaged sections • Execution of a suitable Flooding at Norris Canal including reconstruction of damages and the needed of canal and; damaged culverts. maintenance system Canal damaged sections and culverts and clearing and cleaning to Reconstruction of same as opening the drain throughout by prevent flooding. Detail specified and clearing and clearing and cleaning. designs are on-going. cleaning the entire canal. v. Storm Water • Consist of the canal and the bridge • Examination of the feasibility of • Either the existing canal or the • Execution of a suitable improvement of at Gregory’s avenue of Wijerama the two alterative proposals and bridge will be reconstructed to maintenance system GreenTech Page 21   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage Wijerama-Horton Mawatha being widened. Or In the selecting the best option. the required dimensions or the Place junction and alternative construction of a rain Detail feasibility studies and proposed new canal will be surrounding area water drain being constructed up to designs are on-going. constructed to the requirements. Bauddhaloka Mawatha of length 750m. vi. Flood Prevention at • Consists of improvements to a • Traffic management plan to • Construction of a segment of the • Execution of a suitable High Level Rd segment of the existing drainage minimize disturbance to traffic existing drainage system and drainage maintenance ,Kirulapone Junction system on High Level road, movements during linking it with an improved culvert system and Robert widening culvert on Robert construction. across Robert Gunawardana Gunawardene Gunawardena Mawatha and mawatha and lead the drain Mawatha improvement of drain via through Kirulapone Project area Kirulapone project area. to the main canal as specified. vii. Upper catchment • Consists of construction of a tunnel • Traffic management plan to • Construction of a tunnel along • Execution of a suitable of Torrington North from Thummulla Junction to the sea minimize disturbance to traffic the existing roads with least drainage maintenance Canal along existing roads and movements during construction disturbance to traffic and also system improvement of storm water drains improving drains along Read along read avenue, duplication road • Also, should look into the avenue etc. to the required and Marine drive. feasibility and also the dimensions. difficulties of tunneling through the existing roads. viii. Marine Drive • Consists of construction of new sea • Decide on suitable places to • Construction of box culverts at • Maintenance of the drains development from outlets and improvement of existing construct new outlets to the sea the selected places along the and culverts without Dehiwala Bridge up to side drains along Marine Drive from across Marine Drive without Marine drive and also improving allowing silting to take place Bambalapitiya Station Bambalapitiya Station road to removal of existing structures. the side drains to lead storm Road Ramakrishna Road water into the new culverts 2. Model Zone • Work consists of the development • Clearing all obstructions of the • Execution of all improvement • Execution of a suitable Development of of the entire road network with road site such as fences, walls, works related to roads, the Park, maintenance system Town Hall Square signing and marking and by existing road furniture and Uyana the Town Hall, the Library improving walkability and storm preparing the area for the and the toilets. water drainage, .Also there will be proposed development improvements to Viharamahadevi activities. GreenTech Page 22   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage Park, .Sathutu Uyana and .Town Hall square. In addition improve toilets and the library. 3. Pedestrian • Work consists of the construction of • Investigations, designs and • Execution of all related work, • Execution of a suitable Overhead Bridges the proposed overpasses linking preparation of the place for including foundations columns , maintenance system at Kollupitiya & the Railway stations, Commercial work execution. walk way, handrails etc to the Bamalapitiya Centers and other places of human required specifications of the Intersection with activity and elimination of • Designs, studies are ongoing. proposed over passes Galle Road pedestrian interference on vehicular movement 4. Walkability • Work consists of improving the foot • In the selected sections of • Construction of the base layer • Execution of a suitable Improvements in walks by overlaying with cement roads removal of the existing with soil and aggregate layers to maintenance system City of Colombo- concrete blocks and slabs to the foot walks and preparation of line and level and laying the Foot Walks required widths and to line and the surfaces for construction concrete blocks and/or concrete level. work slabs to line and level and to a close fit. 5. Asphalt Overlaying • Work consists of overlaying the • Preparation of the surface to be • Hot mixed AC is brought to the • Execution of a suitable of Roads in City of road sections with hot mixed overlaid by sweeping and site in trucks and loaded into maintenance system Colombo Asphalt Concrete (AC) using brushing and by applying a pavers for spreading the hot mix pavers and the laid material is bituminous tact coat. to specified thicknesses which compacted using rollers. All then is compacted to a stable activities being carried out at and smooth finish using a specified temperatures. combination of rollers. 6. Rehabilitation of • Work consists of: • Demolition of existing • Road surfaces overlaid with hot • Execution of a suitable Roads in city of widening of the roads surfaces and obstructions for road widening, AC, obtained from a mixing maintenance system Colombo-Galle overlaying with hot Asphalt clearing and preparation for plant, using pavers and the laid Road and R.A. De Concrete(AC), construction activities material is compacted to the Mel Mawatha Reconstruction of the foot walks, finished levels using a Reconstruction of the drainage combination of rollers-.. Foot System and walks are constructed using Road marking and signing precast concrete slabs. And the GreenTech Page 23   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage drains constructed with pipes slabs, cement concrete etc. 7. Improving Public • Work mostly consist of; • Part demolition of existing • Removal of old fittings, ,doors • Execution of a suitable Convenience- removal of old fittings and replacing toilets to accommodate new etc and replacement with new maintenance system construction of new with new fittings, Construction or fittings, removal of debris and units in addition to plastering and public toilets and reconstruction of walls, floors etc, preparing the places for painting of walls and doors improvements to fitting of new doors and other construction activities. existing toilet blocks accessories as required. C. Implementing Agency: SJKMC 1. Rehabilitation of • Work consists of overlaying of the • Clearing of the road surface • Road surfaces overlaid with hot • Execution of a suitable roads roads with hot mixed Asphalt and the drains and removal of AC, obtained from the mixing maintenance system Concrete to line and level and debris plant, using pavers and the laid construction of side drains and lead material is compacted to the away drains as planned. finished levels using a combination of rollers. Also the drains are constructed to line and level. 2.Culvert at • Work consists of removal of the • Clearing of existing hume pipes • Careful removal of existing hume • maintenance of the canal Pangiriwatta 1st Lane existing hume pipe culvert without and draining of the polluted pipes with suitable supports for and the culvert preventing Across the Railway effecting the railway line and water from the canal. the railway line and construction water stagnation Line constructing a new box culvert with of the new culvert a larger opening in its place. 3. Rehabilitation of • Work consists of clearing of canal • Site clearance activities • Clear damaged sections of all • Execution of a suitable canal from Waththa and embankment protection of debris and reconstruct canal maintenance system No.60 to Arunodaya canal banks. banks as specified. Mawatha canal GreenTech Page 24   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage D. Implementing Agency: DMLMC 1. Rehabilitation of • Work consists of overlaying of the • Clearing of the road surface • Road surfaces are overlaid with • Execution of a suitable roads roads with asphaltic concrete(AC) and the drains and removal of hot AC, obtained from a mixing maintenance system to line and level and construction of debris plant, using pavers and the laid side drains and lead away drains as material is compacted to the planned finished levels using a combination of rollers. Also, the drains being constructed to lead away storm water. 2. Construction of • A hanger to store heavy vehicle • Site clearance activities • Construction of the hanger as • Execution of a suitable Hanger for heavy owned by DMLMC will be per the design and specifications maintenance system vehicles and utility constructed in a site owned by center for DMLMC. Ratmalana DE 3. Construction of • An office building will be • Site clearance activities • Construction of the office • Execution of a suitable Office for DE- constructed with all infrastructure building as per the design and maintenance system Ratmalana facilities in a site owned by specifications DMLMC. 4. Development of • Existing market will be developed • Site clearance activities • Construction of New structures • Execution of a suitable Ratmalana Pola by constructing permanent to as per the design and maintenance system structures. specifications E. Implementing Agency: KUC 1. Renovation of • Filling up the grounds with suitable • Identifying burrow sites to • Clearing top soil and spreading • Execution of a suitable Playgrounds at soil compacted to pre-determined obtain required quantities of and compaction of the selected maintenance system Umagiliya Park levels and planted with grass. suitable earth material soil to line and level and then Drainage of these grounds is also planting with grass. Also 2. Construction of to be improved by building drains construction of drains as per the Playground at suitably located to drain the design. Salamulla grounds into existing channels. GreenTech Page 25   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage 3. Rehabilitation of • Work consists of overlaying of the • Clearing of the road surface • Road surfaces are overlaid with • Execution of a suitable roads roads with asphaltic concrete (AC) and the drains and removal of hot AC, obtained from a mixing maintenance system to line and level and construction of debris. plant, using pavers and the laid side drains and lead away drains as material is compacted to the planned. finished levels using a combination of rollers. Also, the drains being constructed to lead away storm water. F. Implementing Agency: UDA 1. Beddagana Bio • Cleaning of existing canals • Site clearance activities • Clearing existing canals and • Execution of a suitable Diversity Park • Formation of Nature trail construction of the roads as per maintenance system • Improvement of existing bund specifications. roads, Construction of Board walks • Also construction of the Board with viewing decks. (2 Nos.) (about walks with viewing decks; 60 sqm), Construction of • Orientation Centre and the Bird Orientation Centre (about 50 sqm), Watching hides; Field Study Bird Watching Hides, Reforestation area; and Jogging track along of Field Study area, Construction of Nippon Mawatha, to Jogging track along Nippon specifications Mawatha. 2. Linear Park (4 Km) • It is proposed to construct outdoor • The land area needed for the • Construction of outdoor public • Execution of a suitable along Beira Lake public spaces and indoor public linear park which is 6 m in width spaces and indoor public spaces maintenance system spaces in linear and nodal parks. belongs to the UDA. Sections in linear parks. Features along linear parks will be that would need relocation of • Also, providing paved areas with following. people would not be street lighting, sculptures • Paved Areas With street Lighting & undertaken in Stage I. Hence outdoor seating, access paths sculptures outdoor seating, pre-construction activities will and with podiums, Access paths Ending with be minimal. podiums, Gardens and Landscaped areas with Drinking water Fountains, Path ways Under pergolas, Gravel Paths Under GreenTech Page 26   EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 Proposed Activities Proposed Methodology Operation & Maintenance Investments Pre Construction Stage Construction Stage Stage Green Shades, Connecting Foot Bridges & Folding Foot Bridges, Podiums, Outdoor stages & Elevated Viewing Decks, Water bus terminal, Plant sales Areas. GreenTech Page 27   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   1.8. Analysis of Alternatives The floods in 2010 had devastating impact on the CMA. Over a million people were affected and a post-flood assessment conducted after the first flood event of 2010 estimated the overall economic loss to be US$ 50.6 million. There was growing consensus among stakeholders that the increased vulnerability of the CMA to natural disasters called for immediate and urgent action. As a result, a multi-agency Flood Mitigation Task Force was created in May 2010, chaired by the SLLRDC, which produced a detailed Colombo Flood Mitigation Plan. The plan identifies short and medium/ long-term prioritized investments for improved drainage and flood mitigation within the CMA. While a number of emergency short- term interventions are already under implementation by the GoSL to reduce immediate flood risk, the project is expected to finance critical medium/ long-term flood-control investments. Of these critical medium/long term prioritized investments, Stage 1 is expected to finance activities or sub-projects which include canal bank protection, upgrading of existing drainage facilities, improving micro-drainage in problematic locations, city beautification and landscaping etc, identified by the GOSL as ‘no regret’ investments having no viable alternative. As such, Stage 1 investments are evaluated on the basis of non-existence of alternatives. 1.9. Methodology Used in EA Study The study was conducted in four distinct stages, namely (i) data collection and stakeholder consultation; (ii) data analysis and interpretation; (iii) impact identification; and (iv) report writing. The methodologies for each of these steps are explained briefly below. I. Data collection and stakeholder consultations Data for this study has been primarily collected through comprehensive literature survey, discussion with stakeholder agencies and field visits to the proposed sub project sites. In addition, several supportive tools such as GIS based mapping using GPS coordinates covering the sub project sites, where ever possible has been done. Most of the available map information was verified during the discussions held with the respective agencies and updated. Literature Survey broadly covered the following: • Project details/ Reports/ Maps/ documents available with SLLDRC, UDA, CMC and other local authorities • National Environment Act, extra ordinary gazettes issued under NEA, its relevant guidelines/ standards and relevant acts, extraordinary gazettes issued by the other respective agencies of GoSL • Safeguard policies of the World Bank and environment health and sanitation guidelines of IFC • Literature on flora/ fauna/ biodiversity/land use/soil/geology/ hydrology/ climate /socio economic profiles and environmental planning collected from GoSL agencies and websites • Hydrological/ rainfall/ drainage datasets Field Surveys/ Visits: Seven visits to the project sites were made by the team of consultants between 21st July to 28th September 2011 to assess the existing environment (physical, biological and socio economic environment) and gather information with regard to the proposed sites and scale of the proposed sub projects. During these visits rapid reconnaissance surveys were conducted in order to record the faunal, floral diversity to verify and support information gathered through the literature survey. These surveys were largely based on direct, opportunistic observations during the site visits. These field visits have covered the most   GreenTech Page 28 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   critical sites and also more than 90% of the proposed stage 1 investments. The detail list of sites inspected by the consultants is given in table 1 of Annex 5. Focus Group Discussions/ Meetings: Nine meetings have been held with the respective implementing agencies during the period of 21st July to 28th September 2011 by the consultants to discuss and clarify implementation strategies, construction methodologies and to obtain further information about sub project sites and designs. A summary of these consultations and the main topics discussed are detailed in table 2 of Annex 5. When the EA is ready it will be discussed with the affected people in the respective LAs areas. During the field visits the consultants have informally met the affected community in certain sub project sites and obtained their views of the project. The main topics discussed are detailed in table 2 of Annex 5. The community being well aware about the plight they had in the past warmly welcome the proposed development /improvement. II. Data Analysis and Interpretation The biological, hydrological and climate data were analyzed and interpretations were made to assess the ecological, hydrological, drainage pattern and climate status of the project area. Physical Environment: Topography, geomorphology, soils, geology, ground water table, climate, drainage and flood management and land use will be discussed in Chapter 3 using secondary data. Biological Environment: The biological information and data collected by means of literature reviews of existing studies and conducting rapid reconnaissance surveys in the field. Hydrology, drainage pattern and water quality: The basin drainage pattern and impacts of rain on flash floods were assessed using available information through maps and GIS was used to overlay and derive information as well. Water quality information through existing studies was also collected and interpretations were made. The statistica package 7-software was used to analyze the data set. Social Environment: A separate social study is being conducted and the demographic information, densely populated pockets were also studied. III. Impact identification using Leopold Matrix The Leopold matrix is a qualitative environmental impact assessment method. It is used to identify the potential impact of a proposed project on the existing environment. The system consists of a matrix with columns representing the various activities of the project, and rows representing the various environmental factors to be considered. The intersections are filled in to indicate the magnitude (from -5 to +5) and the importance (from 1 to 5) of the impact of each activity on each environmental factor. Measurements of magnitude and importance tend to be related, but do not necessarily directly correlate. Magnitude can be measured, in terms of how much area is affected by the development interventions of the project and how badly, but importance is a more subjective measurement. While a proposed development may have a large impact in terms of magnitude, the effects it causes may not actually significantly affect the environment as a whole. Thus with regard to project interventions a similar exercise was done and the details are discussed in chapter 4.   GreenTech Page 29 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   IV. Report Writing The structure of the EA report was outlined in the terms of reference. Thus the main chapters were decided and the same sequence was followed. Within a chapter, sections, paragraphs were divided for clarity and presenting the information on a logical sequence. The main report provides introduction, descriptions, summarized information and analyzed data with recommendations. The main report also provided useful Tables and maps where appropriate. The large data sets and other descriptive information were given in the annexure. The details and descriptions of the public consultations held were also presented therein. A reference list and the names of report preparers were also provided in the annexure.   GreenTech Page 30 EA-MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011 1.6. Study Area The study area is located within two rivers namely: 1. The Kelani river bordering the North 2. The Bolgoda river bordering the South (Map 1.1: Study area within two river Basins) Project activities will be carried out in Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Municipal Council (SJPKMC), Dehiwala Mount Lavinia Municipal Council (DMLMC) and Kolonnawa Urban Council (KUC) areas. These locations are illustrated in Map 1.2-Map 1.5: Proposed subproject locations of Metro Colombo Urban Development Project. The approximate extents coming under the jurisdiction of the local authorities are shown in the Table below. Table 1.1: Extent of area coming under the LAs Local Authority Area Extent (ha) 1 Municipality of Colombo 4021.14 2 Municipality of Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte 1651.50 3 Municipality of Dehiwala Mt Lavinia 2152.56 4 Urban Council of Kolonnawa 510.66 GreenTech Page 5   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Chapter 2: Legislative and Regulatory Considerations 2.1. Overview of Environmental Legislation Sri Lanka is one of the leading countries in the South Asian region in enacting environmental legislations. Its concern for environment dates back to over two and a half millennia. The constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka under chapter VI Directive Principles of State policy and Fundamental duties in section 27-14 and in section 28-f proclaim “The state shall protect, preserve and improve the environment for the benefit of the community�, “The duty and obligation of every person in Sri Lanka to protect nature and conserve its riches� thus showing the commitment by the state and obligations of the citizens. The overall environmental concerns are addressed by the National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980 (and subsequent amendments by act no 56 of 1988 and act no 53 of 2000). It is the umbrella legislation for the environmental protection of the country. In addition several other sectoral legislative enactments are in place and Table 2.1 shows those. The national organization that has the mandate to protect and take measures to safeguard the environment is the Central Environmental Authority. It currently operates in the entire country except in the North Western Provincial Council (NWPC), where the NWPC has enacted a separate statute under the 13th amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and had created a separate provincial institute. There are several other key national agencies with a mandate for environmental management and protection. The Forest Department, the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Department of Archeology, Department of Coast Conservation, Disaster Management Center and Geological Survey and Mines Bureau have their regional offices and staff to cater to and monitor the environmental safeguards as per the policies and regulations governing them. In addition there are several national agencies that are impacting on the environment and adopting environmental safeguards as well. They are the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation, Urban Development Authority, Water Supply and Drainage Board and Irrigation Department. The Local Authorities are also have provisions under their respective acts to safeguards and provide useful facility and maintain the same for the convenience of the public in their respective areas. The Municipal Council (MC) Act No. 19 of 1987 & Urban Council (UC) Act No. 18 of 1987 provide for the establishment of MCs and UCs with a view to provide greater opportunities for the people to participate effectively in decision making process relating to administrative and development activities at a local level and it specify the powers, functions and duties of such LAs and provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. These acts contain sixteen and eight parts respectively, several schedules and 327 & 249 sections respectively. The MC act, spell out its status, powers & functions in Section IV, Section V and Section VI in sections 34 to 154 and covers public health, drainage, latrines, unhealthy buildings, conservancy & scavenging, nuisance etc. Further the respective local authorities have mandate regionally to implement the project activities and monitor the progress of compliance work.   GreenTech Page 31 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 2.1: Legislative enactments on environmental conservation and responsible agencies Responsible No. Act/ Ordinance Mandate Agency 1. Marine Resources a. Coast Conservation Act No. 57 Coast Conservation Responsible for prevention of of 1981 amended by Act No. 64 Department Coastal erosion & management of 1988 of the coastal zone b. Marine Pollution Prevention Act Marine Pollution Oversee the management of No. 59 of 1981 Prevention marine fisheries resources Authority Prevention of marine pollution c. Maritime Zones Law No. 22 of Marine Pollution 1976 Prevention Authority 2 Fresh Water Resources a. Irrigation Ordinance Chapter 453 Irrigation Responsible for the development Department & maintenance of minor & major irrigation tanks, canals and schemes b. National Water Supply & National Water Supply of Water for Drinking & Drainage Board Act No. 02 of Supply & Drainage industrial use 1974 Board c. Water Resources Board Act No. Water Resources Responsible for the assessment, 29 of 1964 Board protection & development of water resources 3 Fauna & Flora (Forest & Wildlife) a. Fauna & Flora protection Department of Protection of the protected areas Ordinance Chapter 469 as Wildlife and management of the same. amended by Act No. 49 of 1993 Conservation and Act No. 22 of 2009 4 Land Resources a. Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of Land Acquisition of lands for 1979 Commissioners development projects and Department programmes District & Divisional Development of under develop Secretaries lands b. Land Development Ordinance Land Development of land for better Chapter 464 Commissioners purposes Department Settlement of peasants under District & Divisional village expansion and other Secretaries development projects c. State Lands Ordinance (Chapter Land To make provisions for the grant 269) No. 8 of 1947 Commissioners and disposition of state lands in Department Sri Lanka for the management District & Divisional and control of such lands and Secretaries the foreshore and to regulate the use of water of lakes and public streams. d. Urban Development Authority Urban Development Responsible for the development Act No. 41 of 1978 as amended Authority of urban areas in a planned from time to time manner.   GreenTech Page 32 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Responsible No. Act/ Ordinance Mandate Agency 5 Air a. Motor Traffic Act No. 14 of 1951 Motor Traffic Monitor & control the vehicular as amended from time to time Department, emissions; prosecution of the Department of violators of the law Police 6 Cultural Heritage a. Antiquities Ordinance Chapter Department of Preservation of historically and 188 Archeology archeologically important sites b. Cultural property Act of 1988 -Do- -Do- 8 Hazardous & Other Substances a. Cosmetic Devices & Drugs Act Department of Regulate & monitor the release No. 27 of 1980 Health Services and use of drugs etc. b. Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Department of Control & monitor the release Drugs Ordinance Chapter 218 Health Services and use of dangerous drugs. 9 Overall Environment a. Constitution of The Democratic The Government, Constitutional provisions for Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Citizens of Sri Conservation of Environment Lanka b. National Environmental Act No. Ministry of The protection, management & 47 of 1980 as amended by Act Environment, enhancement of the environment No. 56 of 1988, Act No. 53 of Central for the regulation, maintenance 2000 and Act No. 53 of 2000 Environmental and control of the quality of the Authority environment for the preservation, abatement & control of pollution c. Local Authorities Act Local Authorities Provide the institutional (Municipal Councils Act No. 19 opportunity for mobilizing all of 1987, Urban Councils Act sections of the local community No. 18 of 1987) to address issues of environment affecting them directly. The following paragraphs highlight the salient features of selected laws which may have a particularly important bearing on the design and implementation of the project and the applicability of the relevant regulations to stage I investments considered under this EIA. 2.1.1. The Constitution of Sri Lanka & the 13th Amendment The Constitution of Sri Lanka contains several provisions, relating to the environment 9Article 27 (14) and article 28 (f). The 13th amendment to the constitution introduced a new level of institution for environmental protection and management. Therefore the provincial government also has legislative and executive power, the North Western Provincial Environmental Authority to control, prevent and monitor all environmental related activities. Application to MCUDP: Overall responsibility of individuals and organizations to protect and conserve the natural environment. All stage 1 project proponents/ implementers and public are responsible. 2.1.2. The National Environmental Act. No. 47 of 1980 & its amendments The National Environmental Act (NEA) provides conservation and development guidelines for natural resources including water, soil, fisheries resources, forest, flora and fauna in Sri Lanka. It also paved the way for the creation of the Central Environmental Authority (CEA). Further it spells out the creation of an Environmental Council in collaboration with the   GreenTech Page 33 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   respective line agencies to advise the CEA (Section 7) and provide necessary guidelines to establish District Environmental Agency under the chairmanship of the District Secretary. The NEA is the basic national decree for environmental protection. The three main regulatory tools implemented under the NEA are Environmental Impact Assessment/initial Environmental Examination, Environment Protection License (EPL) and Schedule Waste Management License supported by standards for discharge and waste disposal guidelines. A comprehensive description of EIA/ IEE process is given in the Annex 6. It is the key regulatory tool enabling any developer to implement the development activity in line with the NEA and thereby assuring the long term sustainability of the development undertaken while paying due respect to the environment. The second regulatory tool under the provisions of the National Environmental Act is the Environmental Protection License (EPL). The EPL procedure has been introduced to prevent or minimize the release of discharges and emissions into the environment from industrial activities in compliance with national discharge and emission standards, to provide guidance on pollution control for polluting processes and to encourage the use of pollution abatement technology such as cleaner production, waste minimization etc. Here the industries are classified into three lists named A, B and C. List A is comprised of 80 potentially high polluting industries, List B is comprised of 33 medium polluting industries and List C is comprised of 25 low polluting industrial activities. The operational details are given in CEA website (www.cea.lk). The third regulatory tool deals with the disposal of scheduled waste. The gazette notification No 1534/18 of 1st February 2008 made by the Hon. Minister under section 23A and 23B of the National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980 is referred to as the National Environmental (protection & quality) regulations No. 1 of 2008. It deals with waste from specific and non specific sources. The notification has three parts and eight schedules. The Part I deal with the Issue of Environmental protection License for Emission of Disposal of waste. Part II deals on issue of license for the management of scheduled waste( Hazardous Waste) and Part III on General matters including definitions and the effectiveness and validity of the license issued under National Environment (protection & quality) regulation No 1 of 1990 published in extraordinary gazette No 595/16 of February 1990. The eight schedules include the tolerance limits, applications, formats for reporting, categorization of non specific and specific waste etc. The 1994 amendment delegated the authorization to the local authorities to issue EPL for low polluting industries. The CEA’s environmental management functions are holistic and they are very well set out in section IV of the act. Along with the EPL procedures several standards also have been gazetted with regard to disposal of effluents to land and water bodies. Application to MCUDP: All stage 1 investments have been screened during the project preparatory phase and it is deemed that no EIA/ IEE would be required for any of the stage 1 investments under the NEA at this point, as they do not fall within the prescribed thresholds. Considering the low impacts of stage 1 sub projects, the present assessment carried out in compliance with World Bank’s safeguard policies would be sufficient with continuous monitoring during the construction, operation & maintenance phases. If it is proved that bottom sediments of certain canals and lakes carry contaminated material through the on-going sediment sampling and analysis in identified locations within the Colombo basin, the CEA will have to be consulted as it would amount to disposal of waste of hazardous nature. Although schedule waste license deal entirely with disposal of hazardous waste it does not include contaminated dredge material in its hazardous waste categories. However, in such event, the activities involving dredging in identified risk areas will need to be postponed to stage 2 and the consulted CEA for further direction. The CEA may request   GreenTech Page 34 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   for an EIA or a dredge material disposal plan and hence the PMU would need to carry out the necessary consultations at that time. 2.1.3. State land Ordinance Act No 13 of 1949 The State Lands Ordinance provides necessary guidelines to: o The protection of the source, course or bed of any public stream o The protection of springs, reservoirs, lakes ponds lagoons, creeks, canals, aqueducts etc. o The construction or protection of roads, paths, railways and other means of internal communication. o The prevention of the erosion of soil. o The preservation of water supplies. In addition, section 75 of the State Land Ordinance highlights on riparian proprietors activities. The occupier of land or the bank of any public lake or public stream shall have the right to use the water in that lake or stream for domestic purpose and shall not be diverted through a channel, drain or pipe or by means of a pump or other mechanical contrivance but shall be removed in a bucket or other receptacle. Application to MCUDP: This has significant influence on the water bodies that will come under the project for improvements by way of bank stabilization and other small infrastructure development etc. All stage 1 investments support the mandate of this act by ensuring the protection and preservation of the canals and its banks. Further no supplies of water through the net work of canals are proposed and hence none of the stage 1 activities are in violation of its provisions. 2.1.4. The Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 amended by Act No. 64 of 1988 The Coast Conservation Act (CCA) makes provisions for the regulation and control of development activities within the coastal zone as well as formulates and executes schemes of work for coast conservation. Under the section 6 of the act, there is provision to appoint a Coast Conservation Advisory Council (CCAC) which would advice the Coast Conservation Department on all development activities proposed to be commenced in the coastal zone and review its coastal zone management plans. The law specifies that projects located wholly or partly within the coastal zone (the area lying within a limit of three hundred meters landwards of the Mean High Water line and a limit of two kilometers seawards of the Mean Low Water line and in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons, or any other body of water connected to the sea either permanently or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of two kilometers measured perpendicular to the straight base line drawn between the natural entrance point thereof and shall include waters of such rivers, stream and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea ) must undergo the approval process that is laid down in the Coast Conservation Act irrespective of its size. Only those projects located totally outside the Coastal Zone will be subject to the approval process laid down in the National Environmental Act. Therefore, any development work taking place within this zone falls under the jurisdiction of CCD. According to the CCA, Director of the CCD has the discretion to request for an EIA/IEE from the project proponent if the initial screening reveals significant impacts in the coastal areas by the project. The process is very much similar to the NEA excepting that the Director of the CCD reserves the right to request for an EIA/ IEE depending on the nature and scale of anticipated impacts of the proposed investments rather than on pre-determined prescribed limits as in the NEA and also to make a final decision. The Director is advised by the CCAC on the findings of EIA/ IEEs.   GreenTech Page 35 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Application to MCUDP: Stage 1 investments that fall within the coastal zone include marine drive associated development such as improvements to the road and leisure areas with seating accommodation. The CMC has discussed with CCD and shared the details of the proposed investments for their perusal. As none of these investments are expected to trigger serious environmental impacts and the possibility of the CCD requesting for an EIA/IEE is unlikely. However, the PMU would need to obtain CCD permission for all work commencing in the coastal zone. It is also recommended that a copy of this EIA should be shared with the CCD, if necessary. 2.1.5. The Marine Pollution Prevention Act no 59 of 1981 The act provides room to establish a Marine Pollution Prevention Authority and it has the mandate to safeguard the sea from oil or any other pollutant. It has provisions to prevent discharge of oil or pollutants to sea/Sri Lankan waters. It also specifies the power vested on the Minister to implement International conventions with the approval of the cabinet. Under the MCUDP proposed investments may have impacts on the marine environment when disposal of dredged materials, sewer discharges etc. are carried out. Hence sub projects involving such activities should b referred to the Marine Pollution Prevention Authority for its clearance. 2.1.6. The Flood Protection Ordinance Act No. 22 of 1955 This act provides room for the Minister to declare any area in the country as flood area. It has provisions to prepare scheme for protection of flood area, creation of flood authority, regulations for management of flood area and acquisition of land for the purpose of the ordinance. The flood authority is usually the District Secretary of the affected area. In case of a large area of a Municipality is coming under flood the Minister may substitute the District Secretary by appointing the Mayor of the Municipality. Application to MCUDP: Overall knowing the experiences in the past, this need to be considered. MCUA has experienced high intensity rains and subsequent flash floods. The flood mitigation is a primary objective of this project. The act will facilitate the flood mitigation efforts of the project and strengthened the storm water management interventions of the CMC. 2.1.7. The Fauna & Flora Protection Ordinance Act No. 49 of 1993 & its amendments This act provides the protection, conservation and preservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka. Under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO), five categories of protected areas are established viz. Strict Nature Reserves, National Parks, Nature Reserves, Jungle Corridors and Intermediate Zones including sanctuaries. According to this Act, any development activity of any description what so ever proposed to be established within a national reserve or within one mile from the boundary of any national reserve, is required to be subjected to EIA/IEE, and written approval should be obtained from the Director General, Department of Wildlife Conservation prior to implementation of such projects. The FFPO follows a similar process as the NEA in conducting scoping, setting the TOR, preparation of EA, review of EA and public consultation and disclosure. The decision of project approval or disapproval is finally granted by the Director General of the Department of Wildlife Conservation. The DWLC on the 9th January 1985, proclaimed the land to be a part of the Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Sanctuary stating “ Within the state lands of this sanctuary, felling, debarking, collecting or extraction of any plant or clearing any forest, constructing or occupying any permanent or temporary buildings are prohibited,� under the FFPO of 24th April 2009. This sanctuary, with the Diyawanna Oya Lake at its centre, serves not only to   GreenTech Page 36 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   preserve a habitat for water birds but also protects the marshland that is part of the water retention system which protects Colombo from floods. Application to MCUDP: The proposed Beddagana Biodiversity Park of the UDA comes within the DWLC declared Wildlife Sanctuary. Hence this act is relevant in obtaining clearances from the DWLC to carry out the proposed development work.UDA has conducted number of discussions with DWLC and obtained their clearance subject to certain conditions. Hence the PMU should consult the DWLC early and share a copy of this EA which covers the proposed investments within the Sri Jayewardenepura Wildlife sanctuary. 2.1.8. The Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation Act No. 15 of 1968 The Act provides the formation of the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation. The latest amendment to this act is the No 35 of 2006 which incorporated section 2A-Prohibiting filling or developing and reclaiming land, section 2B- Declaring areas as low lying marshy or swampy and section 20C-stipulating that pollution of canal as an offence. In addition Section 28 of the principal enactment has added a new definition – retention areas. The gazette regulations under this act also had declared several areas as wetland. Application to MCUDP: The project supports and enhances the provisions set out in the act. The enhancement of the flood detention areas, improvement to the network of canals for the smooth flow of storm water, increasing the retention capacity in some of the retention areas are the key activities that the project intends to fund. Also, the SLLRDC, who implements this act, is one the key implementing agencies under the MCUDP and hence provisions in this legislation will be fully supported by all stage I investments falling under flood and drainage improvement work. 2.1.9. The Urban Development Authority Act No. 41 of 1978 This act has provided provisions to establish the Urban Development Authority, declaration of areas as urban development area. Its Part II outlines 22 point powers and functions of the UDA. Under Part IV it has power to acquire immovable property and sale of land belonging to the authority. The act provides room to make regulations for the purpose of carrying out or giving effect to the principles and provisions of this law. The amendment brought in Act no 2 of 1980 under special provisions provided room to declare lands urgently require for urban development projects and remedies to affected parties and the uphold the power of Supreme court. The amendment brought under Act No 4 of 1982 in its Part IIA describes the planning procedure, appointment of planning committees, preparation of draft development plans, approval of the same also provide room for subsequent amendment. It also provides room to issue permits for development work, and delegation of the powers of the authority and procedures to be followed if activity takes place in contrary to the permit issued. Further the principle enactment amended by the addition of section 29 by adding a schedule, indicating the matters for which provisions may be made in the development plan. The subsequent amendments deal with levies, joint venture development projects etc. Application to MCUDP: Colombo is a UDA declared area and all the development plans should be cleared by the UDA. Hence the sub projects undertaken by the CMC and other agencies need to be assessed and cleared by the UDA for consistency with the UDA regulations. This will provide more scientific planning and avoid ad hoc development activity which has led to most of the current issues in the Colombo Metro area. In addition, none of the stage 1 activities will involve land acquisition and resettlement and hence relevant provisions in the act will not be triggered. As UDA is one the key implementing agencies of the MCUDP, facilitation of UDA clearance will not be a difficult task. The UDA has prepared development and zoning plans for the four local authorities, a master plan for the Beira Lake   GreenTech Page 37 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   and Western zone regional plan. These plans have discussed the MCUDP proposed interventions in a macro level including water front development and flood mitigation. Hence UDA has formally in agreement with these project interventions. 2.1.10. The Mines and Mineral Act No. 33 of 1992 The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau established under the Mines and Minerals Act No. 33 of 1992. Under this act, mining falls within the purview of the geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB). Mining and exploitation for minerals, including sand, must be licensed under the act by the GSMB. Mining licenses are issued only to a qualified individuals and companies registered to do business in Sri Lanka. Mining is not permitted within Archaeological Reserves and within specified distance of monuments. New mining licenses are subject to the EIA process, if the type and extent of mining is listed under the EIA regulations. Additionally, the GSMB has power to stipulate conditions including the taking of deposits and insurance for the protection of environment. Regulations made by the GSMB under the act cover a variety of environmental stipulations, criteria and conditions for licensing and operating mines. This also covers the disposal of mine wastes. The act also deals with the health, safety and welfare of miners. Reclamation of mines is a major problem in Sri Lanka and due to current practice requires the mining enterprise to make a deposit to cover costs of recovery. The deposit however is inadequate for the purpose. Large extents of mined areas, particularly areas mined for clay and sand remain open. Mining rights on public and private land are subject to licensing by the GSMB and all minerals wherever situated belonging to the state. The right to mine particular parcels of public lands may be subject to EIA procedures as well as to lease for permit conditions. Application to MCUDP: Earth and quarry material will be needed for the development work undertaken by the respective implementing agencies either directly or through contractors. In such cases quantities specified need to be extracted and permission from the GSMB is required. Alternatively, the project contractors can procure the material from the open market but they will have to make sure that such sources/ traders are operating with valid licenses. 2.1.11. Local Authorities acts The Municipal Council (MC) Act No. 19 of 1987 & Urban Council (UC) Act No. 18 of 1987 provide provisions for the establishment of MCs and UCs with a view to provide greater opportunities for the people to participate effectively in decision making process relating to administrative and development activities at a local level and it specify the powers, functions and duties of such LAs and provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. These acts contain sixteen & eight parts respectively, several schedules and 327 & 249 sections respectively. The MC act, spell out its status, powers & functions in Section IV, Section V and Section VI in sections 34 to 154 and covers public health, drainage, latrines, unhealthy buildings, conservancy & scavenging, nuisance etc. Further the respective local authorities have mandate regionally to implement the project activities and monitor the progress of compliance work. Application to MCUDP: Since four local authorities are involved in implementing the sub projects these acts are relevant. The infrastructure improvement sub projects funded under stage 1 for the LAs comprise of the basic services they ought to render to the public in line with these acts. Subsequently maintaining these stage 1 investments would be the prime duty of the local authorities.   GreenTech Page 38 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Summary of Environmental clearances under national laws and regulations The following Table 2.2 shows the clearances and approvals requirements for the proposed Stage 1 projects of the MCUDP. Majority of the sub projects coming under stage 1 investments are dealt with in the EA and they do not have greater impacts on the environment except for localized temporary impacts caused during the construction and/ or improvement undertaken. The stage I investments does not fall under the Part IV C of the National Environment Act (as contained in the gazettes extraordinary No. 772/22 of 24th June 1993, No 1104/22 of 6th November 1999 and No. 1108/1 of 29th November 1999) that deals with prescribed projects which require EIA and subsequent approval. The approval of the EA and the EMF is given by the WB at this stage. The other works involved the marine drive development work undertaken by the CMC, Bio diversity park development undertaken by the UDA and the Parliament lake development work of the SLLRDC. These development proposals when finalized the respective implementing agencies should obtain clearances from the relevant agencies shown in the Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Summary of Environmental Compliance requirements Applicable Laws, Regulations  Relevance To Project (Clearances, Assessments) Coast Conservation Act & its regulations Clearance from CCD for marine drive development & Laws  work Flora & Fauna Ordinance & its regulations Clearance from the DWLC for the Biodiversity park, in gazettes  construction of lakes in the Parliament area in the Jayewardenepura sanctuary. 