ZHEJIANG ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ASSOCIATED 500KV TRANSMISSION & SUBSTATION PROJECTS Report on Environmental Impact Zhejiang Electric Power Design Institute Hangzhou January, 1994 Report on the Environmental Impact of the Associated 500KV Transmission and Substation projects Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Reason of Construction 1.2 The scope of studies involved 1.3 Basis of Report preparation, laws, Regulations and standards 2. Project Conditions 2.1 Project type 2.2 Urgency of the project 2.3 Locations of the projects 2.4 Scale of the project and operating results 2.5 Arrangements for project approval and implementation 2.6 Project description 3. The Environmental Conditions 3.1 The natural conditions 3.2 The social conditions 4. The Predicted Environmental Impact and Preventive Measures 4.1 Impact on natural environment 4.2 Impact on ecologic resources 4.3 Impact on human being and economic development 4.4 Impact on living standard 4.5 To curtail and reduce unfavorable impact 5. Substitutive alternatives 5.1 Analysis of the substitutive alternatives 5.2 The possible unfavorable impact of the substitutive alternative 6. Cost benefit analysis 6.1 The cost effectiveness of preventive measures 6.2 Project benefits analysis 1 7. Environmental Monitoring Scheme and Organization Requirements 7.1 Organization requirements 7.2 Environmental monitoring 8. Public Involvement 8.1 Management organization 8.2 Relevant consultancy and agreements of the projects 9. Conclusions 9.1 Methods of reducing unfavorable impact 9.2 Conclusion 10. Appendices 2 Report on the Environmental Impact of Associated 500KV Transmission & Substation Projects 1. Introduction 1.1.1 Present status of the electric network in Zhejiang Province Zhejiang's electric network is an integral part of East China grid, Connections are made through 2 x 500 kV transmission lines (i.e. Pingyao-Fanchang and Pingyao- Nanqiao) and 4 x 220 kV lines (i.e. Huzhou-Yixing, Huzhou-shanjing, Nanhu-Huangdu and washan-shihua). At present, except Zhoushan, all other prefectures and municipalities have connected with the 220 kV network. In Zhoushan, there is one 110 kV DC line tied with the system. The major power plants in the system include Zhenhai, Taizhou, Beilungang, Wenzhou, etc. located in central zhejiang and southern coast. The major hydropower stations are Xinanjiang, Fuchunjiang, Wuxijiang, Jinshuitan,etc. located in southwestern hilly regions (Please refer to Fig. 2.3) At the end of 