2.1.12. National Wetland Policy The National Policy & strategies on Wetlands (2005) seeks to give effect to National Environment Policy and other relevant national policies, while respecting national commitments towards relevant international conventions, protocols, treaties and agreements on wetland protection to which Sri Lanka is a party. Among the International Conventions, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971), the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) are significant. The definition given for Wetlands in the policy is “Areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, where natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters and may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six meters at low tide within the wetlands�. The policy has six sections, Introduction, need for a national policy on wetlands, principles, objectives, policy directions and explanation of key concepts. The policy directions address wetland management, institutional arrangement, inter-sectoral linkages, research, development and education. The local level and national level institutions are proposed to be established. All sectoral development plans should be based on principles of wetland ecosystem management. Institutional Arrangement to manage wetlands is well established at present. A multi- stakeholder National Wetland Steering Committee has been established in the Ministry of Environment to advise on wetland issues in the country and wetland management unit has been set up at the Central Environmental Authority to oversee and facilitate policy implementation.   GreenTech Page 39 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Application to MCUDP: Stage 1 investments have impacts on wetlands either directly or indirectly. These may be either positive or negative. In stage 1 the proposed Biodiversity Park is located in a sanctuary and a wetland. In addition proposed new lakes by the SLLRDC too impact the wetlands. The positive impacts are the increase in retention areas due to the construction of lakes that will mitigate the flooding effects and the enhancement of the conservation of biodiversity. The negative impact would be the continuation of indiscriminate solid waste dumping to these lands. The scale and the magnitude of these impacts need to be identified through further studies. The wetlands around Parliament catchment are recognized as important retention areas by the master plan for flood management in Colombo. The government has declared some of these areas as wildlife sanctuaries in recognition of their importance in terms of flora & fauna under the FFPO of DWLC. They also implement the Ramsar convention in Sri Lanka. The objective is to protect these ecologically important sites and this is supported by the MCUDP. As such, one of the key objectives of the policy, wetland protection, is supported and upheld by the project. 2.1.13. The Irrigation Ordinance (Chapter 453) The ordinance in its part VI covers the protection of irrigation works and conservation of water in section 64. The section 65 deals with removal of encroachments. The Part V covers the construction and maintenance of major and minor irrigation schemes in sections 33, 34, 46, 54, 61, 62 and 63. The Talangama tank falls under the jurisdiction of Irrigation Department. The CEA has declared paddy fields and the tank as Environmentally Protected Areas under the National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980 amended by Act No 56 of 1988 and Act No 53 of 2000 order under section24 C and 24 D (1). Application to MCUDP: Talangama tank development work is in line with the legal provisions of this act and the Irrigation Department will be consulted during the design and implementation. 2.1.14. World Bank Operational Guidelines Projects and programs funded by IDA resources need to comply with the World Bank’s operational policies. Therefore, all sub-projects eligible for funding under this project will be required to satisfy the requirements of the safeguard policies of the World Bank, in addition to conformity with national environmental regulations. The Metro Colombo Urban Development Project (MCUDP) undertakes several infrastructure sub projects and they have to be screened and impacts have to be identified. The World Bank OP 4.01 discusses the environment assessment process to be followed. The WB Operational policies that require consideration under this project OP/BP/GP 4.01: Environmental Assessment and will be triggered under the proposed project. Special emphasis should be given to ensure during the sub project design stage to have no or minimum impacts to the natural environment. Table 2.3: World Bank safeguards policies triggered by the project Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project Yes No Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01) [x] [ ] Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) [ ] [x] Pest Management (OP 4.09) [ ] [x] Cultural Property (OPN 11.03, being revised as OP 4.11) [ ] [x] Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) [ ] [x] Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20, being revised as OP 4.10) [ ] [x] Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [ ] [x] Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) [ ] [x] Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60) [ ] [x] Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP/GP 7.50) [ ] [x]   GreenTech Page 40 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence. The policy requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for World Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. EA should take into account the natural environment, human health and safety and social aspects in an integrated way. It should also takes into account the variations in project and country conditions, the findings of country environmental studies, national environmental action plans, the country’s overall policy framework and national legislation, the project sponsor’s capabilities related to the environment and social aspects, and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The pollution prevention and abatement measures and emission levels that are normally acceptable to World Bank is described in the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. However, taking into account country’s legislation and local conditions, the EA may recommend alternative emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement for the project. 2.1.14.1. Project Categorization When OP 4.01 is triggered, the World Bank classifies proposed projects into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. (1) A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. (2) A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas including wetlands, forests, grasslands and other natural habitats are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site specific; few if any are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of an EA for Category B projects may vary from project to project, but it is narrower in scope when compared with Category A projects. (3) A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. For example, technical assistance projects on institutional development, computerization, and training fall in Category C. (4) A proposed project is classified as FI when the Bank provides funds to participating national banks, credit institutions and other financial intermediaries (FIs) for on lending at the FIs’ risk to final borrowers. In the case of such projects, the FI screens each subproject proposed for financing, and classifies it into any one of three categories: A, B or C. FIs must prepare an Environmental and Social Management Framework, following the Bank’s consultation and disclosure requirements as in the case of other safeguards documents (e.g., EAs, RAPs, IPPs). The ESMF, including the screening process for categorization of subprojects, must be spelled out in the operational manual.   GreenTech Page 41 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 2.4: Classification of Sub Projects (as per WB OP 4.01 Para 8) Category Impacts Bank Requirement A Subprojects in the proposed project are characterized Comprehensive EIA and creating significant adverse environment impacts, with EMP regard to sensitivity, diversity, irreversibility, and/or unprecedented impacts. B Subprojects in the proposed project are characterized Simplified EIA and EMP being small in volume and size, implying reversible environmental impacts. C Subprojects in the proposed project do not comprise No EA required construction works, and do not cause air, soil and water contamination. F1 Proposed Projects that involve investment of bank funds The FI should screen each through a Financial Intermediary (FI), in sub projects that sub project and ensure may result in adverse environmental impacts that each sub borrower carries out appropriate EA according to sub-project category 2.1.14.2. Environmental Assessment The Metro Colombo Urban Development Project (MCUDP) has been placed under environment category A. The proposed project activities are expected to be environmentally and socially beneficial in the long run through improved drainage, flood mitigation and water quality improvement. During the implementation stages certain activities will have the potential to trigger adverse environmental impacts. The impacts will vary in extent, scope and nature depending on the type of sub-project the project would support. In stage I, the type of investments supported will be mostly of category B type which are likely to be localized and can be mitigated. These investments will be fairly straight forward and less complicated such as improvement to existing drainage and other public infrastructure and is expected to improve the present environment and create better living conditions for the nearby beneficiary families through improved health & sanitation. The project activities are mostly concentrated on highly urbanized environment hence ecological impacts are likely to be minimal. Some of the sub projects undertaken in stage 1 will actually enhance the environmental conditions of the upper basin of the project area. However since the stage II investments might involve canal widening, dredging land acquisition and relocation of families which involves complex environmental & social issues. Hence this proposed project has been categorized as category A. In addition the stage 2 investments are yet to be confirmed their impact on the coastal zone, and the lower basin inhabitants may become significant. In addition the current sewer disposal to water ways, domestic solid waste disposal etc needs a more holistic approach since it influence a larger area than where the localized activities are taking place. These will be covered under the EMF since all such projects have been shifted to stage II, due to the need of detail studies. In addition to the policy on Environmental Assessment, IFC’s Environment, Health and Safety guidelines will require consideration under the project. The site specific impacts are hardly seen in the sub projects identified by the stakeholder agencies. However during construction period adequate measures have to be taken with regard to disposal of debris etc without causing undue damage to the natural systems in place. Here the International Finance Cooperation (IFC) guidelines covering environment, health & safety of workers and nearby community will be adopted and taken care of. During the construction stages of road improvement projects adequate measures to regulate traffic need to be adopted. A notable feature in the MCUDP sub projects is that number of green actions through landscaping, vicinity improvement and biodiversity enhancement add positive impacts to the project.   GreenTech Page 42 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   2.1.14.3. Environmental Management Plans According to annex C of the World Bank OP4.01 an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an essential element of EA reports for Category A projects. The EMP should consists of a set of mitigation, management, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan should also include the actions needed to implement these measures. In preparation of an EMP, the EA consultant should: a. Identify the set of responses to potentially adverse impacts b. Determine requirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectively and in a timely manner c. Describe the means for meeting those requirements. More specifically, the EMP should include the following components: • The EMP should identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. The plan includes compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible, cost- effective, or sufficient. • The EMP should define monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring needed, with linkages to the impacts assessed in the EA report and the mitigation measures described in the EMP. • To strengthen the project sponsor’s environmental management capability, EMPs should mention any technical assistance that may be needed by the borrower. • For all three aspects (mitigation, monitoring, and capacity development), the EMP should provide (a) an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and (b) the capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the EMP. • The EMP must be integrated into the project's overall planning, design, budget, and implementation. During project implementation, the project sponsor should report on compliance with: a. Measures agreed with World Bank on the basis of the findings and results of the EA, including implementation of any EAP, as set out in the project documents b. The status of mitigatory measures; and c. The findings of monitoring programs. 2.1.14.4. Consultations and Disclosure Requirements For all Category A projects and as appropriate for Category B projects during the EA process, the project sponsor should consult project-affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) about the project's environmental aspects and take their views into account. The project sponsor should initiate such consultations as early as possible. For Category A projects, the project sponsor should consult these groups at least twice (a) shortly after environmental screening and before the terms of reference for the EA are finalized, and (b) once a draft EA report is prepared. In addition, the project sponsor should consult with such groups throughout project implementation, as necessary to address EA related issues that affect them. Application to MCUDP: In order to comply with OP/BP 4.01 the GOSL is carrying out this Environmental Impact Assessment for stage I investments. The implementing agency will publicly disclose this draft final EIA for public review and comment in appropriate locations for a period of 120 days. It will also be made available in the implementing agency website. Newspaper and other media outlet will be needed to alert the community to the availability of the documentation. The EIA will also be made available at IDA’s public information centre in accordance with BP 17.50 requirements of disclosure.   GreenTech Page 43 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Chapter 3: Description of the Environment Physical Environment 3.1. Topography and Geomorphology The Colombo district which incorporates the project area falls into so called lowest peneplain of Sri Lanka (D.N.wadia, 1942 as recorded by P.G.Cooray – Geology of Sri Lanka 1984). This coastal peneplain rises to a maximum elevation of < 500 feet from sea coast. This is best illustrated in conceptual sketch and elevation map below.   Figure 3.1: Diagrammatic section of Sri Lanka showing the three peneplains The detail topography with spot levels of the Project Area boundary is best understood by the 1:10,000 Topographical Sheet (Map 3.2: contour map of the Study Area). Topography is a surface manifestation of the sub-surface geology, where rock weathering processes has resulted in landforms, which is geomorphology. In the project area of Colombo the more or less flat to gradual undulating terrain has resulted mainly from chemical weathering of the basement gneissic bedrock, and from alluvial and fluvial deposits. Most of the elevated terrain of the project area represents laterites of the S- W sector of Sri Lanka, with the high spot elevations surveyed in the 1:10,000 topographic map of the area. It is as a result of such elevated terrain that surface undulations exist, which result in the development of natural canals (fluvial systems), as seen in the project area, with flow gradients. The littoral geomorphology in the canal outfall areas represents both alluvial deposits from Kelani River and beach deposits of sands from the sea of quaternary age. Heavy erosion in the recent times from Kollupitiya to Mt.Lavinia has adopted beach protection measures by way of rock revetments, especially relevant to canal out falls.   GreenTech Page 44 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Map 3.1: Sketch of relief of Sri Lanka   GreenTech Page 45 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Map 3.2: Contour map of the Study Area   GreenTech Page 46 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   3.2. Geology and Soils Well over 90% of Sri Lanka is underlain by metamorphic crystalline rocks of Precambrian age, which includes the project area, which cover a variety of Gneisses. This is shown in the 1:50,000 and 100,000 Geology maps of Colombo produced by GSMB. These basement rocks belong to the so called Wanni Complex of the Precambrian. The typical rock types of this basement include Biotite gneiss, Hornblende Biotite gneiss, Charnockites, Charnockitic gneisses, Quartzite and undifferentiated Meta sediments (Map 3.3: Geology of the study area). The structure of these basement rocks in the project area show little discontinuity except for a few minor fault zones, of Precambrian times which are non-active and dormant at present. Overlying the Precambrian basement are alluvial and littoral sedimentary deposits of Quaternary age, within the project area. The fluvial deposits here include a thick alluvium (20-30m) in some areas of marshes, and water bodies. These alluvial deposits include lean/plastic clays, organic clays/peat, and sand with clay. Therefore, in the construction of heavy load bearing structures, (eg. Bridges, Sluices/ Lock gates, pump houses) pile foundations bearing on bedrock will be required for project stability and sustenance. The elevated sectors of the project area as shown in the topographic maps are mainly underlain by laterite which overlies the bedrock as secondary formations. These laterites are developed during Quaternary times (< 1.6 MA), and are typical for the Colombo District. These laterites can uptake appreciable loads (upto 200 kN/m 2), and most civil engineering structures of the project area can be founded on laterite with geotechnical safety. According to Survey Department soil maps, originating from DOI and C.R. Panabokke, the main soil types in the project area are as follows as shown in Map 3.4: Soil map of the study area. • Red Yellow Podzolic soils with soft or hard laterite and undulating terrain • Bog and Half bog soils: flat terrain • Alluvial soils of variable texture and drainage: flat terrain • Regosols on recent beach sands: flat terrain All the above soil types were verified during field visits to the project site. The above soil types are subjected to erosion, especially when they occur on elevated terrain, which will result in the lower siltation of canal systems, retention areas and water bodies. As a result of such sedimentation in the lower topography terrain there will be a degradation of surface soil profiles. Such degraded surface soils will have low load bearing capacity for sub project engineering structures.   GreenTech Page 47 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Map 3.4: Soil map of the study area   GreenTech Page 49 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   3.3. Land Use Table 3.1: Land Use pattern of the Colombo Basin Colombo Local Authority wise land use distribution (ha) Land use Type Basin (ha) CMC DMLMC SJPKMC KUC KMC MUC KMPC Built-up Area 1493 1258 156 79 Home Garden 6875 1600 148 896 150 2153 1525 403 Coconut 120 84 21 14 Rubber 377 1 230 118 27 Paddy 1206 31 11 94 15 528 442 85 Sparsely use lands/ Parks/ Playground 87 84 3 Other Cultivation 47 42 5 Scrub 10 10 Bare Land 6 6 Marsh 661 101 305 44 120 14 77 Water Bodies 274 102 5 69 11 61 21 4 Total 11155 3183 320 1448 221 3229 2146 610 Source: Land Use Map of Survey Department, 1998 Note: KMC-Kaduwela Municipal Council, MUC-Maharagama Urban Council, KMPC-Kotikawatte Mulleriyawa Pradeshiya Sabha According to table 3.1, it could be seen that the built up area in CMC is 84% of the total built up area of the Colombo Basin, thus illustrating the commercial capital of Colombo Municipal Limits. The CMC area also has considerable homestead amounting to 1600 ha. The Colombo City limits also have the fortune of having 95% of open areas in the form of Parks and Playgrounds in relation to the Colombo basin which allows the centre also to be a green city. It also has the fortune of having 102 ha of water bodies with Beria Lake been the focus and with the developments of this Lake the city would have a very beautiful environment. Another significant feature of the Colombo basin is that it has 1206 ha of Paddy lands around the sub-urban cities of the CMC area. The lower catchment area of the Colombo basin has been developed extensively for housing, industry and commercial activities while the upper catchment is comparatively undisturbed natural environment. The predominant land use in all LAs is residential, a higher percentage of the home gardens. This has been due to immigration and the availability of large tracts of vacant land mostly in agriculture and scrub land in an area adjacent to the city of Colombo and which were contiguous with the undeveloped areas of the latter.   GreenTech Page 50 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   3.4. Hydrogeology and Ground Water The hydro geological setting of the project area can be observed from the groundwater map of the area (Map 3.5: Ground Water map of the study area). The low lying marshes, bordering canals, retention areas will have a near surface groundwater table, which during drought periods can be at a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 m. In the interior (away from the coast) sector of the project area fresh water resources exist. However most of such resources are today polluted due to a high concentration of urbanization, with poor waste disposal practices.   GreenTech Page 52 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Map 3.5: Ground Water map of the study area   GreenTech Page 53 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 3.2: Geology, soil, topography and ground water in the study sites Groundwater Location Geology Soil Condition Topography table St.Sebastian Canal Organic peat. Lean to fat clays with Almost flat to Almost on Clays & sands sand and peaty slighly surface down to Deep bedrock organic clays undulating 2m depth alluvium Wellawatte Canal Organic peaty Organic clays and Slightly Almost surface clays with sand. patches of Laterite undulating down 1m depth Deep bedrock alluvium on surface Parliament lake, Beddegana Peat/Peaty Mainly peat and Slight from 1m to 4m bio diversity park, clays with sand Organic clays. undulations of Talangama lake patches of Laterite on high surface alluvium Laterite ground Bedrock >20m Beira Lake Alluvium & Peat/Peaty clay Almost flat From 1m down organic clays to 2m Bedrock >20m Main canal systems Organic clays Peaty clays with Slightly from 1m to 3m • Wellawatte canal with sand clayey laterite in undulating with • Dehiwala canal Deep bedrock patches small gradients Secondary canals Clayey sands Clayey sands/sandy Slightly from 0.5m to 2m • Sarana mw canal with deep clays undulating • Sri Wickrema canal bedrock • Sethsiripaya canal • Poorvarama canal Kimbula Ela, Saunders Sands, Alluvial Alluvial sandy clays Undulating from < 1m to 4m Place, Maligawatta, Horton sands & clays. & clayey sands with terrain with Place, Siridhamma Laterite in elevated laterite in laterite high Mawatha, Highlevel Rd, elevated areas. patches ground Kirulapone Junction, Deep bedrock Poorvarama Rd, Torrington North Canal, Thummulla Junction, Marine Drive Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Laterite in high Gravelly laterite in Gradual Mainly 2m to 5m MC ground sectors high ground Orgainc undulating in elevated high with shallow peaty clays in lower terrain except ground sectors. seated bedrock. marshes Kotte and Etul From surface to Allunial Kotte high < 1m in lower marshes in elevations marshes lower area slpoes of 100 to 200 exist Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia MC Laterite in Lateritic gravelly soil Gradual From 1m to 5m elevated areas in most area with a undulated terrain (in elevated with shallow few patches of except laterite) seted bedrock organic clay in Mt.Lavinia isolated marches headland Kolonnawa UC Mainly alluvium Mainly sandy Mainly In marsh sectors (Clays/sands) in clays/organic clays in gradulating almost on low lying the marsh area. terrain. Lower surface or < 1m. sectors of Lateric soild and terrain is flat In higher from Kollonnawa laterite in elevated 1m to 4m marshes, higher sectors ground is gravelly laterite with shallow bedrock   GreenTech Page 54 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   3.5. Climate The clim onsoon, hav mate of Sri Lanka is classified as tropical mo ving a wet s d season and a short dry seaason. The s is study area i located in the South n h-Western q the w quarter of t Island, which is ed et he classifie as a we zone. Th annual c climate is characterize by the N c ed M Northeast Monsoon from D December through February an the So nd outhwest M Monsoon fr rom May through Septem ry s mber. The dr season is brought a e and t about by the Northeast Monsoon a the wet season t by the Southwest Monsoon. Heavy rainstorms oc y ccur mainly in the So M outhwest Monsoon period ffrom May to Septemb and occ ber n nter-monsoo periods (March- casionally in the two In on nd April an October- ) he -November) as well. Th average annual rain nfall is around 2000-30 mm. 000 are There a two pe eaks of mo onthly rainf ear, May and October The mea daily fall in a ye r. an maximu tempera um ature ranges from 31.1oC in April to 29.3oC in August, w s t n ean while the me daily minimum temperat ture ranges from 25.3oC in May to 22.2oC in J s o January. 3.5.1. Rain Fall Monthly average r y ained based on daily r rainfall distribution obta d a bo rainfall data in Colomb for 50 rom 1961 to 2010 is shown in Fig years fr o gure 3.2. Rainfalls durring the mon nths, May, October and No e d ovember are observed to be high while Jan h nuary and F February se v eem to be very dry s. e months May is the wettest mo February is the driest m onth while F month. The pro s oject area is highly urbbanized and consists of a considerable amou of built up areas d f unt u noff . in towns where run is high. The groun ndwater table is also high in the a se area becaus of the coastal and lake environme ents hence the soils are less w e water penetrative. The runoff coefficie f/ atio) for suc industrial areas are in the rang of 0.5-0.8 and a ents (runoff rainfall ra ch l ge s value around 0.7 is a reasona able estimat te. gure 3.2: Mo Fig age onthly avera rainfall in Colombo ( infall data 19 (Source: Rai epartment of Meteorology 961-2010, De y) Extreme value ana e e alyses were carried out for the ann t nual maxim of o mum series o Colombo rainfall. alls Annual maximum daily rainfa are obse e o bel erved to be fitting into Log-Gumb Distribut tion and therefor the annual maximu daily rainfalls for different retu periods determined based re, um d urn d on that distribution are presen n ual nted in Table 3.3. Annu daily ma nfall data fro 1941 aximum rain om to 1990 were used in the stud 0 d dy.   Tech GreenT Page 55 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 3.3: Annual maximum daily rainfall at different return periods Year Rainfall (mm) 10 215.4 25 270.9 50 323.0 100 385.8 500 583.6 1000 697.8 (Source: Rainfall data1941-1990, Department of Meteorology) The rainfall records at Colombo indicate that the annual maximum daily rainfall amounts to 130 mm in a normal year. It is observed that events of daily rainfall exceeding 250 mm occurred only very few times in the last several decades. A rainfall of 440.2 mm was recorded from 08.30 p.m on 10.11.2010 till 08.30 a.m on 11.11.2010 while the highest rainfall of 493.7 mm in Colombo was recorded in the year 1992. A rainfall of 284 mm/ day has been recorded in April 1999. According to the available short interval data at Colombo, most rainstorm events would have duration of 3 hours or less and would show a distinct peak within a storm. On the other hand, exceptional rainstorm events are comprised of a series of storms. The rainstorm event in April 1999 indicates two separate main storms. In the historically extreme event in June 1992, four main storms occurred successively within 12 hours. Banghirathan and Shaw carried out depth-duration frequency (DDF) analysis of storm water rainfall at 19 stations over the country, of which Colombo is one. For the Colombo station, rainfall data obtained from the automatic rainfall recorder for 21 years from 1950 to 1970 were used for estimating DDF relationships given in Table 3.4. Table 3.4: Rainfall Depth Duration Frequency Relationship for Colombo Return Rainfall Depth (mm) and Duration Period (yr) 3h 6h 12 h 24 h 2 79.0 100.3 116.8 141.5 5 100.3 131.6 149.1 186.4 10 113.8 152.2 170.4 216.2 25 130.8 178.3 197.4 253.7 50 143.5 197.6 217.4 281.7 (Source: Banghirathan and Shaw, n.d) 3.5.1.1. Characteristics of Storm Rainfall The rainstorms in the study area are caused by climatic features in the tropics, i.e., convection, convergence activity of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), depressions, and cyclonic wind circulations. Generally, heavy rainstorms brought by convergence, depressions, and cyclonic wind circulations are widespread phenomena while convection brings local thunderstorms with localized heavy rainfall. 3.5.2. Temperature Average annual temperature in the project area is in the range of 25.0-27.5°C. The variation of monthly average temperature is shown in the following table. These data are based on the meteorological station in Colombo.   GreenTech Page 56 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   .5: emperature Table 3. Monthly Average Te Month Jan Feb Mar r Apr May Ju un Jul Aug A Sep Oct Nov v Dec Tempeerature 2 26.6 26.9 27.7 28.2 28.3 28 8.0 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.0 7 26.7 26.6 (°C) partment of M (Source: Temperature Data, Dep ) Meteorology) 3.5.3. Relative Humidity Relative humidity data are available for Ratmalana meteorolo e r a on, ogical statio which is in the project area. Relative humidity is from 6 % e , ies 66% to 75% during the day-time, and it vari from 84% to 90% during the night-t g ented in the following ta time. Details are prese able. .6: ata alana meteo Table 3. Relative humidity da of Ratma tation orological st Month Jan Feb Mar pr Ap May Jun J Jul Aug Sep Oct N Nov Dec Relative HHumidity- 67 68 66 71 75 75 7 75 74 74 75 73 75 Day (%) Relative HHumidity- 87 88 89 9 89 86 84 8 85 84 85 87 90 88 Night (%) umidity Data, Departmen of Meteoro (Source: Relative Hu , nt ology) ed 3.5.4. Wind spee e m ed Average maximum wind spee in the st s nge tudy area is in the ran of 8-13 km/h acco ording to d orded at the Colombo m the wind data reco during the p meteorological station d period from 1993 to 2008. T following figure sho The erage maxim ows the ave mum wind s speed on monthly basis s. gure 3.3: Ave Fig erage maxim hly eed mum month wind spe in Colom mbo urce: Wind s (Sou D ogy) speed data-10993-2008, Department of Meteorolo 3.6. y Hydrology 3.6.1. Drainage a Manageme and Flood M ent Surface Drainage Pattern e e The Co olombo drainage system consists of a netwo of canals and mars ork oning as shes functio on The bo retentio basins. T Colomb canal dra ainage netw ree work has six outlets, thr discharg ging into the sea (Wellawatt Dehiwala, Mutwal tunnel), one is closed a present (Beira lake) and the a ta, e at   Tech GreenT Page 57 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   other two into the Kelani river. In the basin the present safety level of the main canal system corresponds to 25 year return period. Colombo MC is the only LA to have a piped sewerage system. The sewerage system is a combined sewer system to carry both sewage and rain water and discharges the untreated wastewater to the sea through two outfalls. It is reported that 60% of the sewers are overloaded and the system frequently collapses due to aging and poor maintenance. The overloading of the system results in overflow of sewage into the drainage canals. The area of the Greater Colombo catchment is around 85 km2. It is located on the left bank of the lower valley of the Kelani river. Main inflow into the area is through rainfall and local runoff that reaches the area via various drainage lines, the lowest parts of which are canals. The Colombo canal/ drainage system comprise at present about 39 km of open-ended drainage canals and over 382ha (The Study on Storm Water Drainage Plan for the Colombo Metropolitan Region in the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, March 2003) of low- lying lands that function as natural detention basins. Map showing the drainage paths with a 3D view of the project area is given by the Map 3.6: Drainage path. Map 3.6: Drainage path   GreenTech Page 58 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   The canal system has three outfalls to the sea, i.e. a tunnel at Mutwal (a 6’ dia tunnel constructed through underlying rock) and open drains at Wellawatta and Dehiwala. The Mutwal tunnel, Wellawatta canal and Dehiwala canal have discharge capacities of 5, 60 and 30 m3/s, respectively. A fourth outfall, St.Sebastian South Canal and Beira Lake, has no drain function under normal circumstances due to the high crest level of the Beira Lock (i.e.+1.8 m msl). Furthermore, there are two connections with the Kelani River in the north and one of them is via the North Lock. The discharge capacity of North Lock gate is about 30 m3/s. The eastern part of the catchment discharges water to the Kelani river through Madiwela East Diversion canal, which has a discharge capacity of about 20 m3/s. This flow starts from Thalangama and Averihena tanks and the flow due to a rainfall expected to occur once in 50 years is about 1.7×106 m3 in a day. There is also a link with Bolgoda catchment through Weras River in the south. It joins with the Colombo canal system through the Bolgoda Canal. There are lowlands with ground elevation lower than 1 m above msl. The majority of lowlands spread around Parliament Lake, Heen Ela, Kolonnawa Ela, and Kotte Ela and function as storm water retention areas in the major drainage basin. The total area of these lowlands is about 382 ha. The proposed ten ponds (total extent∼300ha) around the Parliament lake will be able to retain about 4 MCM of water in a day. The volume of 8 ponds will be below 1.0×106 m3 while proposed pond no.4 and no.8 will receive about 1.5 and 1.6×106 m3, respectively. Due to the situation at or around the mean sea level and the open connection with the sea, manipulation of water levels in the area and surrounds is limited. In the past there have been gates and sluices constructed in the Colombo canal and drainage system. Some of these still function such as the North Lock at the Kelani River and the locks at Beira Lake. Surface water entering the system from rain and surface runoff discharges through gravitation into the ocean. The speed with which this occurs (water flow) depends on the volume of the inflowing water into the catchment. In the rainy season, high inland water levels will result in relatively high water flows towards the sea, while in drier periods; flow will be marginal or not existing. High inland water levels can occur through short intense storms or through medium storms for longer periods. The few current possibilities for manipulation of water levels in the Colombo canal and drainage system are the North Lock and the Beira Lock. Both are minor outlets compared to the Wellawatta and Dehiwala outlets. North Lock is a navigation lock and has one way gates that open to the river. Whenever the southern water level (the Colombo side) is higher than the northern water level (the Kelani side), the gates can manually be opened to release water into the Kelani River. In the reverse case (low water level in Colombo side, high water level in the river) the water pressure keeps the gates tightly shut. In case of excessive rainfall in the upper Kelani river catchment and subsequent high river water level, a system of embankments (dykes) has been constructed. Their main function is to protect Colombo from flooding from the north. Beira Lake is artificially kept at +1.8 m msl by means of pumps installed at Beira Lock that are operated by the Sri Lanka Ports Authority. This is mainly done to prevent buildings constructed on wooden piles along the lake from collapsing. As a consequence, Beira Lake’s flood discharge function is only operational at water levels exceeding +1.8 m msl. Apart from the thus limited drainage possibilities through North and Beira Locks, there are at present only three other outfalls: The Wellawatta and Dehiwala Canals and the Mutwal tunnel. The Wellawata canal has by far the highest outfall capacity of the two canals. The Mutwal tunnel is a very minor outlet comparable to the North Lock.   GreenTech Page 59 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   3.6.2. Existing Hydrological Environment in the Study Sites The sites are located within a very small area of about 85 km2 and thus there is no any considerable difference among them with respect to rainfall characteristics. However, depending on individual catchment sizes, the flood flows expected at different sites could be different and therefore such flows should be appropriately applied to the project. 3.7. Water Quality in Canal/ Lake Network   Water quality information available in the study area is very important for the proposed project as it can address the pollution issues and threats in canal network of the area as a secondary objective while addressing the flood protection activities of the Colombo city area. Table 3.7 illustrates the sampling locations for which the water quality data are available where sub projects are located and summary of the status of water quality in each location based on the data analysis conducted using SLLRDC data base. The summary was prepared based on the mean values of each parameter. Annex 7.1 illustrates water quality analysis information of all the locations indicated in Table 3.7 for comparisons and to illustrate the pollution trends if any over the years. These water quality data were not compared with the standards for drinking as these waters cannot be used for drinking purpose and also not suitable for that. However the most important aspect to be considered would be its suitability for the aquatic life, recreational purposes and threats on human health. Therefore the water quality analysis was focused mainly on its suitability for aquatic life & on other aspects also to a certain extent. Annex 7.2 illustrates the following standards for the comparison of the water quality information recorded from the 24 locations for 11 parameters from 1997 to 2009 (source: SLLRDC). • Standards for industrial waste water (effluents) discharged into inland surface waters (after treatment) • Standards for industrial waste water (effluents) discharged into marine coastal areas • Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharge on land for irrigation purposes • Sri Lankan Water Quality Standards proposed by Central Environmental Authority   GreenTech Page 60 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 3.7: Locations of the Water Quality Data and the Status of Pollution N- Within the normal range according to CEA standards for aquatic life H- Above the standard values for aquatic life T- Above or below the threshold & significantly high or low than the standards & threat to aquatic life and human health, This indicates the health authorities have to take necessary actions immediately to improve the quality of water in these canals S-No standards for the parameter but significantly high compared to other locations or significantly high according to available Literature N.A- Not Available According to CEA Standard values (Annex 7.2) for aquatic life in mg/ l- Dissolved Oxygen (DO)–3, Ammonia-1, Nitrate-5, Phosphate – 0.4, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)–15, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)- 4 Turbidity 20 NTU ( as indicated by other countries-Annex 7.2) Temperature Conductivity Phosphate Ammonia Turbidity Salinity Nitrate COD BOD Station DO pH Description No. 1 Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda Canal, Orugodawatta N S N T H N T T T N 2 End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Beira Lake) N N N N H N H H H N 3 Bridge on Kotte North Canal N N N N H N H H H N 4 Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal N S N T H N T T T N 5 Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal N S N N N H N T T T S 6 Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal N S S N N H N T T T S 10 Serpantine Road Canal N N N N H N H T H N 11 St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near Ingurukade Junction N S N T H N T T H N 12 Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation N N N T H N T T H N 13 Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, Rajagiriya N N N T H N T T H N 14 Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Bridge, Nawala N N N N H N H T H N 18 Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela N N N N H N H N T N 19 Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Battaramulla South, Pelawatte N N N N H T H N T N 20 Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet N N N N H N H N T N 21 Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal N S N N N H N H N NA N   GreenTech Page 61 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Temperature Conductivity Phosphate Ammonia Turbidity Salinity Nitrate COD BOD Station DO pH Description No. 22 St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate. N S N T H N T T NA NA 23 Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian N S N N N H N H H NA NA Canal. 24 Beira Lake - Just behind Pettah Private Bus Stand. N S N T H N T T NA NA 25 St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m downstream from location 2 [about 200m N S N T H N T T NA NA upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]. 26 St. Sebastian Canal (north) - Out fall to Kelani Ganga. N S N N T H N T T NA NA 27 Bloemendhal Canal - Branch Earthen drain coming through Garbage Pile N S S N T T N T T NA NA 28 Bloemendhal Canal - At the Confluence of Earthen drain of 27 N S S N T T N T T NA NA 29 Norris Canal - In front of Colombo General Hospital NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30 Colombo 10, D. R. Wijewardena Mawatha Canal along former UDA Office NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA   GreenTech Page 62 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   The sta atus of each water quality param discussed b meter in the canals is d S based on SLLRDC data. T h on The in-depth studies o water qu e re s uality of the canals ar not the main focus of this on d n s bo H project as it focuses mainly o the flood protection measures in Colomb Basin. However this info ill l ve s bprojects ormation wi be useful to identify the positiv or negative impacts of the sub on exist quality statu of these c ting water q us canals. 3.7.1. pH values In all 21 locations the pH valu in the c 1 ues rs n o canal water are within the standard range of 6.0 to ich 8.5 whi is suitable for aqu uatic life. Th pH values do not show any drastic incr he rease or se of ls decreas in none o the canal as illustra ated in Figure 3.4. H on cations Duri 1997-2009 Figure 3.4: pH Fluctuatio in All Loc ing 3.7.2. Conductiv vity The me ean conduc es ge ctivity value in Galle Road Bridg on Wella nal n awatta Can (location 5) and Galle R e Road Bridge on Dehiw 6 wala Canal (location 6) are 5 mss/cm & 4 m ms/cm resppectively ng indicatin highest values reco orded comp her There is an increasing trend of pared to oth sites. T conductivity values from 2000 to 2008. This indica s ates heavy pollution in these can n nals and particularly if any point sourc esent, step have to be taken f necessa legal ces are pre ps for ary action to avoid suc pollution. ch . re ductivity Fluctuation in All Location during 19 Figur 3.5: Cond A ns 997-2009   Tech GreenT Page 63 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   3.7.3. Turbidity Turbidit 1 is a mea ty oudiness in water. The more turb the wate the murk it is. asure of clo e bid er, kier ty Turbidit can be c soil caused by s erosion, waste dis scharge, and urban run noff. The proposed ambient water qua ards for Sri Lanka by CEA (Appendix 7.2) do not give turbidity ality standa C levels fo aquatic life. Howeve the comp or er or putations fo water qua ranges of Canadian ality index r Water Quality Ind ) dex (CWQI) for accep dity levels would be less than 20 FAU ptable turbid 2 turbidity units. Tha will give WQI value greater than 60% a y at e e t to n according t Canadian Water ria. quality Index criter According to Cana er adian Wate Quality In on y ndex criterio turbidity greater than 20 FAU is thre 0 r e. eatened for aquatic life strated in F As illus turbidity values greate than 20 FAU were recorded from the Figure 3.6, t er f ng followin locations: • Lo Baseline Ro crossing of Demata ocation 1- B oad g al, agoda Cana Orugoda awatta • Lo ocation 22 - St. Sebast k tian Canal - North Lock Gate • Lo e ocation 24 - Beire Lake - Just beh s hind Pettah Private Bus Stand. • Lo ocation 25 - St. Sebas 00 m stian Canal - About 20 m downstream from location 2 [about 00m up stre 20 eam from ou a utlet to Beira Lake. • Lo ocation 27 - Bloemendhal Canal - Branch Earthen drain coming through Garba Pile age • Lo ocation 28 - Bloemendhal Canal - At the Con Earthen dra of 27 nfluence of E ain The tur rbidity level of water samples in Location no. 6 (Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala n D Canal) and locatio no. 11 (St. Sebas on stian Canal -Bridge ne Inguruk ear kade Junction) are slightly higher than the acceptable turbid level. Th will be due to the se n dity his ad ediment loa within the canals and diff ferent types of waste discharged into the canal from the city area. s re ation in All Locations du Figur 3.6: Turbidity Fluctua L 2009 uring 1997-2                                                              1 ded s at g Turbid waters become warmer as suspend particles absorb hea from sunlight, causing oxygen levels to fall. (Warm water hold less oxyg o m ds ooler water.) Photosynth gen than co ases with hesis decrea ght, g wer evels. lesser lig resulting in even low oxygen le Suspend ded solids in turbid wat can clog fish gills, re n ter th educe growt rates, decrease resis stance to , nt disease, and preven egg and la arval develop pment. Settle particles s ed smother egg of fish and aquatic gs d insects.     Tech GreenT Page 64 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   ure 3.7.4. Temperatu Temper es d ocations within the stu area falls within rature value recorded for all the sampling lo udy mal as d the norm range a illustrated in Figure 3.7. e erature Fluctuation in All Locations during 199 Figure 3.7: Tempe A s 97-2009 3.7.5. Dissolved Oxygen 3.8 es an Figure 3 illustrate the mea Dissolved Oxygen le d ded the ns evels record for all t location of the area. Table 3.7 illustrates the loca study a re es s s ations wher DO value are less than the standard and values a significcantly low coompared to other locat olved Oxyge levels low than tions. Disso en wer are 3 mg/l a recorded from the s ocations; 1, 4,5,11,12,13,22,25,26,27 and 28. sampling lo igure 3.8: DO Fluctuatio in All Loc Fi on ing cations duri 1997-2009   Tech GreenT Page 65 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   3.7.6. Ammonia   109.87 a Fluctuation Ammonia tions During 1997�2009 n in All Locat 0.00 120 0.00 100 Ammonia (mg/l) 0.00 80 42.05 0.00 60 0.00 40 10 43 10.43 9.03 8 17 8.17 6.89 6.43 6.05 5.97 5.56 5.16 3.46 20 0.00 2.90 2.53 1.44 1.30 1 21 1.21 0.89 0.44 0 35 0.35 0.33 0.00 11 1 22 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 2 23 24 25 2 27 28 L Location No   re monia Fluctu Figur 3.9: Amm during 1997 uation in All Locations d 7-2009 The sta els andard ammonia leve for aqua atic life is not given in the amb r bient water quality propose by CEA However in inland waters if the ammon levels e ed A, r nia exceed 1m mg/l it is conside ic n ered as toxi condition which is thhreatened for aquatic life. When dissolved in water, f normal ammonia ( 3) reacts to form a ionized species call ammonium (NH4+). As the (NH an s led pH of w ases; the water becom more alkaline prom water increa mes moting an in h ncrease in hydroxyl ions. An increase in hydroxyl ions (or alkalinity) pushes the eq n o nd quilibrium to the left an more unionize ammonia is formed thus creati toxic conditions. ed ing The sources of Am als e er mmonia in these cana could be the opening of sewe lines & garbage g disposa and othe househo waste w als er old water dispos sals into the canals. The locations where e monia level is greater t the amm / n than 10 mg/ l are given below: • Location 22 - St. Seba 2 al ock astian Cana - North Lo Gate • Location 27 - Bloeme 7 al g G endhal Cana - Branch Earthen drain coming through Garbage Pile • Location 28 - Bloemen 8 onfluence o Earthen drain of 27 ndhal Canal - At the Co of Particul emendhal C larly in Bloe nch n Canal - Bran Earthen drain com ming through Garbage Pile and h mendhal Ca in Bloem e ce en ean ia anal - at the Confluenc of Earthe drain of 27, the me ammoni levels are 1099.87mg/ l & 42.5 mg/ l respective urbidity of t ely. The tu ndicated these locations also in high values. 3.7.7. Nitrate Accordi ing to the standard values, 5 m old mg/l Nitrate would be the thresho for aquatic life. ation No.02 - Diyawann Oya - Ba Except in location No. 19 (Sta na attaramulla South, Pelawatte), rate levels a within th limits. the Nitr are he   Tech GreenT Page 66 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   Nitra Fluctuation in All Lo ate ring 1997-20 ocations Dur 009 4.00 14 2.00 12 0.00 10 Nitrate (mg/l) 12.67 8.00 8 6 6.00 4.00 4 2.00 2 0.86 0.82 0 28 0.28 0.18 0.22 0.35 0 10 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.20 0 24 0.24 0.20 0.21 0 07 0.07 0.16 0.06 0.06 0 05 0.05 0.21 0.12 0 0.00 11 Location 19 18 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 12 13 14 1 No 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 n re itrate Fluctu Figur 3.9 (a): Ni during 1997 uation in All Locations d 7-2009 e 3.7.8. Phosphate The thr vel reshold lev for phos 0.4 n sphate is 0 mg/l. In almost all the sampling locations the phosphate concen ntration excceeds the t evel (figure 3.10). Usu threshold le ource of ually the so phosphate would b the deter be rgents used in households and th cause the nutrition pollution d his p in the sstagnant wa e t aters of the canal net work prommoting eutro and blooming. The ophication a health a should take necessary actions to minimize t phosphate content in the authorities s e y o the ts detergeents used in Sri Lanka as in the other developed countries to cut down the nutrition n a pollution of waters. e sphate Fluct Figure 3.10: Phos s 97-2009 tuation in All Locations during 199   Tech GreenT Page 67 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   Oxygen De 3.7.9. Chemical O emand gure 3.11: CO Fluctuat Fig OD ocations du tion in All Lo 2009 uring 1997-2 t n Highest COD was recorded in Baseline R Road crossing of Dematagoda Ca anal, Orugoodawatta (01). LLowest CO OD was re ecorded in Location 18, Statio No.01-D on Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulaawala Madiwela. Howe gure 3.11 illu ever as Fig els ater ustrates, the COD leve are grea than eshold levels except in 18-21 locations indica the thre e ating heavy pollution in most of the canals mbo in Colom city wh hich needs mitigation. 3.7.10. ical Oxygen Demand Biologi BOD (B Oxygen Demand)2 is a measure of the am Biological O e mount of ox d xygen used by the nous microbial popula indigen tion of degradable ation in water in response to the introduct organic material. The 5 day BOD me c easurement is most widely use and is a good ed, or nic n indicato of organ pollution in a water ways. gure 3.12: BO Fluctuat Fig OD ocations du tion in All Lo 2009 uring 1997-2                                                              2 OD l The BO of natural waters is re elated to the ddissolved oxy h ed ygen concen tration, which is measure at zero d time and after 5 da ays of incub ation at 20° °C. The diffe e erence is the dissolved oxygen used by the microorg al of ganisms in th e biochemica oxidation o organic ma atter. The BO D 5 can be ca B alculated as BOD 5 = D„ hich BOD 5 is in mg/L and Do , and D, ar e the dissolved oxygen co - D, in wh s me oncentrations (mg/L) at tim 0 and y. al 5 days, respectively If the BO D 5 of natura water exc ceeds the di ssolved oxy gen concent tration at saturatio the sampl e of natural w on, water was dil uted with aer rated dilution water.     Tech GreenT Page 68 EA -MCUDP Fin Report-N 2011 nal Nov   The threshold for B mg/ d mpling locations and BOD is 4 m l and it is exceeded in almost all the sam significa n ations as illu antly high in some loca F ustrated in Figure 3.12. 3.7.11. y Salinity Figure 3.13 illustra alinity levels in all the canals un ates the sa s e vation. There is no nder observ thresho for this parameter; however, Figure 3.13 illustrates comparativ old 3 vely high values in ns the of y location 5 & 6 in t canals o the study area. alinity Fluctu Figure 3.13: Sa l 7-2009 uation in All Locations during 1997 3.8. Sources of Pollution 3.8.1. Sewer Disc charges The site visits reve e ealed most of the cana receive waters from sewerage outlets of houses als m e f he and along th canals a the indu e sed y nals thus ustrial waste water also are releas directly to the can g rs e em polluting the water within the canal syste and in inter connec ant cted stagna waters. 7.4 es of Annex 7 illustrate the point sources o sewer pol g llution along the St. Seebastian canal. The water q a quality data and the d sis data analys clearly indicate wa on ater pollutio in St Se ebastian Particularly direct relea of sewe canal. P ase S an erage in to St. Sebastia canal ind gnificant dicates a sig impact on water qu r g uality under the existing situation. Main su sources in the study ar are; urface water pollution s rea • discharge of domestic se om ewage and garbage fro Low Inc come Comm C) munities (LIC • Industrial wa aste discharge (This s as situation wa observed at Wellaw al watte cana during fie visit) eld • Th surface water, is po he run-off from open mark olluted by r m arbage clum and kets and ga mps y zed by unauthoriz connec mestic wate ctions of dom er detailed stu conduct by SLLR As the d udy ted RDC on sew discharg in to St Sebastian canal it wer ges t. n ssary to loc is neces nt of als udy cate the poin sources o pollution in the rest of the cana in the stu area ess to addre these is ssues. How eyond the scope of the present stu wever it is be e udy.         Tech GreenT Page 69 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   3.8.2. Industrial Effluents   Annex 7.3 illustrates the location of type of industries and the type of waste water discharges into the canal system. Detail study is needed to other similar locations with GPS points and the responsible authorities such as SLLRDC and CEA should take necessary action for this purpose as this work is beyond the focus of the ToR of this study. 3.9. Biological Environment 3.9.1. Wetlands Within the Study Area Approximately 20% of the Western Province is composed of wetlands3 as defined in the Ramsar Convention. The wetlands located within the study area are mostly inland system4. One of the most important functions of wetlands is their capacity to act as a drainage basin for temporary storage of storm water acting as kidneys in purifying the wastes enter into the wetland systems safeguarding the human health. However, in the past wetlands were considered only as the locations suitable for dumping waste and many wetlands were drained or used to dump refuse and urban waste. As a result many valuable wetland habitats were lost in Sri Lanka. The wetlands within the study area are used to implement public infrastructure projects such a highway development, solid waste management projects and sewage disposal projects. Most of these projects are legally undertaken due to lack of lands for such purposes within the study areas. As a result the wetlands are threatened mainly in the urban areas and as a consequence the urban areas face severe flood problems time to time. 3.9.2. Important Habitats within the Study Area and UDA Classification of Wetlands The study area consists of a very valuable wetland system which includes valuable natural habitats which are declared as a wildlife sanctuary. According to Anon (2006), there are 7 types of wetland habitats in the western province as follows: 1. Deep freshwater marshes and swamps 2. Shallow fresh water marshes including some abandoned clay pits and similar abandoned mining areas 3. Recently abandoned paddy fields 4. Paddy fields 5. Other wetland agriculture areas such as reed/rush fields, low-lying grasslands (often used as grazing grounds) "Keera-Kola� fields & certain "ovita" areas 6. Water bodies (such as estuaries, lagoons, lakes and some abandoned clay pits) and waterways, including sea-grass beds 7. Mangrove areas The UDA classified these wetlands into 5 major zones. The objective of the UDA Wetland Zoning effort in the Western Province is to facilitate environmentally & economically sustainable use of wetlands considering their intrinsic potential, their ecology and the needs                                                              3 The wetlands are defined as “Areas of marsh, fen, peat/and or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.�   4 There are three major types of wetlands4 in Sri Lanka namely; i. Offshore and marine systems ii. Coastal systems and iii. Inland systems    GreenTech Page 70 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   of the surrounding population, while maintaining essential flood storage capacity and other environmental benefits. UDA has classified wetlands in the western province into following zones (see Map 3.7) after conducting several workshops within UDA and inter agencies. 1. Wetland protection Zone 2. Wetland nature conservation zone 3. Wetland agricultural zone 4. Special paddy cultivation zone 5. Low-lying potential development zone 3.9.3. Importance of Conservation of Wetlands It is recognized that the wetlands in the project area has to be conserved and some has to be preserved in order to prevent flooding in the Colombo urban area as it is crucially important in the point of view of flood prevention. In the present project the wetlands in the study area which serve as the Colombo Flood Detention area, provide important service to the urban population through its flood detention activity. Map 3.7 illustrates the location of proposed subprojects within the wetland zones of the study area. The wetlands consist of flood detention areas (the marshes) and interlinking canal system with outlets to the sea. This canal system collects rain water & rainfall runoff from the surrounding urban area and stores these waters in the marshy lowland areas until it is discharged into the sea. The most valuable function of this activity is it prevents the highly dense population in the study area from seasonal floods. The effectiveness of this storm water drainage system depends on the storage capacity of the marshlands and the discharge capacity of the interlinking canal system. This acts as a semi natural drainage system. However due to lack of undisturbed water flow through the canal system and inadequacy of the flood retention area in this system, now it has become a needy requirement to improve the flood detention capacity of the wetland and also to improve the canal system in order to improve the efficiency of flow through the canals to overcome floods in the urban area.                       GreenTech Page 71 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   3.9.4. Flood Retention Areas in Colombo There are four marshy lands identified as Flood Retention Areas in Colombo namely; 1. Bloemendhal Marsh 2. Kolonnawa Marsh 3. Heen Marshes (covering in total an area of 380 ha), and 4. Low-lying lands named as the Green Belt surrounding the Parliament Lake (several hundreds of hectares). Figure 3.14 illustrates the location of marshes & structural measures proposed to control flooding in Colombo. According to SLLRDC (2011) the active conservation of existing marshes as retention areas with proper management will bring about positive impacts for both ecological environment and urban environment in the basin. Figure 3.14: The marshy lands (identified as flood retention areas) within the study area and proposed structural measures to control flooding in Colombo (Source: SLLRDC, 2011).   GreenTech Page 73 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   3.9.5. Bio diversity composition of the important wetlands 3.9.5.1. Beddegana Biodiversity Park The proposed Bio diversity park in Beddagana has received high priority due to its high sensitivity towards biodiversity and due to high diversity of the bird population in the proposed site. Map 3.8 illustrates the project location. This is vitally important rare urban site with extremely rich biodiversity. Diyawanna Oya and its environs including the marsh and the canal system are located within or in close proximity of this Birds Sanctuary. About 1/4 th of the project area having a water front of Diyawanna Oya is one of the reasons to have a better environment for the water bird habitation. There are about 70 acres of land located close to Parliament, abutting the Diyawanna Oya of high scenic beauty and biodiversity. Forty-six acres of this beauty-spot are to be developed as the Bio-diversity Park and Bird Sanctuary which was gazetted as a Wild Life Conservation area by DWLC in 1984. Coming under the Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Municipal Council, this section has also been identified as a flood retention area by the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. It is located within the Wetland Protection Zone. The land extent of the proposed site is illustrated in Table 3.8. Table 3.8: Extent of Bio Diversity Park & the wetlands Description Area (ha) Total Area of Beddagana Bio Diversity Park 19.40 Wetland Protection Zone 12.15 Water Bodies 3.91 Existing Ground and Other 3.35 This is a rare urban site which is a marshy wetland and a part of Diyawanna Oya. It is a rich bio diversity site, a bird breeding site and a rare migrant birding site. This site attracts the bird watchers nationally & internationally. However this site is threatened due to encroachments and various sports activities in the vicinity. As a result the marshy area which is the bird migrant area is gradually decreasing and this will be a threat to the vulnerable migrant birds. Based on the information from literature survey and field surveys 72 bird species are recorded in this area. Annex 8 illustrates the fauna of this area and Table 3.9 and Figure 3.17 illustrates the summary of the fauna found in the area. Out of the 189 fauna species, the highest numbers were the birds. There were 72 bird species recorded in the sanctuary including eleven migrant birds. Altogether there were 7 endemic species, 9 introduced species and 25 threatened species.   GreenTech Page 74 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   bility of crea Possib tterfly Park ating a But k Coexist tence of sig umber of bu gnificant nu utterfly spec dicates suita cies in this habitat ind ability of e en this site to be developed eve as a butt a terfly park as well. Th ferent kinds of wild here are diff s flower t e or s n that provide nectar fo butterflies and the naturally oc s ccurring host plants such as Stachyt tarpheta (B Balu nakut ta), Ath hoonda, few lantana, Crotolaria sp. (Adanahiriya), Panitho ora. Aristi ida setac cea (Atht thora), Cassia tor C ra (Pethit O thora), Osbeckia octandr ra(Bovitiya), Ixora, Hibbiscus, Gar omburgkiana (Madan), different types of rcinia scho a t grass, C ties, palms, many othe fruit trees and wild flo Citrus variet , er s owers. The frequently see Butterflie at the site are the Plain Tiger, G en es e er, Glassy Tige Blue Tiger, Dark blue tig ger, Common tiger, Jezebel, Co w. ommon crow Double banded cr rd, row, leopar Grey pansy, chocolate s mmon sailor, White fou soldier, Com mmon palm fly, Commo rose, ur-ring. Com on Crimson rose, Lime butterf fly, Commo Mormon Green jay. Mime, Psyche, Mottled on n, immigraant, lemon immigrant, Orange migrant, Gras yellow- common, t ssy a three spot, and one spot and Common cerulean e etc. Annex 8 illustrates the details of flora spe s ecies found in Beddaga area. ana ble Tab 3.9: Sum mmary of fau s ding site unal species in the Beddagana bird No. of o No. of o. No of No. of Taxonom mic f No. of Endemic c Introduuced grant Mig Th hreatened Group Species Species s Species ecies Spe Species S Bird 72 - - 11 1 2 Bivalves 1 - - - - Butterfly 24 - - - - Dragonfly y 6 - - - - Fish 21 4 9 - 2 Frog 7 - - - 1 Gastropod ds 7 - - - - Insect 12 - - - - Mammal 15 1 - - 11 Snake 13 2 - - 4 Tetrapod 11 - - - 5 Total 189 7 9 11 1 25 Sou 1995) and fie observatio urce: Anon (1 eld ons ummary of f Figure 3.15: Su ddagana bio fauna in Bed rea odiversity ar   Tech GreenT Page 76 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Main issues in the proposed area are; • Encroachments and unauthorized filling • Dumping of garbage • Lack of facilities for researchers, students, public and tourists. • Threat to the Bio diversity. • Flooding • Disturbance to the Birds (noise of Vehicles and Boats) • Visual pollution • Security (Smugglers and other unwanted people hanging around) 3.9.5.2. Thalangama Environmental Protection Area CEA has declared Thalangama tank and paddy field below the tank bund as an Environmental Protection Area under gazette No. 1487/10 of 5th March 2007 (Figure 3.17). Table 3.10 and Figure 3.16 illustrate the summary of faunal species found in the area. The list of species found in the project site is given in Annex 8. Out of the 162 fauna species, the highest numbers of 66 were the birds. There were 6 migrant birds and 2 threatened species found in this area. Out of the total of 162 species 21 were threatened faunal species which are highly sensitive towards extinction if not cared properly. Annex 8 illustrates the details of flora species found in this area. Fresh water swamp forests (Western Boundary of the Thalangama tank, dominated by Annona glabra, Cerbera odollom and Pandanus odoratissima, aquatic macrophytic vegetation (floating plants and rooted plants with floating leaves like Eichhornia crassipes and Nelumbia Sp and Annona glabra and Pandanus sp. Which occupy the tank edge, home scrub lands dominated by species such as Lantana sp, large trees like Macaranga Peltata and Syzygium caryophyllatum are also found in abundance within home gardens along the tank bund (Source: Environmental Management Plan-CEA, 2010). Table 3.10: Summary of the Faunal Diversity in Talangama Lake Side No. of No. of No. of No. of Taxonomic No. of Endemic Introduced Migrant Threatened Group Species Species Species Species Species Bird 66 - - 6 2 Bivalves 1 - - - - Butterfly 17 - - - - Dragonfly 6 - - - - Fish 12 1 6 - 1 Frog 7 - - - 1 Gastropods 7 - - - - Insect 12 - - - - Mammal 15 1 - - 11 Snake 11 2 - - 3 Tetrapod 8 - - - 3 Total 162 4 6 6 21 Source: Anon (1995) and field observations   GreenTech Page 77 EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   e a e l Figure 3.16: Thalangama lake site faunal diversity   Tech GreenT Page 78 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Figure 3.17: Thalangama environmental protection area (Under the Gazette Notification No 1487/10)   GreenTech Page 79 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Main issues in the area; • Dumping of garbage and other solid waste within the tank environs • Excessive land filling and the reclamation of paddy lands for housing • Spreading of invasive plant species such as Annona glabra, Salvinia • Movement of heavy vehicles along tank bund • The catchment area of the tank will be affected from new housing development and infrastructure development. The surrounding area is mainly used for human settlements, home gardens, paddy cultivation, and for livestock rearing while the wetland is used for small scale fisheries. 3.9.6. Bio diversity & conservation values of other selected Sub Projects sites within the basin The study area is densely populated and except in the area identified as the bird sanctuary, the fauna & flora present are mostly very common species and do not indicate significant impacts from the proposed project. The fauna and flora present in these areas will be described under this section. 3.9.6.1. St. Sebastian North and South Canals The proposed sub projects are located in a densely populated area and considered as built- up lands. This canal area is located within a highly urbanized area. Therefore the fauna of the area consist of common species found in urbanized areas. Table 3.11 and Figure 3.18 illustrate the summary of faunal species found in the area. The list of species found in the project site is given in Annex 8. Out of the 74 fauna species, the highest numbers were the birds. About 25 bird species were recorded around St. Sebastian canal area. Table 3.11: Summary of faunal diversity in St. Sebastian canal site No. of No. of No. of No. of Taxonomic No. of Endemic Introduced Migrant Threatened Group Species Species Species Species Species Bird 25 - - 1 - Bivalves 1 - - - - Butterfly 2 - - - - Dragonfly 3 - - - - Fish 3 - 3 - - Frog 3 - - - - Gastropods 7 - - - - Insect 10 - - - - Mammal 9 - - - 5 Snake 3 1 - - - Tetrapod 8 - - 3 Total 74 1 3 1 8 Source: Anon (1995) and field observations GreenTech Page 80   EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   y species foun in St. Seb Figure 3.18: Summary of faunal s nd rth bastian Nor & South canals 3.9.6.2. . Wellawwatte Canal l   Table 3 gure 3.19 il 3.12 and Fig e llustrate the summary of faunal s nd rea. The species foun in the ar nd list of species foun in the pr s A ut cies, the roject site is given in Annex 8. Ou of the 75 fauna spec highest numbers w ds. were the bird of Table 3.12: Summary o faunal div versity in We anal site ellawatte Ca No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Taxonomic speciees endem mic oduced intro migrant threatened group cies spec pecies sp species species Bird 28 1 Bivalves 1 Butterfly 2 Dragonfly 3 Fish 4 3 Frog 3 Gastropod 5 Insect 12 Mammal 7 3 Snake 2 Tetrapod 8 3 Total 75 0 3 1 6 on d Source: Ano (1995) and field obserrvations 3.19: Faunal diversity in Wellawatte Canal site Figure 3 l n e GreenTech Page 81   EA -MCUDP nal Nov Fin Report-N 2011   . 3.9.6.3. alum Gate A Macca Area Improve he will e e ct. ement of th gates w be done under the proposed sub Projec Table 3.13 and 3 ate mmary of fa Figure 3.20 Illustra the sum aunal specie found in the area. The list of species es n found in the proje site is g ect given in Annnex 8. Ou of the 69 fauna sp ut pecies, the highest number were the birds. rs   ble Tab 3.13: Sum mmary of Fa sity allum gate a aunal Divers in Macca area No. of No. of o. No of o. No of Taxonnomic No. of Ende emic Introd grant Threatened duced Mig oup Gro Species Spec cies Species ecies Spe Speecies Bird 22 - - - - es Bivalve 1 - - - - fly Butterf 4 - - - - Dragon nfly 3 - - - - Fish 5 - - 4 - Frog 4 - - - - Gastroopods 5 - - - - Insect 8 - - - - Mamm mal 9 - - - 5 Snake 3 - - - - pod Tetrap 5 - - - - Total 69 0 0 4 5 urce: Anon (1 Sou eld ons 1995) and fie observatio al m Figure 3.20: Fauna diversity in Maccallum gate site 3.9.6.4. . ment Lake A Parliam Area Table 3 gure 3.21 il 3.14 and Fig e llustrate the summary of faunal s nd species foun in the arrea. The nd list of species foun in the prooject site is given in An t cies, the nnex 8. Out of the 117 fauna spec highest numbers w ds. were the bird GreenTech Page 82   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 3.14: Summary of Faunal Diversity in Parliamentary lake site No. of No. of No. of No. of Taxonomic No. of endemic introduced migrant threatened group species species species species species Bird 53 4 2 Bivalves 1 Butterfly 12 Dragonfly 5 Fish 15 2 7 1 Frog 6 Gastropod 6 Insect 11 Mammal 13 1 10 Snake 6 1 1 Tetrapod 9 4 Total 137 4 7 4 18 Source: Anon (1995) and field observations Figure 3.21: Faunal diversity in parliament lake area 3.10. Historical sites in the area Colombo has a number of historical places where most of these sites have potential for expanding both local and foreign tourism. The list of archaeological sites found in Colombo is detailed in annex 9 and Map 3.9. These sites are not damaged by the proposed project interventions. However some of these sites are not properly maintained either by the local authorities or the Archaeological Department. It is recommended that MCUDP should allocate funds to restore these neglected archaeological sites. It can be recommended that these sites carry attractive plaques with a brief historical background. Department of Archaeology should be entrusted with this task. GreenTech Page 83   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Chapter 4: Determination of Potential Impacts of and Impacts on the Project Interventions 4.1. Preliminary Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Stage I Investments The project is classified as category “A� project. The overall project outcome is expected to be overwhelmingly beneficial from a socio-economical and environmental perspective. However, the risks associated with implementation of project activities within a densely populated urban environment with greater demand for space and services, the pressure on the remaining wetlands and pocketed natural areas in the upper catchment of the basin, could be high requiring extra diligence. Past experience of unplanned, haphazard development has already caused many issues in the region and addressing those will began with the interventions proposed by the project A broad categorization of these issues is indicated below: • Flooding & drainage issues • Canal & lake water quality issues • Traffic congestion issues • Poor public convenience • Threat to important ecosystems 4.2. Impacts during Project Implementation The proposed project interventions in stage 1 aim to address most of the above issues faced by the MC inhabitants. The six implementing agencies have proposed 75 project interventions to address the flood and drainage management issues, water quality issues, traffic congestion issues, lack of public convenience issues and threats to important ecosystems. These interventions will commence during the first year of the project. A simplified Leopold matrix was used to assess the above 75 project interventions against parameters like soil, water, air, flora, fauna, ecosystem, and land use having 18 sub parameters and determined their magnitude & importance. The matrix is shown in Table 4.1. The interventions listed have several activities coming under it but we have taken the sub project intervention as a whole and given the score to the overall impact. It must be noted that Leopold matrices are not evaluation on a time scale and are site specific assessments. The scale of (-5) to (+5) was used to determine the magnitude of the intervention on the parameters and scale of 1 to 5 was used to determine the importance. In both cases higher the value the magnitude and the importance of the intervention on the parameter would be high. It is observed that only few interventions have scored negative values as in the case of interventions on soil quality, erosion & siltation. However the low negative values indicate that the magnitude of the intervention on the said parameter is low. For example embankment protection on soil quality scored a magnitude of (-4) indicating that the intervention does not have a significant impact. Most of the scores are on the positive side of the scale for the interventions and few parameters have scores of 4 or 5. Impacts on flora and fauna and ecosystems are very low and the interventions actually enhance the evaluated parameter. However parameters like, soil, water, and air shows some negative impacts compared to others. The land use is very much enhanced with the project interventions. GreenTech Page 85   Matrix for the MUCDP Sub Projects (Leopold method). Cell values represent magnitude and importance; criteria based on a scale of –5 to 5 for magnitude and 0 to 5 for importance; The (?) indicates that impacts magnitude and significance are unknown based on current information and would thus require further investigation (after Canter, 1977) SLLRDC CMC DMMC SJKMC KUC UDA Pedestrain overhead bridges at Kollupitiya and Bambalapitiya Embankment protection of main canals and demarcation of  Improvements to play grounds at Umagiliya and Salamulla Model zone development at Town Hall Square creation of lakes in Parliament catchment construction of hanger for heavy vehicles Reconstruction of Aluth Mawatha culvert Improvements of storm water drainage Rehabilitation of culverts and canals Improvements to secondary canals Evaluation method Total Improvements to Mutwall outlet development of Ratmalana Pola Beddagana bio diversity park Linear park along Beira Lake Improving public convience Walkability improvements restoration of Beira Lake Madiwela East Diversion Rehabilitation of roads  Rehabilitation of roads Rehabilitation of roads Rehailitation of roads Asphalt overlaying reservations Soil Soil quality -4/0 1/4 -3/2 3/4 -3/3 -4/3 -3/3 3/4 3/2 3/3 4/2 4/2 4/2 4/2 4/2 -3/0 -2/2 4/2 3/4 -1/2 4/2 3/3 -1/3 23/56 Erosion and siltation 4/3 3/1 -4/1 -2/3 -3/3 4/3 -2/2 1/2 3/1 2/1 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/1 3/2 0/1 -1/2 3/2 1/3 2/2 3/2 2/2 2/2 34/45 Geomorphology 2/3 2/0 3/0 2/2 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 3/0 3/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 0/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 47/5 Water Rivers 3/3 2/2 2/2 3/ 2/4 2/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 14/11 Surface water quality 1/2 1/2 1/1 1/2 2/0 1/0 2/0 2/0 1/0 0/0 1/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 1/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 14/7 Gound water quality 1/2 1/2 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/2 1/2 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 9/13 Air Air Quality 1/4 2/2 2/3 1/2 2/2 1\2 2\3 1/1 3/2 2/2 4/3 2/2 3/3 2/2 2/3 3/2 2/1 2/3 2/4 2/2 2/3 2/3 3/2 48/56 Noise 1/2 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 23/24 Flora wetlands 2/4 2/3 2/3 2/4 3/4 2/3 3/4 3/4 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 1/1 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 2/3 0/0 0/0 3/2 2/3 27/38 Riverine flora 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/5 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 3/4 2/3 0/0 2/3 2/3 33/46 Fauna Mammals 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 2/2 0/0 2/2 Birds 2/4 0/0 0/0 2/3 3/4 1/2 2/3 1/2 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 3/4 3/4 0/0 3/5 2/3 22/34 Fish 3/4 3/4 3/4 2/3 3/4 4/5 3/4 3/4 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 3/4 0/0 0/0 2/3 2/3 31/42 Invertibrates 3/4 2/3 3/4 2/3 3/4 3/4 3/4 2/3 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 3/5 0/0 0/0 2/3 0/0 26/37 Eco system Eco system quality 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 4/5 4/5 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 4/5 0/0 0/0 3/4 2/3 35/46 Land use Urban 2/2 3/3 2/2 1/1 1/2 3/4 2/2 4/5 2/2 1/1 2/2 1/1 3/4 3/3 2/2 0/0 1/1 2/2 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 2/2 41/45 Industrial 2/3 3/2 1/2 1/0 2/2 2/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/1 1/2 1/1 3/4 0/0 2/2 0/0 0/0 2/2 0/0 0/0 1/2 0/0 1/1 28/32 Recreational uses 3/5 2/2 1/1 3/4 4/4 4/5 4/5 1/0 0/0 0/0 3/3 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 1/1 0/0 3/4 5/5 34/39 EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   4.2.1. Positive Impacts of Project The proposed project interventions of stage I will give the following overall positive impacts. 4.2.1.1. Benefits of improved flood management Improved flood management will reduce the frequency of flooding in Colombo and suburbs. Further, even if it floods, the inundation depths will be less. Thus the occasions the Colombo city gets paralyzed due to flooding will reduce. The burden that the government has to face in providing immediate relief to flood affected people frequently will be less. Besides, cost for recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The improved drainage system will enhance the recession of floods. That will reduce inconvenience in people’s life and also, people will not deprive of their properties as at present. The conservation of existing marshes will bring positive effects for both ecological and urban environments. They will retard and reduce floods in the downstream areas. The reductions in flood occurrences will positively contribute to the poverty reduction in the area and will promote economic development. Further, better flood management through improving water environment by cleaning canals and their banks will provide opportunities for providing recreational facilities and improving landscape. 4.2.1.2. Prevention of encroachments With the demarcation of reservations of canal banks, canal banks will be protected from encroachments. It will further enhance the canal water quality; improve the micro climatic conditions of the area and provide opportunity for recreational facilities etc. 4.2.1.3. Public Convenience Infrastructure development activities in selected areas will improve the living conditions of the people. The improvement of walkability facilities within the city, which allow the pedestrians to easily move around the congested city, will improve the aesthetic appearance of the city. Beneficiaries will be the residents, cleaning crew, utility agencies and visitors. Proposed projects will result in opening avenues for recreational facilities such as open parks for the city dwellers, which will be a positive impact. 4.2.1.4. Wetland protection and conservation As illustrated in the wetland zoning Map (Map 3.7), the study area consists of two important components out of the five major zones categorized by UDA namely; the wetland protection zone and the wetland nature conservation zone. Therefore when the wetland conservation & protection is focused, it is important to concentrate on the following aspects within the study area which will become positive impacts with the implementation of the proposed sub projects: 1. Protection of five marshy lands5 identified as flood water retention areas and measures to avoid blocking of the canals after the proposed renovations and 2. Protection of the already identified nature conservation areas.                                                              5 1. Wetland protection Zone 2. Wetland nature conservation zone 3. Wetland agricultural zone 4. Special paddy cultivation zone 5. Low-lying potential development zone   GreenTech Page 87   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Positive impacts are expected due to conservation measures recommended under the proposed as given below: Protection of marshy lands & to maintain discharge capacity of canals: The ponds constructed around the parliament lake will further enhance the water retention areas in the study area. Flood storage capacity of these marshy lands will be maintained and enhanced. Project interventions such as water front development around lakes will serve as a deterrent to illegal encroachment in the future which is a positive impact. Reduced wetland pollution from domestic sources due to relocation of underserved settlements will be a positive impact. Institutional strengthening under the project aimed at enhancing the capacity of institutions such as SLLRDC and LAs for better service delivery will help maintain the free flow of water in canals. Through limited interventions, the project will assist in reducing waste dumping and channeling of raw sewage to wetlands and canals which will enable greater environmental services though improved wetland health, protect bio-diversity and human health. Protection of nature conservation areas: Natural mangrove areas and water bodies will be preserved as they are important fish breeding grounds. Protection of nesting/roosting sites for birds will improve the nesting places of birds. Development of biodiversity park, Butterfly Park & other nature conservation elements proposed within the study area would provide bird watching places for national & international counterparts and provide such sites for the educational purposes of the school children. 4.2.1.5. Traffic Improvement The positive impact of proposed walkability improvements are that at the selected sections of roads the pedestrian movement could be more orderly which in turn will have a desirable effect on the movement of vehicular traffic. Also since the road surfaces at these places will be overlaid with asphalt concrete, the traffic movements could be more orderly. Most of the selected roads in Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte MC, Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia MC and Kolonnawa UC are link roads between the main roads in the respective areas. These have been selected with the broader view of distributing traffic movements in the respective areas and thereby reducing traffic congestion along the main roads like Nawala-Rajagiriya Road and Kotte - Bataramulla road in the Kotte MC. However most of these roads are single lane roads where the widths vary from about 3.0 m to 6.0 m and due to them not being of two lane widths the desired result may not be fully achieved. In particular the narrow places will be real bottlenecks. Nevertheless there could be a reasonable reduction of traffic along the main roads in the respective areas, once these roads are improved. 4.2.2. Negative Impacts of the Project 4.2.2.1. Soil erosion and siltation Removals of green cover cut and fill operations along canal banks and desilting activities will increase soil erosion which creates high flow speeds of water enhancing further erosion. Removal of green cover will decrease interception of rain water and accelerate surface runoff. The principal environmental issues associated with surface runoff are the impacts to surface water, groundwater and soil through transport of water pollutants to these systems. Ultimately these consequences translate into human health risk, ecosystem disturbance and GreenTech Page 88   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   aesthetic impact to water resources. Some of the contaminants that create the greatest impact to surface waters arising from runoff are garbage, waste material, industrial waste and polluted water from canals. It will further increase deposition of silt material along the downstream locations. The impact is temporary and during construction activities only. 4.2.2.2. Impacts of extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials Extraction of materials can disrupt natural land contours and vegetation resulting in accelerated erosion, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, ponding and water logging, and water pollution. Operation of the metal quarries and the gravel mining sites around the residential areas can cause health and social hazards to people due to noise and vibrations. Stagnation of the water in borrow pits will provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes and can cause accidents to people and wild animals. Transportation of the construction materials from the quarrying sites to the material storage yard or construction sites will increase local traffic congestion, generate dust and create noise. Storage of the materials on the sides of the roads also can cause road accidents, traffic congestions, hazards to drivers and pedestrians. Crusher sites can generate dusts becoming a health hazard to the workers and the neighborhoods. Asphalt plants will generate noise and oil leakages. These negative impacts are short term and limited only to the construction stage. 4.2.2.3. Impacts on traffic flow caused by construction activities and vehicles transporting materials to the site etc. Traffic congestions will occur during the construction period especially near highly congested areas due to the heavy trucks employed for the transportation of construction materials. Due to narrow access roads there is high possibility of damage to road side properties by construction vehicles as trucks and Lorries. Frequent plying of constructions vehicles can result bad traffic conditions as there is no room in most of access roads to pass two vehicles. Vehicle related accidents also possible under poor visibility i.e. during nights and dark rainy days. 4.2.2.4. Noise, Vibration and Dust due to Construction Activities Noise The project area (except Talangama, Beddagana and Parliament Lake catchment) is heavily urbanized. Therefore high noise environment can be expected in project sites and nearby areas. During the construction phase, there could be incidences of noise pollution. The construction activities related to land preparation such as soil excavation, cutting, filling, compaction, etc. and concreting work could result noise levels higher than the prevailing levels and could have disturbing effects on neighboring residences. Exceeding the stipulated noise levels is important only if the noise sensitive receptors are present in the area and they are affected by the high noise. In this case all the project sites are located close enough to houses and commercial buildings. Therefore it can be concluded that maintaining specified noise standards is important for all sites. This includes the tolerance limits granted for if the background noise is already above the relevant noise levels. The noise levels generated from the machinery involved in construction works could disturb nearby communities since the noise levels generated tend to exceed the permissible day time limit of 75 dB (A) stipulated in national environmental (noise control) regulations (Schedule III of the Extraordinary Gazette No. 924/ 12 of the Democratic Socialist Republic GreenTech Page 89   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   of Sri Lanka on 23rd May 1996) for construction activities. The total Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) will be high when several equipment and machinery are operating simultaneously. Workers involved in construction activities including machine operators will be exposed to very high noise levels that can often cause hearing deficiencies and who are directly involved in such activities are at high risk. Vibration The vibration induced from the construction equipment and heavy vehicles such as soil compaction, drilling, etc. could cause discomfort to persons living in the immediate vicinity or even damage nearby properties (for example, shattering of glass windows, cracking of walls). However, in this case vibration induced by kind of activities involved will be very low. Therefore significant vibration impacts are not expected. Dust and Air Quality Since the proposed project activities are to be carried out mainly in urbanized area, during the construction phase, there could be incidences of air pollution in terms of dust, cement particles, smoke and gaseous pollutants such as NOx, SO2 and CO emanating from construction vehicles. Dust emission can occur during demolishing of existing structures, ground preparation, and material transportation, unloading, filling, concrete mixing and landscaping activities etc. Also high dust levels can prevail in the ambient air for long durations even after the activities causing dust are stopped. The presence of significant fine dust particles, cement particles along with other suspended particulate matter could affect nearby sensitive recipients. In these respect elderly persons, small children and people having asthma and other respiratory problems are the most vulnerable. Furthermore, significant dust would lead to asthmatic and other respiratory problems to the work force too. Air pollution in terms of smoke and gaseous pollutants could arise from construction vehicles and vehicles carrying construction material to the site. However, these impacts are restricted to a shorter period. 4.2.2.5. Impacts on Surface Water Quality Construction activities will result to mobilization of settled silt materials, run-off from stockpiled materials, and chemical contamination from fuels and lubricants used during construction works. These potential impacts are temporary and short-term duration only. 4.2.2.6. Impact on Landscape and Aesthetics The construction works will produce excess construction materials, and solid waste such as removed earth, dredged material, concrete, wood, trees and plants, packaging materials, empty containers, spoils, oils, lubricants, and other similar items. These impacts are negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. 4.2.2.7. Occupational hazards and impacts to public safety There is a risk of accidental damage to workers as well as general public at construction sites, along the canals and roads, quarrying and mining sites due to construction vehicle and equipment movements, fire, explosions, blasts, falling rocks, falling to excavated pits, chemical sprays and unsafe power supply lines etc. Hazards posed to the public may include traffic accidents and vehicle collision with pedestrians. GreenTech Page 90   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   4.2.2.8. Impacts from labour camps, work stations and vehicle yards Waste generate from the labour camp will reduce the environmental quality in the area and increase ground, water and air pollution. Labour camps, garbage disposal sites and material storage yards have a high potential to provide favorable habitats for vectors of diseases like mosquitoes, rats and flies unless these sites are properly managed. Contamination of water bodies with waste water generated in labor camps at points such as toilets, washing and bathing areas, kitchen and washbasins, etc will create significant impact to the aquatic lives and people inhabited in the area. 4.2.2.9. Impacts on wetland ecosystems and bio diversity Impacts arising on terrestrial flora and fauna, due to construction activities as excavation, ground clearing, dredging is moderately significant as the area identified is already man modified areas with home gardens and built-up area except for marshy areas (Beddagana, Thalangama and Parliament catchment) and a thin belt of riverine vegetation found on the canal banks. Removal of vegetation cover in the areas identified for dredging will have negative impacts on floral species. The quarries and the spoil areas will result in damage to secondary vegetation and consequently some habitat losses for terrestrial fauna. However these impacts are limited only to the constructional phase of the project. The construction will lead to several secondary impacts due to removal of shrubs and ground clearing. This will result increased soil erosion and spread of invasive species in the disturbed area. Alteration of existing natural habitat in terms on structural composition as well as function will be resulted due to the introduction of Invasive species as Annona glabra (Wel Aththa), Lantana camara (Gandapana) etc. There will be habitat losses for reptiles and amphibians occupying riverine vegetation or marshy habitats due to constructions and improvements of lakes and canal banks. However these impacts are limited only to the constructional phase of the project. All recorded terrestrial and aquatic fauna and flora species are not unique or restricted to the project area. They are common in similar habitats found in Colombo basin. Further, the terrestrial endemic and threatened species recorded during the study are common species that are capable of occupying habitats subjected to modification by humans and hence will be able to adapt to the new conditions readily. Therefore there will be no any significant impact on flora and fauna due to proposed sub projects. Impacts on aquatic fauna and flora During the construction period, aquatic life will be affected by sediment accumulation which will be a significant impact. It could affect the aquatic fauna by affecting the filtering apparatus, by decreasing the light penetration etc. However, the impacts on aquatic fauna and flora are mainly restricted only for the period of construction. There will be no major effect on fish migration due to the improvements to the canals and lakes. The creation of lakes in Parliament catchment will provide additional habitats and space thus have positive significant impacts specially on aquatic fauna and flora of the area. Particularly it will improve the areas for bird nesting. 4.3. Impacts of Post Project Operations & Maintenance The respective implementing agencies have the responsibility in operation and maintenance of the project interventions made during the three-year project period and beyond. Possible GreenTech Page 91   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   impacts would be blocking of canal systems, spread of invasive weeds, damage to improved roads, culverts due to heavy traffic, negligence of periodic maintenance crews, poor supervision of technical staff, lack of funds and immobility at times of urgency. The water quality standards of the canal systems and other water bodies need to be monitored periodically. The defects and damages to laboratory instruments, short of trained qualified staff to attend sampling, may have adverse effects on the periodic sampling. Assuring the continuity of water quality sampling is essential in maintaining the canal system healthy. Regular monitoring through periodic visits in the canal system may prevent and eliminate unauthorized discharges to the cleaned canals. The proposed interventions such as development of bio diversity park, development of linear park along Beira lake and developing lakes/ponds in Parliament lake area are very strong positive impacts created by the MCUDP that need to be sustained in the long run. These would add beauty to the area and enhance the aesthetic value creating a better environ for the urban community. It is important to sustain the positive impacts on the proposed projects by developing a comprehensive operation & maintenance programme during the project period and monitor by the PMU. The respective implementing agencies need to handle the O & M work during and after the MCUDP. These could be funded through state funds, MC/UC levies, taxes etc and also collecting fees for the use of the facility. 4.4. Special Impacts Need Attention 4.4.1. Disposal of Dredged material The canal systems that will be undergoing dredging need to look at the composition of the dredged material, place of disposal etc. The dredged material may contain toxic substances and these cannot be used to any kind of landfills. The only possibility is to dispose to the sea several kilometers from the coastal belt. The close coordination with the CCD for this operation is vital. The MCUDP need to take precautionary measures to see that in the long run continuous sedimentation needs to reduce with proper land use and land cover measures to reduce erosion leading to siltation in the canals and water bodies. The past records of Beira Lake show that periodic dredging has been done. Dredging under stage 1 is limited to a few secondary canals and the parliament catchment where two of the eight artificial lakes are proposed to be dredged. Data on sediment quality for the Colombo basin is very limited and the only information that can found is in relation to the Beira lake in the lower catchment where sediment analysis was carried out as part of the lake restoration study in 1993. The findings of this study indicate that Beira sediments are contaminated with toxic heavy metals and hence are not suitable for on-land disposal. Given the land use, site history and scale/type of industrial activity it is unlikely that the parliament catchment area would carry a high risk of being contaminated with toxic chemicals that makes the dredge material unsuitable for normal dumping on land. Currently, the SLLRDC is using the dredge material from the parliament area; where dredging is going such as water’s edge, Thalawatugoda, as land fill material in old quarry sites etc. Similarly, the secondary canals proposed for cleaning and dredging under stage I drain mostly residential areas. However, the canals collect a significant amount of road run-off during wet weather but the flow in the canals during this time may not be conducive for for toxic components to settle into the sediment. In addition, the canal network is dredged from time to time as part of routine maintenance by the SLLRDC and as such accumulation of such material in the canal bottoms is highly unlikely. However, given the absence of information on sediment quality to assess the level of risk involved and to determine the method of dredge material disposal, the MCUDP will supplement this EIA and EMF study by launching a sediment sampling and analysis program to evaluate the presence of heavy metals in identified strategic locations in the GreenTech Page 92   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   basin. The program will be strategically planned to characterize the quality of sediments from the lower basin (where the risk is considered to exist) to upper reaches depending on the need and patterns of heavy metal concentration and distribution. Until such time, our observations can only be based on the presence of sources that may contaminate water bodies and wetlands with hazardous elements, as outlined above. Based on the preliminary finding, which would be available within two months, the timing of the dredging activities should be determined and re-scheduled, if needed. However the dredging activities cannot be continued endlessly since public funds need to be utilized for providing more services for the urban dweller. A well planned land conservation programme needs to be in place to avoid further siltation and sedimentation of the canal and lake systems in the MCUA. Thus dredging coupled with a land conservation programme need to be in place where green belts are developed along the water bodies and canal systems. These may require canal reservations to be intact and maintained properly. This will eventually reduce the dredging. 4.4.2. Canal Water Quality The increasing outflow efficiency of the canals will improve the quality of water by minimizing the water stagnation. At present the water quality of most of the canals indicate high pollution levels due to the pollutant load that canals receive from the urban areas. According to table 3.7, the canals are polluted heavily and most of the canals contain high nitrate & phosphate levels. It was observed that Wellawatte canal is heavily polluted under the present situation and covered with salvinia time to time in some sections indicating its nutrition pollution. The water carries large quantity of particles which contribute to high turbidity which eventually enter into stagnant water bodies. It could affect the aquatic fauna by affecting the filtering apparatus, by decreasing the light penetration etc. Therefore the aquatic fauna and flora in the canals are highly threatened and it is a significant negative impact at present. The stagnant water generates odor, provides a favorable environment for vector breeding and health problems to the closer by community. With the proposed sub projects, the flow conditions of the canal will be improved, which will be a significant positive impact towards the aquatic life as well as for human health. Discontinuation of the existing illegal sewer and effluent discharge connections will greatly improve the water quality. 4.4.3. Socio Economic impacts on population living nearby the canal systems The densely populated pockets of human masses live close to the canals in the northern part of the MCUDP area close to the lower basin. These areas are frequently flooded and the economy is disrupted. The present conditions of these dwellings are unhealthy and during flooding they get worsened. The flood waters in the canals overflow and they get trapped for hours or days. On top of that the already polluted canal water too affects the community. The health and sanitation conditions are probably create room for the spread of diseases as well. The project interventions may reduce the impacts currently faced by the nearby community. In order to improve the socio economic levels of the community a long term plan need to be worked out. The subprojects which require resettlement are comes under stage 2, there will be no need to acquire lands, and thus there will be no impacts on the asset or landowners or tenants. The subprojects will be located on government lands, so there will be no need to acquire land, and thus there will be no impacts on the asset or landowners or tenants. However construction works will impede the access of residents and customers to nearby banks and shops. GreenTech Page 93   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   The other project related social impacts are very minimal except for temporary problems such as dust, noise, vibration and muddying of the ground during rains. However these issues are moderately significant as majority of project sites are in heavily built up areas. Also there are chances of social conflicts due to the project. A major concern is the narrow access roads. There is a high possibility of damage happening to houses and other structure by construction vehicles. Accidents are also possible. Such issues could lead to conflicts between villagers/ community and contractor and his staff. Similarly conflicts are also possible between construction labour who are from outside and the community. The potential impacts are negative and moderate but short-term and temporary. GreenTech Page 94   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Chapter 5: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 5.1. Introduction The Environmental Management Plans provide a logical sequence indicating the mitigation measures for the impacts identified. The stage 1 sub projects are discussed in Table 1.2. These are mainly infrastructure improvement/ development sub projects and few environmental enhancement sub projects. Table 5.1 below indicates the summarized stage 1 sub project details: Table 5.1: Summary of Stage I Sub projects Implementing Infrastructure Environment Total Agency Sub Projects Sub Projects Sub Projects SLLRDC 07 10 17 CMC 66 01 67 SJKMC 20 - 20 DMMC 29 - 29 KUC 05 - 05 UDA - 02 02 Total 127 13 140 5.2. Environmental Management Plans Certain activities will have explicit impacts on the natural environment and thus require a specific plan to institute and monitor mitigation measures and take desired actions as timely as possible. It is essential to involve local communities during the development of the EMP since they are likely to be the most affected parties due to the proposed development. Further, most of the local knowledge is important in identifying, designing and planning the implementation. In addition, the success of the implementation of the EMP will depend on community support and action. The EMPs prepared by the consultants are based purely on the technical aspects of the sub project. These EMPs need to be revisited when implementation of the sub projects begin with the participation of the communities. The limitations in time did not permit the consultants to conduct extensive deliberations with the sub project site communities. However the project interventions impacts are mostly beneficial and resistance will be hardly seen. The prescribed mitigation is basically construction related technical and engineering work. When the sub project contracts are awarded the relevant sections of the EMP will form part of the bidding documents and subsequent contractual agreements. The contractors will be required to follow the code of practices and guidelines developed by the ICTAD. The International Finance Corporation, Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines has been used in the developing the EMPs. The EMPs for the sub projects undertaken by the project implementing agencies, SLLRDC, CMC, SJKMC, DMLMC, KUC & UDA are provided in a tabular form indicating the positive and negative impacts of the sub project, level of impact, mitigation measures, implementing responsibilities, monitoring period and supervision responsibility. Table 5.2-Table 5.7 provide these descriptions. GreenTech Page 95   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 5.2: Environmental Management Plan for SLLRDC sub projects Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) 1.Embankment • Stabilize Canal • Stock piling • All materials to be Contractor Twice a month SLLRDC Engineer protection of main banks. dredge soils and deposited along during construction canals and debris. canal reservations. for parameters. demarcation of • Prevention of • Excessive high • 300to 400 slopes to • Turbidity of water reservoirs soil erosion and slopes towards be maintained. • Collapse of soils sedimentation the canal. • Adopt geotextiles and into canal I. St Sebastian in the canals • Water turbidity Gabions where • Bank stability II. North Canal • Silting of canal appropriate to • Seepage of clays III. St Sebastian • Prevention of bed during moderate prevent refill into IV. South Canal into canal encroachment. construction canal. • Turfing stability & V. Wellawatte • Turfing of banks. quality Canal • increase Water • At canal mouth area VI. Dehiwela flow rate. • Overall adopt revetments to Canal landscaping for ensure free flows. VII. Main drain stability • Dispose disturbed soil preventing washing off to the canal. • Pollution of moderate • Obtain appropriate Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer water and soil permits and/or • degradation of agreements for landscapes as a disposal of excavated result of materials and improper construction wastes. disposal of • Maintain appropriate excavated operating rules for materials and the camps in construction identified suitable wastes sites, including safe handling of silt GreenTech Page 96   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) material, control of access, adequate drainage, and rehabilitation after construction. • Dump excavated soils and substances only within the areas designated for that purpose with the help of the LA of the area. • Temporary low • Develop the traffic Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer traffic management plan on congestion canal service roads to ensure smooth traffic flow and safety both for workers, local traffic and population. • Spillage of oil or low • Implement measures Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer toxic substances to control spillage of toxic substances that will be included in construction contracts, including: Guidelines for the proper storage and siting of hazardous material such as oil, grease, fuel, asphalt. • Lubricants will be collected in clearly GreenTech Page 97   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) marked containers and reused if possible, or disposed at properly regulated offsite locations. • Water samples will be taken and tested for oil when there is a risk of spills or leakages to canal waters, surface waters, or groundwater. • Temporary air moderate • Use closed/ covered Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer pollution (dust) trucks for related to the transportation of transportation of construction construction materials and wastes. materials and • Depending on Noise and season, wash truck vibration tires as appropriate to disturbances control tracking mud and dust onto paved roads. • Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, remove excess materials and clean the sites upon completion of activities. GreenTech Page 98   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) • Extraction of low • Use quarry sites and Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer rocks and sources permitted by material may government. cause ground instability. • Occupational low • Develop and Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer hazards implement site- specific Health and Safety (H&S) plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use personal protective equipment (PPE); (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; • Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. • Equipped first-aid stations shall be GreenTech Page 99   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) easily accessible throughout the site; • Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; • Provide supplies of potable drinking water; • Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; • Provide H&S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; • Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or GreenTech Page 100   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; • Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; • Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; • Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dB (A) for duration of GreenTech Page 101   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. • Work Camps low • Consult with SLLRDC Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer • Temporary air before locating and noise project offices, sheds, pollution from and construction machine plants; operation, water • Minimize removal of pollution from vegetation ; storage and use • Provide water and of fuels, oils, sanitation facilities for solvents, and employees; lubricants. • Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; • Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; • Manage solid waste according to the GreenTech Page 102   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required Reconstruction of • At present both moderate • Immediate Contractor • Every week SLLRDC Engineer Aluth Mawatha sewer lines & translocation of all during the culvert waste water is debris/soils stabilizing construction for directed to the banks with Gabions water quality canal by or retaining concrete parameters. adjacent walls; community • Solid waste disposal which is a plans of CMC to be significant implemented during source of and after pollution. construction. If solid waste is being dumped by the nearby people practical measures should be taken to prevent polluting and blocking the canal. However, this is a larger issue not GreenTech Page 103   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) solvable only through this EMP and that the project would address the SWM issues in MC at a strategic level to ensure drainage improvements will last. • Pretreatment of all waste water entering the canal as per international Standards applicable to waste water disposal. • Interception of industrial waste outlets directed to the canal section in this area immediately and enforcement of EPL conditions within a stipulated period through the powers of the CEA and CMC. Improvements to • Flood risk • Dust, noise low • Maintain noise levels Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer Mutwall Outfall reduced. generation due under the standard to rock blasting levels. activities Madiwela East • Flood retention • Stock piling moderate • Dispose disturbed Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer area increased dredge soils and soil preventing GreenTech Page 104   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) diversion and flood risk debris. washing off to the reduced. lake in a suitable place identified with the help of the LA. Restoration & • Flood retention • Stock piling moderate • Dispose disturbed Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer creation of lakes area increased dredge soils and soil preventing near parliament and flood risk debris. washing off to the area reduced. lakes in a suitable place identified with the help of the LA depending on the findings of the sediment analysis program. Improvement of • Canal flow • Silting of canal Moderate • Dispose disturbed Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer Secondary increased and bed during soil preventing Canals- smoothened. construction washing off to the Sethsiripaya, • Soil erosion due canal in a suitable Sarana Mawatha, • Water quality to high flow rate place identified with Poorwarama improved. the help of the LA canal depending on the Sri Wickrama findings of the canal sediment analysis program. • Bank protection (turf open areas on the embankment with grass) Restoration of • Flood retention Stock piling dredge moderate • Dispose disturbed Contractor Construction period SLLRDC Engineer area increased. soils and debris. soil preventing GreenTech Page 105   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Project (low/ Implementing Supervision Positive impacts Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period investment moderate/High/ responsibility responsibility N.A) Beira Lake • lake flow washing off to the smoothened. lakes in areas identified by the CMC. GreenTech Page 106   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 5.3: Environmental Management Plan for CMC sub projects Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) 1. Improvement of • Water flow • High overland flow low • Provide sufficient/ improved Contractor During MC Engineers Storm Water improved drainage facilities. Construction; Drainage • banks Post I. Flood prevention at stabilized construction Kimbula Ela • encroachment • Soil erosion in road moderate • Dispose disturbed soil Contractor During MC Engineers Housing Scheme prevented repair/ construction preventing washing off to the Construction II. Flood prevention at of access drainage lines Armour Street, Jethawana Rd. • Emissions from Low • Consult with the CMC on the Contractor During MC Engineers opposite construction designated areas for Construction DIMO(PLC) and vehicles, equipment, stockpiling of clay, soils, Prince of Wales and machinery used gravel, and other construction Avenue for construction materials; III. Flood prevention at resulting to dusts • Damp down exposed soil and Green Lane, and increase in any stockpiled on site by George R. De Silva concentration of spraying with water when Mw. And Ratnam vehicle-related necessary during dry weather; Play Ground Area pollutants such as • Use tarpaulins to cover sand IV. Prevention of carbon monoxide, and other loose material when Flooding at Norris sulfur oxides, transported by trucks; and Canal particulate matter, • Ensure all heavy equipment V. Storm Water nitrous oxides, and and machinery are fitted with improvement of hydrocarbons air pollution control devices Wijerama-Horton which are operating correctly. Place junction and • Mobilization of moderate • Avoid stockpiling of earth fill Contractor During MC Engineers surrounding area Construction settled silt materials, especially during the monsoon VI. Flood Prevention at run-off from season unless covered by High Level stockpiled materials, tarpaulins or plastic sheets; Rd,Kirulapone and chemical • Prioritize re-use of excess Junction and Robert contamination from spoils and materials in the Gunawardene fuels and lubricants construction works. If spoils GreenTech Page 107   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) Mawatha during construction will be disposed, consult with works can CMC on designated disposal VII. Upper catchment of contaminate surface areas; Torrington North water quality. • Install temporary silt traps or Canal sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the 2. Small & Medium water bodies; scale infrastructure • Place storage areas for fuels projects and lubricants away from any 3. Model zone drainage leading to water development of town bodies; hall square • Dispose any wastes 4. Marine drive generated by construction development from activities in designated sites Dehiwala bridge up identified by the CMC to Bambalapitiya • Dredge material from Kimbula station Road ela area and waste from 5. Pedestrian Overhead cleaning of Norris canal bridges-Kollupitiya, should be disposed according Bambalapitiya to the findings and Intersection with recommendations of the Galle Road proposed sediment quality 6. Walkability analysis in the Colombo improvements in city basin. of Colombo-foot walks (21 locations) • Increase in noise moderate • Plan activities in consultation Contractor During MC Engineers 7. Asphalt overlaying in level due to with PMU so that activities Construction City of Colombo (21 excavation with the greatest potential to Locations) equipment, and the generate noise are conducted transportation of during periods of the day 8. Improving public equipment, which will result in least Convenience- materials, and disturbance; GreenTech Page 108   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) construction of new people • Require horns not be used public toilets and unless it is necessary to warn improvements to other road users or animals of existing toilet blocks the vehicle’s approach. (15 Nos) • Generating Solid Moderate to • Prepare and implement waste Contractor During MC Engineers wastes as well as high management plan as part of Construction 9. Rehabilitation of excess construction the construction contractor’s Roads in City of materials site-specific plan; Colombo-Galle Road • Avoid stockpiling of excess & R A De Mel Mv excavated soils; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; • Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; • Not to dispose any waste material in water body • Excavation will affect low • Conduct excavation works Contractor During MC Engineers drainage and the during the non-monsoon Construction local water table if season groundwater and surface water collect in the voids. • Traffic problems and moderate • Prepare and implement a Contractor During MC Engineers GreenTech Page 109   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) conflicts in right-of- traffic management plan as Construction way (ROW) part of the construction contractor’s site-specific plan; • Plan transportation routes so that delivery vehicles do not use narrow roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; • Schedule transport and hauling activities during non- peak hours; • Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; • Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; • Enforce speed limits for vehicles bringing material to the site. • Coordinate with local traffic police department for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; • Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. GreenTech Page 110   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) • Impede the access Low • Leave spaces for access Contractor During MC Engineers of residents and between mounds of Construction customers to nearby construction materials shops • Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; • Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; • Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; • Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. • occupational Low • Develop and implement site- Contractor During MC Engineers hazards specific Health and Safety Construction (H&S) plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use personal protective equipment (PPE); (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) GreenTech Page 111   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; • Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; • Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; • Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; • Provide supplies of potable drinking water; • Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; • Provide H&S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; • Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. GreenTech Page 112   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; • Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; • Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and • Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. • Traffic accidents and Moderate • Plan routes to avoid times of Contractor During MC Engineers vehicle collision with peak-pedestrian activities. Construction, pedestrians • Maintain regularly the vehicles post and use of manufacturer- construction approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents GreenTech Page 113   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. • Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. • Work Camps - Low • Consult with PMU CMC Contractor During MC Engineers Temporary air and before locating project offices, Construction noise pollution from sheds, and construction machine operation, plants; water pollution from • Minimize removal of storage and use of vegetation ; fuels, oils, solvents, • Provide water and sanitation and lubricants facilities for employees; • (iv)Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; • Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; • Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary GreenTech Page 114   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and • Request PMU to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work. GreenTech Page 115   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 5.4: Environmental Management Plan for SJKMC sub projects Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) Rehabilitation of roads • reduction of • High overland flow low • Provide sufficient/ improved Contractor During MC Engineers traffic along drainage facilities. Construction; 1. Rehabilitation of the main roads Post Jambugasmulla in the selected construction Road areas • Soil erosion in road moderate • Dispose disturbed soil Contractor During MC Engineers 2. Rehabilitation of repair/ construction preventing washing off to the Construction Santhanampitiya • improve the of access drainage lines Road storm water 3. Rehabilitation of flow of the • Extraction of rocks low • Use quarry sites and sources Contractor During MC Engineers  Joswell Place Road area and material may permitted by government; Construction 4. Rehabilitation of cause ground • Verify suitability of all material Edirisinghe Road instability. sources and obtain approval 5. Rehabilitation of from the CMC which is the Dewala Road implementing agency SJKMC. 6. Rehabilitation of • If additional quarries will be Maliban Arama required after construction has Road started, obtain written 7. Rehabilitation of approval from PMU. WijayabaMawatha & Kandawatta Lane 8. Rehabilitation of Medawelikada • Emissions from Low • Consult with PMU/ SJKMC in Contractor During MC Engineers  Road construction the designated areas for Construction 9. Rehabilitation of vehicles, stockpiling of clay, soils, Dharmapala equipment, and gravel, and other construction Mawatha machinery used for materials; 10. Rehabilitation of construction • Damp down exposed soil and Kamathawatta resulting to dusts any stockpiled on site by Road and increase in spraying with water when 11. Rehabilitation of concentration of necessary during dry weather; Nanayakkara vehicle-related • Use tarpaulins to cover sand Mawatha pollutants such as and other loose material when carbon monoxide, GreenTech Page 116   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) 12. Rehabilitation of sulfur oxides, transported by trucks; and Arunodaya particulate matter, • Fit all heavy equipment and Mawatha nitrous oxides, and machinery with air pollution 13. Rehabilitation of hydrocarbons control devices which are Walter Gunasekara operating correctly. Mawatha • Mobilization of moderate • Avoid stockpiling of earth fill Contractor During MC Engineers  14. Rehabilitation of settled silt materials especially during the monsoon Construction Kolombathantree • Run-off from season unless covered by Mawatha stockpiled materials tarpaulins or plastic sheets; 15. Rehabilitation of and Chemical • Prioritize re-use of excess D.M. Kolambage contamination from spoils and materials in the Mawatha fuels and lubricants construction works. If spoils 16. Rehabilitation of during construction will be disposed, consult with Nugegoda Pagoda works can PMU/ LA on designated Road 1st Cross contaminate surface disposal areas; Street water quality. • Install temporary silt traps or 17. Rehabilitation of sedimentation basins along Nugegoda the drainage leading to the Janathapola Road water bodies; 1st Lane • Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies; • Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites. • Increase in noise moderate • Plan activities in consultation Contractor During MC Engineers  level due to with PMU/ LA so that activities Construction excavation with the greatest potential to equipment, and the generate noise are conducted transportation of during periods of the day equipment, which will result in least materials, and disturbance; GreenTech Page 117   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) people • Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other road users or animals of the vehicle’s approach. • Generating Solid low • Prepare and implement waste Contractor During MC Engineers  wastes as well as management plan as part of Construction excess construction the construction contractor’s materials site-specific plan; • Avoid stockpiling of excess excavated soils; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; • Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; • Not to dispose any waste material in water body • Excavation will low • Conduct excavation works Contractor During MC Engineers  affect drainage and during the non-monsoon Construction the local water table season if groundwater and surface water collect in the voids. GreenTech Page 118   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) • Traffic problems moderate • Prepare and implement a Contractor During MC Engineers  and conflicts in traffic management plan as Construction right-of-way (ROW) part of the construction contractor’s site-specific plan; • Plan transportation routes so that delivery vehicles do not use narrow roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; • Schedule transport and hauling activities during non- peak hours; • Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; • Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; • Enforce speed limits for construction vehicles • Coordinate with local traffic police department for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; • Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. GreenTech Page 119   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) • Impede the access Low • Leave spaces for access Contractor During MC Engineers  of residents and between mounds of Construction customers to construction materials nearby shops • Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; • Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; • Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; • Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. occupational hazards Low • Develop and implement site- Contractor During MC Engineers  specific Health and Safety Construction (H&S) plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use personal protective equipment (PPE); (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) GreenTech Page 120   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; • Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; • Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; • Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; • Provide supplies of potable drinking water; • Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; • Provide H&S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; • Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do GreenTech Page 121   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) not enter hazard areas unescorted; • Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; • Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and • Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. • Traffic accidents Moderate • Plan routes to avoid times of Contractor During MC Engineers  and vehicle collision peak-pedestrian activities. Construction, with pedestrians • Maintain regularly the vehicles post and use of manufacturer- construction approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature GreenTech Page 122   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) failure. • Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. • Work Camps - Low • Consult with PMU/ LA before Contractor During MC Engineers  Temporary air and locating project offices, sheds, Construction noise pollution from and construction plants; machine operation, • Minimize removal of water pollution from vegetation ; storage and use of • Provide water and sanitation fuels, oils, solvents, facilities for employees; and lubricants • (iv)Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; • Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; • Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and • Request PMU to report in GreenTech Page 123   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts impact (low/ Mitigation measures Type of impact responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work. 18. Culvert at • Water flow • Pile up of spoil, Low • Spoil disposal sites identified Contractor During MC Engineers  Pangiriwatta 1st improved noise generation, and debris disposed Construction Lane Across the Dust generation • Noise & dust emission level Railway Line standards will be maintained. 19. Rehabilitation of • Water flow • Pile up of spoil, Moderate • Spoil disposal sites identified Contractor During MC Engineers  canal from Waththa improved, noise generation, and debris disposed Construction No.60 to banks Dust generation • Noise & dust emission level Arunodaya stabilized, standards will be maintained. Mawatha canal encroachment prevented GreenTech Page 124   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 5.5: Environmental Management Plan for DMLMC sub projects Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Supervision Project investment Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period impacts (low/ responsibility responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) Rehabilitation of roads • reduction • Due to high • Prioritize areas within or nearest construction Pre construction MC Engineer and drains, of traffic Construction possible vacant space in the contractor and construction development of along the work camps, hot subproject sites; Ratmalana market, main roads mix plants, • If it is deemed necessary to locate in the stockpile areas, elsewhere, consider sites that will construction of office selected storage areas, not promote instability and result building and hanger for areas and disposal in destruction of property, vehicles. areas (if needed), vegetation, and drinking water • improve Disruption to supply systems; 1. Rehabilitation of the storm traffic flow and • Take extreme care in selecting Peiris Road, water flow sensitive sites to avoid direct disposal to Kalubowila of the area receptors water bodies or in areas which will 2. Rehabilitation of inconvenience the community. BhatiyaMawatha • improve • Avoid setting up of labor camp 3. Rehabilitation of De the near the water bodies, streams Silva Cross Road infrastructu • Extraction of low • Prioritize sites already permitted construction Pre construction MC Engineer 4. Rehabilitation of Sri re facilities materials can by the government contractor and construction Mahabodi Road of the area disrupt natural 5. Rehabilitation of land contours Malwatta Road (Hill and vegetation street to Liyanage resulting in Road accelerated 6. Rehabilitation of erosion, Sunandarama Road disturbance in 7. Rehabilitation natural drainage Woodland Mawatha patterns, ponding 8. Rehabilitation of and water Prathibimbarama logging, and Road water pollution. 9. Rehabilitation of Sri • Extraction of moderate • Use quarry sites and sources construction Pre construction MC Engineer MahaVihara Road rocks and permitted by government; contractor and construction GreenTech Page 125   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Supervision Project investment Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period impacts (low/ responsibility responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) 10. Rehabilitation of material may • Verify suitability of all material Perera Mawatha cause ground sources and obtain approval of Kalubowila instability PMU. 11. Rehabilitation of • If additional quarries will be Malwatta Road, required after construction has Kalubowila started, obtain written approval 12. Rehabilitation of from PMU; Malwatta Road, • Submit to MC on a monthly basis Dehiwala documentation of sources of 13. Rehabilitation of materials. Melder Place • Fugitive high • Consult with DMLMC on the Construction construction MC Engineer 14. Rehabilitation of emissions from designated areas for stockpiling of Contractor Raymond Rd. & stored materials clay, soils, gravel, and other Auther’s Place and vehicular construction materials; 15. Rehabilitation of emissions will • Damp down exposed soil and any Waidya Rd. & park induce impacts stockpiled on site by spraying with Avenue on the air quality water when necessary during dry 16. Rehabilitation of in the weather; Wandervert Road construction • Use tarpaulins to cover sand and 17. Rehabilitation of De sites. other loose material when Silva Road transported by trucks. 18. Rehabilitation of • Increase in noise moderate • Plan activities in consultation with Construction construction MC Engineer Capt. Sumudu level due to LA so that activities with the Contractor Rajapaksha Mw. earth-moving and greatest potential to generate 19. Rehabilitation of Sri excavation noise are conducted during Gnanendra Road equipment, and periods of the day which will result 20. Rehabilitation of the transportation in least disturbance; Jayasumanarama of equipment, • Require horns not be used unless Road materials, and it is necessary to warn other road 21. Rehabilitation of St. people users or animals of the vehicle’s Rita’s Road approach. GreenTech Page 126   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Supervision Project investment Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period impacts (low/ responsibility responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) 22. Rehabilitation of • Construction run- • Schedule works during non- Construction construction MC Engineer Circular Rd. off from the site monsoon period to the maximum Contractor Housing Scheme, may drain to extent possible; Badowita small channels • Avoid stockpiling of earth fill 23. Construction of leading to especially during the monsoon Storm water drain surface waters. season unless covered by from Ratmalana tarpaulins or plastic sheets; SLTB depot to • Prioritize re-use of excess spoils Lunawa Canal and materials in the construction 24. Rehabilitation of works; Sumanarama Road • Install temporary silt traps or 25. Rehabilitation of sedimentation basins along the Dharmarama Road drainage leading to the water (Drains) bodies; 26. Construction of • Place storage areas for fuels and Hanger for heavy lubricants away from any drainage vehicles and utility leading to water bodies; center for • Dispose any wastes generated by Ratmalana DE construction activities in 27. Construction of designated sites Office for DE- • Excavation works low • Obtain from LA the list of affected Construction construction MC Engineer Ratmalana can damage utilities and operators; Contractor 28. Development of existing • Prepare a contingency plan to Ratmalana Pola infrastructure include actions to be done in case located alongside of unintentional interruption of roads, electricity services. poles, Pipes • Felling of the low • Minimize removal of vegetation Construction construction MC Engineer trees – affect and disallow cutting of trees Contractor terrestrial ecological balance GreenTech Page 127   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Supervision Project investment Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period impacts (low/ responsibility responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) • Solid wastes as moderate • Avoid stockpiling of excess Construction construction MC Engineer well as excess excavated soils; Contractor construction • Coordinate with LA for beneficial materials will uses of excess excavated soils or affect Landscape immediately dispose to and Aesthetics designated areas; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; • Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; • Not to dispose any waste material in river body • Traffic problems moderate • Plan transportation routes so that Construction construction MC Engineer and conflicts in delivery vehicles do not use Contractor right-of-way narrow roads, except in the (ROW) immediate vicinity of delivery sites; • Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; • Keep the site and access road free from all unnecessary obstructions; • Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; • Notify affected sensitive receptors GreenTech Page 128   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Supervision Project investment Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period impacts (low/ responsibility responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. • Impede the high • Leave spaces for access between Construction construction MC Engineer access of mounds of soil; Contractor customers and • Provide walkways and metal vendors and sheets where required to maintain residents access across trenches for people and vehicles; • Increase workforce; • Consult businesses regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; and • Provide sign boards for people to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. • occupational moderate • Develop and implement site- Construction construction MC Engineer hazards which specific Health and Safety (H&S) Contractor can arise from plan which will include measures working such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use personal protective equipment (PPE); (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related GreenTech Page 129   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Supervision Project investment Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period impacts (low/ responsibility responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) accidents; • Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; • Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; • Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; • Provide supplies of potable drinking water; • Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; • Provide H&S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; • Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; • Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; GreenTech Page 130   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Supervision Project investment Type of impact Mitigation measures Monitoring period impacts (low/ responsibility responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) • Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and • Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. • Traffic accidents moderate • Plan routes to avoid times of Construction construction MC Engineer and vehicle peak-pedestrian activities. Contractor collision with • Maintain regularly the vehicles pedestrians and use of manufacturer- approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. • Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. GreenTech Page 131   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 5.6: Environmental Management Plan for KUC sub projects Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) reduction of • Due to high • Prioritize areas within or nearest construction Pre MC Engineer Rehabilitation of roads traffic along Construction possible vacant space in the contractor construction by asphalt overlaying the main work camps, hot subproject sites; and andrews improvements roads in the mix plants, • If it is deemed necessary to locate construction to side drains, selected stockpile areas, elsewhere, consider sites that will construction Andrew areas storage areas, not promote instability and result improvement of play and disposal in destruction of property, grounds improve the areas (if needed), vegetation, and drinking water storm water Disruption to supply systems; 1. Rehabilitation of flow of the traffic flow and • Take extreme care in selecting Vihara Mawatha area sensitive sites to avoid direct disposal to 2. Rehabilitation of receptors water bodies or in areas which will Kolonnawa Rd. to improve the inconvenience the community. CTB Road infrastructure • Avoid setting up of labor camp 3. Rehabilitation of facilities of the near the water bodies, streams Nagahamulla Rd. to area • Extraction of low • Prioritize sites already permitted construction Pre MC Engineer Kolonnawa Raja materials can by the government; contractor construction Maha Viharaya disrupt natural and 4. Rehabilitation of land contours construction CTB Rd. (Vihara and vegetation Mw. Up to CTB resulting in Road) accelerated 5. Renovation of erosion, Playground at disturbance in Umagiliya Park natural drainage 6. Construction of patterns, ponding Playground at and water Salamulla logging, and water pollution. • Extraction of moderate • Use quarry sites and sources construction Pre MC Engineer rocks and permitted by government; contractor construction material may • Submit to MC on a monthly basis and GreenTech Page 132   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) cause ground documentation of sources of construction instability materials. • Fugitive high • Consult with LA on the designated Construction construction MC Engineer emissions from areas for stockpiling of clay, soils, Contractor stored materials gravel, and other construction and vehicular materials; emissions will • Damp down exposed soil and any induce impacts stockpiled on site by spraying with on the air quality water when necessary during dry in the weather; construction • Use tarpaulins to cover sand and sites. other loose material when transported by trucks. • Increase in noise moderate • Plan activities in consultation with Construction construction MC Engineer level due to LA so that activities with the Contractor earth-moving and greatest potential to generate excavation noise are conducted during equipment, and periods of the day which will result the transportation in least disturbance; of equipment, • Require horns not be used unless materials, and it is necessary to warn other road people users or animals of the vehicle’s approach. • Construction run- • Schedule works during non- Construction construction MC Engineer off from the site monsoon period to the maximum Contractor may drain to extent possible; small channels • Avoid stockpiling of earth fill leading to especially during the monsoon surface waters. season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets; • Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction works; GreenTech Page 133   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) • Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the water bodies; • Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies; • Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites • Excavation works low • Obtain from LA the list of affected Construction construction MC Engineer can damage utilities and operators; Contractor existing • Prepare a contingency plan to infrastructure include actions to be done in case located alongside of unintentional interruption of roads, electricity services. poles, Pipes • Felling of the low • Minimize removal of vegetation Construction construction MC Engineer trees – affect and disallow cutting of trees Contractor terrestrial ecological balance • Solid wastes as moderate • Avoid stockpiling of excess Construction construction MC Engineer well as excess excavated soils; Contractor construction • Coordinate with LA for beneficial materials will uses of excess excavated soils or affect Landscape immediately dispose to and Aesthetics designated areas; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; • Manage solid waste according to the following preference GreenTech Page 134   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; • Not to dispose any waste material in river body • Traffic problems moderate • Plan transportation routes so that Construction construction MC Engineer and conflicts in delivery vehicles do not use Contractor right-of-way narrow roads, except in the (ROW) immediate vicinity of delivery sites; • Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; • Keep the site and access road free from all unnecessary obstructions; • Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; • Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. • Impede the high • Leave spaces for access Construction construction MC Engineer access of between mounds of soil; Contractor customers and • Provide walkways and metal vendors and sheets where required to maintain residents access across trenches for people and vehicles; • increase workforce; GreenTech Page 135   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) • Consult businesses regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; • Provide sign boards for people to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. • occupational moderate • Develop and implement site- Construction construction MC Engineer hazards which specific Health and Safety (H&S) Contractor can arise from plan which will include measures working such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use personal protective equipment (PPE); (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; • Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; • Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; • Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; • Provide supplies of potable drinking water; • Provide clean eating areas where GreenTech Page 136   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; • Provide H&S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; • Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; • Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; • Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and • Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for GreenTech Page 137   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of Positive impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Mitigation measures impacts Type of impact (low/ responsibility period responsibility moderate/ High/ N.A) duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. • Traffic accidents moderate • Plan routes to avoid times of Construction construction MC Engineer and vehicle peak-pedestrian activities. Contractor collision with • Maintain regularly the vehicles pedestrians and use of manufacturer- approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. • Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. GreenTech Page 138   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 5.7: Environmental Management Plan for UDA sub projects Negative impacts Level of impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts Type of Mitigation measures (low/ responsibility period responsibility impact moderate/ High/ N.A) 1. Beddagana Bio- Water flow • High low • Provide sufficient/ improved Contractor During UDA Engineers Diversity Park improved, banks overland drainage facilities. Construction; Linear Park along stabilized, flow Post Beira Lake encroachment construction prevented • Soil erosion moderate • Dispose disturbed soil Contractor During UDA in road preventing washing off to Construction Engineers repair/ the drainage lines or re- construction used for the rehabilitation of of access the bund road. • Emissions Low • Consult with UDA on the Contractor During UDA from designated areas for Construction Engineers construction stockpiling of clay, soils, vehicles, gravel, and other equipment, construction materials; and • Damp down exposed soil machinery and any stockpiled on site used for by spraying with water when construction necessary during dry resulting to weather; dusts and • Use tarpaulins to cover increase in sand and other loose concentratio material when transported n of vehicle- by trucks; and related • Fit all heavy equipment and pollutants machinery with air pollution control devices which are operating correctly. • Mobilization Moderate • Avoid stockpiling of earth fill Contractor During UDA Engineers of settled silt especially during the Construction materials, monsoon season unless GreenTech Page 139   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts Type of Mitigation measures (low/ responsibility period responsibility impact moderate/ High/ N.A) run-off from covered by tarpaulins or stockpiled plastic sheets; materials, • Prioritize re-use of excess and spoils and materials in the chemical construction works. If spoils contaminati will be disposed, consult on from with PMU on designated fuels and disposal areas; lubricants • Install temporary silt traps or during sedimentation basins along construction the drainage leading to the works can water bodies; contaminate • Place storage areas for surface fuels and lubricants away water from any drainage leading quality. to water bodies; • Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites. • Increase in moderate • Plan activities in Contractor During UDA noise level consultation with PMU so Construction Engineers due to that activities with the excavation greatest potential to equipment, generate noise are and the conducted during periods of transportatio the day which will result in n of least disturbance; and equipment, • Require horns not be used materials, unless it is necessary to and people warn other road users or animals of the vehicle’s GreenTech Page 140   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts Type of Mitigation measures (low/ responsibility period responsibility impact moderate/ High/ N.A) approach. • Generating low • Prepare and implement Contractor During UDA Solid wastes waste management plan as Construction Engineers as well as part of the construction excess contractor’s site-specific construction plan; materials • Avoid stockpiling of excess excavated soils; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; • Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; • Not to dispose any waste material in water body • Excavation low • Conduct excavation works Contractor During UDA will affect on during the non-monsoon Construction Engineers drainage season and the local water table if groundwater and surface GreenTech Page 141   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts Type of Mitigation measures (low/ responsibility period responsibility impact moderate/ High/ N.A) water collect in the voids. • Traffic Low • Prepare and implement a Contractor During UDA problems traffic management plan as Construction Engineers and conflicts part of the construction contractor’s site-specific plan; • Plan transportation routes so that delivery vehicles do not use narrow roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; • Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; • Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; • Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; • Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; • Coordinate with local traffic police department for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; and • Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign GreenTech Page 142   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts Type of Mitigation measures (low/ responsibility period responsibility impact moderate/ High/ N.A) boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/ complaints. • occupational Low • Develop and implement Contractor During UDA hazards site-specific Health and Construction Engineers Safety (H&S) plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use personal protective equipment (PPE); (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work- related accidents; • Ensure that qualified first- aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; • Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; • Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; • Provide clean eating areas GreenTech Page 143   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts Type of Mitigation measures (low/ responsibility period responsibility impact moderate/ High/ N.A) where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; • Provide H&S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; • Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas • Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; • Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily GreenTech Page 144   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts Type of Mitigation measures (low/ responsibility period responsibility impact moderate/ High/ N.A) understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate. • Work Low • Consult with UDA before Contractor During UDA Engineers Camps - locating project offices, Construction Temporary sheds, and construction air and plants; noise • Labour camps should not pollution be sited inside the wetland from • Minimize removal of machine vegetation ; operation, • Provide water and water sanitation facilities for pollution employees within the from storage camps; and use of • Prohibit employees from fuels, oils, poaching wildlife and cutting solvents, of trees for firewood; and • Train employees in the lubricants storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; • Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; • Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; GreenTech Page 145   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Negative impacts Level of impact Implementing Monitoring Supervision Project investment Positive impacts Type of Mitigation measures (low/ responsibility period responsibility impact moderate/ High/ N.A) • Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required. GreenTech Page 146   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   5.3. Method of EMP monitoring The activities implemented under MCUDP and the anticipated environmental impacts which are not very serious, temporary and localized in nature, monitoring would be done largely based on visual observation. The IA and the PMU will supervise the contractor’s adherence to EMP provisions through regular site supervisions. The supervision of these works at regular intervals will be done by the IA environmental officer or a designated officer at least twice a month and the PMU Environmental Specialist at least once a month. There will be no need to perform analytical tests on water, soil, air and biota apart from the geological investigations that will be carried out as part of site suitability assessment. A monitoring checklist developed based on the EMP to be used by the IAs and PMU is attached in the annexure. In addition for reporting requirement progress monitoring format is also given in as an annexure. 5.3.1. Cost estimation for the implementation of the EMP The mitigation measures suggested under the EMPs are mostly related to engineering and technical except for the soft work. The implementing agency staff is involved in the supervision and monitoring of the implementation of the safeguards. However the community representative for cluster of sub projects may have to be compensated with a monthly remuneration. It is generally estimated that a range of 10-15 % of the sub project cost has to be added when the sub project package is estimated and it is the contractual obligation to implement the EMP as well. The contract document should include EMPs as well. 5.4. Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Monitoring 5.4.1. Stakeholder Institutions The Metro Colombo Urban Development Project (MCUDP) comes under the Ministry of Defense and the management is vested with a Project Management Unit (PMU). The institutions involved in this project can be categorized in to two groups namely the implementing agencies and the regulatory agencies. The implementing agencies comprise Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation (SLLRDC), Urban Development Authority (UDA) and The Local authorities such as Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), Jayewardenepura Kotte Municipal Council (SJKMC), Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia Municipal Council (DMLMC) and the Kolonnawa Urban Council (KUC). The regulatory agencies are the Central Environmental Authority, Department of Wild Life Conservation, Forest Department and Irrigation Department. Both SLLRDC and UDA also have some regulatory functions vested with them under their acts and subsequent gazette notifications. The overall supervision should lie with the Ministry of Defense with Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources also closely monitoring the environment compliance work through the agencies coming under its jurisdiction. 5.4.2. Steering Committee A steering committee will be in place under the Ministry of Defense and Secretary to the Ministry will chair the meetings which will be held once in three months. GreenTech Page 147   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   The Steering committee composition for monitoring project activities including Environment compliance will be as follows; 1. Secretary, Ministry of Defense-Chairman 2. Additional Secretary (Technical), Ministry of Defense 3. Additional Secretary (LG & PC), Ministry of Local Government & Provincial Council 4. Chairman, SLLRDC 5. Chairman, Sri Lanka Ports Authority 6. Chairman, UDA 7. Director General, Department of External Resources 8. Director General , UDA 9. Director General, Coast Conservation Department 10. Director General, Central Environment Authority 11. Director, Department of National Budget 12. Director (Planning), Ministry of Plan Implementation 13. Commissioner Colombo Municipal Council 14. Deputy Municipal Commissioner (Engineering Services), CMC 15. Municipal Commissioner, Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, Municipal Council 16. Municipal Commissioner, Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia MC 17. Secretary, Kolonnawa Urban Council 18. General Manager, SLLRDC 19. General Manager, Ceylon Electricity Board. 20. General Manager ,Water Supply & Drainage Board The consultants also recommend that representatives from the following institutions may be called in when issues pertaining to these institutions are discussed. This arrangement would facilitate speedy expedition of sub project work without unnecessary delay. 1. Department of Wildlife Conservation (for projects falling within the Wild life sanctuary) 2. Department of Archeology (for projects affecting or coming in close proximity to Archeological sites) 3. Marine Pollution Prevention Authority (issues pertaining to discharges to Sea) 4. Irrigation Department (Projects involving ID water bodies, Eg: Talangama tank) The Project Environment Cell will submit the Environment Compliance progress to the Steering Committee. 5.4.3. Institutional Arrangement for monitoring environmental performance of the project The Steering Committee will be the apex body under the Ministry of Defense. The Project Environmental Cell is chaired by the Project Director and assisted by the Environmental Specialist of the project. Each of the implementing agencies (SLLRDC, UDA, CMC, SJKMC, DMLMC and KUC) should have an Environmental Cell to monitor the progress of the environmental compliance. In SLLRDC and UDA the Environment cells are already in place and they should continue to function with regard to the MCUDP activities as well. In the local authorities environmental cell should be chaired by the Municipal Engineer and should be assisted by one Environmental officer/assistant. Refer the staff availability shown under Table 5.7. At the sub project level it is proposed to have an Environmental Compliance Unit to monitor environmental compliance requirement during the project implementation stage. The stakeholder agency will nominate one officer, the contractor will nominate one and the sub project site local community will nominate one person to this unit. Figure 5.1 illustrates the Institutional Arrangement of the MCUDP for Environmental Compliance. GreenTech Page 148   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Ministry Of Defense Steering Committee Project Environmental Cell Project Management Level Project Director Environmental Specialist Environmental Cell Stakeholder Agency Level (SLLRDC, UDA, CMC, SJKMC, DMLMC, KUC)   Environmental Compliance Unit Sub Project Site   Stakeholder Agency Nominee Contractor Nominee Local Community Member Figure 5.1: Institutional Arrangement indicating the different levels of monitoring under MCUDP for Environmental Compliance Table 5.8: roles & responsibilities of parties involved in implementing environmental safeguards Party Role Responsibility 1 PMU Assure project environmental • Make sure that the IAs are fully conversant safeguards are met on the Environmental safeguards • Make sure that they are equipped with adequate staff, resources to fulfill their tasks • Provide/organize environmental safeguards training to IA staff. • Prepare monthly statements to the Project Steering Committee on the status of Environmental Safeguards 2 Implementing Assure sub project level • Monitor the Sub projects environmental Agency environment safeguards are safeguards at regular intervals carried out • Provide suggestions to the contractor if delays observed or improvements needed • Update, revisit EMPs if need arise • Report to the PMU the progress at regular intervals 3 Consultants Provide technical input to the • Completion of EA & EMF project when need arise • Provide environmental safeguards standards • Provide training to IA Environmental safeguards staff 4 Contractors Adopt environmental • Environmental checklists are followed. safeguards at the sub project • Bid document conditions etc followed. sites. • EMP implemented • ICTAD & IFC Environment, Health safety standards are followed. GreenTech Page 149   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   5.5. Capacity Development Requirements The project implementation Assistance required by the respective agencies can be categorized in to three areas: 1. Staff availability 2. Equipments software etc needed 3. Training needed During the consultations with the implementing agencies it has been observed that separate cadre positions for environment work is not available within any organization. However the SLLRDC & UDA have made arrangements to assign staff members to look in to these affairs. The LAs have not made any arrangements. The CEA Environmental officers are currently attached to the Western Province/Colombo District office and when issuing category C license by the LAs they will attend these meetings as the Secretary to the respective committee (personal communication, CEA). It is unlikely that other than the work assigned by the CEA they will attend to any other work, particularly project related work. As such all IA will have to recruit or designate staff. 5.5.1. Staff Availability The six implementing agencies have indicated the staff availability for project implementation. Two of these SLLRDC and KUC have indicated that they will need six and eight respectively in addition. Most of the designs will be done by PMU hired consultant engineers. The CEA’s Natural Resources Management division will be responsible for the Talangama tank environment enhancement work. However the staff dedicated to the environment safeguards work is limited to SLLRDC and UDA. The LAs do not have officers assigned for environment safeguards work. The Table 5.9 indicates the staff availability. Table 5.9: Staff Availability for project implementation Staff available for Implementing No of staff Remarks Environment agency Available safeguards SLLRDC 35 Six will be hired 01 UDA 17 - 01 CMC 43 20 needed for Drainage Division none SJKMC 05 - None DMLMC 09 - None KUC 04 Eight required None It may difficult to increase the cadres at this moment creating new positions for environment officers in the LAs. However it would be practical at this stage is to assign a suitable person for the environmental safeguards in each of the LAs and then provide an awareness & training programme for them. 5.5.2. Equipment, software etc needed The basic equipments like computers, GPS etc have been requested by many implementing agencies. In addition number of software packages also has been requested. These include mapping software like GIS, hydraulic modeling and hydrology modeling software and AUTOCAD software. Many implementing agencies have stated that they need number of guidelines, codes, standards, specifications for implementing the projects undertaken. The Table 5.10 provides a summary of these. GreenTech Page 150   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Table 5.10: Implementation assistance needed Implementing Equipments Software Documents/Guidelines/Checklists Agency 1. SLLRDC GPS Hydrology Structural designs-BS codes & hydraulic modeling , structural analysis, drafting 2. UDA Computers, - ICTAD, Standards & designs for disabled, flash drives, Standards & specs for landscape designs, dongles, routers network building management 3. CMC GPS, GIS, Highways 2 street (2001), road & traffic Computers, guidelines, Impaired pedestrians (2007), Guidelines for facilities for blind 4. SJKMC Autocad, ICTAD standards, 5. DMLMC GPS Autocad Not listed; should provide 6. KUC GPS, Total Autocad, Not listed; should provide stations, GIS Computers, UPS 5.5.3. Type of training requested All the implementing agencies have requested number of software training, equipment handling training, and environmental training. The equipment training included training on Total stations, GPS etc. The summary is given in Table 5.11. The consultants recommend environmental safeguards training for officers assigned to handle the environmental safeguards and to other project related staff prior to commencement of the project. In addition once in six month a refresher programme should be conducted while reviewing the issues and status of the safeguards. Table 5.11: Training needs identified by the Implementing agencies Implementing Type of Training Agency SLLRDC GIS,LIDAR Survey & instrument use, AUTOCAD UDA Project management, International procurement procedure CMC 3D modeling, Total Station, AUTOCAD, GIS SJKMC IT & Technical aspects DMLMC Environmental Aspects, KUC Total Station & GPS, AUTOCAD, GIS GreenTech Page 151   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Chapter 6: Inter-Agency Coordination and Public/ NGO Participation During the initial field visits several discussions were held with the public and stakeholder agencies. The communities living close to or affected by the subprojects were also consulted during these field excursions informally. Two CBOs are involved in the activities associated with the Talangama tank and the recreation park in Crow Island. The stage 1 investments will not yield significant negative impacts environmentally or socially. However during the construction period there will be some impacts for the social life of the neighborhood. These will be amicably settled by informing the nearby community in advance and if possible making alternative arrangements. For example, the diversion of traffic on different routes, avoiding noise etc on critical times and taking precautionary measures to minimize dust dispersal in the environment would be sound arrangements. The consultants with the help of the PMU and the respective implementing agencies will conduct public hearings soon after the EA & the EMF are open for public comments. During the implementation stage and sub sequent maintenance stage periodic quarterly reviews would be required to assess the status of the improved or newly built structures. We recommend involving community representatives/ CBOs in a committee appointed by the respective implementing agency. Our recommendation is to bring in public to these forums where they would provide updated status report behalf of the beneficiary angle. The implementing agencies may cluster several projects and form a committee where a representative from each location may join in rather than having several committees. The six implementing agencies will decide on the committee composition and arrangement of representing the public. Implementing Agency Level Review Committee (Agency implementing staff: community representatives) Sub Project Level Sub Project Level Sub Project Level Sub Project Level Community Member Community Member Community Member Community Member Figure 6.1: Structure of Implementing Agency Review Committee GreenTech Page 152   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   Chapter 7: Recommendations and Conclusion The Metro Colombo Urban Development Project is to be implemented in two stages. The stage I sub projects are so decided that they may not have significant environment or social impacts. These will go ahead immediately during the first year of the three year MCUDP. The sub projects and the activities are relatively of no negative impacts and some are rather soft environment enhancement sub projects. However the drainage improvement work such as canal widening, dredging, land acquisition for canal widening if required need further information to make decisions on design considerations. Hence during the First year we recommend not to undertake any of the following activities that may need further detail studies. 1. Sub projects involving dredging activities 2. Sub projects leading to relocation of people in locations where canal widening might take place 3. Sub projects/ activities directing to cut off existing illegal sewer connections; this needs careful assessment and need to provide alternatives by the project to fulfill a basic human need 4. Activities requiring relocation of people need to provide full package of facilities including housing and short term relief measures. 5. Activities requiring disposal of dredging material need to undertake a study on the composition of dredged material update based on what is planned. The composition may different in canal sediment, lake sediment, marshlands tank beds and wet lands. The disposal method suitable and convenient need to be identified 6. The existing sewer discharges to sea and their impacts on the proposed sites for improvement of coastal fronts and beach etc. Most of these and other feasibility studies may be carried out under the Environmental Management Frame work since several stage II investments involve lot more information before embarking on the designs. Improvements to the drainage network will ease the flooding in the study area. Provision of additional lakes will be very useful in temporarily storing flood waters, which will reduce flood threats in the study area. Development of a dynamic hydraulic model of the canal system and an urban drainage model for the urban area will be useful for determining the adequacy of proposed interventions in flood mitigation. Dimensioning the proposed interventions/projects and ranking them with respective to their effectiveness will be possible through such a modeling study. The use of a highly accurate digital terrain model (DTM) of the study area is very vital for the success of the modeling exercise. Carrying out surveys to gather dimensions and bed elevations of drains, canals, lakes, retention areas, etc., is also very important. Since one purpose of the proposed improvements to the link roads is to divert traffic from the main roads there will be the need to study the type of traffic congestion that could occur at the narrow sections of the roads once the improvements are carried out. Depending on the findings suitable corrective measures, including installation of warning signs, should be carried out, as part of a second stage improvement. Although the drains along these roads are also to be rehabilitated during this first phase of improvements, difficulties of ensuring the continuity of these drains through the narrow sections could invariably occur. This will need careful consideration as there could be stagnation of rain water, at these places in spite of the improvements. In particular, there will be the need to observe the lead away facilities to these drains in order to avoid flooding of GreenTech Page 153   EA -MCUDP Final Report-Nov 2011   the roads during heavy storms. Thus an after study of drainage of the roads will be necessary on completion of this first phase of work and suitable necessary improvements done as part of a second stage improvement. The implications of global warming & climate change has created disruption to the normal climate pattern and the Metro Colombo region community and people who move about in Colombo experience severe hardships due to flash floods caused by short spell high intensity rain and prolonged heavy rains in the City of Colombo and suburbs. The roads became impassable, drains blocked and flood retention areas overflowed leading to heavy traffic and place the city standstill hitting the economy which is vital for many in Colombo. The frequency of these has increased over the years. The people who live close by the canals and marshy or wetlands were severely affected. The canal water quality is unbearable during the dry periods and many sewer connections, industry effluent discharges are directed directly from house/industry to the canal system. Overall despite the project interventions we cannot overrule the occurrence of natural disasters due to climate change since the tropical rain fall pattern has changed drastically over the years. Hence the MCUDP need a contingency plan, a Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) plan in place after a careful assessment of the proposed project interventions. The current DRR plan may have to be revisited and NDMC have to be involved with other stakeholders of the MCUA. We strongly recommend developing a comprehensive operation & maintenance plan to sustain the proposed projects for the benefit of the community during the project period and monitor by the PMU. The respective implementing agencies need to handle the O & M work during and after the MCUDP. These could be funded through state funds, MC/UC levies, taxes etc and also collecting fees for the use of the facility. It is important to create initially a seed fund through the project and then begin obtaining state funds and other taxes and fees as applicable under the LA laws & regulations. However a scheme needs to be worked out to phase out these funding from the state. GreenTech Page 154   Annex 1 Terms of Reference EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 Section 5 - Terms of Reference Environmental Assessment for Stage I Activities and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework for Stage II Activities 1. Purpose - The purpose of this TOR is to identify for the public and other stakeholders the information .required by the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) and the World Bank (WB) for an Environmental Assessment Report (EA) and Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the two implementation stages of the proposed Metro Colombo Urban Development Project. The Implementing agency will prepare and submit the said documents to explain the environmental effects of the proposed flood mitigation and urban development activities under the project. 2. Background information - The Colombo Metropolitan Area (CM) is the most important industrial, commercial and administrative centre in Sri Lanka. A major share of the country's export oriented manufacturing takes place in the Western Province in which the CM is the engine of growth. The Western Province contributes more than 50% to the GDP and about 80% of industrial value added although it accounts for only 5.7% of the country's geographic area. The CM area is, therefore, crucial for achieving the country's long-term development plans in economic growth and social well-being. In order to facilitate the transformation of Colombo to a capital of international standards, the government has to address a number of critical problems that has for long been obstructing economic and physical urban regeneration of the city. The critical environment-development issues in the CM area include: • Drainage and flood control - many parts of the city get paralyzed by frequent flooding due to insufficient drainage, residential encroachment along canal banks and improper solid waste disposal. Filling of marshy land has also reduced the natural water retention system. • Solid waste management - many parts of the city have inadequate, while the only controlled disposal site causes environmental degradation. • Industrial/domestic pollution - many Industries’ contribute to pollution of surface and groundwater, air and land pollution, excessive noise, and public health risks. While the Government has comprehensive legal tools to deal with industrial pollution, enforcement has proven to be weak and hence pollution is still widespread. Similarly, urban sewage has contributed significantly to widespread contamination of surface/groundwater. While there exists several causal factors for the issues mentioned above, one of the key hindrances is the fragmented institutional responsibility and service delivery. The institutional mapping of the CM area clearly shows a landscape characterized by fragmentation and overlapping of sector responsibilities. The result has been haphazard and disconnected land use patterns that have spread beyond the urban core with unplanned mixing of agriculture, industrial, commercial and residential areas etc. Infrastructure that spans across municipal areas such as flood control, solid waste management, land-use planning, sewerage is under the jurisdiction of large number of authorities often with overlapping responsibilities which has severely limited the city's ability to respond to issues in an efficient and effective manner. The concept behind the proposed project is to provide early and timely support to the GOSL's long-term urban development program for Metro Colombo by focusing on urgently needed flood/drainage management and local infrastructure development. A more detail account of the proposed project is given below. 3. Preliminary Project Description The concept behind the proposed project is to provide early and timely support to the GoSL's long-term urban development program for Metro Colombo by focusing on (i) high-priority catalytic metropolitan investments aiming to reduce the physical and socio-economic impacts GreenTech Page 1 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 of flooding in the capital city area; and (ii) long-term capacity building for metropolitan management & local service delivery, and implementation support. The proposed project will consist of the following two main components: 3.1 Component 1: Flood and Drainage Management. This component would address the urgent issue of urban flooding, which regularly paralyzes the economy of the Colombo Metropolitan area with high socio-economic costs. This component will finance both structural and non-structural activities related to flood control and drainage investments identified as a priority by the inter-agency Flood Mitigation Task Force chaired by the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC). The bulk of the structural investments will be aimed to improve the system of canals, retention areas and drainage of the Colombo Basin. Likely investments will include widening of narrow bridges obstructing water flow, rehabilitation and construction of culverts, capacity enhancement of existing pumping stations and creation of new pumping station in critical flood collection areas, dredging and improvement of primary and secondary canals, improvements of minor drainages and storm water to facilitate water flow in identified hot-spots along roads and junctions, improvement of gates along canals, restoration and creation of flood retention areas and purchase of canal-maintenance equipment. To ensure the sustainability of these investments, the attractiveness and economic value of the upgraded water bodies will be improved through complementary investments in soft landscaping, waterfront improvements and water-based transportation. Possible pilot interventions include the conversion of canal reservations areas into public spaces such as walkways, cycle-paths and parks; the integration of selected inland water bodies into the inter-modal urban transport system and equipping selected canals with ^docking stations for ferries and water-taxis, as a demonstration model for alternative modes of urban transportation. The possibility to mobilize private sector participation for partnerships in the development and management of some of these assets will also be explored. The project will give particular attention to the upgrading and restoration of the historic flood management structures at the end section of the Colombo Water Basin, around the Beira Lake system. Possible investments include improvements of the Dutch Canals and Gates, and of the secondary historic canals surrounding the Fort area; improvements to and landscaping of the banks of the Beira Lake and historic canals. . 3.2 Component 2: Institutional Strengthening for Sustainable Metropolitan and Local Infrastructure & Service Provision, and Implementation Support. This component will aim to strengthen institutional capacity at metropolitan and local level, and support project implementation. The following sub-components will be funded under this component: • Sub-Component 2-1: Support to improve metropolitan planning through a strategic development plan for Metro Colombo. • Sub-Component 2.2: Support to Local Authorities. This sub-component will aim to enhance the capacity of the Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) and other peripheral local authorities to coordinate at metropolitan level and deliver sustainable local services. A capacity needs assessment will be carried out over the course of project preparation to identify local constraints and bottlenecks. Activities that could be financed under' this sub-component include (a) development of Municipal Finance Management Information Systems (MFMIS) for improved budgeting and capital investment planning, (b) GISes for more efficient planning (both at local and metropolitan level) and O&M of services, (c) technical assistance and training to municipal and local authority staff in the area of O&M for local infrastructure & assets, and urban planning; and (d) allocation to targeted local authorities of small/medium capital grants with the objective to allow the beneficiary authorities to practice good GreenTech Page 2 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 capital investment planning and quality project implementation, while also delivering urgent small to medium scale services and infrastructure works, such as junction improvements, upgrading of public recreation/open spaces, sidewalks, street lighting and solid waste collection • Sub-Component 2.3: Implementation Support: Implementation support will be provided in the areas of project management, monitoring & evaluation, procurement, financial management and environmental and social safeguards. This sub-component will also finance preparatory work for priority follow-on SIL projects to support the broader urban regeneration agenda in the Colombo Metropolitan area (e.g. Urban transport, solid waste management, sewerage system). The flood and drainage infrastructure investment component is expected to account for the majority of the project costs. A cost-benefit analysis will be carried out to assess the economic feasibility of the proposed investments. The project benefits will be estimated in terms of avoided damage. This would entail valuing the economic cost of flooding that the proposed investments will prevent, including reduction of property values, infrastructure damage caused from floods, interruptions in transport, disruption of economic activity, and operating costs for emergency interventions. The economic benefits of the improvements to the historic areas will be assessed based on cost effectiveness, given the small scale of the planned investments and the difficulty of assigning a monetary value to the expected benefits. A cost effectiveness methodology will also be used for the economic analysis of the improvement in local infrastructure and services which are expected to largely address basic needs1. 3.3. Project implementation arrangements The Ministry of Defense will have overall responsibility for project preparation. A Steering Committee will be established to oversee project preparation and implementation, which will have representation from the Urban Development Authority, Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation, Colombo Municipal Council, National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Colombo Municipal Council and other peripheral Local Authorities. 4. Objectives of the Assignment The objective of this assignment is to assist implementing agencies in identifying potential environment issues and opportunities for greater environmental planning in the proposed Metro Colombo Urban Development Project and prepare (i) a project specific Environmental Assessment (EA) for those project interventions for which site-specific details have already been identified and planned to be implemented in the first year of project implementation (stage I) (ii) Environmental Management Framework (EMF) to identify potential impacts of other project interventions for which site-specific details are yet unknown and planned to be undertaken from the second year of project implementation (stage II). The EMF will provide the necessary template for site-specific environmental assessments to be undertaken prior to implementation of stage II interventions. In addition, the EMF will also provide a basis for wider environmental planning in connection to the project, within the context of broader environmental aspects that might relate to the more project-specific ones. These two documents together will spell out the environmental management regime for the project that will ensure the achievement of project objectives without compromising the environment. The scope of the EA documents specified above will focus in detail on those interventions 1 As a way to guarantee the sustainability of the investments, local authorities would be required to meet minimum performance standards as a condition to access the resources. Conditionalities will be kept to the minimum necessary to ensure adequate levels of service and asset maintenance, in order to facilitate rapid access to the funds by the local authorities. GreenTech Page 3 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 specifically funded by the World Bank. However, it should take into consideration the entire Greater Colombo Basin and other key interventions planned by the government which are identified as part of the same basin/catchment system and therefore critical for the overall mitigation and control of floods in the project area. Such an approach would help analyze environmental issues from a watershed perspective and provide better understanding of the investment context and outcome. It will also ensure that environmental requirements of the government and any other donor, if any, would be met with a single EA process and thus ensuring time and resources spent on environmental planning are optimally utilized. 5. EA requirements The principal regulation governing the EIA requirements of the proposed project will be the National Environmental Act (NEA) of Sri Lanka and Operational policy 4.01 of the World Bank. The project will include a broad array of activities relating to flood control requiring different levels of environmental analysis and mitigation, determined by the nature of each intervention. Some of the interventions may cause direct adverse environmental and social impacts and are consequently likely to be classified as category A or B according to World Bank's OP 4.012, while others may cause very limited impacts and are therefore likely to be category C. However, due to the complexity of impacts arising out of some of the proposed project interventions both from an environment and social point of view, the Metro Colombo Urban Development project has been designated as category A. Similarly, not all project interventions will be required go through the EIA process under national regulations. This requirement will depend on the type, nature and extent of proposed interventions and their inclusion in the prescribed list. With the exception of the type of environmental screening methodology used and the extent of public consultations for Category A projects, requirements and procedures under OP 4.01 are fairly consistent with those of the NEA. This TOR aims to harmonize the EIA requirements of the government as well as the World Bank for the proposed program in order to ensure that the implementing agency will be able to mobilize a single process that will comply with national as well as World Bank environmental requirements. 6. Study area Project activities with respect to flood control, drainage and waterfront management will be implemented in the Colombo Metropolitan Area which comprises of the Colombo Municipal Council and the peripheral local authorities intersecting the Colombo Basin. The support to Local Authorities sub-component will be implemented in the local authorities of Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), Sri Jayawardena Pura Kotte Municipal Council (SJPKMC), Dehiwala Mount Lavinia Municipal Council (DMLMC) and Kolonnawa Town Council (KTC). 7. Scope of Services The assignment will have two parts (A) conducting a site specific EA for stage I interventions which will be undertaken in the first year of project implementation (B) preparing an EMF for stage II interventions which will be undertaken, in the second year of project implementation and after. 7.1 Stage I During stage I of implementation, the project will focus on urgent flood control and drainage investments that are straight forward and with less environmental and social impacts. It will also include pilot investments in soft landscaping and waterfront improvements. These interventions will be taken up for implementation in year 1. More details on stage I 2 See link: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTOPMANUAL/0,,content MDK:20064724~menuPK:64701637~pagePK:64709096~piPK:64709108~theSitePK:502184,OO.html GreenTech Page 4 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 interventions are included in Annex 1. 7.2 Stage II The exact sub-projects of stage II are not known with specific details at this point in time, but the focus will be on improving the entire lake/canal network in the project area that would include dredging and clean up of Beira lake and associated canal network, widening of canals and other structural work. More details on stage II interventions are included in Annex 1. 7.3 Description of Tasks The detailed description of Tasks for this study is provided in Annex 2. In more general terms, the consultant will work closely with implementing agencies to develop the necessary environmental documentation for the two stages as specified above. The EA and the EMF should be simple and tailored to the capacity of implementing agencies. Both documents will need to be approved by appropriate authority of the implementing agencies especially with respect to the institutional arrangements, budgetary and other commitments. They will also require review and clearance from the World Bank. • The specific EA will include an identification of potential environmental issues of the proposed stage I activities. The assessment should be very focused and targeting relevant issues only, including (but not limited to), dredge material management and disposal, extraction of resources, etc and should avoid collating and presenting data that are un interpreted and/or irrelevant. • The EMF will include an assessment of potential environmental issues of stage II activities, recommend suitable environmental analysis and/or specialized studies for further assessment, possible mitigation, monitoring and maintenance measures. On a broader level, the EMF will also provide an overview of the Colombo basin, its critical environmental issues and mitigation strategies that will enhance the outcome of project interventions. As part of the EMF, a. Critical information deficiencies will need to be identified, and specialized field studies recommended to predict impacts more accurately; accordingly, the consultant should define such tasks in detail for implementing agency review and approval. b. Consultants will propose a timeline for achieving key milestones of the EA cycle including preparation of assessments and approvals to ensure project implementation is facilitated without unnecessary delays. The Consultant is expected to conduct field visits to complement desk research in developing both documents. The Consultant will also indicate any necessary environmental government clearance for the EA/EMF or the Project as a whole (including its subprojects) and organize consultations with project stakeholders and with interested parties (such as local NGOs and CBOs) on the environmental aspects of the proposed project. Note: the Consultant is required to work closely with specialists undertaking the social analysis and to coordinate field arrangements and consultations, as necessary. Refer Annex 1 and 2 for a detailed Description of EA and EMF Contents. 8. The Consultant team The selected consultant may need to mobilize two teams working parallel on the EA and the EMF under the supervision of a common Team Leader. Qualifications of the Team Leader (TL) The TL should be an Environmental Engineer and should posses a post-graduate degree in GreenTech Page 5 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 Environmental Science or related discipline with demonstrated experience in environment management in urban planning and development: In addition; a. At least 10 years experience as an environment specialist/professional with experience in assessing environmental impacts in the project subsectors; urban development, flood mitigation etc b. Ability to command a team and ensure targets and deadlines are met and to ensure quality of outputs meet client expectation c. Demonstrated proficiency in writing and speaking English EA for stage I should include a Hydrologist in addition to the TL. The hydrologist should have post graduate qualifications and adequate experience in flood and drainage management. It should also include an Ecologist with experience in environmental planning. EMF for stage II should include a Hydrologist with similar qualifications and experience as above and an Ecologist with experience in environmental planning in urban landscapes. Estimated input of professional time EA EMF Team Leader 1 .5 man months 1.5 man months Hydrologist 0.5 man month 01 man month Ecologist 0.5 man month 0 1 man month 9. Main Deliverables and Schedule. Mobilization 15 July2011 Submission of Inception EA and 21 July 2011 EMP Reports Team Meeting 25 July Submission of draft EA and EMP 22 August 20 11 reports Progress Review 19 September 20 11 Submission of the draft final E A and 30 September2011 EMP reports; Review comments on reports 10 October 20 11 Submission; of the final EA and 4 November EMP reports The Consultant will submit each main deliverable in five copies. The Executive Summary of the Final EA and EMP reports will be also be submitted in Sinhala and Tamil translation. 10. Reporting Arrangement The team will report directly to the PMU established under the Ministry of Defence and will work closely with the WB, CEA, SLLRDC, CMC, UDA. The PMU will organize a briefing meeting for the consultants with the World Bank and the implementing agencies to facilitate better understanding of the project and the proposed subrproject investments. The PMU will assist the consultant in organizing field inspections to the various sites in co-ordination with the relevant agencies. 11. Duration of Service: The estimated duration of assignment is 3.5 months Annex 1: List of stage I and II Investments Component 1 Long list of Stage I investments 1 Improvement of Main Canals and Lakes 1.1 St Sebastian Canal: GreenTech Page 6 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 1.1.1 upgrade of set of Northlock gates 1.1.2 rehabilitation of Aluth Mawata culvert 1.2 We law at t a Canal: 1 .2. 1 Protection of canal banks and clearing of reservations 1 .2 .2 Improvement of outlet 1.3 Restoration and creation of retention areas 1.3.1 Restoration and creation of lakes around Parliament Lake, 1.3.1.1 dredging of lakes, 1.3.1.2 clearing of reservation, protection of banks 1 .3 . 1 .3 Beddagana Bio-diversity Park 1 .3 .2 Restoration of Kollonnawa retention area 1.3.3 Desilting of Upper reach of Talangama Lake 1.4 Beire Lake Restoration 1.4.1 Improvement of Maccalum gate 1 .4.2 Selected priority sections of landscaping of linear/nodal parks 7.5 Pilot Water-Based Public transport 1.5.1 Docking Stations and improvement of access 2 Improvement of Secondary Canals 2 . 1 Dredging and widening of secondary canals 3 Improvement of storm water drainage 3.1 Garden No 175 etc 3.2 Kimbula 3.3 Saunders Place 3.4 Maligawatta 3.5 Horton Place 3.6 Siridhamma Mawatha 3.7 Highlevel Rd, Kirrilapone junction 3.8 PoorvaramaRd 3.9 Park Road 3.10 Torrington North Canal 3.11 Thunrnulla Junction 4 Marine Drive 5 Flood monitoring system 4. Medium and small scale infrastructure project of CMC and other local authorities (II) Long list of Stage II investments 1. Improvement of Main Canals and Lakes 1.1 St Sebastian Canal: 1.1.1 protection of canal banks and clearing of reservations 1.1.2 pumping station North Lock 1.1.3 pumping station South Lock and gates 1.1.4 Construction of Mutwal tunnel 1.2 Wellawatta Canal: 1.2.1 Widening of Bridges 1.3 Restoration and creation of retention areas 1.3.1 Restoration of Kollonnawa retention area 1.3.1.1 Gotatuwa Pumping station 1.3.1.2 Restoration of retention area 1.3.1.3 Bank protection 1.3.1.4 Improvement of Secondary Canals GreenTech Page 7 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 1.3.1.5 Dredging and widening of secondary canals (downstream) 1.4 Beire Lake Restoration 1.4.1 Dredging 1.4.2 Completion of linear/nodal parks 2. Improvement of storm water drainage (CMC area) 2.1 Perera Mw 2.2 Amour Street 2.3 Green Lane 2.4 Norris Canal 2.5 Horton Place Component II Sub-project concepts notes for small and medium infrastructure investments are being prepared currently by the relevant local authorities. These investments will belong to the following categories. a. Rehabilitation of secondary canals and improvement of O & M b. Improvement to local micro-drainage and interception of unauthorized effluent discharges c. Public health support - solid waste management and interception of unauthorized discharges d. Community service - rehabilitation/renovation of libraries, markets, public toilets, playgrounds, public health facilities etc e. Recreation and heritage conservation - creation of recreational space such as parks, walkways, other public open facilities Annex 2: Detailed description of tasks for the site specific EA relating to stage I interventions 1. Description of the proposed project Provide a description of the intended project activities complete with information on the following: locations of project-related development sites for stage I, pre-construction activities, construction activities and methodology, operation and maintenance activities. Provide maps at appropriate scales to illustrate the general setting of project-related development sites, as well as surrounding areas likely to be environmentally affected. 2. Description of the environment. All proposed stage I project activities will take place in a highly urbanized environment with few, if any, natural features/landscapes. Therefore, the consultant should ensure that assembling of physical/social baseline data to describe the project environment should be selective and directly relevant to those expected significant areas/issues only. Also as mentioned previously, although the interventions of the project will be limited to selected strategic locations, it will be important to understand the outcomes of these interventions within the overall watershed hydrology of the Metro Colombo region. Factors such as canal water quality, pollution sources, water related human health problems, impacts of flooding should be included in the discussion. 3. Legislative and regulatory considerations. Analyze the application of relevant policies, regulations and standards of the GOSL as well as the World Bank to the project. In particular, the consultant should define compliance requirements of the project with environmental clearances. 4. Determination of potential impacts of and impacts on the project interventions. GreenTech Page 8 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 Describe major issues and the most likely serious impacts. In this analysis, distinguish between significant positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible, if any. It will be also important to discuss sustaining the positive impacts of the project in the long-term and impacts that would undermine the sustainability of project outcomes. Special attention should be given to: (a) Disposal of dredged material - dredging in Stage I investments will focus on the upstream sections of the drainage basin. As the predominant land use in the upper reaches is residences/home gardens and pockets of interconnected wetlands, the sediment is likely to carry much less contaminants than the lower reaches. It would be important to identify a dredge disposal plan tailored to the issues identified in the specific sites. (b). Drain water quality - while structural improvements will lead to better water movement in the canals and waterways factors that affect water quality could persist which will undermine project achievements in the long-term. (c). Socio-economic impacts on populations affected by flooding and pollution. 5. Development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Prepare a detailed BMP with mitigation measures to address the significant impacts identified and a plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during construction and operation phases. The EMP should carry clear instructions as to who would be responsible in implementing it. The consultant should review the authority and capability of institutions implementing the EMP and recommend steps to strengthen or expand them so that the EMP may be effectively implemented. The recommendations may include stronger intersectoral arrangements, management procedures and training, operation and maintenance and financial support. 6. Inter-Agency Coordination and Public/NGO Participation. The Consultant will assist the government in coordinating the EA with relevant agencies, as the need be, and in consulting with the public on the environmental and social aspects of the proposed project. Annexes (i) List of EA report preparers. (ii) References—written materials both published and unpublished, used in study preparation. (iii) Record of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations for obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations (e.g., surveys) that were used to obtain the views of affected groups and local NGOs. Annex 3: Detailed description of tasks for the Environmental Management Framework relating to Stage 11 interventions 1. Description of the project components Concisely describe the range of activities that will be funded by the project and its geographic, social and environmental context. 2. Policy, legal, and administrative framework. Discuss the environmental policy, legal, and administrative framework applicable to the project and list out permits/approvals/clearances that are required to be taken at different stages. 3. Description of the project area. Broadly describe the Colombo drainage catchment/basin with regard to key physical, biological, and socioeconomic baseline conditions. Provide greater details for the specific investment sites in terms of GreenTech Page 9 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 baseline environmental and socio-economic conditions 3 . The following should be covered. • Physical environment: general topography, hydrology and flow regimes, drainage, water quality etc. • Biological environment: Ecologically important or sensitive habitats, such as wetlands, mangroves etc and presence of protected or proposed-to-be-protected areas delineated on a map of the project area, • Significant natural, cultural or historic sites • Socio-economic environment: Detail information will not be needed as a separate study will be mobilized to assess social issues in detail. Environmental impacts. This section should provide; (a) an overview of the main environmental issues existing in the Colombo basin that are closely linked with floods and water quality that need to be considered and addressed in meeting project objectives, and more specifically; (b) discuss positive and negative impacts of each sub-project planned under stage II, identify possibilities for cumulative impacts and, most importantly, identify opportunities for enhancing environmental features in the urban landscape. The assessment should include, among others, risks involved with dredging and plan for safe disposal of dredge material. Some of these sediments, such is the ones from Beira Lake and canals in the lower reaches, may contain toxic and hazardous elements which will need special disposal methods. It will also be important to outline any baseline or analytical studies that may need to be undertaken to address information gaps. (c) discuss impacts on project achievements from post-project operations such as poor and irregular maintenance, invasion from water weeds, persistent pollution sources etc that will eventually reduce the quality and carrying capacity of the canal/lake network. 5. Impact management framework. This section should contain the following main parts; (a) a process for managing environmental impacts arising from subprojects, covering impact identification, management and monitoring. The consultant should develop a screening mechanism to classify each subproject based on probable impacts and accordingly determine whether the subproject is category A, B or C according to World Bank guidelines and/or or if it falls under the prescribed list of the national EIA regulations. Based on the level of impact and environmental category, the screening mechanism should have a simple system to determine the recommended environmental analysis for the sub-project (for example whether an environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, environmental management plan, environmental checklist etc would be most appropriate, in order to meet the donor's as well as the GOSL's environmental policies and laws). During project implementation, each sub-project will undertake the environmental analysis recommended by the framework prior to commencement of physical activities. This section should also provide guidance on the type of sub-projects that would need other environmental permits/licenses in addition to EIA clearance. (b)suitable environmental mitigation measures for potentially adverse impacts identified at the sub-project level (c) environmental monitoring strategy for the project in order to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements during the lifetime of the project as well as to monitor trends in environmental quality in the project areas over a longer period of time (quality of canal and discharge water flow and water levels at critical points in the storm water conveyance system; incidence of water-borne disease) (d) assessment of institutional capacity, capacity development and training needs of concerned agencies in order to facilitate sound environmental management in a timely and 3 Baseline data should be obtained from existing sources. Collection of new baseline data is not envisaged under this assignment unless specified. GreenTech Page 10 of 11 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 1 effective manner, as well as to-build on and continue on project achievements in the long term through (a) technical assistance programs, (b) procurement of equipment and supplies (e) Implementation strategy for the completion of EA cycle for each sub-project in relation to implementation targets of the parent project. This section will be important to ensure that the EAs are well planned and executed on time to facilitate project progress by minimizing unnecessary delays. (f) Details of consultation. List which groups were consulted detailing why and if any feedback was found to be useful in improving the EMF. 6. Strategic environmental planning. As mentioned, it is important that the proposed project be viewed as part of a longer term program supporting metropolitan development and management in the city of Colombo. While the preceding section will discuss sub-project level environmental management, there is a need to address environmental management/planning at a more strategic level as the project outcomes are intimately linked to environmental conditions present at the basin level. As such, this section should include a broad level assessment of opportunities for the following within the proposed project (but not limited to) (a) strategies for mitigation of critical environmental issues discussed in section, 4 (a), (b) strategy for conservation of remaining critical eco-systems within the urban landscape that will create the much needed space for greater environmental services including bio-diversity conservation (c) integration of strategic environmental planning in the Metro Colombo Development Plan that will be prepared under Component 2. 7. Recommendations. This section should summarise the key recommendations emanating from the findings made above to the implementing agencies for greater environmental sustainability of the proposed project. It should include, if any, recommendations for further assessments such as strategic/feasibility studies, analytical studies, data collection etc. 8. Annexes (i) List of EMF report preparers. (ii) References—written materials both published and unpublished, used in study preparation. (iii) Recordings of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations for obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations (e.g., surveys) that were used to obtain the views of affected groups and local NGOs. GreenTech Page 11 of 11 Annex 2 List of EA and EMF Preparers EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 2 List of EA and EMF Report Preparers Name of Staff Position Assigned Key Professional Staff Dr. D. Priyalal Dias Team Leader P.R Atygalle Co- Team Leader Prof. K.D.W Nandalal Hydrologist Prof. Swarna Piyasiri Ecologist Dr. I. Dissanayaka Ecologist Denzil Senanayaka Road sector expert Gemunu Silva Engineer V.U.R.B Hedeniya GIS, Mapping and Land use planner Prof. Amaramali Jayathunga Environmental Expert/ Quality Controller Isurie Dharmasoma Project Coordinator/ Environmental Analyst GreenTech Page 1 of 1 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 3   References • A study of birds and some ecological aspects of Beddegana birding site Kotte. • Coastal Zone management plan, Sri Lanka, Coast Conservation Department, Sri Lanka, 1997 • EIA of proposed mixed development project, Havlock city • EIA report for the proposed alterations made to original Diyawanna Uyana Project • EIA report on the study of the outer circular highway of Colombo (Volume 5) • Guidance for implementing the Environmental impact Assessment (EIA) Process- No 1: General guide for project Approving Agencies (PAA),CEA, Ministry of Environment, 2006 • Guidance for implementing the Environmental impact Assessment (EIA) Process- No 1: General guide for conducting Environmental Scoping, CEA, Ministry of Transport, Environment & Women’s affairs, 1995 • Hand book on Environmental Impact Assessment-1987, CEA, Colombo Sri Lanka • Municipal Council Act No 19 of 1987 • Natural Resources of Sri Lanka-Conditions & Trends, Natural Resources, Energy & Science Authority of Sri Lanka, 1991 • Proposed remedial measures for floods in the city of Colombo, Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation, March 2011. • The Coast Conservation Act No 57 of 1981 amended by Act No 64 of 1988 • The Constitution of Sri Lanka & the 13th Amendment • The Disaster Management Act No 13 of 2005 • The Fauna & Flora Protection Ordinance Act No 49 of 1993 & its amendments • The Flood Protection Ordinance Act No 22 of 1955 • The Forest ordinance of No 17 of 1907 & its amendments • The Irrigation Ordinance • The Marine pollution prevention Act no 59 of 1981 • The Mines & Mineral Act No33 of 1992 • The National Environment Act No 47 of 1980 & its amendments • The Sri Lanka Land Reclamation & Development Corporation Act • The State Land ordinance Act No 13 of 1949 • The study on storm water drainage plan for the Colombo metropolitan region in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Final Report, Vol.I, Executive Summary, Nippon Koei Co.Ltd., March, 2003. • The study on storm water drainage plan for the Colombo metropolitan region in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Final Report, Vol.II, Main Report, Nippon Koei Co.Ltd.,March, 2003. • The study on storm water drainage plan for the Colombo metropolitan region in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Final Report, Vol.III, Supporting Report 1 (Master Plan), Nippon Koei Co.Ltd., March, 2003. • The study on storm water drainage plan for the Colombo metropolitan region in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Final Report, Vol.IV, Feasibility Study, ,Nippon Koei Co.Ltd., March, 2003 • The study on storm water drainage plan for the Colombo metropolitan region in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Final Report, Vol. V, Data Book, Nippon Koei Co.Ltd., March, 2003 • The Urban Development Authority Act • Urban Council Act No18 of 1987 • Western regional Structure Plan, Urban Development Authority, 2002 • Wetland site report & conservation management plan, Colombo Flood detention areas, central Environmental Authority, Euro Consult, 1995 GreenTech Page 1 of 2 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 3   • www.worldbank.org • www.cea.lk • www.menr.lk • www.lawnet.lk • www.uda.lk • www.sllrdc.lk Data • Rainfall data, Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka • Digital elevation data , Department of Survey, Sri Lanka • Wind speeds in Colombo, Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka GreenTech Page 2 of 2 Annex 4 List of Stage 1 projects under MCUDP EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 4 List of Stage 1 projects under MCUDP Implementing Agency Project description SLLRDC 1. Embankment Protection of main canals & demarcation of reservations. (St.Sebastian North, St.Sebastian South, Wellawatta, Dehiwala, HeenEla & Main Drain) 2. Reconstruction of Aluth Mawatha Culvert 3. Improvements to Mutwal Outfall 4. Madiwela East Diversion: Provide two flood control gates at spill way 1 of Talangama tank (1.0×1.5m each). • Bund road top leveling (raising) to get the bund crest to a constant level. • Raise the spill way 2 of Talangama Tank by approx. 1� and provide a slotted gate to use during dry weather, to cater for irrigation water requirement. • Bank protection from Amaragoda culvert to Athurugiriya Road 5. Restoration and Creation of Lakes in parliament Catchment-Lake 6,7 6. Improvements to secondary canals. Sethsiripaya canal, Sarana Mw canal.,Poorwarama Canal, Sri Wickrama Canal. 7. Restoration of Beira Lake. embankment Protection CMC Improvement of storm water drainage 1. Flood prevention at Kimbula Ela Housing Scheme 2. Flood prevention at Armour Street, Jethawana Rd. opposite DIMO(PLC) and Prince of Wales Avenue 3. Flood prevention at Green Lane, George R. De Silva Mw. And Ratnam Play Ground Area 4. Prevention of Flooding at Norris Canal 5. Storm Water improvement of Wijerama-Horton Place junction and surrounding area 6. Flood Prevention at High Level Rd,Kirulapone Junction and Robert Gunawardene Mawatha 7. Upper catchment of Torrington North Canal 8. Marine Drive development from Dehiwala Bridge up to Bambalapitiya Station Road 9. Model Zone-Development of Town Hall Square 10. Pedestrian Overhead Bridges at Kollupitiya & Bamalapitiya Intersection with Galle Road 11. Walkability Improvements in City of Colombo-Foot Walks i. Sir James Pieris mw ii. Kumaran Ratnam road iii. Dr. Colvin R de Silva mw iv. T.B Jayah mw v. D.R Wijayawardana mw vi. Sir Chitthampalam A Gardiner Mw vii. Lotus road viii. Sir M.M Marker mw ix. Akbar Mw x. Rifle street xi. Independence avenue xii. Link with planetarium xiii. Vauxall street xiv. Kew road xv. Vauxall lane xvi. Bahiathulla lane xvii. Police lane xviii. Barracks lane   GreenTech Page 1 of 3 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 4 Implementing Agency Project description xix. Kew points road xx. Morgan road xxi. Dawson road 12. Asphalt Overlaying of Roads in City of Colombo i. Sir James Pieris mw ii. Kumaran Ratnam road iii. Dr. Colvin R de Silva mw iv. T.B Jayah mw v. D.R Wijayawardana mw vi. Sir Chitthampalam A Gardiner Mw vii. Lotus road viii. Sir M.M Marker mw ix. Akbar Mw x. Rifle street xi. Independence avenue xii. Link with planetarium xiii. Vauxall street xiv. Kew road xv. Vauxall lane xvi. Bahiathulla lane xvii. Police lane xviii. Barracks lane xix. Kew points road xx. Morgan road xxi. Dawson road 13. Rehabilitation of Roads in city of Colombo-Galle Road and R.A.De Mel Mawatha 14. Improving Public Convenience-construction of new public toilets and improvements to existing toilet blocks i. Saunders place/ school lane junction, Colombo 11-new location ii. No 112, Vauxall street, Colombo 2 iii. Piyadasa Sirisena Mw, Maradana Rd, Colombo 10 iv. Galle road, Wellawatte, W.A Silva Mw junction, Colombo 5 v. Havelock road, Thimbirigasyaya, Colombo 6 vi. Mdampitiya, Thotalanga junction, Colombo 14 vii. Nagalagam street, Sirimavo Bandaranayaka mw junction, Colombo 14 viii. Milagiriya(near Bambalapitiya market), Colombo 4 ix. Viharamahadevi park, Colombo 7 x. Maradana road, Ward Place junction, Borella, Colombo 8-New location xi. Malwatte road, Pettah, Colombo 11 xii. Underground toilet block, York street, Colombo 1 xiii. Saunders place, Gunasinghepura, Colombo 11 xiv. George R de Silva mw, Bonjean road junction (Near Kotahena bus stand), Colombo 13 xv. Church road, Mattakkuliya, Colombo 13 Dehiwala Mt. 1. Rehabilitation of Peiris Road, Kalubowila Lavinia MC 2. Rehabilitation of BhatiyaMawatha 3. Rehabilitation of De Silva Cross Road 4. Rehabilitation of Sri Mahabodi Road 5. Rehabilitation of Malwatta Road (Hill street to Liyanage Road 6. Rehabilitation of Sunandarama Road 7. Rehabilitation of Woodland Mawatha 8. Rehabilitation of Prathibimbarama Road 9. Rehabilitation of Sri MahaVihara Road   GreenTech Page 2 of 3 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 4 Implementing Agency Project description 10. Rehabilitation of PereraMawathaKalubowila 11. Rehabilitation of Malwatta Road, Kalubowila 12. Rehabilitation of Malwatta Road, Dehiwala 13. Rehabilitation of Melder Place 14. Rehabilitation of Raymond Rd. &Auther’s Place 15. Rehabilitation of Waidya Rd. & park Avenue 16. Rehabilitation of Wandervert Road 17. Rehabilitation of De Silva Road 18. Rehabilitation of Capt. Sumudu Rajapaksha Mw. 19. Rehabilitation of Sri Gnanendra Road 20. Rehabilitation of Jayasumanarama Road 21. Rehabilitation of St. Rita’s Road 22. Rehabilitation of Circular Rd. Housing Scheme, Badowita 23. Construction of Storm water drain from Ratmalana SLTB depot to Lunawa Canal 24. Rehabilitation of Sumanarama Road 25. Rehabilitation of Dharmarama Road (Drains) 26. Construction of Hanger for heavy vehicles and utility center for Ratmalana DE 27. Construction of Office for DE-Ratmalana 28. Development of RatmalanaPola Sri 1. Rehabilitation of Jambugasmulla Road Jayewardenepura 2. Rehabilitation of Santhanampitiya Road Kotte MC 3. Rehabilitation of Joswell Place Road 4. Rehabilitation of Edirisinghe Road 5. Rehabilitation of Dewala Road 6. Rehabilitation of Maliban Arama Road 7. Rehabilitation of Wijayaba Mawatha & Kandawatta Lane 8. Rehabilitation of Medawelikada Road 9. Rehabilitation of Dharmapala Mawatha 10. Rehabilitation of Kamathawatta Road 11. Rehabilitation of Nanayakkara Mawatha 12. Rehabilitation of Arunodaya Mawatha 13. Rehabilitation of Walter Gunasekara Mawatha 14. Rehabilitation of Kolombathantree Mawatha 15. Rehabilitation of D.M. Kolambage Mawatha 16. Rehabilitation of Nugegoda Pagoda Road 1st Cross Street 17. Rehabilitation of Nugegoda Janathapola Road 1st Lane 18. Culvert at Pangiriwatta 1st Lane Across the Railway Line 19. Rehabilitation of canal from Waththa No.60 to Arunodaya Mawatha canal Kolonnawa UC 1. Renovation of Playground at Umagiliya Park 2. Construction of Playground at Salamulla 3. Rehabilitation of ViharaMawatha (Kolonnawa Rd. to CTB Road 4. Nagahamulla Rd. to Kolonnawa Raja Maha Viharaya 5. CTB Rd. (Vihara Mw. Up to CTB Road) UDA 1. Beddagana Bio-Diversity Park 2. Linear Park along Beira Lake     GreenTech Page 3 of 3 Annex 5 Field Visits/ Consultative Sessions EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Field Visits/ Consultative Sessions Table 1: Summary of Field Visits conducted during the study period Participants Information Date Location/s GreenTech Gathered Agency Consultants Supporting Staff 21.7.2011 1. Talangama tank Initial site -- Ecologist-Prof. Swarna Piyasiri Project Coordinator- 2. Averihena tank inspection Miss.Isurie 3. Parliament lake Hydrologist-Prof. K.D.W Dharmasoma 4. Beddagana bio diversity Nandalal park 5. Bambalapitiya canal Ecologist-Dr.I. Dissanayaka 6. Wellawatte canal 7. St. Sebastian canal 8. Maccallum gates 9. Beire lake 14.8.2011 1. North lock gates Inspect existing -- Team Leader- Dr.Priyalal Dias Project Coordinator- 2. Beire lake biological, Miss. Isurie 3. Aluth mw culvert hydrological and Ecologist- Prof. Swarna Dharmasoma 4. Kolonnawa canal physical Piyasiri 5. CMC Storm water environment Hydrologist-Prof. K.D.W improvement sites Nandalal 12.9.2011 1. Overhead bridges at Inspect existing CMC- Architect - Ms. Co- Team Leader-Mr. P.R Project Coordinator- Kollupitiya and biological , Lakmini Atygalle Miss. Isurie Bambalapitiya hydrological and Dharmasoma 2. Marine Drive Promenade physical Hydrologist-Prof.K.D.W with Beach Front Leisure environment Nandalal Park 3. Proposed Water Front Road sector Expert-Mr. Denzil Recreational Park at Crow Senanayaka Island 4. Aluth Mw culvert 5. Maccallum gates 6. Roads subprojects of CMC GreenTech Page 1 of 9 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Participants Information Date Location/s GreenTech Gathered Agency Consultants Supporting Staff 16.9.2011 All subprojects of Sri Inspect existing Sri Jayewardenepura Co-Team Leader- Mr. P.R Project Coordinator- Jayewardenepura Kotte MC biological, Kotte MC -Technical Atygalle Mr. Thisara hydrological and Officer-Mr. Jayantha Weerasinghe physical Road sector Expert-Mr. Denzil environment Senanayaka Assistant of Team Leader- Mr. Gamage 16.9.2011 All subprojects of Kolonnawa UC Inspect existing Kolonnawa UC- Co-Team Leader- Mr. P.R Project Coordinator- biological, Technical Officer- Mr. Atygalle Mr. Thisara hydrological and Tharaka Gunawardene Weerasinghe physical Road sector expert-Mr. Denzil environment Senanayaka Assistant of Team Leader- Mr. Gamage 22.9.2011 Boat ride along canals Inspect existing SLLRDC-DGM (Special Co-Team Leader- Mr. P.R Project Coordinator- • Medawatte canal biological, and projects) -Mr. C.B Atygalle Miss. Isurie • Dematagoda canal physical Amarasinghe Dharmasoma • St. Sebastian canal environment Engineer-Mr. Gemunu Silva 27.9.2011 All subprojects of Dehiwala Mt. Inspect existing Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia MC Road sector expert- Mr. Denzil GIS expert- Mr. Lavinia MC physical -Asst. Depot Officer, Senanayaka Geeth Perera environment Drainage unit-Mr. H.D.R Keerthi Fernando         GreenTech Page 2 of 9 Annex 3 References EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Table 2: Summary of Focus Group Discussions/ Meetings conducted during the study period Participants Date Place Main Topics Discussed GTC Supporting Agency Consultants staff 21.7.2011 SLLRDC • Locations of the project sites of SLLRDC. AGM (Research and Ecologist- Prof. Project • Concepts of developments/ improvements planned to conduct. Development)- Mrs. Swarna Piyasiri Coordinator-Miss. Aluth Mawatha Culvert will be replaced. Improvements to North A.H.S Thushari Isurie Lock gates will be done. The existing width of gate is Hydrologist- Prof. Dharmasoma approximately 5.4 m. Models has to be run to identify hydrological DGM (Special K.D.W Nandalal GIS expert- Mr. scenarios. The lock gate has a historical value, built by projects) -Mr. C.B Geeth Perera Department of Irrigation. Amarasinghe Ecologist- Dr.I. It is proposed to implement water based transport along Dissanayaka Wellawatte canal and banks will be firmed. Galle Road Bridge across Wellawatte canal is a bottle neck, which hindrances the water flow and further improvements will be done under stage 2. Flood retention areas will be created closer the Parliament lake area. There might be land acquisition as the proposed area is paddy fields. Five locations have identified by SLLRDC and feasibility studies are to be done. 29.7.2011 SLLRDC SLLRDC has initially identified five (5) retention ponds in the AGM (Research and -- Project Parliament lake area; and two (2) other ponds will be constructed Development) -Mrs. Coordinator- Mr. depending on the availability of funds. Locations of ponds are A.H.S Thushari Thisara identified but the boundaries are not yet fixed. Weerasinghe, The existing North lock gate of the St. Sebastian Canal is about 5.4 m GIS expert- Mr. widen whereas the canal width is approximately 20 m and this acts as Geeth Perera a bottleneck during the peak time. Railway line Bridge, pipe lines of Ceylon Petroleum Corporation created a problematic situation to do further improvements. However, it is proposed to have 17 m wide lock gates which comprise of 3 gates. The location of the proposed pumping station will be finalized at the design stage (mostly end of September 2011). Rehabilitation of Aluth Mawatha Culvert will be done. Improvement of three (3) culverts of main drain crossing at the port access road and the railway track are proposed. It is proposed to improve the Mutwal Outlet (Main Drain Outlet) by removing debris and expanding capacity of the tunnel. GreenTech Page 3 of 9 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Participants Date Place Main Topics Discussed GTC Supporting Agency Consultants staff An additional gate at the spill of the Talangama tank will be constructed to increase the spill way .Canal bank protection will be done from Amaragoda culvert up to Athurugiriya Road and Amaragoda culvert will be improved. Upper reach of Talangama tank and Avarihena tank will be dredged. Under Beira Lake Improvements, bank protection will be done by SLLRDC and proposals will be provided to UDA to upgrade the water quality. Development work will be done by UDA. For Water based Transport, docking Stations are not yet decided. Mostly UDA is involved in component of water based transportation. The locations marked for the detail survey of Storm water drainage improvements will be provided by SLLRDC next week (01st Aug – 5th Aug). Site identification, further studies of Kolonnawa Restoration Area and Pumping Station are in the progress. 3.8.2011 UDA UDA is involving in only two (2) Projects; Additional Director Team Leader- Ms. Priyanga (i). Proposed linear Park & Nodal Park Development of East and (Planning)- Mr. Dr.Priyalal Dias Rajapaksha, West Beira Lake: N.A.S.N Nissanka GIS expert- Mr. Proposed activities will be implemented in two stages. Geeth Perera Stage I – Linear Parks (6 m wide) along East Beira form Maccallum Additional Director Lock Gates to Hyde Park Corner; the section parallel to D.R. (Project Wijewardane Mw and Along the West Beira Management)-Mrs. A. Stage II- Nodal Parks developments which involves resettlement Liyanamanna This project is the implementation stage of Beira Lake Master Plan The proposed Layout plan is available with UDA. (ii). Beddagana Bio Diversity Park Beddagana has been gazetted in 1985 by Department of Wildlife Conservation. The development proposal contains, o Information Centre o Jogging track o Bird watching towers o Butterfly attraction trees and other important plants o facilities for researchers GreenTech Page 4 of 9 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Participants Date Place Main Topics Discussed GTC Supporting Agency Consultants staff Prof. Kotagama conducted study on Beddegana Biodiversity Park (“A study of birds & some ecological aspects of Beddagana Birding site – Kotte�). Docking stations for pilot water-based public transport are not being designed by UDA at present. Analysis of sediment samples and water samples of Beira should be obtained from the SLLRDC. 3.8.2011 Sri Improvements to existing roads by asphalt overlaying and improving Municipal Engineer - -- Project Jayewarde side drains are main projects proposed under stage 1. Under stage 2, Mr. B.S.S Wijerathne Coordinator-Miss. nepura development of community centers and open spaces are proposed. Isurie Kotte MC The proposed sub projects are selected based on concerns of Dharmasoma general public. The sub project list was provided by the Engineer. 2.9.2011 CMC The final list of stage 1 and stage 2 projects were received. A Director Engineering- -- Project description of proposed activities under each subproject was given. Mr. K.A.D.N Coordinator- Town hall square will be developed as a model zone. Road Wickramarathne Miss. Isurie improvements and walkability improvements will be done in the Ms. Lakmini Dharmasoma existing corridor. Fence of the Viharamahadevi Park will be removed. Ms. Dammika Pond inside the park will be cleared. It is proposed to construct an Jayewardene orchid house and indoor garden. Existing canteen will be rehabilitated. Two pedestrian overhead bridges will be constructed at stage 1. It is proposed to reconstruct 15 toilet blocks, which includes two new locations at Borella ward place and Zonders place under the improving public convenience project. Under stage 2, Crow Island will be developed as a recreational area. A natural jogging track, vehicle park, boutiques are proposed development activities. An open air theatre, Kids Park, outdoor and indoor restaurants are proposed activities under Marine drive development. 12.9.2011 CMC The final list of stage 1 and stage 2 projects were received. An Director Engineering- PMU Environmental Project updated description of proposed activities under each subproject was Mr. K.D.N Expert- Mr. A. Coordinator- given. Wickramarathne Rodrigo Miss. Isurie Surveys of Pedestrian overhead bridges at Kollupitiya and Senior Architect-Mr. Dharmasoma Bambalapitiya are in the progress. CMC has called tenders for the S.U.D Dolapihilla Team Leader - GreenTech Page 5 of 9 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Participants Date Place Main Topics Discussed GTC Supporting Agency Consultants staff designs/ drawings for the bridges. CMC staff-Ms. Devika, Dr.Priyalal Dias CMC has planned to discuss with other key agencies as Ceylon Ms. Champa Electricity Board, Sri Lanka Telecom, National Water Supply and Ganegoda, Co-Team Leader- Drainage Board and do walkability improvements in line with their Ms. Dammika Mr. P.R. Atygalle construction activities also. 1.8 km of roads was rehabilitated under Jayewardene rehabilitation of roads in Galle road and 10 km of R.A De Mel Road sector Expert- Mawatha is to be completed. Surveying work has commenced. Mr. Denzil Designs of public convenience projects are nearly completion. Sewer Senanayaka lines will be connected to central sewer system. 13.9.2011 SLLRDC A brief on the status of project designs, updated project details was AGM (Research and PMU Environmental Project provided. Development)- Mrs. Expert- Mr. Coordinator- An approval from Department of Irrigation will be required to do A.H.S Thushari A.Rodrigo Miss. Isurie improvements to North Lock gates. Existing width of the gates is Co- Team Leader- Dharmasoma 5.4m and it will be widened up to 17m. DGM (Special Mr. P.R. Atygalle Bank protection of canals will be done using gabion walls and sheet projects) -Mr. C.B piles. All the sewer outlets to the canal will be closed and it is allowed Amarasinghe Ecologist-Prof. only storm water outlets to enter the canals. Swarna Piyasiri Aluth Mawatha culvert will be reconstructed by placing 3m×3m box type culvert. Concrete slabs which cover the canal will be repaired where necessary. Mutwall out fall will be improved by placing Silt traps. Rock blasting will be taken place at the site during constructions. However, inserting a flood gate will be discussed further and to be finalized. Flood gates of Talangama tank is maintained by a farmer organization. It is proposed to dredge the upstream of Talangama tank followed by the discussions with the Department of Irrigation. Embankment protection will be done from Amaragoda culvert to Athurugiriya road. The adequacy of the culvert capacity will be checked and improvements will be proposed accordingly. Feasibility studies will be done to check the suitability of raising their spill level of Talangama tank. Lake No. 6 and 7 will be created under stage 1 as land belongs to the UDA. Land for proposed lake 4 is a private land. GreenTech Page 6 of 9 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Participants Date Place Main Topics Discussed GTC Supporting Agency Consultants staff 28.09.2011 Dehiwala An overall description of the subprojects proposed by Dehiwala Mt. Engineer-Mr. H.C.S Road sector expert- Project Mt. Lavinia Lavinia MC was given. The roads were selected by doing a network Gunathilaka Mr. Denzil coordinator- MC study including a traffic count. Senanayaka Miss. Isurie Dharmasoma All selected roads are link roads to main roads. Leader way drains are available for all roads. All reservations on the bottlenecks will be cleared. Road width will be 6m. All side drains will be covered. Cross sections of the roads were drawn. Hanger for heavy vehicles will be constructed to store machineries. It is proposed to construct a maintenance unit. The institutional capacity of the Municipal council was discussed. It is proposed to construct a mini premix plant closer by Attidiya play ground. 28.09.2011 CMC Existing drain facilities are not enough to cater all water due to heavy Director (Drainage)- Engineer-Mr. Project (Drainage rainfall. Mr. Saleem, Gemunu Silva coordinator- division) Downstream canal development of Kimbula Ela is proposed. Kimbula Miss. Isurie Ela is a housing scheme and the land belongs to SLPA. Development District Engineers Road Sector Expert- Dharmasoma of canal path will be done by removing all garbage, bank protection 1. Mr. Chandrapala Mr. Denzil and natural flow is allowed. Norris canal which carries hospital waste Senanayaka will be directed to St. Sebastian canal to avoid flooding of the hospital 2. Mr. Rohana area. Under development of upper catchment of Torrington Canal, micro tunneling will be done to improve the flow of storm water. Drains at Kirulapona will be widened. Detail designs of these projects are to be done; however, preliminary studies were conducted. Modeling part will be done with the assistance of SLLRDC. 23.10.2011 Crow The community perception was gathered also through chairman of the Team Leader-Dr. Project Island interviewing a number of visitors who were in the park. The Beach Park Priyalal Dias coordinator- information gathered was summarized below. Management Miss. Isurie In the ancient time, Southern marsh of this area had a stream Society- Mr. Social Consultant – Dharmasoma Mr. A.V.G.C to the Northern end, thereby bisecting the marsh and called Vijendran Karunathilaka crow “Island�. This stream is now filled up. It was termed as the Kirala Kele in the ancient time due to high mangrove vice chairman- Mr. coverage. The area has been a nesting and resting place for Nimal Perera crows in the area and so called as Crow Island. With the Society members GreenTech Page 7 of 9 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Participants Date Place Main Topics Discussed GTC Supporting Agency Consultants staff development activities in t he surrounding, the mangrove vegetation was cleared. The entire area is owned by Coast Conservation Department. Parallel to the beach front the CCD has constructed a rock barrier revetment in 2002 to arrest coastal erosion. This is a limited length in front the entrance area to the park. It is recommended that this entire beach front to have a continuous rock revetment. Alternatively a rock Gabion wall can be also established. The proposed development to the park is important as this is the only recreational area with a beach front to the north of Galle Face Green. In addition to recreational facilities this will be a positive enhancement towards aesthetic advancement, which is also of focus under MCUDP. This subproject is to develop the beach frontage of Crow Island which presently being managed by Beach Park Management Society. There are over 100 members of this society and the present beach park has created two children’s park at the two corners. The society has requested to establish a police post and the Police Department have already established a police post. The Navy checkpoint has been a withdrawn as they are not dealing with civil society issues and the security arrangements are satisfactorily made to the area. The project has innovative creations made as a participatory approach. Coconut trees have been planted by the name of residents, children and they are individually feed and look after the trees which are growing very healthy. There is an area covered by a parapet wall and named as a “Pets Rest�, where kindness to animals has been highlighted. The members at their own funds are managing the beach as an attractive area, where hundreds of people come and rest during evenings and weekends. GreenTech Page 8 of 9 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 5   Participants Date Place Main Topics Discussed GTC Supporting Agency Consultants staff They have basically three priorities in obtaining government assistance. 1. Develop a play ground for the youth to play as at present they are not allowed to play in the grassed area, and the youths are unhappy over this matter. 2. To construct a car park for the visitors, so that some income could be derived from the project. 3. To find alternative accommodation to the dairy farm keeper as the cows destroy the plants and grass area of the park. As his livelihood cannot be disturbed, they are seeking some solution for this problem. This project is an example for a community managed public project. After developing the park, this potential resource has to be harnessed. The PIA (CMC) has not informed about the subproject to the community. If CMC undertake this after development it will be another failure as community participation will be not possible. 23.10.2011 Thalangam The tank is controlled by the Irrigation Department and Mr. Premachandra Team Leader-Dr. Project a tank SLLRDC has to implement the sub project. Mr. Premachandra Pieris Priyalal Dias coordinator- Pieris of No. 399, Hokandara South, Hokandara is one of the Miss. Isurie owners of the paddy lands which have been acquired for the Mrs. W Jen nona Social Consultant – Dharmasoma Mr. A.V.G.C sub project. There is a farmer organization in the area and they Karunathilaka are involved in cleaning the tank and protecting the bunds. Mrs. Padma Two residents just in front of the Talangama tank were met. Sriyalatha Mrs. W Jen nona of Thalangama South and Mrs. Padma Sriyalatha informed that the proposed project will be good for the residents. With the increase of the capacity of the tank, it will useful for the farmers to cultivate more paddy, and it will also enhance the beauty of the environment though temporary impacts such as noise and dust can be experienced.   GreenTech Page 9 of 9 Annex 6 Environment Assessment Process in Sri Lanka EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 6 Environment Assessment Process in Sri Lanka   The legal framework for the Environmental Impact Assessment in Sri Lanka was established by the National Environmental (amendment) Act no. 56 of 1988. The Part IV C of the NEA spells out the basic principles of the EIA. The section 23 AA (1) of the act read as: “not withstanding the provisions of any other written law, from and after the coming into operation of this act, all prescribed projects that are being undertaken in Sri Lanka by any government department, Corporation, Statutory Board, Local Authority, Company, Firm or an individual will be required to obtain approval under this act for the implementation of such prescribed projects.� Thus all prescribed projects are subject to the EIA process. 1. Environment Assessment The procedures laid out in NEA are supplemented by the orders and regulations of seven gazettes. 1. Gazette extra-ordinary No 772/22 of 24th June1993- it spells out three important aspects of EIA –(a) EIA regulations & procedures (b) Prescribed projects, (c) Project approving agencies 2. Gazette extra-ordinary No 859/14 of 23rd February 1995. This revised the list of Project Approving Agencies. 3. Gazette extra-ordinary No 978/13 of 4th June 1997 4. Gazette extra-ordinary No 1104/22 of 5th November 1999 5. Gazette extra-ordinary No 1108/01 of 29th November 1999 6. Gazette extra-ordinary No 1159/22 of 22nd November 2000. Procedure for approval of projects; amendments to No 772/22 of 24th June 1993 7. Gazette extra-ordinary No 1373/06 of 29th December 2004. This again revised the list of Project Approving Agencies. Sri Lankan Government recognizes EIA as an effective tool for the purpose of integrating environmental considerations with development planning. The application of this technique is considered as a means of ensuring that the likely effects of new development projects on the environment are fully understood and taken into account before development is allowed to proceed. The importance of this management tool to foresee potential environmental impacts and problems caused by proposed projects and its use as a means to make projects more suitable to the environment are highly appreciated. The legal provision for EIA in Sri Lanka was first included in the Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 (see below). These provisions were restricted to the Coastal Zone as defined by this Act. The broader legal framework for the EIA process in Sri Lanka was laid down by the amendments made to NEA in 1988 through National Environmental (Amendment) Act No. 56 of 1988. The provision relating to EIA is contained in Part IV C of the National Environmental Act. The procedure stipulated in the Act for the approval of projects provides for the submission of two types of reports Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. Such reports are required in respect of ―prescribed projects included in a Schedule in an Order published by the Minister of Environment in terms of section 23 Z of the act in the Gazette Extra Ordinary No. 772/22 dated 24th June 1993. This amendment makes EIA mandatory for whole of Sri Lanka and transformed Central Environment Authority (CEA) into enforcement and implementing agency. Further, any developmental activity of any description whatsoever proposed to be established within one mile of the boundary of any National Reserve, should receive the GreenTech Page 1 of 4 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 6 prior written approval of the Director of Wildlife Conservation. The Fauna and Flora (Protection) Ordinance mandates that the project proponent should furnish an IEE of EIA report in terms of the National Environmental Act for this purpose. In order for a project to be approved the project proponent should submit either an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. If it is an EIA report that has been submitted there is mandatory period of 30 days during which the public can inspect the document and comment on the report. Further, a public hearing may be held to provide an opportunity to any member of the public to voice their concerns. A decision whether to approve the project will be made only after public consultation is done and necessary major issues are resolved. The EIA process is implemented through designated Project Approving Agencies (PAAs). PAA‘s are those organizations that are directly connected with such a prescribed project. At present, 23 state agencies have been recognized by the Minister as PAAs which include the DWLC, FD and CEA. A given organization cannot act both as the PAA as well as the project proponent. In such cases the CEA will designate an appropriate PAA. Similarly when there are more than one PAA the CEA must determine the appropriate PAA. In the event of doubt or difficulty in identifying the appropriate PAA, CEA itself will function as the PAA. The CEA has published series of guidelines explaining the EIA process. 1. A Guidance for implementing the EIA process No 1 2006 (fourth Edition)-It explains the EIA process in Sri Lanka, procedures for compliance with EIA regulations. 2. A Guidance for Implementing the EIA process, No 2, 2006 (Third Edition) - Here explanation is provided on the environmental scoping activity in detail in the EIA process. There are five key players in the EIA process in Sri Lanka. • Project Proponent (PP): Has the responsibility of providing preliminary information on the project and preparing the EIA; • Project Approving Agency (PAA): The government agency responsible for the processingof the EIA and making decisions. The PAA may use the services of a Technical Evaluation Committee to evaluate the EIA report • Central Environmental Authority (CEA); Concurrence of CE is required for the approval of projects • Public: Who are given the opportunity to comment on the IEE/EIA report. • The Secretary to the Ministry of Environment: Who functions as an appellate body if the PP files an appeal against the decision of the PAA. The responsibilities of the PAA and PP and time line are shown in the following Table1. Table 1: Responsibilities in the IEE/EIA process & timeline Stage in the process IEE EIA PAA PP 1 Provision of Preliminary Information (PI) 06-Days 06-Days × 2 Scoping & Determine IEE OR EIA; TOR 14-Days 30-Days × preparation 3 Preparation of the IEE/EIA report NS* NS* × 4 Checking adequacy of IEE/EIA report NA NS × 5 Provision of additional information if required NA NS* × 6 Open for & Receiving public comments NA 30-Days × 7 Forward Comments to PP NA 06-Days × 8 Responding to the public comments NA NS* × 9 Decision × 10 Concurrence on the decision 21-Days 30-Days × (CEA) 11 Appeal against rejection (If rejected) × 12 Final Decision × Note: NS-Not Specified; NS*-The PAA will determine the duration; NA-Not Applicable GreenTech Page 2 of 4 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 6 The PAA is mandated to submit a monitoring plan for the project to the CEA within 30-days of the approval. The monitoring plan so prepared will be based on the EIA report and the conditions stated in the approval letter to comply with the environmental safeguards. If the development project discharges any waste product to the environment then Environmental Protection License (EPL) scheme also come in to force. The extraordinary gazette number 1534/18, 01. Feb 2008 outlines the regulations pertaining to EPL and the general standards and the tolerance limits for discharges of effluents in to environment. Further the extraordinary gazette No 924/12-21st May 1996 (annex III/5) contains regulations relating to permissible noise levels. The EIA/IEE regulations will not apply to those sub-project activities proposed for the stage I investment. None of the sub project activities proposed have potential to trigger environmental impacts. The figure 1 illustrates the EIA process in accordance with the NEA Figure 1: EIA Process 2. Environmental Protection License Pollution Control The Environmental Protection License (EPL) is a regulatory/ legal tool under the provisions of the National Environmental Act. The EPL procedure has been introduced to prevent or minimize the release of discharges and emissions into the environment from industrial activities in compliance with national discharge and emission standards, to provide guidance on pollution control for polluting processes and to encourage the use of pollution abatement technology such as cleaner production, waste minimization etc. The gazette notification No GreenTech Page 3 of 4 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 6 1533/16 of 25.01.2008 made by the Hon Minister under section 23A and 23B of the National Environment Under gazette, polluting activities have been prescribed they are classified into three lists named A, B and C. List A comprise of 80 potentially high polluting industries, List B comprise of 33 medium polluting industries and List C comprise of 25 low polluting industrial activities. For List A and List B industries the project proponent must submit a duly filled application (can be obtained from CEA headquarters, provincial and district offices or downloaded from www.cea.lk) for each prescribed activity to provincial or district office of CEA who will evaluate the application and determine the relevancy of issuing an EPL and the adequacy of the details furnished and determine and appropriate inspection fee. Then the project proponent must pay the prescribed fee to CEA headquarters, provincial or district office of CEA and submit the receipt to the relevant provincial or district office of the CEA. Then a team of officers will carry out an inspection and submit a report based on the site visit and the information provided. If the Issue of EPL is recommended the project proponent can obtain the EPL upon payment of license fee. For List C industries issue of EPL is delegated to local authorities (Municipal councils, Urban councils or Pradeshiya Sabha). The procedure to be followed is the same except the Local Authority will appoint a Technical Evaluation Committee (TEC) that will make the final decision regarding the issue of EPL based on the field assessment report and information furnished by the industrialist. The EPL can be renewed by submitting a renewal application three months prior to the date of expiry to the relevant authority who will conduct an inspection and determine whether the EPL should be renewed. Disposal of Waste The gazette notification No 1534/18 of 1st February 2008 made by the Hon Minister under section 23A and 23B of the National Environment. Act No 47 of 1980 is referred to as the National Environmental (protection & quality) regulations No 1 of 2008. It deals with disposable waste from specific and non specific sources. The notification has three parts and eight schedules. The Part I deal with the Issue of Environmental Protection License for Emission of Disposal of waste. Part II deals on issue of license for the management of waste and Part III on General matters including definitions and the effectiveness and validity of the license issued. The eight schedules include the tolerance limits, applications, formats for reporting, categorization of non specific and specific waste etc. GreenTech Page 4 of 4 Annex 7 Water Quality Analysis 7.1: Water Quality Data Analysis (1997-2009) 7.2: Water Quality Standards 7.3: Sources of Industrial Pollution in the Greater Colombo Canal System 7.4: Illegal sewer connections to St. Sebastian canal EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     Water Quality Data Analysis (1997-2009) 1. pH 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 1 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 2 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private Bus 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 3 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian C 26. St. S all Canal (north) - Out fa to 27. Bloemendha Canal - B B al Branch Earth hen drain Ganga Kelani G h Pile coming through Garbage P 28. Bloemendhal Ca e ce anal - At the Confluenc of Earthen drain of 27 tuation in A pH Fluct ns During 19 All Location 997�2009 20 7.2 00 7.0 80 6.8 60 6.6 40 6.4 pH 20 6.2 00 6.0 80 5.8 60 5.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 8 2 6 on No Locatio All ns A location   ech GreenTe e Page 4 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     2. EC (ms/cm) 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 5 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 6 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Bus Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 7 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian Canal (north) - Out fall to 26. St. S ) o B al 27. Bloemendha Canal - Brranch Earthen drain Kelani GGanga h coming through Garbage PPile emendhal Canal - At the Confluenc of 28. Bloe e ce n 7 Earthen drain of 27 vity  Fluctuation in All Conductiv  During 199 l Locations D 97­2009 6.000 5.000 Conductivity (ms/cm) 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 1 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 26 27 28 12 8 25 8 Location No   ech GreenTe e Page 8 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     Turbidity (NTU) 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 9 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 10 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Bus Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 11 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian Canal (north) - Out fall to 26. St. S ) o B al 27. Bloemendha Canal - Brranch Earthen drain Kelani GGanga h coming through Garbage PPile 28. Bloe e ce emendhal Canal - At the Confluenc of Earthern drain of 27 dity Fluctua Turbid  Locations D ation in All L 7­2009 During 1997 0 45.00 0 40.00 0 35.00 Turbidity (NTU) 0 30.00 0 25.00 0 20.00 0 15.00 0 10.00 0 5.00 0 0.00 8 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 27 28 L Location No All s A locations   ech GreenTe Page 12 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     3. Ammonia (mg/l) 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 13 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 14 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Bus Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 15 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian C 26. St. S ) o Canal (north) - Out fall to 27. Bloemendha Canal - Br B al ranch Earth hen Kelani GGanga hrough Garb drain coming th bage Pile emendhal C 28. Bloe e ce ern 27 Canal - At the Confluenc of Earthe drain of 2 onia Fluctua Ammo  Locations D ation in All L 7­2009  During 1997 00 120.0 00 100.0 Ammonia (mg/l) 00 80.0 00 60.0 00 40.0 00 20.0 00 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 2 23 24 25 2 27 28 1 22 26 Location No L A Location All ns   ech GreenTe Page 16 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     4: Nitrate (mg/l) 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 17 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 18 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Bus Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 19 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian Canal (north) - Out fall to 26. St. S ) o B al 27. Bloemendha Canal - Brranch Earthen drain Kelani GGanga ming through Garbage P com h Pile emendhal Canal - At the Confluenc of Earthern drain of 2 28. Bloe e ce 27 e Fluctuatio Nitrate cations Dur on in All Loc 2009 ring 1997­2 0 14.00 0 12.00 0 10.00 Nitrate (mg/l) 0 8.00 0 6.00 0 4.00 0 2.00 0 0.00 8 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 27 28 Location No L A Location All ns   ech GreenTe Page 20 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     5: Phosphate (mg/l) 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 21 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 22 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Bus Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 23 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian Canal (north) - Out fall to 26. St. S ) o B al 27. Bloemendha Canal - Brranch Earthen drain Kelani GGanga ming through Garbage P com h Pile emendhal Canal - At the Confluenc of Earthen drain of 27 28. Bloe e ce hate Fluctu Phosph l Locations  uation in All 97­  During 199 20099 6.00 5.00 Phosphate (mg/l) 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 2 26 6 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 27 28 Location No L A locations All s   ech GreenTe Page 24 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     6: DO (mg/l) 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 25 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 26 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Bus Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 27 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian Canal (north) - Out fall to 26. St. S ) o B al 27. Bloemendha Canal - Brranch Earthen drain Kelani GGanga ming through Garbage P com h Pile emendhal Canal - At the Confluenc of Earthen drain of 27 28. Bloe e ce uctuation in DO Flu ons During  n All Locatio 9  1997­2009 7.00 6.00 5.00 DO (mg/l) 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 2 26 6 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 27 28 Location No L A locations All s   ech GreenTe Page 28 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     8: BOD (mg/l) 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 29 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 30 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Bus Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 31 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian Canal (north) - Out fall to 26. St. S ) o B al 27. Bloemendha Canal - Brranch Earthen drain Kelani GGanga ming through Garbage P com h Pile emendhal Canal - At the Confluenc of Earthen drain of 27 28. Bloe e ce  All Locatio BOD Fluctuation in   1997­2009 ons During 1 0 70.00 0 60.00 0 50.00 BOD (mg/l) 0 40.00 0 30.00 0 20.00 0 10.00 0 0.00 8 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 27 28 Location No L A locations All s   ech GreenTe Page 32 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     9: COD (mg/l) 1. Baseline Road crossing of Dematagoda 2. End Point of St. Sebastian Canal (Outlet to Canal, Orugodawatta Beira Lake) 3. Bridge on Kotte North Canal 4. Railway Bridge on Torrington Canal 5. Galle Road Bridge on Wellawatta Canal 6. Galle Road Bridge on Dehiwala Canal   GreenTech Page 33 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     11. St. Sebastian Canal -Bridge near 12. Dematagoda Canal - Kolonnawa Bridge Ingurukade Junction near Ceylon Petroleum Corporation 13. Mahawatta Canal - Cotta Road Bridge, 14. Kirillapone Canal - Near Open University Rajagiriya Bridge, Nawala 18. Station No.01 - Diyawanna Oya - 19. Station No.02 - Diyawanna Oya - Kimbulawala Madiwela Battaramulla South, Pelawatte   GreenTech Page 34 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.1     20. Station No.03 - Diyawanna Oya - 21. Kelani River - Close to new bridge, upper Battaramulla North, Diyawanna Oya Outlet stream to confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 22. St. Sebastian Canal - North Lock Gate 23. Kelani River - Close to Victoria bridge – downstream confluence of St. Sebastian Canal 24. Beire Lake - Just behind Pettah Private 25. St. Sebastian Canal - About 200 m Bus Stand downstream from location 2 [about 200m upstream from outlet to Beira Lake]   GreenTech Page 35 of 36 CUDP EA –MC nnex 7.1 FR-An     Sebastian Canal (north) - Out fall to 26. St. S ) o B al 27. Bloemendha Canal - Brranch Earthen drain Kelani GGanga ming through Garbage P com h Pile emendhal Canal - At the Confluenc of Earthen drain of 27 28. Bloe e ce luctuation i COD Fl ions During  in All Locati 09 g 1997­200 00 120.0 00 100.0 00 80.0 COD (mg/l) 00 60.0 00 40.0 00 20.0 00 0.0 1 22 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 2 23 24 25 2 27 28 Location No L A locations All s   ech GreenTe Page 36 of 36 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.2 Water Quality Standards GreenTech Page 1 of 7 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.2 GreenTech Page 2 of 7 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.2 GreenTech Page 3 of 7 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.2 Proposed Sri Lankan Water Quality Standards by Central Environmental Authority Parameter Unit Nature Drinking water, Bathing Fish and Drinking water Irrigation and Other uses Type of limit Conservation with simple aquatic life with conventional agriculture treatment treatment Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 General 01. Colour (after simple treatment) Pt mg/l, max N 20 .. .. 100 .. .. 02. Total dissolved solids (TDS) mg/l, max N .. .. .. .. 500 .. 03. Conductivity dS/m, max N .. .. .. .. 0.7 .. 04. Odour .. N 05. Taste .. N 06. Turbidity NTU, max N 5 07. Sodium absorption ratio (SAR) .. N .. 08. Resident sodium carbonate (RSC) meq/l, max N .. 09. Total hardness as CaCO3,mg/l,max N 250 des. 600max 10. pH .. N 6.0-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.0-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.0-8.5 5.5-9.0 11. Dissolved Oxygen at 250C mg/l, min N 6 5 3 4 3 3 12. BOD (5days at 200C or 3days at 300C mg/l, max N 3 4 4 5 5 5 13.COD mg/l, max N 15 20 15 10 40 Nutrients 14. Nitrates(NO3-N) mg/l, max N 5 5 5 5 5 5 15. Total Ammonia (NH3-N) mg/l, max N - pH<7.5 0.94 9.1 -pH = 8.0 0.59 4.9 -pH = 8.5 0.22 1.6 16. Total Phosphate (PO4-P) mg/l, max N 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 Other Substances 200 100 17. Chlorides(cl) mg/l, max N 200 18. Cyanides (CN) mg/l, max N 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 19. Flourides (F) mg/l, max N 1.5 20. Sulphates (SO4) mg/l, max N 250 GreenTech Page 4 of 7 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.2 Proposed Sri Lankan Water Quality Standards by Central Environmental Authority Parameter Unit Nature Drinking water, Bathing Fish and Drinking water Irrigation and Other uses Type of limit Conservation with simple aquatic life with conventional agriculture treatment treatment Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 Metals 21. Total Cadmium (Cd) mg/l, max N 5 H Cd 5 5 <60 0.2 60-120 0.8 120-180 1.3 >180 4 22. Total chromium (Cr) ug/l, max N 50 2 50 5 23. Total copper (Cu) ug/l, max N H Cu 100 <60 2 60-120 2 120-180 3 >180 4 24. Iron (Fe) ug/l, max N 300 des. 1000max 300 200 25. Lead (Pb) ug/l, max N 50 H Pb 50 50 <60 1 60-120 2 120-180 4 >180 7 26. Manganese (Mn) ug/l, max N 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 27. Mercury (Hg) ug/l, max N 1 1 0.1 1 1 2 28. Nickel (Ni) ug/l, max N 100 100 H Ni 100 100 100 <60 25 60-120 65 120-180 110 >180 150 29. Selenium (Se) ug/l, max N 10 10 1 10 30. Zinc (Zn) ug/l, max N 1000 1000 30 1000 1000 1000 31. Boron (B) ug/l, max N 500 GreenTech Page 5 of 7 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.2 Proposed Sri Lankan Water Quality Standards by Central Environmental Authority Parameter Unit Nature Drinking water, Bathing Fish and Drinking water Irrigation and Other uses Type of limit Conservation with simple aquatic life with conventional agriculture treatment treatment Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 32. Total arsenic (As) ug/l, max N 10 50 50 10 50 50 33. Aluminium (Al) ug/l, max N 200 200 0.5 Organic micro Pollutants 34. Phenol index ug/l, max N 2 5 1 5 5 5 35. Oil and grease ug/l, max N 100 200 10 100 300 36. Anionic surfactants (detergents) ug/l, max N 200 300 1000 200 1000 1000 As MBAS 37. Total Pesticides ug/l, max N 10 30 30 30 50 50 Micro organisms 38. Total coliforms MPN 100ml (*P=95%) N 5000 1000 20,000 5000 1000 39. Faecal coliforms MPN 100ml (*P=95%) N 250 des 600 max 50 1 It is not required to name any inland waters for this purposes because water for this purposes can be taken from any other uses category subject to very specific parameter values Abbreviations N = Nature of baseline values H = Hardness in terms of CaCO3 in mg/l des. = Desirable highest level max = Maximum permissible level MBA S= Methylene blue active substances *p=95% = 95% of the samples give a value that is equal to or less than the indicated limit GreenTech Page 6 of 7 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.2 Water quality standards used by other countries Drinking water Fisheries and aquatic life Union of Union of Variables WHO EU Canada USA Soviet EU Canada Soviet Color (TCU) 15 20mg Pt.Co1- 15 15 1 Total Dissolved Solids (mgl-1) 1,000 500 500 Total Suspended Solids (mgl-1) 25 Increase 102 Turbidity (NTU) 5 4jtu 5 1.5 20 PH 6.5-8.5 6-5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-9.0 Dissolved Oxygen (mgl-1) 4.0 5.0-9.0 5.0-9.5 Hardness (mgl-1 CaCO3) 500 2.0 0.005-0.025 1.37-2.2 0.05 Ammonical Nitrogen (mgl-1) Ammonia (mgl-1) 0.5 2.0 0.04-1.0 0.5 Nitrate as N (mgl-1) 10 10 10 Nitrate (mgl-1) 50 10 Nitrite as N (mgl-1) 1.0 40 Nitrite (mgl-1) 0.1 1.0 0.01-0.03 0.06 0.08 Phosphorus (mgl-1) 5.0 BOD (mgl-1O2) 3.0 3.0-6.0 3.0 Sodium (mgl-1) 200 150-1751 Chloride (mgl-1) 250 251 250 250 350 Sulfate (mgl-1) 400 251 500 250 500 100 Sulfide (mgl-1) 0.05 Fluoride (mgl-1) 1.5 1.5-0.7 1.5 2.0 1.5 0.75 Boron (mgl-1) 1.01 5.0 Cyanide (mgl-1) 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.005 0.05 Trace Metals Aluminum (mgl-1) 0.2 0.2 0.005-1.0 Arsenic (mgl-1) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Barium (mgl-1) 0.1 1.0 1.0 Microbiological variables Faecal Coliforms (No. per 0 0 0 100ml) Coliforms (No. per 100 ml) 0-3 10 1 GreenTech Page 7 of 7 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.3     Sources of Industrial Pollution in the Greater Colombo Canal System     Type of Wastewater discharged to Canal Industrial Activity canals Dehiwala Automobile Service Station Treatment plant available treated effluent discharged to canal. Textile processing Wastewater comprising textile dyes discharged with no form of treatment Kirillapone Automobile service station Treated effluent Direct discharge of untreated Industrial Heen Ela Milk processing industry effluent Fruit and vegetable canning Untreated wastewater discharges industry Ice cream manufacturing plant Untreated wastewater Automobile servicing Untreated wastewater Washing plant Untreated wastewater Paint industry Untreated wastewater Mahawatta Automobile service station 1 Wastewater (through a secondary Heen ela drain) connector canal Automobile service station 2 Wastewater through a secondary drain Automobile service station 3 Wastewater through a secondary drain Kolonnawa Piggery Treated effluent Tannery 1 Wastewater Tannery 2 Wastewater Tannery 3 Wastewater Treated Wastewater through a minor Concrete batching plant canal Treated Wastewater through a minor Vehicle servicing station canal Kotte Canal & Automobile interior and wastewater Diyawanna exterior cleaning station Oya Source: JICA Storm Water Management Plan, 2001   GreenTech Page 1 of 1 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.4 Illegal sewer connections to St. Sebastian canal GreenTech Page 1 of 6 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.4 Locations of sewer discharges Group A outlet locations along St Sebastien canal GreenTech Page 2 of 6 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.4 Group B outlet locations GreenTech Page 3 of 6 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.4 Group B locations (Contd) GreenTech Page 4 of 6 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.4 Group B locations contd. GreenTech Page 5 of 6 EA –MCUDP FR-Annex 7.4 Group C (C1- C65) outlet locations GreenTech Page 6 of 6 Annex 8 Flora and Fauna found in the study area EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Flora and Fauna found in the study area 8.1. Faunal Diversity Na-Native, Mi-Migratory, In-Introduced, En-Endemic, EN-Endangered, VU-Vulnerable, lc- Low risk - least concern, NT- Nationally Threatened, S-Saltwater Dispersant, **-not enough data Table 1: Diversity of Fauna in St. Sebastian Canal No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status Bamunu 1 Brahminy kite Piyakussa Accipitridae Haliastur indus Bird BrR White throated Laya Sudu BrR- 2 kingfisher Pilihuduwa Alcedinidae Halcyon Smyrnensis Bird Aq 3 Cattle egret Gava koka Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Bird BrR 4 Great egret Maha sudu koka Ardeidae Casmerodius albus Bird BrR Brown Headed 5 Barbet polos Kottoruwa Capitonidae Megalaima zeylanica Bird BrR Red Wattled Rath karamal 6 Lapwing kirala Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Bird BrR 7 Domestic pigeon parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR 8 Rock pigeon Gal parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR 9 Spotted Dove Alu kobeyiya Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Bird BrR 10 House crow Colamba kakka Corvidae Corvus splendens Bird BrR Eudynamys 11 Asian koal Koha Cuculidae scolopacea Bird BrR 12 Greate Coucal Eti kukula Cuculidae Centropus sinensis Bird BrR White bellied 13 Drongo Podu kauda Dicruridae Dicrurus caerulescens Bird BrR 14 common swallow Wehi lihiniya Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Bird Mi 15 Indian Roller Dumbonna Meropidae Coracias Benghalensis Bird BrR Red backed rathu pita 16 woodpecker kottoruwa Picidae Dinopium benghalense Bird BrR 17 House Domesticus Ge Kurulla Ploceidae Passer domesticus Bird BrR Thith Wee 18 Spotted Munia Kurulla Ploceidae Lonchura Punctulata Bird BrR 19 Red vented bulbul kondaya pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer Bird BrR White browed Bama Sudu 20 Bulbul Kondaya pycnonotidae Pycnonotus luteolus Bird BrR White breasted Laya sudu Amaurornis BrR- 21 water hen koravakka Rallidae phoenicurus Bird Aq 22 Commom mynah Myna Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Bird BrR 23 yellow billed babbler Demalichcha Timalinae Turdoides affinis Bird BrR 24 Indian Robin Kalu Kichcha Turdinae Saxicoloides fulicata Bird BrR Oriantal Magpie 25 robin pollkichcha Turdinae Copsychus saularis Bird BrR 26 Fresh water bivalve ** Unionidae Lamelidens marginalis Bivalves ** Common Indian 27 crow ** Apocynaceae Euploea core asela Butterfly R 28 Common sailor ** Nymphalidae Neptis hylas varmona Butterfly R 29 Wandering glider ** Libellulidae Pantana flavencens Dragonfly ** 30 Blue percher ** Libellulidae Diplocodes trivialis Dragonfly ** Brachythemis 31 Asian grounding ** Libellulidae contaminata Dragonfly ** Oreochromis 32 Mozabique thilapia Thilapia Cichlidae mosambicus Fish In 33 Common Carp Rata Pethiya Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Fish In 34 Guppy Guppy Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Fish In GreenTech Page 1 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status 35 Six toed frog Kola Mediya Ranidae Rana hexadactyla Frog ** 36 Water Skipper Atikiththa Ranidae Rana cyanophlyctis Frog ** 37 Common toad Goda Gemba Bufonidae Bufo melanostictus Frog ** 38 land snail ** Achatinidae Achatina fulica Gastropods ** 39 Apple snail ** Ampullariidae Pila globsa Gastropods ** channeled 40 applesnail ** Ampullariidae Pomacea canaliculata Gastropods ** 41 Ancylus ** Planorbidae Ancylus sp. Gastropods ** 42 Fresh water snail ** Planorbidae Indoplanorbis sp. Gastropods ** 43 Aquarium glaser ** Thiaridae Faunus ater Gastropods ** Malaysian Trumpet 44 Snail ** Thiaridae Melanoides tuberculata Gastropods ** 45 Bee ** Apidae Apis indica Insect ** 46 Wasp ** Apidae Apis mellifera Insect ** 47 Lady bird beetle ** Coccinellidae Harmonia sp. Insect ** Rhynchophorus 48 Red weevil ** Curculionidae ferrugineus Insect ** 49 Fire fly ** Formicidae Solenopsis sp. Insect ** 50 Red ant ** Formicidae Sima niger Insect ** Tailor ant/ Green 51 tree ant ** Formicidae Oecophylla smargdina Insect ** 52 Water strider ** Gerridae Ptilometra cingalensis Insect Na 53 House fly ** Muscidae Musca domestica Insect ** 54 Flesh Fly ** Sarcophagidae Sacophaga sp Insect ** 55 Domestic cow Haraka Bovidae Bos indicus Mammal Na 56 Domestic cat Poosa Canidae Felis cattus Mammal Na 57 Domestic dog Balla Canidae Canis familiaris Mammal Na Indian Gray 58 Mongoose Mugatiya Herpestidae Herpestes edwardsii Mammal LR/lc 59 House rat Ge miya Muridae Mus musculus Mammal ** 60 Malabar bandicoot Uru Miya Muridae Bandicota indica Mammal LR/lc 61 Flying Fox Ma Wawula Pteropodidae Pteropus giganteus Mammal LR/lc Three-Striped Palm 62 Squirrel Leena Sciuridae Funambulus palmarum Mammal LR/lc 63 Musk Shrew Podi Hikmeeya Soricidae Suncus murinus Mammal LR/lc Checkered Keel Xenochrophis 64 back Diya naya Colubridae asperrimus Snake En 65 Green Whip Snake Ahatulla Colubridae Ahaetulla nasutus Snake ** 66 Rat Snake Garadiya Colubridae Ptyas mucosa Snake ** Common Garden 67 Lizard Gara Katussa Agamidae Calotes versicolor Tetrapod Na 68 Green garden lizard Pala Katussa Agamidae Calotes calotes Tetrapod NT Hard shelled 69 Terrapin Gal Ibba Emydidae Melanochelys trijuga Tetrapod NT Common house 70 gecko ** Gekonidae Hemidactylus frenatus Tetrapod ** Spotted house 71 gecko ** Gekonidae Hemidactylus brookii Tetrapod ** 72 Soft Shelled Terapin Kiri Ibba Trionychidae Lissemys punctata Tetrapod NT 73 Land Monitor Thalagoya Varanidae Varanus cepidianus Tetrapod ** 74 Water monitore Kabaragoya Varanidae Varanus salvator Tetrapod ** Source: Anon (1995) and field observations GreenTech Page 2 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Table 2: Summary of the Faunal Diversity in St. Sebestian Canal Site No. of No. of No. of Taxonomic No. of No. of Introduced Endemic Migrant Threatened Group Species Species Species Species Species Bird 25 - - 1 - Bivalves 1 - - - - Butterfly 2 - - - - Dragonfly 3 - - - - Fish 3 - 3 - - Frog 3 - - - - Gastropod 7 - - - - Insect 10 - - - - Mammal 9 - - - 5 Snake 3 1 - - 1 Tetrapod 8 - - 3 Total 74 1 3 1 9 Table 3: Diversity of Fauna in Wellawaththa & Dehiwala Canal areas Common No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status name Small BrR- Kuda pilihuduwa Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Bird 1 Kingfisher Aq White Laya Sudu Halcyon BrR- throated Alcedinidae Bird Pilihuduwa Smyrnensis Aq 2 kingfisher Katiya Sudu Bird BrR 3 House swift Thurithaya Apodidae Apus affinis 4 Cattle egret Gava koka Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Bird BrR Casmerodius Great egret Maha sudu koka Ardeidae Bird BrR 5 albus Nycticorax BrR- Night heron Re Koka Ardeidae Bird 6 nycticorax Aq BrR- pond heron ** Ardeidae Ardela grayii Bird 7 Aq BrR- Purple heron Karavel koka Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Bird 8 Aq Yellow Ixobryus BrR- Kaha Mati koka Ardeidae Bird 9 Bitterns sinensis Aq Brown Megalaima Headed polos Kottoruwa Capitonidae Bird BrR zeylanica 10 Barbet Red Wattled Rath karamal Bird BrR 11 Lapwing kirala Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Domestic Bird BrR 12 pigeon parawiya Columbidae Columba livia 13 Rock pigeon Gal parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR Streptopelia Bird BrR 14 Spotted Dove Alu kobeyiya Columbidae chinensis Corvus Bird BrR 15 House crow Colamba kakka Corvidae splendens Eudynamys Bird BrR 16 Asian koal Koha Cuculidae scolopacea Greate Centropus Bird BrR 17 Coucal Eti kukula Cuculidae sinensis White bellied Dicrurus Bird BrR 18 Drongo Podu kauda Dicruridae caerulescens common Bird Mi 19 swallow Wehi lihiniya Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica GreenTech Page 3 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status name Coracias Bird BrR 20 Indian Roller Dumbonna Meropidae Benghalensis House Passer Bird BrR 21 Domesticus Ge Kurulla Ploceidae domesticus Spotted Thith Wee Lonchura Bird BrR 22 Munia Kurulla Ploceidae Punctulata Red vented Pycnonotus Bird BrR 23 bulbul kondaya pycnonotidae cafer White BrR- breasted Laya sudu Amaurornis Bird Aq 24 water hen koravakka Rallidae phoenicurus Commom Acridotheres Bird BrR 25 mynah Myna Sturnidae tristis yellow billed Bird BrR 26 babbler Demalichcha Timalinae Turdoides affinis Saxicoloides Bird BrR 27 Indian Robin Kalu Kichcha Turdinae fulicata Oriantal Copsychus Bird BrR 28 Magpie robin pollkichcha Turdinae saularis Fresh water Lamelidens Bivalves ** 29 bivalve ** Unionidae marginalis Common Euploea core Butterfly R 30 Indian crow ** Apocynaceae asela Common Neptis hylas Butterfly R 31 sailor ** Nymphalidae varmona Wandering Pantana Dragonfly ** 32 glider ** Libellulidae flavencens Diplocodes Dragonfly ** 33 Blue percher ** Libellulidae trivialis Asian Brachythemis Dragonfly ** 34 grounding ** Libellulidae contaminata Mozabique Oreochromis Fish In 35 thilapia Thilapia Cichlidae mosambicus Etroplus Fish S 36 Pearl Spot koraliya Cichlidae suratensis Three spot Trichogaster Fish In 37 Gourami Theppili Cichlidae trichopterus Poecilia Fish In 38 Guppy Guppy Poeciliidae reticulata Rana Frog ** 39 Six toed frog Kola Mediya Ranidae hexadactyla Water Rana Frog ** 40 Skipper Atikiththa Ranidae cyanophlyctis Common Bufo Frog ** 41 toad Goda Gemba Bufonidae melanostictus 42 land snail ** Achatinidae Achatina fulica Gastropods ** 43 Apple snail ** Ampullariidae Pila globsa Gastropods ** channeled Pomacea Gastropods ** 44 applesnail ** Ampullariidae canaliculata 45 Ancylus ** Planorbidae Ancylus sp. Gastropods ** Fresh water Indoplanorbis Gastropods ** 46 snail ** Planorbidae sp. 47 Bee ** Apidae Apis indica Insect ** 48 Wasp ** Apidae Apis mellifera Insect ** Lady bird Insect ** 49 beetle ** Coccinellidae Harmonia sp. 50 Red weevil ** Curculionidae Rhynchophorus Insect ** GreenTech Page 4 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status name ferrugineus 51 Fire fly ** Formicidae Solenopsis sp. Insect ** 52 Red ant ** Formicidae Sima niger Insect ** Tailor ant/ Green tree Oecophylla Insect ** 53 ant ** Formicidae smargdina Ptilometra Insect Na 54 Water strider ** Gerridae cingalensis 55 ** ** Hydrophilidae Berosus indicus Insect ** Musca Insect ** 56 House fly ** Muscidae domestica 57 Flesh Fly ** Sarcophagidae Sacophaga sp Insect ** Coconut Oryctes Insect ** 58 black beetle ** Scarabaeidae rhinoceros Domestic Mammal Na 59 cow Haraka Bovidae Bos indicus 60 Domestic cat Poosa Canidae Felis cattus Mammal Na 61 Domestic dog Balla Canidae Canis familiaris Mammal Na 62 House rat Ge miya Muridae Mus musculus Mammal ** Malabar Mammal LR/lc 63 bandicoot Uru Miya Muridae Bandicota indica Three-Striped Funambulus Mammal LR/lc 64 Palm Squirrel Leena Sciuridae palmarum 65 Musk Shrew Podi Hikmeeya Soricidae Suncus murinus Mammal LR/lc Green Whip Ahaetulla Snake ** 66 Snake Ahatulla Colubridae nasutus 67 Rat Snake Garadiya Colubridae Ptyas mucosa Snake ** Common Garden Calotes Tetrapod Na 68 Lizard Gara Katussa Agamidae versicolor Green Tetrapod NT 69 garden lizard Pala Katussa Agamidae Calotes calotes Hard shelled Melanochelys Tetrapod NT 70 Terrapin Gal Ibba Emydidae trijuga Common Hemidactylus Tetrapod ** 71 house gecko ** Gekonidae frenatus Spotted Hemidactylus Tetrapod ** 72 house gecko ** Gekonidae brookii Soft Shelled Lissemys Tetrapod NT 73 Terapin Kiri Ibba Trionychidae punctata Varanus Tetrapod ** 74 Land Monitor Thalagoya Varanidae cepidianus Water Varanus Tetrapod ** 75 monitor Kabaragoya Varanidae salvator Source: Anon (1995) and field observations GreenTech Page 5 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Table 4: Summary of the faunal Diversity in Wellawaththa & Dehiwala Canal Sites No. of No. of No. of No. of Taxonomic No. of Endemic Introduced Migrant Threatened Group Species Species Species Species Species Bird 28 - - 1 - Bivalves 1 - - - - Butterfly 2 - - - - Dragonfly 3 - - - - Fish 4 - 3 - - Frog 3 - - - - Gastropod 5 - - - - Insect 12 - - - - Mammal 7 - - - 3 Snake 2 - - - - Tetrapod 8 - - - 3 Total 75 0 3 1 6 Table 5: Diversity of Fauna in Maccallum Gate Site No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status Bamunu 1 Brahminy kite Accipitridae Haliastur indus Bird BrR Piyakussa White throated Laya Sudu Halcyon 2 kingfisher Pilihuduwa Alcedinidae Smyrnensis Bird BrR-Aq Katiya Sudu 3 House swift Thurithaya Apodidae Apus affinis Bird BrR 4 Cattle egret Gava koka Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Bird BrR Maha sudu Casmerodius Great egret Ardeidae Bird BrR 5 koka albus Brown Headed polos Megalaima 6 Barbet Kottoruwa Capitonidae zeylanica Bird BrR Red Wattled Rath karamal 7 Lapwing kirala Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Bird BrR 8 Domestic pigeon parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR 9 Rock pigeon Gal parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR Streptopelia 10 Spotted Dove Alu kobeyiya Columbidae chinensis Bird BrR Colamba Corvus 11 House crow kakka Corvidae splendens Bird BrR Eudynamys 12 Asian koal Koha Cuculidae scolopacea Bird BrR Centropus 13 Greate Coucal Eti kukula Cuculidae sinensis Bird BrR White bellied Dicrurus 14 Drongo Podu kauda Dicruridae caerulescens Bird BrR Oriolus 15 Black hooded oriole Kaha kurulla Oriolidae xanthornus Bird BrR Red backed rathu pita Dinopium 16 woodpecker kottoruwa Picidae benghalense Bird BrR 17 Red vented bulbul kondaya pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer Bird BrR White breasted Laya sudu Amaurornis 18 water hen koravakka Rallidae phoenicurus Bird BrR-Aq Acridotheres 19 Commom mynah Myna Sturnidae tristis Bird BrR yellow billed 20 babbler Demalichcha Timalinae Turdoides affinis Bird BrR Saxicoloides 21 Indian Robin Kalu Kichcha Turdinae fulicata Bird BrR 22 Oriantal Magpie pollkichcha Turdinae Copsychus Bird BrR GreenTech Page 6 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status robin saularis Lamelidens 23 Fresh water bivalve ** Unionidae marginalis Bivalves ** Common Indian Euploea core 24 crow ** Apocynaceae asela Butterfly R Danaus 25 Common tiger ** Danaidae septentrionis Butterfly R Danaus 26 Plain Tiger ** Danaidae chrysippus Butterfly R Ypthima 27 White four-ring ** Satyride ceylonica Butterfly R 28 Green Skimmer ** Libellulidae Orthetru sabina Dragonfly Na Pantana 29 Wandering glider ** Libellulidae flavencens Dragonfly ** Brachythemis 30 Asian grounding ** Libellulidae contaminata Dragonfly ** Oreochromis 31 Mozabique thilapia Thilapia Cichlidae mosambicus Fish In Etroplus 32 Pearl Spot koraliya Cichlidae suratensis Fish S 33 Common Carp Rata Pethiya Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Fish In Osphronemus 34 Giant Gourami Seppali Osphronemidae goramy Fish In 35 Guppy Guppy Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Fish In Rana 36 Six toed frog Kola Mediya Ranidae hexadactyla Frog ** Rana 37 Water Skipper Atikiththa Ranidae cyanophlyctis Frog ** Bufo 38 Common toad Goda Gemba Bufonidae melanostictus Frog ** Utpatana Euphlyctis 39 Skipper frog mediya Dicroglossidae cyanophlyctis Frog Na 40 land snail ** Achatinidae Achatina fulica Gastropods ** 41 Apple snail ** Ampullariidae Pila globsa Gastropods ** channeled Pomacea 42 applesnail ** Ampullariidae canaliculata Gastropods ** 43 Ancylus ** Planorbidae Ancylus sp. Gastropods ** 44 Fresh water snail ** Planorbidae Indoplanorbis sp. Gastropods ** 45 Bee ** Apidae Apis indica Insect ** Rhynchophorus 46 Red weevil ** Curculionidae ferrugineus Insect ** 47 Fire fly ** Formicidae Solenopsis sp. Insect ** 48 Red ant ** Formicidae Sima niger Insect ** Tailor ant/ Green Oecophylla 49 tree ant ** Formicidae smargdina Insect ** Ptilometra 50 Water strider ** Gerridae cingalensis Insect Na 51 House fly ** Muscidae Musca domestica Insect ** 52 Flesh Fly ** Sarcophagidae Sacophaga sp Insect ** 53 Domestic cow Haraka Bovidae Bos indicus Mammal Na 54 Domestic cat Poosa Canidae Felis cattus Mammal Na 55 Domestic dog Balla Canidae Canis familiaris Mammal Na Indian Gray Herpestes 56 Mongoose Mugatiya Herpestidae edwardsii Mammal LR/lc 57 House rat Ge miya Muridae Mus musculus Mammal ** 58 Malabar bandicoot Uru Miya Muridae Bandicota indica Mammal LR/lc 59 Flying Fox Ma Wawula Pteropodidae Pteropus Mammal LR/lc GreenTech Page 7 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status giganteus Three-Striped Palm Funambulus 60 Squirrel Leena Sciuridae palmarum Mammal LR/lc 61 Musk Shrew Podi Hikmeeya Soricidae Suncus murinus Mammal LR/lc Dog faced Water Kunu Diya Cerberus 62 Snake Kaluwa Colubridae rhynchops Snake ** Ahaetulla 63 Green Whip Snake Ahatulla Colubridae nasutus Snake ** 64 Rat Snake Garadiya Colubridae Ptyas mucosa Snake ** Common Garden Calotes 65 Lizard Gara Katussa Agamidae versicolor Tetrapod Na Common house Hemidactylus 66 gecko ** Gekonidae frenatus Tetrapod ** Spotted house Hemidactylus 67 gecko ** Gekonidae brookii Tetrapod ** Varanus 68 Land Monitor Thalagoya Varanidae cepidianus Tetrapod ** 69 Water monitore Kabaragoya Varanidae Varanus salvator Tetrapod ** Source: Anon (2007a) and field observations Table 6: Summary of the Faunal Diversity in Maccalum Canal Site No. of No. of No. of No. of Taxonomic No. of Endenic Introduced Migrant Threatened Group Species Species Species Species Species Bird 22 - - - - Bivalves 1 - - - - Butterfly 4 - - - - Dragonfly 3 - - - - Fish 5 - - 4 - Frog 4 - - - - Gastropods 5 - - - - Insect 8 - - - - Mammal 9 - - - 5 Snake 3 - - - 1 Tetrapod 5 - - - - Total 69 0 0 4 6 Table 7: Diversity of Fauna in Parliamant Lake (Diyawannawa) Area Common Scientific No Sinhala name Family Life form Status name name Bamunu 1 Brahminy kite Piyakussa Accipitridae Haliastur indus Bird BrR Accipiter 2 Shikra Kurulugoya Accipitridae badius Bird BrR Blyth's reed Blythge Pan Acrocephalus 3 warbler raviya Acrocephalidae dumetorum Bird BrR-Mi 4 Common iora Iorowa Aegithinidae Aegithina tiphia Bird BrR Rufous winged Mirafra 5 Bush-Lark Akul Thulikava Alaudidae assamica Bird BrR Small 6 Kingfisher Kuda pilihuduwa Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Bird BrR-Aq Manathudu Stork billed Maha Pelargopsis 7 Kingfisher Pilihuduwa Alcedinidae capensis Bird BrR-Aq White throated Laya Sudu Halcyon 8 kingfisher Pilihuduwa Alcedinidae Smyrnensis Bird BrR-Aq Katiya Sudu 9 House swift Thurithaya Apodidae Apus affinis Bird BrR GreenTech Page 8 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 10 Cattle egret Gava koka Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Bird BrR Casmerodius 11 Great egret Maha sudu koka Ardeidae albus Bird BrR Nycticorax 12 Night heron Re Koka Ardeidae nycticorax Bird BrR-Aq 13 pond heron ** Ardeidae Ardela grayii Bird BrR-Aq 14 Purple heron Karavel koka Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Bird BrR-Aq Pericrocotus 15 Little Minivet Kuda Minivittha Campephagidae cinnamomeus Bird BrR Brown Headed Megalaima 16 Barbet polos Kottoruwa Capitonidae zeylanica Bird BrR Red Wattled Rath karamal Vanellus 17 Lapwing kirala Charadriidae indicus Bird BrR Wood sand 18 piper Wana Silibilla Charadriidae Tringa glareola Bird Mi-Aq 19 Asiy prania Alupehe Priniya Cisticolidae Prinia socialis Bird BrR /lc common Orthotomus 20 trailerbird Battichcha Cisticolidae sutorius Bird BrR /lc Domestic 21 pigeon parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR 22 Rock pigeon Gal parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR Streptopelia 23 Spotted Dove Alu kobeyiya Columbidae chinensis Bird BrR Corvus 24 House crow Colamba kakka Corvidae splendens Bird BrR Eudynamys 25 Asian koal Koha Cuculidae scolopacea Bird BrR Centropus 26 Greate Coucal Eti kukula Cuculidae sinensis Bird BrR White bellied Dicrurus 27 Drongo Podu kauda Dicruridae caerulescens Bird BrR common 28 swallow Wehi lihiniya Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Bird Mi Oluwa Rathu Megalaima 29 Small Barbet Kottoruwa Megalaimidae rubricapilla Bird BrR Blue tailed Bee Penda nil Merops 30 Eater Binguharaya Meropidae philippinus Bird BrR Coracias 31 Indian Roller Dumbonna Meropidae Benghalensis Bird BrR Little green bee Palawan Merops 32 eater binguharaya Meropidae orientalis Bird BrR Hisa Kalu Black Fronted Paduru Rhopochichla 33 Babbler Demalichcha Muscicapidae atriceps Bird BrR Brown Dumburu Muscicapa 34 Flycatcher Masimara Muscicapidae latriostris Bird Mi White Throated Gela SuduLadu Dumetia 35 Babbler Demalichcha Muscicapidae hyperythra Bird BrR Purple rumped Nectarinia 36 sunbird Damkati Sutikka Nectariniidae zeylonica Bird BrR Nectarinia 37 Purple Sunbird Dam Sutikka Nectariniidae asiatica Bird BrR Black hooded Oriolus 38 oriole Kaha kurulla Oriolidae xanthornus Bird BrR Spot- billed Pelecanus 39 pelican Alu Pasthuduwa Pelecanidae philippenisis Bird BrR Indian Phalacrocorax 40 cormorant indu diyakawa Phalacrocoracidae fuscicollis Bird BrR-Aq 41 little cormorant punchi diyakawa Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax Bird BrR-Aq GreenTech Page 9 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 niger Red backed rathu pita Dinopium 42 woodpecker kottoruwa Picidae benghalense Bird BrR House Passer 43 Domesticus Ge Kurulla Ploceidae domesticus Bird BrR Thith Wee Lonchura 44 Spotted Munia Kurulla Ploceidae Punctulata Bird BrR Rose ringed Psittacula 45 parakeet Rena Girawa Psittacidae Krameri Bird BrR Red vented Pycnonotus 46 bulbul kondaya pycnonotidae cafer Bird BrR White browed Bama Sudu Pycnonotus 47 Bulbul Kondaya pycnonotidae luteolus Bird BrR White breasted Laya sudu Amaurornis 48 water hen koravakka Rallidae phoenicurus Bird BrR-Aq Collared Scops Otus 49 Owl Kan Diga Bassa Strigidae bakkamoena Bird BrR Commom Acridotheres 50 mynah Myna Sturnidae tristis Bird BrR yellow billed Turdoides 51 babbler Demalichcha Timalinae affinis Bird BrR Saxicoloides 52 Indian Robin Kalu Kichcha Turdinae fulicata Bird BrR Oriantal Magpie Copsychus 53 robin pollkichcha Turdinae saularis Bird BrR Fresh water Lamelidens 54 bivalve ** Unionidae marginalis Bivalves ** Common Indian Euploea core 55 crow ** Apocynaceae asela Butterfly Mi Danaus 56 Common tiger ** Danaidae septentrionis Butterfly R 57 Plain Tiger ** Danaidae Danaus genutia Butterfly R Chocolate 58 soldier ** Nymphalidae Junonia iphita Butterfly R Neptis hylas 59 Common sailor ** Nymphalidae varmona Butterfly R 60 Grey pansy ** Nymphalidae Junonia atlites Butterfly R Pachliopta 61 Crimson rose ** Papilionidae aristolochiae Butterfly R Common grass Eurema 62 yellow ** Pieridae hecaba Butterfly R Common 63 Jezebel ** Pieridae Delias eucharis Butterfly R Grassy yellow 64 three spot ** Pieridae Eurema blanda Butterfly R Leman Catopsilia 65 emigrant ** Pieridae pomona Butterfly R Ypthima 66 White four-ring ** Satyride ceylonica Butterfly R 67 Green Skimmer ** Libellulidae Orthetru sabina Dragonfly Na Wandering Pantana 68 glider ** Libellulidae flavencens Dragonfly ** Diplocodes 69 Blue percher ** Libellulidae trivialis Dragonfly ** Neurothemis 70 Pried parasol ** Libellulidae tullis Dragonfly ** Asian Brachythemis 71 grounding ** Libellulidae contaminata Dragonfly ** 72 Climbing Perch Kavaiya Anabantidae Anabas sp. Fish ** GreenTech Page 10 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Level Finned 73 Eel Kalu aandha Anguillidae Anguilla bicolor Fish S Anguilla 74 long Finned Eel Pol Mal aandha Anguillidae nebulosa Fish S Snakehead 75 murrel Loola Channidae Channa striata Fish Na Mozabique Oreochromis 76 thilapia Thilapia Cichlidae mosambicus Fish In Orange Etroplus 77 Chromide Kaha kraliya Cichlidae maculatus Fish S Etroplus 78 Pearl Spot koraliya Cichlidae suratensis Fish S Snakeskin Trichogaster 79 Gourami Theppili Cichlidae pectoralis Fish In Three spot Trichogaster 80 Gourami Theppili Cichlidae trichopterus Fish In Walking Cat Clarias 81 Fish Magura Clariidae brachysoma Fish En 82 Common Carp Rata Pethiya Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Fish In Puntius 83 Red side Barb ipilli kadaya Cyprinidae bimaculatus Fish En-NT 84 Knife fish Mannaya Notopteridae Chitala chitala Fish In Osphronemus 85 Giant Gourami Seppali Osphronemidae goramy Fish In Poecilia 86 Guppy Guppy Poeciliidae reticulata Fish In Rana 87 Six toed frog Kola Mediya Ranidae hexadactyla Frog ** Rana 88 Water Skipper Atikiththa Ranidae cyanophlyctis Frog ** Bufo 89 Common toad Goda Gemba Bufonidae melanostictus Frog ** Utpatana Euphlyctis 90 Skipper frog mediya Dicroglossidae cyanophlyctis Frog Na Common paddy Sulabawel Fejervarya 91 field frog mediya Ranidae limnocharis Frog Na Common tree Podu Gas Polypedates 92 frog Gemba Rhacophoridae maculatus Frog ** Gastropod 93 land snail ** Achatinidae Achatina fulica s ** Gastropod 94 Apple snail ** Ampullariidae Pila globsa s ** channeled Pomacea Gastropod 95 applesnail ** Ampullariidae canaliculata s ** Gastropod 96 Ancylus ** Planorbidae Ancylus sp. s ** Fresh water Indoplanorbis Gastropod 97 snail ** Planorbidae sp. s ** Malaysian Melanoides Gastropod 98 Trumpet Snail ** Thiaridae tuberculata s ** 99 Bee ** Apidae Apis indica Insect ** 100 Wasp ** Apidae Apis mellifera Insect ** Lady bird 101 beetle ** Coccinellidae Harmonia sp. Insect ** Rhynchophorus 102 Red weevil ** Curculionidae ferrugineus Insect ** 103 Fire fly ** Formicidae Solenopsis sp. Insect ** 104 Red ant ** Formicidae Sima niger Insect ** 105 Tailor ant/ ** Formicidae Oecophylla Insect ** GreenTech Page 11 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Green tree ant smargdina Ptilometra 106 Water strider ** Gerridae cingalensis Insect Na Musca 107 House fly ** Muscidae domestica Insect ** 108 Flesh Fly ** Sarcophagidae Sacophaga sp Insect ** Coconut black Oryctes 109 beetle ** Scarabaeidae rhinoceros Insect ** 110 Domestic cow Haraka Bovidae Bos indicus Mammal Na 111 Domestic dog Balla Canidae Canis familiaris Mammal Na Purple Faced Trachypithecus 112 Leaf Monkey Kalu wadura Cercopithecidae senex Mammal En-NT 113 Fishing cat Kola Diviya Felidae Felis viverrina Mammal NT Indian Gray Herpestes 114 Mongoose Mugatiya Herpestidae edwardsii Mammal LR/lc Black naped Lepus 115 hare Hawa Leporidae nigricollis Mammal LR/lc 116 House rat Ge miya Muridae Mus musculus Mammal ** Malabar Bandicota 117 bandicoot Uru Miya Muridae indica Mammal LR/lc Pteropus 118 Flying Fox Ma Wawula Pteropodidae giganteus Mammal LR/lc Three-Striped Funambulus 119 Palm Squirrel Leena Sciuridae palmarum Mammal LR/lc Suncus 120 Musk Shrew Podi Hikmeeya Soricidae murinus Mammal LR/lc Paradoxurus 121 Palm Cat Kalawedda Viverridae hermaphroditus Mammal LR/lc Ring Tailed Viverricula 122 Civet Urulawa Viverridae indica Mammal LR/lc Acrochordus 123 Wart Snake Diya goya Acrochordidae granulatus Snake NT Buff striped Amphiesma 124 keel back Ahara Kukka Colubridae stolata Snake ** Checkered Xenochrophis 125 Keel back Diya naya Colubridae asperrimus Snake En Dog faced Kunu Diya Cerberus 126 Water Snake Kaluwa Colubridae rhynchops Snake ** Green Whip Ahaetulla 127 Snake Ahatulla Colubridae nasutus Snake ** 128 Rat Snake Garadiya Colubridae Ptyas mucosa Snake ** Common Calotes 129 Garden Lizard Gara Katussa Agamidae versicolor Tetrapod Na Green garden 130 lizard Pala Katussa Agamidae Calotes calotes Tetrapod NT Marsh Crocodylus 131 Crocodile Hela kimbula Crocodilidae palustris Tetrapod NT Hard shelled Melanochelys 132 Terrapin Gal Ibba Emydidae trijuga Tetrapod NT Common house Hemidactylus 133 gecko ** Gekonidae frenatus Tetrapod ** Spotted house Hemidactylus 134 gecko ** Gekonidae brookii Tetrapod ** Soft Shelled Lissemys 135 Terapin Kiri Ibba Trionychidae punctata Tetrapod NT Varanus 136 Land Monitor Thalagoya Varanidae cepidianus Tetrapod ** Varanus 137 Water monitore Kabaragoya Varanidae salvator Tetrapod ** GreenTech Page 12 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Table 8: Summary of the faunal Diversity in Parlimant Lake Site No. of No. of No. of No. of Taxonomic No. of Endenic Introduced Migrant Threatened Group Species Species Species Species Species Bird 53 - - 4 2 Bivalves 1 - - - - Butterfly 12 - - - - Dragonfly 5 - - - - Fish 15 2 7 - 1 Frog 6 - - - - Gastropod 6 - - - - Insect 11 - - - - Mammal 13 1 - - 10 Snake 6 1 - - 1 Tetrapod 9 - - - 4 Total 137 4 7 4 18 Table 9: Diversity of Fauna in Thalangama Lake Area No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status Bamunu 1 Brahminy kite Piyakussa Accipitridae Haliastur indus Bird BrR 2 Shikra Kurulugoya Accipitridae Accipiter badius Bird BrR Blyth's reed Blythge Pan Acrocephalus 3 warbler raviya Acrocephalidae dumetorum Bird BrR-Mi 4 Common iora Iorowa Aegithinidae Aegithina tiphia Bird BrR Rufous winged 5 Bush-Lark Akul Thulikava Alaudidae Mirafra assamica Bird BrR Gomara Kalapu 6 Pied Kingfisher ilihuduwa Alcedinidae Ceryle rudis Bird BrR-Aq Kuda 7 Small Kingfisher pilihuduwa Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Bird BrR-Aq Manathudu Stork billed Maha Pelargopsis 8 Kingfisher Pilihuduwa Alcedinidae capensis Bird BrR-Aq White throated Laya Sudu Halcyon 9 kingfisher Pilihuduwa Alcedinidae Smyrnensis Bird BrR-Aq Katiya Sudu 10 House swift Thurithaya Apodidae Apus affinis Bird BrR Indian Edible nest Indiayanu Kadal 11 Swift thurithaya Apodidae Collocalia unicolor Bird BrR Cypsiurus 12 Palm Swift Thal Thurithaya Apodidae baasiensis Bird BrR-Aq 13 Cattle egret Gava koka Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Bird BrR Maha sudu 14 Great egret koka Ardeidae Casmerodius albus Bird BrR Nycticorax 15 Night heron Re Koka Ardeidae nycticorax Bird BrR-Aq 16 pond heron ** Ardeidae Ardela grayii Bird BrR-Aq 17 Purple heron Karavel koka Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Bird BrR-Aq 18 Yellow Bitterns Kaha Mati koka Ardeidae Ixobryus sinensis Bird BrR-Aq Burhinus 19 Stone Curlew Golu Kalikaya Burhinidae oedicnemus Bird BrR-Aq GreenTech Page 13 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status Brown Headed Megalaima 20 Barbet polos Kottoruwa Capitonidae zeylanica Bird BrR Penda ul Kas 21 Pintail Snipe Watuwa Charadriidae Gallinago stenura Bird Mi-Aq Red Wattled Rath karamal 22 Lapwing kirala Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Bird BrR 23 Wood sand piper Wana Silibilla Charadriidae Tringa glareola Bird Mi-Aq Piyapath kalu Himantopus 24 Asian Open Bill Ipalava Ciconiidae himantopus Bird BrR-Aq 25 Asiy prania Alupehe Priniya Cisticolidae Prinia socialis Bird BrR /lc common Orthotomus 26 trailerbird Battichcha Cisticolidae sutorius Bird BrR /lc 27 Domestic pigeon parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR 28 Rock pigeon Gal parawiya Columbidae Columba livia Bird BrR Streptopelia 29 Spotted Dove Alu kobeyiya Columbidae chinensis Bird BrR 30 House crow Colamba kakka Corvidae Corvus splendens Bird BrR Eudynamys 31 Asian koal Koha Cuculidae scolopacea Bird BrR 32 Greate Coucal Eti kukula Cuculidae Centropus sinensis Bird BrR White bellied Dicrurus 33 Drongo Podu kauda Dicruridae caerulescens Bird BrR 34 common swallow Wehi lihiniya Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Bird Mi Pheasant tailed Savulpenda Hydrophasianus 35 jacana Diyasana Jacanidae chirurgus Bird BrR-Aq Oluwa Rathu Megalaima 36 Small Barbet Kottoruwa Megalaimidae rubricapilla Bird BrR Blue tailed Bee Penda nil 37 Eater Binguharaya Meropidae Merops philippinus Bird BrR Little green bee Palawan 38 eater binguharaya Meropidae Merops orientalis Bird BrR Hisa Kalu Black Fronted Paduru Rhopochichla 39 Babbler Demalichcha Muscicapidae atriceps Bird BrR Dumburu Muscicapa 40 Brown Flycatcher Masimara Muscicapidae latriostris Bird Mi Paradise Terpsiphone 41 Flycatcher Rahanmara Muscicapidae paradisi Bird R-Mi White Throated Gela SuduLadu Dumetia 42 Babbler Demalichcha Muscicapidae hyperythra Bird BrR Purple rumped Nectarinia 43 sunbird Damkati Sutikka Nectariniidae zeylonica Bird BrR 44 Purple Sunbird Dam Sutikka Nectariniidae Nectarinia asiatica Bird BrR Zosterops 45 Smalll White Eye Kada Sithasiya Nectariniidae palpebrosa Bird BrR Black hooded 46 oriole Kaha kurulla Oriolidae Oriolus xanthornus Bird BrR Spot- billed Pelecanus 47 pelican Alu Pasthuduwa Pelecanidae philippenisis Bird BrR Phalacrocoracid Phalacrocorax 48 Indian cormorant indu diyakawa ae fuscicollis Bird BrR-Aq punchi Phalacrocoracid Phalacrocorax 49 little cormorant diyakawa ae niger Bird BrR-Aq Phalacrocoracid Anhinga 50 Oriantal Darter Ahikawa ae melanogaster Bird BrR-Aq Lesser Whistling Kuda Thumba phoenicopterida Dendrocygna 51 duck seruwa e javanica Bird BrR-Aq 52 Red backed rathu pita Picidae Dinopium Bird BrR GreenTech Page 14 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status woodpecker kottoruwa benghalense House 53 Domesticus Ge Kurulla Ploceidae Passer domesticus Bird BrR Thith Wee Lonchura 54 Spotted Munia Kurulla Ploceidae Punctulata Bird BrR Heen 55 Little Grabe Gembithuruwa Podicipedidae Podiceps ruficollis Bird BrR-Aq Rose ringed 56 parakeet Rena Girawa Psittacidae Psittacula Krameri Bird BrR 57 Red vented bulbul kondaya pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer Bird BrR White browed Bama Sudu Pycnonotus 58 Bulbul Kondaya pycnonotidae luteolus Bird BrR Indiyan 59 Indian Moorhen Galinuwa Rallidae Gallinula chlorapus Bird BrR-Aq Porphyrio 60 Purple swamphen nil kithala Rallidae porphyrio Bird BrR-Aq White breasted Laya sudu Amaurornis 61 water hen koravakka Rallidae phoenicurus Bird BrR-Aq Collared Scops 62 Owl Kan Diga Bassa Strigidae Otus bakkamoena Bird BrR 63 Commom mynah Myna Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Bird BrR yellow billed 64 babbler Demalichcha Timalinae Turdoides affinis Bird BrR Saxicoloides 65 Indian Robin Kalu Kichcha Turdinae fulicata Bird BrR Oriantal Magpie 66 robin pollkichcha Turdinae Copsychus saularis Bird BrR Fresh water Lamelidens 67 bivalve ** Unionidae marginalis Bivalves ** Common Indian 68 crow ** Apocynaceae Euploea core asela Butterfly R Danaus 69 Common tiger ** Danaidae septentrionis Butterfly R Tirumala 70 Dark blue tiger ** Danaidae septentrionis Butterfly R 71 Glassy Tiger ** Danaidae Parantica aglea Butterfly R 72 Plain Tiger ** Danaidae Danaus chrysippus Butterfly R 73 Common cerulea ** Lycaenidae Jamidae celeno Butterfly R Neptis hylas 74 Common sailor ** Nymphalidae varmona Butterfly R 75 Grey pansy ** Nymphalidae Junonia atlites Butterfly R 76 Lemon pancy ** Nymphalidae Junonia lemonias Butterfly R 77 Common Mime ** Papilionidae Chilasa clytia Butterfly R 78 Common rose ** Papilionidae Pachliopta hector Butterfly R Common grass 79 yellow ** Pieridae Eurema hecaba Butterfly R 80 Common Jezebel ** Pieridae Delias eucharis Butterfly R Grassy yellow 81 three spot ** Pieridae Eurema blanda Butterfly R 82 Leman emigrant ** Pieridae Catopsilia pomona Butterfly R 83 Mottled Emigrant ** Pieridae Catopsilis pyranthe Butterfly R 84 White four-ring ** Satyride Ypthima ceylonica Butterfly R 85 Green Skimmer ** Libellulidae Orthetru sabina Dragonfly Na Pantana 86 Wandering glider ** Libellulidae flavencens Dragonfly ** 87 Blue percher ** Libellulidae Diplocodes trivialis Dragonfly ** 88 Pried parasol ** Libellulidae Neurothemis tullis Dragonfly ** GreenTech Page 15 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status 89 crimson dropwing ** Libellulidae Trithemis aurora Dragonfly ** Brachythemis 90 Asian grounding ** Libellulidae contaminata Dragonfly ** 91 Climbing Perch Kavaiya Anabantidae Anabas sp. Fish ** Snakehead 92 murrel Loola Channidae Channa striata Fish Na Mozabique Oreochromis 93 thilapia Thilapia Cichlidae mosambicus Fish In 94 Orange Chromide Kaha koraliya Cichlidae Etroplus maculatus Fish S 95 Pearl Spot koraliya Cichlidae Etroplus suratensis Fish S Snakeskin Trichogaster 96 Gourami Theppili Cichlidae pectoralis Fish In 97 Common Carp Rata Pethiya Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Fish In Puntius 98 Red side Barb Iipilli kadaya Cyprinidae Fish En-NT bimaculatus Glossogobius 99 Bar Eyed Goby Weligouwa Gobiidae giuris Fish ** Helestoma 100 Kissing Gourami Manamalaya Helostomatidae temminckii Fish In Osphronemus 101 Giant Gourami Seppali Osphronemidae goramy Fish In 102 Guppy Guppy Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Fish In 103 Six toed frog Kola Mediya Ranidae Rana hexadactyla Frog ** 104 Water Skipper Atikiththa Ranidae Rana cyanophlyctis Frog ** 105 Common toad Goda Gemba Bufonidae Bufo melanostictus Frog ** Utpatana Euphlyctis 106 Skipper frog mediya Dicroglossidae cyanophlyctis Frog Na Common paddy Sulabawel Fejervarya 107 field frog mediya Ranidae limnocharis Frog Na Common wood 108 frog ** Ranidae Rana temporalis Frog NT Podu Gas Polypedates 109 Common tree frog Gemba Rhacophoridae maculatus Frog ** Gastropo 110 land snail ** Achatinidae Achatina fulica ds ** Gastropo 111 Apple snail ** Ampullariidae Pila globsa ds ** channeled Pomacea Gastropo 112 applesnail ** Ampullariidae canaliculata ds ** Gastropo 113 Ancylus ** Planorbidae Ancylus sp. ds ** Gastropo 114 Fresh water snail ** Planorbidae Indoplanorbis sp. ds ** Gastropo 115 Aquarium glaser ** Thiaridae Faunus ater ds ** Malaysian Melanoides Gastropo 116 Trumpet Snail ** Thiaridae tuberculata ds ** 117 Bee ** Apidae Apis indica Insect ** 118 Wasp ** Apidae Apis mellifera Insect ** 119 Lady bird beetle ** Coccinellidae Harmonia sp. Insect ** Rhynchophorus 120 Red weevil ** Curculionidae ferrugineus Insect ** 121 Fire fly ** Formicidae Solenopsis sp. Insect ** 122 Red ant ** Formicidae Sima niger Insect ** Tailor ant/ Green Oecophylla 123 tree ant ** Formicidae smargdina Insect ** Ptilometra 124 Water strider ** Gerridae cingalensis Insect Na GreenTech Page 16 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status 125 ** ** Hydrophilidae Berosus indicus Insect ** 126 House fly ** Muscidae Musca domestica Insect ** 127 Flesh Fly ** Sarcophagidae Sacophaga sp Insect ** Coconut black 128 beetle ** Scarabaeidae Oryctes rhinoceros Insect ** 129 Domestic cow Haraka Bovidae Bos indicus Mammal Na 130 Domestic cat Poosa Canidae Felis cattus Mammal Na 131 Domestic dog Balla Canidae Canis familiaris Mammal Na Purple Faced Trachypithecus 132 Leaf Monkey Kalu wadura Cercopithecidae senex Mammal En-NT 133 Fishing cat Kola Diviya Felidae Felis viverrina Mammal NT Indian Gray Herpestes 134 Mongoose Mugatiya Herpestidae edwardsii Mammal LR/lc 135 Black naped hare Hawa Leporidae Lepus nigricollis Mammal LR/lc 136 House rat Ge miya Muridae Mus musculus Mammal ** Malabar 137 bandicoot Uru Miya Muridae Bandicota indica Mammal LR/lc 138 Otter Diyaballa Mustelidae Lutra lutra Mammal NT 139 Flying Fox Ma Wawula Pteropodidae Pteropus giganteus Mammal LR/lc Three-Striped Funambulus 140 Palm Squirrel Leena Sciuridae palmarum Mammal LR/lc 141 Musk Shrew Podi Hikmeeya Soricidae Suncus murinus Mammal LR/lc Paradoxurus 142 Palm Cat Kalawedda Viverridae hermaphroditus Mammal LR/lc 143 Ring Tailed Civet Urulawa Viverridae Viverricula indica Mammal LR/lc Acrochordus 144 Wart Snake Diya goya Acrochordidae granulatus Snake NT Buff striped keel 145 back Ahara Kukka Colubridae Amphiesma stolata Snake ** Checkered Keel Xenochrophis 146 back Diya naya Colubridae asperrimus Snake En Dog faced Water Kunu Diya Cerberus 147 Snake Kaluwa Colubridae rhynchops Snake ** Green Whip 148 Snake Ahatulla Colubridae Ahaetulla nasutus Snake ** 149 Rat Snake Garadiya Colubridae Ptyas mucosa Snake ** Seba's Bronze 150 back Tura Haldanda Colubridae Dendrelaphis tristis Snake ** Sri Lanka Rat Sri lanka Ptyas mucosa 151 Snake Geradiya Colubridae maximus Snake En 152 Trinket snake Kata kaluwa Colubridae Elaphe helena Snake ** Varigated Kukri Oligodon 153 Snake Wairidathkatiya Colubridae taeniolatus Snake NT Merrem's Hump 154 nosed Viper Kunukatuwa Viperidae Hypnale hypnale Snake NT Common Garden 155 Lizard Gara Katussa Agamidae Calotes versicolor Tetrapod Na Green garden 156 lizard Pala Katussa Agamidae Calotes calotes Tetrapod NT Hard shelled Melanochelys 157 Terrapin Gal Ibba Emydidae trijuga Tetrapod NT Common house Hemidactylus 158 gecko ** Gekonidae frenatus Tetrapod ** Spotted house Hemidactylus 159 gecko ** Gekonidae brookii Tetrapod ** Soft Shelled 160 Terapin Kiri Ibba Trionychidae Lissemys punctata Tetrapod NT 161 Land Monitor Thalagoya Varanidae Varanus Tetrapod ** GreenTech Page 17 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status cepidianus 162 Water monitore Kabaragoya Varanidae Varanus salvator Tetrapod ** Source: Anon (1995) and field observations Table 10: Summary of the faunal Diversity in Thalangama Lake Site No. of No. of Taxonomic No. of No. of No. of Introduced Migrant Threatened Group Species Endemic Species Species Species Species Bird 66 - - 6 2 Bivalves 1 - - - - Butterfly 17 - - - - Dragonfly 6 - - - - Fish 12 1 6 - 1 Frog 7 - - - 1 Gastropods 7 - - - - Insect 12 - - - - Mammal 15 1 - - 11 Snake 11 2 - - 3 Tetrapod 8 - - - 3 Total 162 4 6 6 21 GreenTech Page 18 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 8.2. Floral Diversity Id-Indigenous, In-Introduced, En-Endemic, Th-Threatened, M-Medicine Life forms: L= Liana, T=Tree, S= Shrub, V=Herbaceous or semi-woody vine, Aq-Aquatic plant G- Grass, Ep- Epiphyte Table 11: Diversity of Flora in Beddagana Birding Site Common No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status name Devil's 1 Karal heba Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera H Na Horsewhip 2 ** Mukunuwenna Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis H Na 3 ** Polpala Amaranthaceae Aerva lansta H Na 4 Mango Amba Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica T In 5 ** Wel atha Annonaceae Annona glabra T ** 6 ** Gon Kaduru Apocynaceae Cerbera manghas T ** 7 ** Havari nuga Apocynaceae Alstonia macrophylla T ** Aponogetonacea 8 ** kekatiya Aponogeton crispus Aq ** e 9 Pistia Diya Paradel Araceae Pistia tratiotis H In 10 ** Habarala Araceae Allocasia macrorrhiza ** ** 11 ** Diya habarala Araceae Alocasia spp. H ** 12 ** Lemna Araliaceae Lemna minima Aq ** 13 Cocunut Pol Arecaceae Cocos nucifera T Na 14 ** Wara Asclepiadacea Calotropis gigantea S Na-M 15 ** Hatawariya Asparagaceae Asparagus falcatus L M 16 ** Watu palu Asteracea Mikania cordata L Na Chick 17 Hulanthala Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides S ** weed Monara 18 ** Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea H Na Kudumbiya Podisinghomaran 19 ** Asteraceae Eupatorium odoratum S In g 20 ** Uru Kossa Asteraceae Xanthium indicum S In 21 Tabebuia ** Bignoniacea Tabebulia rosea T In 22 ** Ath Honda Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum H Na 23 ** Ath Satiya Boraginaceae Heliotropium sp. S ** 24 ** ** Cabombaceae Caboma spp. Aq ** pigeon 25 Geduma Cannabaceae Trema orientalis T Na wood Casuarina 26 Casuarina Kasa Gaha Casuarinaceae T In equisetifolia 27 ** Niyagal Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba L ** 28 ** Girapala Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa H ** 29 ** Agamulanethi wel Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa L ** 30 ** Binthamburu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea biloba ** ** 31 ** Girithilla Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia H ** 32 ** Heen madu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea angustifolia S ** 33 ** Kankun Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Aq-H ** 34 ** Tel kola Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura L Na 35 Grass Thanakola Convolvulaceae Gramineae sp. G ** 36 ** Hal pan Cyperaceae Cyperu haspan Sedge ** 37 ** Kudametta Cyperaceae Fimbristylis miliaceae Sedge ** Schoenoplectus 38 ** Thun hiriya pan Cyperaceae Sedge ** grosus Euphorbia 39 ** Daluk Euphorbiaceae S ** antiquorum 40 ** Endaru Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis S In-M GreenTech Page 19 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status name Glochidon 41 ** Hunukirilla Euphorbiaceae S ** zeylanicum 42 ** Katu pila Euphorbiaceae Flueggea leucopyrus S Na-M 43 ** Kenda Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata T Na 44 ** Keppetiya Euphorbiaceae Croton Laccifer T Na-M 45 ** Keta kala Euphorbiaceae Bridelia retusa T Na 46 ** Kuppameniya Euphorbiaceae Acalipha indica T ** Phyllanthus 47 ** Kuratiya Euphorbiaceae T Na polyphyllus 48 Cassava Maniok Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta T ** 49 ** Val thipilu Euphorbiaceae Croton hirtus H In 50 wild senn Atthora Fabaceae Cassia alata S M 51 ** Ehela Fabaceae Cassia fistula T M 52 ** Heen udupiyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na-M 53 ** Nidi kumba Fabaceae Mimosa pudic H In-M 54 ** Pethan Fabaceae Bauhinia tomentosa S Na 55 ** Ranawara Fabaceae Cassia auriculata T M 56 ** Thora Fabaceae Cassia tora T Na 57 ** Udu piyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na 58 ** Weta hiriya Fabaceae Gliricidia pudica T In 59 Hydrilla ** Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla verticllata Aq ** 60 Eel grass ** Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria spiralis ** ** ducklettuc 61 ** Hydrocharitaceae Ottelia alismoides Aq In e 62 ** Gas thala Lamiaceae Ocimum gratissimum H Na Heen 63 ** Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum H Na Maduruthala 64 ** Maduru thala Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens H In Barrington 65 Mudulla Lecythidaceae Barringtonia asiatica T Id ia Madaras 66 Andara Leguminosae Pithecellobium dulce T In thorn Yellaw Peltophorum 67 Kaha mara Leguminosae T Id flame pterocarpum Flamboya 68 Mal mara Leguminosae Delonix regia T In nt Andaman 69 Wal Ehela Leguminosae Pterocarpus indicus T In redwood 70 ** ** Lentibulariaceae Utricularia flexuosa ** ** 71 ** Diya gowa Limnocharitaceae Linocharis flava Aq ** 72 ** Pilila Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe falcata Ep Na 73 ** Heen Bovitiya Melastomataceae Osbeckia octandra S ** 74 ** ** Meliaceae Melia dubia ** ** 75 ** Kohomba Meliaceae Azadirachta indica T Na 76 ** Rasakida Menispermaceae Tinospora cordifolia L M 77 ** Attikka Moraceae Ficus racemosa T ** 78 Banyan Maha Nuga Moraceae Ficus benghalensis T ** Syzygium 79 ** Heen Dan Myrtaceae T ** caryophyllatum Lettuce 80 ** Nyctaginaceae Pisonia grandis T In Tree 81 ** Manel Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea stellata Aq-H Na Nymphaea 82 Water Lilly Nil Manel Nymphaeaceae Aq ** pubescens 83 ** Olu Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea lotus Aq-H Na 84 Red Lotus Ratu Nelum Nymphaeaceae Nelumbium nucifera Aq Na GreenTech Page 20 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Life form Status name 85 ** Boru diya nilla Onagraceae Jussiaea repens Aq-H ** 86 ** Weta keyiya pandanaceae Pandanus kaida T Na Para 87 ** Poaceae brachiaria mutica S ** grass 88 ** Atora Poaceae Panicum repens G ** 89 ** Batadella Poaceae Isachne globosa G ** 90 ** Diya thana kola Poaceae Brachiaria mutica G ** 91 ** Etora Poaceae Panicum repens H Na 92 ** Kudukedu Poaceae Ischaemum rugosum G ** 93 ** Lunu atora Poaceae Paspalum vaginatus G ** 94 ** Nala gas Poaceae Phargmatites karka G ** Axonopus 95 ** Pothu thana Poaceae H In compressus 96 ** Rata Tana Poaceae Panicum maximum H In 97 ** Ruha Poaceae Cynodon dactylon H Na Chrysopogon 98 ** Thuththiri Poaceae H Na aciculatus 99 ** Uru wee Poaceae Oryza sativa G ** Saccharum 100 ** Wal uk Poaceae H Na spontaneum 101 ** Kimbulwenna Polygonaceae Polygonum barbatum ** ** Drymoglossum 102 ** Kasi pethi Polypodiaceae ** ** heterophyllum 103 ** ** Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis Aq In 104 ** Jabara Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis H Na Water 105 Japan Jabara Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Aq In Hyacinth 106 ** Keran koku Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum Fern ** 107 Leo ** Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata T ** 108 ** Salvinia Salviniaceae Salvinia monniera Aq-H In 109 Pihimbiya Pihimbiya Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens T Id Lygodium 110 ** Pamba Schiziaceae Fern ** microphyllatum 111 ** Lunuwila Scrophulariacae Bacopa monniera H ** Melochila 112 ** Galkura Sterculiaceae T ** corchorifolia 113 ** Jam Tiliaceae Munutingia calabura T In 114 ** Hambupan Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Sedge ** Stachytarpheta 115 ** Balu nakuta Verbenaceae H In jamaicensis 116 ** Ganda pana Verbenaceae Lantana camara S In Clerodendrum 117 ** Pinna Verbenaceae S Na infortunatum Source: Annon (2009) and field visits Table 12: Diversity of Flora in Wellawaththa Canal Area Life No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status form 1 Devil's Horsewhip Karal heba Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera H Na 2 ** Polpala Amaranthaceae Aerva lansta H Na 3 Mango Amba Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica T In 4 ** Ambarella Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis T In 5 Temple tree Araliya Apocynaceae Plumeria obtusa T In 6 Pistia Diya Paradel Araceae Pistia tratiotis H In 7 ** Habarala Araceae Allocasia macrorrhiza ** ** GreenTech Page 21 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Life No Common name Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status form 8 ** Diya habarala Araceae Alocasia spp. H ** 9 Cocunut Pol Arecaceae Cocos nucifera T Na 10 ** Watu palu Asteracea Mikania cordata L Na 11 ** Monara Kudumbiya Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea H Na 12 ** Podisinghomarang Asteraceae Eupatorium odoratum S In 13 ** Uru Kossa Asteraceae Xanthium indicum S In 14 Tabebuia ** Bignoniacea Tabebulia rosea T In 15 Papaya Papol Caricacea Carica papaya T Na 16 Country almond Kottamba Combretaceae Termnalia catappa T In 17 ** Agamulanethi wel Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa L ** 18 ** Girithilla Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia H ** 19 ** Heen madu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea angustifolia S ** 20 ** Kankun Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Aq-H ** 21 ** Tel kola Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura L Na 22 Grass Thanakola Convolvulaceae Gramineae sp. G ** 23 ** Endaru Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis S In-M 24 ** Kuppameniya Euphorbiaceae Acalipha indica T ** 25 ** Kuratiya Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus polyphyllus T Na 26 ** Heen udupiyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na-M 27 ** Katuru Murunga Fabaceae Sesbania grandiflora T In 28 ** Nidi kumba Fabaceae Mimosa pudic H In-M 29 ** Heen Maduruthala Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum H Na 30 ** Maduru thala Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens H In 31 ** Pilila Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe falcata Ep Na 32 Cotton Kapu Malvaceae Ceiba pontandra T ** 33 Hibiscus Wada mal Malvaceae Hibiscus rosasinensis S ** 34 Bo Bo gaha Moraceae Ficus religiosa T ** 35 Banana Kehel Musaceae Musa sp. T ** 36 ** Boru diya nilla Onagraceae Jussiaea repens Aq-H ** 37 ** Weta keyiya pandanaceae Pandanus kaida T Na 38 ** Kudukedu Poaceae Ischaemum rugosum G ** 39 ** Thuththiri Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus H Na 40 ** Jabara Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis H Na 41 Water Hyacinth Japan Jabara Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Aq In 42 ** Galkura Sterculiaceae Melochila corchorifolia T ** 43 ** Jam Tiliaceae Munutingia calabura T In Source: Field visits Table 13: Diversity of Flora in Colombo City Area Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form Devil's 1 Horsewhip Karal heba Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera H Na 2 ** Polpala Amaranthaceae Aerva lansta H Na 3 Mango Amba Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica T In 4 ** Ambarella Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis T In Indian 5 willow Owila Annonaceae Polyalthia longifolia T Na 6 ** Wel atha Annonaceae Annona glabra T ** 7 Temple tree Araliya Apocynaceae Plumeria obtusa T In 8 ** Gon Kaduru Apocynaceae Cerbera manghas T ** 9 ** Havari nuga Apocynaceae Alstonia macrophylla T ** 10 ** Idda Apocynaceae Wrightia zeylanica T ** 11 ** Kaneru Apocynaceae Nerium oleander T ** Tabernaemontana 12 ** Wathu sudda Apocynaceae divarcata T In GreenTech Page 22 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form Aponogetonacea 13 ** kekatiya e Aponogeton crispus Aq ** 14 Pistia Diya Paradel Araceae Pistia tratiotis H In 15 ** Habarala Araceae Allocasia macrorrhiza ** ** 16 ** Wel kohila Araceae Lasia sp. Aq ** 17 ** Diya habarala Araceae Alocasia spp. H ** 18 Aricanut Puwak Arecaceae Areca catechu T ** 19 Cocunut Pol Arecaceae Cocos nucifera T Na 20 ** Wara Asclepiadacea Calotropis gigantea S Na-M 21 ** Watu palu Asteracea Mikania cordata L Na 22 Chick weed Hulanthala Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides S ** Monara 23 ** Kudumbiya Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea H Na Podisinghomar 24 ** ang Asteraceae Eupatorium odoratum S In 25 ** Uru Kossa Asteraceae Xanthium indicum S In 26 Tabebuia ** Bignoniacea Tabebulia rosea T In 27 ** Ath Honda Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum H Na 28 ** Ath Satiya Boraginaceae Heliotropium sp. S ** 29 ** ** Cabombaceae Caboma spp. Aq ** pigeon 30 wood Geduma Cannabaceae Trema orientalis T Na 31 Papaya Papol Caricacea Carica papaya T Na Ceylon 32 ironwood Na Clusiaceae Mesua ferrea T Na-M 33 ** Niyagal Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba L ** Country 34 almond Kottamba Combretaceae Termnalia catappa T In 35 ** Girapala Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa H ** Agamulanethi 36 ** wel Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa L ** 37 ** Binthamburu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea biloba ** ** 38 ** Girithilla Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia H ** 39 ** Heen madu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea angustifolia S ** 40 ** Kankun Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Aq-H ** 41 ** Tel kola Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura L Na 42 Grass Thanakola Convolvulaceae Gramineae sp. G ** 43 ** Hal pan Cyperaceae Cyperu haspan Sedge ** Schoenoplectus 44 ** Thun hiriya pan Cyperaceae grosus Sedge ** 45 ** Endaru Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis S In-M Glochidon 46 ** Hunukirilla Euphorbiaceae zeylanicum S ** 47 ** Katu pila Euphorbiaceae Flueggea leucopyrus S Na-M 48 ** Kenda Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata T Na 49 ** Keppetiya Euphorbiaceae Croton Laccifer T Na-M 50 ** Keta kala Euphorbiaceae Bridelia retusa T Na 51 ** Kuppameniya Euphorbiaceae Acalipha indica T ** Phyllanthus 52 ** Kuratiya Euphorbiaceae polyphyllus T Na 53 ** Val thipilu Euphorbiaceae Croton hirtus H In 54 wild senn Atthora Fabaceae Cassia alata S M 55 ** Ehela Fabaceae Cassia fistula T M Heen 56 ** udupiyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na-M 57 ** Nidi kumba Fabaceae Mimosa pudic H In-M GreenTech Page 23 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form 58 ** Ranawara Fabaceae Cassia auriculata T M 59 ** Thora Fabaceae Cassia tora T Na 60 ** Udu piyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na 61 ** Weta hiriya Fabaceae Gliricidia pudica T In 62 Hydrilla ** Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla verticllata Aq ** 63 ** Gas thala Lamiaceae Ocimum gratissimum H Na Heen 64 ** Maduruthala Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum H Na 65 ** Maduru thala Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens H In 66 Barringtonia Mudulla Lecythidaceae Barringtonia asiatica T Id Yellaw Peltophorum 67 flame Kaha mara Leguminosae pterocarpum T Id 68 Flamboyant Mal mara Leguminosae Delonix regia T In 69 Rain tree Para mara Leguminosae Albizia saman T In Andaman 70 redwood Wal Ehela Leguminosae Pterocarpus indicus T In 71 ** ** Lentibulariaceae Utricularia flexuosa ** ** 72 ** Pilila Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe falcata Ep Na 73 Cotton Kapu Malvaceae Ceiba pontandra T ** 74 Hibiscus Wada mal Malvaceae Hibiscus rosasinensis S ** 75 ** Heen Bovitiya Melastomataceae Osbeckia octandra S ** 76 ** ** Meliaceae Melia dubia ** ** 77 ** Kohomba Meliaceae Azadirachta indica T Na 78 ** Attikka Moraceae Ficus racemosa T ** 79 Breadfruit Del Moraceae Artocarpus incisus T In Artocarpus 80 Jak Kos Moraceae heterophyllus T ** 81 Banyan Maha Nuga Moraceae Ficus benghalensis T ** 82 Bo Bo gaha Moraceae Ficus religiosa T ** Syzygium 83 ** Heen Dan Myrtaceae caryophyllatum T ** Lettuce 84 Tree ** Nyctaginaceae Pisonia grandis T In 85 ** Manel Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea stellata Aq-H Na 86 ** Boru diya nilla Onagraceae Jussiaea repens Aq-H ** 87 ** Weta keyiya pandanaceae Pandanus kaida T Na 88 Para grass ** Poaceae brachiaria mutica S ** 89 ** Atora Poaceae Panicum repens G ** 90 ** Batadella Poaceae Isachne globosa G ** 91 ** Diya thana kola Poaceae Brachiaria mutica G ** 92 ** Kudukedu Poaceae Ischaemum rugosum G ** Axonopus 93 ** Pothu thana Poaceae compressus H In 94 ** Rata Tana Poaceae Panicum maximum H In 95 ** Ruha Poaceae Cynodon dactylon H Na Chrysopogon 96 ** Thuththiri Poaceae aciculatus H Na Drymoglossum 97 ** Kasi pethi Polypodiaceae heterophyllum ** ** 98 ** Jabara Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis H Na Water 99 Hyacinth Japan Jabara Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Aq In 100 ** Keran koku Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum Fern ** 101 Pihimbiya Pihimbiya Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens T Id Melochila 102 ** Galkura Sterculiaceae corchorifolia T ** GreenTech Page 24 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form 103 ** Jam Tiliaceae Munutingia calabura T In 104 ** Hambupan Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Sedge ** Stachytarpheta 105 ** Balu nakuta Verbenaceae jamaicensis H In 106 ** Ganda pana Verbenaceae Lantana camara S In Clerodendrum 107 ** Pinna Verbenaceae infortunatum S Na 108 Teak Thekka Verbenaceae Tectona grandis T In Source: Field visits Table 14: Diversity of Flora in Thalangama Lake Site Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form Devil's 1 Horsewhip Karal heba Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera H Na Alternanthera 2 ** Mukunuwenna Amaranthaceae sessilis H Na 3 ** Polpala Amaranthaceae Aerva lansta H Na 4 Mango Amba Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica T In 5 ** Ambarella Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis T In 6 Indian willow Owila Annonaceae Polyalthia longifolia T Na 7 ** Wel atha Annonaceae Annona glabra T ** 8 Temple tree Araliya Apocynaceae Plumeria obtusa T In 9 ** Gon Kaduru Apocynaceae Cerbera manghas T ** 10 ** Havari nuga Apocynaceae Alstonia macrophylla T ** 11 ** Idda Apocynaceae Wrightia zeylanica T ** 12 ** Kaneru Apocynaceae Nerium oleander T ** Tabernaemontana 13 ** Wathu sudda Apocynaceae divarcata T In Aponogetonace 14 ** kekatiya ae Aponogeton crispus Aq ** 15 Pistia Diya Paradel Araceae Pistia tratiotis H In Allocasia 16 ** Habarala Araceae macrorrhiza ** ** 17 ** Wel kohila Araceae Lasia sp. Aq ** 18 ** Diya habarala Araceae Alocasia spp. H ** 19 Cocunut Pol Arecaceae Cocos nucifera T Na 20 ** Hatawariya Asparagaceae Asparagus falcatus L M 21 ** Watu palu Asteracea Mikania cordata L Na Ageratum 22 Chick weed Hulanthala Asteraceae conyzoides S ** Monara 23 ** Kudumbiya Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea H Na Podisinghomara Eupatorium 24 ** ng Asteraceae odoratum S In 25 ** Uru Kossa Asteraceae Xanthium indicum S In 26 Tabebuia ** Bignoniacea Tabebulia rosea T In 27 ** Ath Honda Boraginaceae Heliotropium H Na GreenTech Page 25 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form indicum 28 ** Ath Satiya Boraginaceae Heliotropium sp. S ** 29 ** ** Cabombaceae Caboma spp. Aq ** 30 pigeon wood Geduma Cannabaceae Trema orientalis T Na 31 Papaya Papol Caricacea Carica papaya T Na Casuarina 32 Casuarina Kasa Gaha Casuarinaceae equisetifolia T In Ceylon 33 ironwood Na Clusiaceae Mesua ferrea T Na-M Country 34 almond Kottamba Combretaceae Termnalia catappa T In 35 ** Girapala Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa H ** Agamulanethi 36 ** wel Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa L ** 37 ** Binthamburu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea biloba ** ** 38 ** Girithilla Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia H ** 39 ** Heen madu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea angustifolia S ** 40 ** Kankun Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Aq-H ** 41 ** Tel kola Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura L Na 42 Grass Thanakola Convolvulaceae Gramineae sp. G ** 43 ** Hal pan Cyperaceae Cyperu haspan Sedge ** Fimbristylis 44 ** Kudametta Cyperaceae miliaceae Sedge ** Schoenoplectus 45 ** Thun hiriya pan Cyperaceae grosus Sedge ** Euphorbia 46 ** Daluk Euphorbiaceae antiquorum S ** 47 ** Endaru Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis S In-M Glochidon 48 ** Hunukirilla Euphorbiaceae zeylanicum S ** Flueggea 49 ** Katu pila Euphorbiaceae leucopyrus S Na-M 50 ** Kenda Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata T Na 51 ** Keppetiya Euphorbiaceae Croton Laccifer T Na-M 52 ** Keta kala Euphorbiaceae Bridelia retusa T Na 53 ** Kuppameniya Euphorbiaceae Acalipha indica T ** Phyllanthus 54 ** Kuratiya Euphorbiaceae polyphyllus T Na 55 Cassava Maniok Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta T ** 56 ** Val thipilu Euphorbiaceae Croton hirtus H In 57 wild senn Atthora Fabaceae Cassia alata S M 58 ** Ehela Fabaceae Cassia fistula T M Heen 59 ** udupiyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na-M 60 ** Katuru Murunga Fabaceae Sesbania grandiflora T In 61 ** Nidi kumba Fabaceae Mimosa pudic H In-M 62 ** Pethan Fabaceae Bauhinia tomentosa S Na 63 ** Ranawara Fabaceae Cassia auriculata T M GreenTech Page 26 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form 64 ** Thora Fabaceae Cassia tora T Na 65 ** Udu piyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na 66 ** Weta hiriya Fabaceae Gliricidia pudica T In Hydrocharitacea 67 Hydrilla ** e Hydrilla verticllata Aq ** Hydrocharitacea 68 Eel grass ** e Vallisneria spiralis ** ** Hydrocharitacea 69 ducklettuce ** e Ottelia alismoides Aq In Ocimum 70 ** Gas thala Lamiaceae gratissimum H Na Heen Ocimum 71 ** Maduruthala Lamiaceae americanum H Na 72 ** Maduru thala Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens H In 73 Barringtonia Mudulla Lecythidaceae Barringtonia asiatica T Id Madaras 74 thorn Andara Leguminosae Pithecellobium dulce T In Peltophorum 75 Yellaw flame Kaha mara Leguminosae pterocarpum T Id 76 Flamboyant Mal mara Leguminosae Delonix regia T In 77 Rain tree Para mara Leguminosae Albizia saman T In Andaman 78 redwood Wal Ehela Leguminosae Pterocarpus indicus T In Lentibulariacea 79 ** ** e Utricularia flexuosa ** ** Limnocharitace 80 ** Diya gowa ae Linocharis flava Aq ** Dendrophthoe 81 ** Pilila Loranthaceae falcata Ep Na 82 Cotton Kapu Malvaceae Ceiba pontandra T ** Hibiscus 83 Hibiscus Wada mal Malvaceae rosasinensis S ** Melastomatace 84 ** Heen Bovitiya ae Osbeckia octandra S ** 85 ** ** Meliaceae Melia dubia ** ** 86 ** Kohomba Meliaceae Azadirachta indica T Na 87 ** Attikka Moraceae Ficus racemosa T ** 88 Breadfruit Del Moraceae Artocarpus incisus T In Artocarpus 89 Jak Kos Moraceae heterophyllus T ** 90 Banana Kehel Musaceae Musa sp. T ** Syzygium 91 ** Heen Dan Myrtaceae caryophyllatum T ** 92 Lettuce Tree ** Nyctaginaceae Pisonia grandis T In 93 ** Manel Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea stellata Aq-H Na 94 ** Olu Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea lotus Aq-H Na 95 Red Lotus Ratu Nelum Nymphaeaceae Nelumbium nucifera Aq Na 96 ** Boru diya nilla Onagraceae Jussiaea repens Aq-H ** 97 ** Weta keyiya pandanaceae Pandanus kaida T Na 98 Para grass ** Poaceae brachiaria mutica S ** GreenTech Page 27 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form 99 ** Atora Poaceae Panicum repens G ** 100 ** Batadella Poaceae Isachne globosa G ** 101 ** Diya thana kola Poaceae Brachiaria mutica G ** 102 ** Etora Poaceae Panicum repens H Na Ischaemum 103 ** Kudukedu Poaceae rugosum G ** 104 ** Lunu atora Poaceae Paspalum vaginatus G ** 105 ** Nala gas Poaceae Phargmatites karka G ** Axonopus 106 ** Pothu thana Poaceae compressus H In 107 ** Rata Tana Poaceae Panicum maximum H In 108 ** Ruha Poaceae Cynodon dactylon H Na Chrysopogon 109 ** Thuththiri Poaceae aciculatus H Na 110 ** Uru wee Poaceae Oryza sativa G ** Saccharum 111 ** Wal uk Poaceae spontaneum H Na Polygonum 112 ** Kimbulwenna Polygonaceae barbatum ** ** Drymoglossum 113 ** Kasi pethi Polypodiaceae heterophyllum ** ** Monochoria 114 ** ** Pontederiaceae vaginalis Aq In Monochoria 115 ** Jabara Pontederiaceae vaginalis H Na Water 116 Hyacinth Japan Jabara Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Aq In 117 ** Keran koku Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum Fern ** 118 Leo ** Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata T ** 119 ** Salvinia Salviniaceae Salvinia monniera Aq-H In 120 Pihimbiya Pihimbiya Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens T Id Lygodium 121 ** Pamba Schiziaceae microphyllatum Fern ** 122 ** Lunuwila Scrophulariacae Bacopa monniera H ** Melochila 123 ** Galkura Sterculiaceae corchorifolia T ** 124 ** Jam Tiliaceae Munutingia calabura T In 125 ** Hambupan Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Sedge ** Stachytarpheta 126 ** Balu nakuta Verbenaceae jamaicensis H In 127 ** Ganda pana Verbenaceae Lantana camara S In Clerodendrum 128 ** Pinna Verbenaceae infortunatum S Na 129 Teak Thekka Verbenaceae Tectona grandis T In GreenTech Page 28 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Table 15: Diversity of Flora in St. Sebestian Canal Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form Devil's H Na 1 Horsewhip Karal heba Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera 2 ** Mukunuwenna Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis H Na 3 ** Polpala Amaranthaceae Aerva lansta H Na 4 Mango Amba Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica T In 5 ** Ambarella Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis T In 6 Indian willow Owila Annonaceae Polyalthia longifolia T Na 7 ** Habarala Araceae Allocasia macrorrhiza ** ** 8 ** Diya habarala Araceae Alocasia spp. H ** 9 Cocunut Pol Arecaceae Cocos nucifera T Na 10 ** Wara Asclepiadacea Calotropis gigantea S Na-M 11 ** Hatawariya Asparagaceae Asparagus falcatus L M 12 ** Watu palu Asteracea Mikania cordata L Na 13 Chick weed Hulanthala Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides S ** Monara H Na 14 ** Kudumbiya Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea 15 ** Podisinghomarang Asteraceae Eupatorium odoratum S In 16 pigeon wood Geduma Cannabaceae Trema orientalis T Na 17 Papaya Papol Caricacea Carica papaya T Na Country T In 18 almond Kottamba Combretaceae Termnalia catappa 19 ** Girapala Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa H ** 20 ** Agamulanethi wel Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa L ** 21 ** Binthamburu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea biloba ** ** 22 ** Girithilla Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia H ** 23 ** Heen madu Convolvulaceae Ipomoea angustifolia S ** 24 ** Kankun Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Aq-H ** 25 ** Tel kola Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura L Na 26 Grass Thanakola Convolvulaceae Gramineae sp. G ** 27 ** Kuppameniya Euphorbiaceae Acalipha indica T ** 28 ** Ehela Fabaceae Cassia fistula T M 29 ** Heen udupiyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na-M 30 ** Nidi kumba Fabaceae Mimosa pudic H In-M 31 ** Weta hiriya Fabaceae Gliricidia pudica T In 32 ** Gas thala Lamiaceae Ocimum gratissimum H Na 33 ** Maduru thala Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens H In 34 Flamboyant Mal mara Leguminosae Delonix regia T In 35 Rain tree Para mara Leguminosae Albizia saman T In Andaman T In 36 redwood Wal Ehela Leguminosae Pterocarpus indicus 37 ** Pilila Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe falcata Ep Na 38 Cotton Kapu Malvaceae Ceiba pontandra T ** 39 Hibiscus Wada mal Malvaceae Hibiscus rosasinensis S ** 40 ** Pothu thana Poaceae Axonopus compressus H In 41 ** Rata Tana Poaceae Panicum maximum H In 42 ** Ruha Poaceae Cynodon dactylon H Na Chrysopogon H Na 43 ** Thuththiri Poaceae aciculatus 44 ** Jabara Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis H Na Water Aq In 45 Hyacinth Japan Jabara Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes 46 Pihimbiya Pihimbiya Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens T Id 47 ** Jam Tiliaceae Munutingia calabura T In Stachytarpheta H In 48 ** Balu nakuta Verbenaceae jamaicensis 49 ** Ganda pana Verbenaceae Lantana camara S In GreenTech Page 29 of 30 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 8 Table 16: Diversity of Flora in Maccallum gate area Common Life No Sinhala name Family Scientific name Status name form Devil's 1 Horsewhip Karal heba Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera H Na 2 ** Mukunuwenna Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis H Na 3 ** Polpala Amaranthaceae Aerva lansta H Na 4 ** Watu palu Asteracea Mikania cordata L Na Monara 5 ** Kudumbiya Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea H Na Eupatorium 6 ** Podisinghomarang Asteraceae odoratum S In 7 ** Uru Kossa Asteraceae Xanthium indicum S In 8 Papaya Papol Caricacea Carica papaya T Na Country 9 almond Kottamba Combretaceae Termnalia catappa T In 10 ** Girapala Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa H ** 11 ** Agamulanethi wel Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa L ** 12 ** Kankun Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Aq-H ** 13 ** Tel kola Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura L Na 14 ** Endaru Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis S In-M 15 ** Kuppameniya Euphorbiaceae Acalipha indica T ** Phyllanthus 16 ** Kuratiya Euphorbiaceae polyphyllus T Na 17 ** Heen udupiyaliya Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum H Na-M 18 ** Nidi kumba Fabaceae Mimosa pudic H In-M 19 ** Heen Maduruthala Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum H Na 20 ** Maduru thala Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens H In 21 Rain tree Para mara Leguminosae Albizia saman T In Andaman 22 redwood Wal Ehela Leguminosae Pterocarpus indicus T In Dendrophthoe 23 ** Pilila Loranthaceae falcata Ep Na 24 Cotton Kapu Malvaceae Ceiba pontandra T ** Hibiscus 25 Hibiscus Wada mal Malvaceae rosasinensis S ** 26 ** Heen Bovitiya Melastomataceae Osbeckia octandra S ** 27 Bo Bo gaha Moraceae Ficus religiosa T ** 28 Banana Kehel Musaceae Musa sp. T ** Axonopus 29 ** Pothu thana Poaceae compressus H In 30 ** Rata Tana Poaceae Panicum maximum H In Chrysopogon 31 ** Thuththiri Poaceae aciculatus H Na 32 ** Jabara Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis H Na Water 33 Hyacinth Japan Jabara Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Aq In Stachytarpheta 34 ** Balu nakuta Verbenaceae jamaicensis H In 35 ** Ganda pana Verbenaceae Lantana camara S In GreenTech Page 30 of 30 Annex 9 Archaeological Sites in the Project Area EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 9   Archaeological Sites in the Project Area Following Historical and Archaeological sites have been identified in the project area: • Nugegoda Kotte Tunnel • Colombo Fort Ancient Security House near Ancient Parliament • Keragala Inscriptions, Tampita Vihara, Wall and Dagoba • Kotte Parakumba Pirivena • Kotte Ancient Moat • Rajagiriya Obesekera Walawwa • Kaduwela Kotalawala Ancient Vihara at paintings in Kaduwela Kotalawela Sankapitti Vihara • Colombo Kuppiyawatta Ancient Image House,Awasageya, Dewalaya in Kuppiyawatta Jayasekera Vihara • Colombo Maligakanda Ancient Image House,Awasageya • Colombo Pettah Olcutt Building • Colombo Dematagoda Ancient Awasageya • Colombo Maligakanda Mahabodh Vihara • Kotahena St. Lucia Church • Maradana Ancient Railway Station at Fort • Colombo Pettah Dutch Museum • Colombo Fort Dutch Ware House at Sri Lanka Forts Authority • Kotahena Vihara and Awasageya at Deepaduththaramaya • Colombo Ancient LighthouseNorth western) at Sri Lanka Ports Authority, Inner Break water • Colombo Ancient Lighthouse (North) at Sri Lanka Ports Authority, Inner Break water • Colombo Ancient Building (Ragu Mandiraya) at Sri Lanka Ports Authority • Colombo Ancient wall at Sri Lanka Ports Authority • Colombo Ancient Grand Oriental Hotel Buildings at York Street, Sri Lanka Forts Authority • Colombo Ancient Post Master General Office Building at Janadipathi Street, Sri Lanka Forts Authority • Colombo Ancient Clifan Burg House at Sri Lanka Navy Head Quarters, Sri Lanka Ports Authority • Colombo Ancient Chartered Bank Building at janadipathi Mawatha • Colombo Ancient Walkers Building at Sir Baron Jayatilake Mawatha • Colombo Ancient Lanka Maccanance Macancy company limited Building at Lady Bastian Mawatha • Colombo Portland Building at Sir Baron Jayatilake Mawatha • Colombo Pettah Dutch Bell Tower at Kaiman Gate, Pettah • Kaduwela Koratota Ledged Cave and Inscription at Koratota Raja maha Vihara • Kaduwala Nawagamuwa Ancient Vihara, Devala, Pattini Devala, Vishnu Devala, Kataragama Devala, Dedimunda Devala, Avasa Geya and Ancient Court Yard • Colombo - Central Ancient Kovil, Rest Hall and Road GreenTech Page 1 of 8 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 9   A Resume of Some Protected Sites 1. The Wolvendal Church In the early days of the Dutch occupation of Colombo the official Church of the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), the Dutch United East India Company, stood on the open space once known as the Gordon Gardens in the Fort of Colombo. It was an old Portuguese building. The Governor, the energetic Gustaaf Willem Baron Van Imhoff appealed in 1736 to the VOC authorities at Batavia (presently Djakarta) for their approval to build a new church in Colombo on the grounds that the old Church within the Fort was falling into decay, and had become dangerous for use. His proposal apparently was to demolish the old Church and erect a new one on its site. The supreme VOC Government at Batavia did not readily approve of the proposal. Matters seem to have remained at a stand-still until Governor Stein van Gollenesse arrived in 1743 from Cochin where he had been in charge of the VOC affairs. It was due to his zeal and interest in the project that the Wolvendaal Church came to be built. The initials IVSVG on the South-East gable associate the building with this Governor, who administered the Maritime Provinces of Ceylon from 1743 to 1751. In 1759 the Sinhalese Hendrik Philipsz - who also became the chief translator for Dutch Governor Iman Willem Falck - and the Tamil Willem Ondaatje, again two indigenous students from the Colombo Seminary, were nominated Predikants by the VOC, preaching in the newly erected Wolvendaal church. Both came from distinguished families. Philipsz' close familly were Buddhist priests and married to members of the Sinhalese nobility. Descendents of these talented families later played important roles in the community, such as the writer Michael Ondaatje. Another member of this family, Pieter Quint Ondaatje, remained in Holland after his studies at Utrecht University and became in the 1780s one of the main leaders of the Dutch Patriotic movement. In view of their family and cultural ties these new Predikants were very well positioned to fulfill a bridge function between the European and local population in the Dutch part of Ceylon. The choice of a site for the new church outside the walls of the Fort is easy to explain. For one advantage, this hill commanded the finest view across the town and over the sea. Moreover, the hill was in proximity to the City’s entrance, for in the Dutch times the outer defence of the Fort consisted of a barrier which ran from lake to sea, spanning a neck of lowland at the base of this rising ground where the church was located. Despite the several difficulties in the affairs of this small community since the British took possession of Ceylon, they have seen to it that the Wolvendaal church has continued to serve the purpose for which it was intended by its pious founders. Thus, more than two centuries ago since the night closed on the descending standard of Holland and sunrise saw the British Flag unfurled on the walls of Colombo, the Wolvendaal church still remains a memorial of the oldest Dutch institution in Ceylon, namely, the Dutch Reformed Church (currently renamed: Christian Reformed Church), and the nursery of the branch churches which have sprung up in the suburbs of this City. This grand old Dutch church, is therefore, very dear to the hearts of those who claim Dutch ancestry or still adhere to the creed of their forbears. Sir William Gregory, the English Governor (1872 – 1877) once described the church as “The Westminster Abbey of Ceylon where so many brave Hollanders lie buried�. Provision has been made for the Governor’s accommodation in a solidly constructed State Pew with half a dozen ebony and calamander chairs. To those who admire Dutch furniture, the Church is a veritable mine of treasures. There is a remarkable collection of ebony chairs dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries that will capture the admiration of the casual visitor. A possible explanation is the custom which prevailed in the 18th century of keeping the ‘kerkstoel’ (church chair) at home and GreenTech Page 2 of 8 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 9   having it carried to church each Sunday by a servant. After the death of a church member, these chairs were often donated to the Church. On the walls of the Church are many mural tablets while there are many more built into the external walls. The floor is paved with tombstones of those who lie buried within the church. One can find many famous names of 300 year Sri Lankan history: Dutch, Burgher, Singhalese, Tamil and English. The last Dutch Governor to be buried here was Jan Gerard van Angelbeek, who died in Colombo in 1799, three years after the British occupation, and was buried in a vault beside his wife. In the Main Street in Pettah, at the foot of the Wolvendaal Hill, stands the old Belfry with the bell that used to summon the worshippers to prayer and praise in the early days of the Church. There was a time when it also was used as a curfew bell ‘to mark the closing of the Castle’s gates and lights out’. It is said to date back to the 16th century and to have hung originally in a Portuguese Church in the former Royal City of Kotte. This city was abandoned in 1565 and later re-occupied by the Dutch who found the bell among the ruins. The Dutch set up the belfry at Kayman’s Gate where it still stands today. Since it is surrounded by shops it fails to attract any attention now. The Wolvendaal Church is currently up for renovation. The gables and church walls have to be repaired while the roof will have to be reconstructed. A number of tombstones have already been relocated. The oldest ones, dating back as far as 1661, are now positioned against the North-East wall of the church. Part of the interior of the church has been renovated in recent years (Source: Tombstones and Monuments in Sri Lanka- Cornel University). Wolvendaal Church with lion-shape 18th century pulpit wind vane, watercolour by J.L.K. van Dort, situation prior to 1856 . Wolvendaal Church, January 2005 Tombstone first Tamil Predikant of Wolvendaal church GreenTech Page 3 of 8 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 9   2. National Museum The Colombo National Museum was established on 1st January 1877. It’s founder was Sir William Henry Gregory, the British Governor of Ceylon (Sri Lanka.) Housed in a fine colonial – era building, the Museum is famous for collections of ancient royal regalia; Sinhalese art work, (carvings, sculptures etc.) antique furniture, chains, and Ola manuscripts. The museum contains more than 4,000 palm leaf manuscripts and ancient and medieval jewelry. 3. Beira Lake. Towards the end of 1505, the Portuguese discovered the island accidently and by 1518, they had built a fortress in the area of the present day Colombo. Later, to protect themselves, they dug a trench to separate the fort the mainland. In 1521, Beira Lake was created by the Portuguese in an effort to repel the attacks of a local ruler, a strategy that was successful in that case. With the creation of the lake, the city was protected on all sides, south and east by the lake and north and east by the sea. Although, the native population was not able to take over the Fort, it succeeded twice to drain the lake using canals. The San Sebastian Canal which still exists today was one of them. Although, the Dutch were present in the area since 1602, using Colombo as port of trading activities, it was not until 1655 that they besieged Colombo. Both Dutch and Portuguese used the potential of the lake in their battle strategies. The Portuguese used the lake to transport their defense material and the Dutch used it to transport their soldiers and break through enemy lines. The Portuguese fortifications were badly battered and they were finally moved to higher grounds. The low-lying ground became vacant following the displacement of the defenses and was flooded as far as Kaymans Gate. During that period the lake was connected by a navigable canal system to the Kelani and Panadura rivers. By 1995, most of the maritime provinces of Ceylon had fallen to the British and by 1815; the whole Island came under British rule with Colombo being the country capital. In the first half of the 19th century Beira Lake was much bigger than it is today. It was used for boating related to work activities as well as for leisure. On the banks of the Lake, villas were located in the most salubrious conditions when compared to the Fort accommodations. The shores of Beira Lake were also the site of various recreational activities such as parties, concerts, theatre, balls etc. During the early period it was the centre of commercial life as well as leisure resort. The numerous canals facilitated communication with various water bodies surrounding Beira Lake (Kelani Ganga, Negombo, Panadura, Kalu Ganga, Bolgoda Lake) which was considered to be an advantage and made the Lake an integrated feature in the life of the citizens of Colombo. Various areas near the Lake were charming sites with greenery, walking paths and spaces for children to play. Today, these sites no longer exist due to changes in the land use that took place over the years. For example, the open space known as the “Racket Court� is now the home of the dilapidated building of Chalmer’s Granary. The political and economic changes that were brought about by the Independence were basically oriented towards an ever increasing export-free market economy and this has lead to important impacts on the Beira Lake environment. Over the years, many activities have contributed to encroach on the surface of the lake area. Among the activities, the port activities, including the setting up of warehouses and of a boat yard in the East Lake area, the occupation by squatters of some stretches of land around the Lakes, and the road development and siltation of parts of the Lake have all contributed to reduce the surface of the lake over the years. Today, Beira Lake is the centre of various conflicting uses which include domestic, industrial, commercial, tourist, and religious activities. Subsistence fishing, recreational activities, boat GreenTech Page 4 of 8 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 9   repair activities, the washing of vehicles and livestock, the dumping of garbage as well as the disposal of laundry and waste water into the lake, are among the many conflicting uses that exit around and in Beira Lake. In many instances, these uses contribute to the deterioration of the Lake’s water and surroundings, and ultimately jeopardize its survival as well as that of the wildlife supported by this ecosystem (feeding and breeding grounds for birds). These activities “have resulted in the eutrophication of the lake and encouraged periodic unrestrictive growth of algae, fish kills, bad odors and discoloration of the water which caused much public nuisance besides being a health hazard.� (Beira Lake Restoration Study 1993). 4. The Dutch Period Museum The old `Dutch House' on Prince Street, Pettah (Colombo 11) which houses this museum was built in the latter part of the 17th century and was initially the residence of Count August Carl Van Ranzow along with five other houses of the elite. Today, the sides of the street are choc-a-block with boutiques and stores. The restoration of this building commenced in 1977 and was completed in 1981. This museum was opened to the public in 1982. This building embodies the unique architectural features of a colonial Dutch town house. The museum while displaying the Dutch legacy with the artifacts viz. furniture, ceramics, coins, arms etc. portrays facets of contemporary life and culture. 5. Galle Face Burial Ground The Galle Face Burial Grounds was opened in 1803. “On the borders of the lake in Colombo, on the south side of Fort, lies another burial ground lately enclosed with palisades. It was rendered necessary for the garrison by the uncommon mortality which followed the campaign of 1803� (Cordiner, vol.I, p42) A wall was built round it towards the end of 1805, and first inscription dates from 1809. 6. Kotte Tunnel The above photographs shows what is known today as the Kotte Tunnels ('Kotte Umang Margaya'). It is situated within the premises of the Ananda Sasthralaya School, just beyond the Pita Kotte junction, towards the church of St. Thomas. It is found outside the limits of the old city. It is believed to be the entrance to a complex of tunnels that existed in the vicinity. Some believe that it was part of the quarry that was used to source the kabok needed to build the city and the ramparts (Source: http://www.defonseka.com/hist_kotte03j.htm) GreenTech Page 5 of 8 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 9   7. Historic Temple in Atul Kotte This historic temple at the entrance to Atul Kotte has taken care to preserves parts of the ruins found within its premises. The lane leading to the temple could be found immediately to your left, on turning in to the Kotte Road. The remains are found at the bottom of the temple premises. Traces of the ramparts and moat are visible within the premises of this Pirivena. As shown above in the photograph, the ramparts end with the temple wall, the rest destroyed by the people to build a houses or shops. Also preserved is a well dating back to the Kotte period. This is now enclosed with a protective wall. The well is lined with clay rings and has a decorative ring at the top. A similar well dug out by contactors who were building an extension at the Kotte Telecommunications Center has been handed over to the Kotte Archeological Museum and is now displayed there. The north entrance to the fortified city was also cited close to the Pirivena. The northern entrance facing Konthaganthota was a busy place. It was used to ferry in all the supplies thru the Konthagan Thotupala from the Kelani River. The entrance has been located in close proximity to the present day bridge that crosses over the Diyawanna Oya, just after you turn into the Kotte road and the Perakumba Pirivena. (Source :http://www.defonseka.com/hist_kotte03b.htm) 8. Kotte Archeological Museum This is sighted at the former home of the legendary freedom fighter E. W. Perera, known as the 'Ihala Walauwa’. The museum is the home to a collection of artifacts relating to Kotte, and other exhibits found in and around Kotte. It is in a very dormant state. The exhibits include coins, flags, swords, chinaware and clothes of the Kotte period (Source: http://www.defonseka.com/hist_kotte03g.htm). Some of the clay pipe work  E. W. Perera Archeological Museum – Kotte-unearthed during excavations  GreenTech Page 6 of 8 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 9   9. St. Lucia's Cathedral: The oldest and the largest parish cathedral in Sri Lanka St. Lucy of Sicily whose feast falls on December 13 is venerated the world over as the protectress against eye trouble. Legend has it that she had the most beautiful pair of eyes and that she pulled them out to present them to an unwelcome suitor who was enamoured by their beauty. However her eyes were miraculously restored to her more beautiful than before. Named after this virgin and martyr saint is St. Lucia"s Cathedral of Kotahena, the oldest and largest parish cathedral in Sri Lanka and the seat of the Archbishop of Colombo. Situated at Kotahena to the north-east of Colombo this magnificent edifice sprawled on 18,240 Sq. feet of land, rises to a height of 150 feet and has the capacity to accommodate 6000 people in its nave. The 110 year old cathedral had humble origins in a small chapel of wood and cadjan built by the Oratorian fathers in 1760 when Ceylon was under Dutch occupation. This was replaced by a larger church of brick and mortar in 1782. When Ceylon was detached from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa in 1834, Rev. Fr. Vincente Rozairo was appointed the first Vicar-Apostolic of Ceylon and St. Lucia"s Cathedral became the first cathedral of Sri Lanka. Eventually the foundation stone for a new cathedral building was laid to replace the old one. In 1873 Bishop H D Sillani and Rev. Fr. S Tabarrani, men of great vision and talent designed and initiated the building of St. Lucia"s Cathedral thus planting the seeds of grandeur and magnificence of what was to be. The Catholics of Colombo, the churches outside the city, and even the fisher folk contributed their share to the building fund. The cathedral cost Rs 160,000 to build which was an enormous amount in the last century, yet totally funded by the pious generosity of the Ceylonese Catholics of the time. Towards the end of 1887 the main body of the cathedral was complete and the blessing of the cathedral took place in December of that year. However the building of the cathedral took 30 years and was completed in 1902 when the scaffoldings were finally dismantled and the site cleared. The succeeding generations of parishioners and parish priests continued to embellish the cathedral with exquisite statues and sacred vessels often shipped from Europe. After a succession of European priests Rev. Fr. Nereus Fernando became the first Sri Lankan parish priest of the cathedral in 1956. Under the dynamic leadership of Rev. Fr. Rufus Benedict the cathedral was prepared for its centenary which was celebrated in December 1987. 10. Dutch Period Museum in Colombo The Museums in Sri Lanka display artifacts and objects pertaining to Sri Lanka's pre-history, archaeology, anthropology, zoology, entomology, geology and paleontology. The major museums and art galleries in Sri Lanka are Colombo National Museum, the Dutch Period Museum, Barefoot Gallery, Lionel Wendt Memorial Art Centre and Sapumal Foundation. The Dutch Period Museum in Colombo in Sri Lanka was formerly the residence of the Dutch governor, Thomas van Rhae (1692-1697). It was sold to the VOC before transforming into the private school of Colombo in 1696. The British took over the building in 1796 and converted it into a military hospital and later into a post office. Today the building has been transformed into a museum showcasing the significance of the Dutch period in Sri Lanka. The old 'Dutch House' located on Prince Street, Pettah ((Colombo 11) encloses the museum. In recent times an avenue of boutiques and stores of Muslim traders are found along the streets. The refurbishment work began in 1977 which was finally completed in 1981. The museum was opened for public viewing in 1982. Features of the Dutch Period Museum in Colombo: - A room upstairs preserves historical documents, various examples of Dutch period furniture and decoration. - The lower floors contain Dutch grave-markers and tombstones. GreenTech Page 7 of 8 EA-MCUDP FR-Annex 9   - The Museum is surrounded by a garden courtyard with the original stone-well of the house. - The exquisite architectural traits of a colonial Dutch town house have been preserved and maintained in the museum. - The exhibits of the Dutch history- artifacts like furniture, ceramics, coins, arms etc depicts the various aspects of contemporary life and culture. - The Museum is remains open from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. The Museum remains closed on Fridays. - The exhibits portray the political and socio-economic status of the Maritime Provinces of the Island under the Dutch rule. The displays throw light upon the culture of the Kandyan Kingdom during the Dutch era. (Source: http://www.asiarooms.com/en/travel-guide/sri-lanka/colombo/museums-&-galleries- in-colombo/the-dutch-period-museum-in-colombo.html) GreenTech Page 8 of 8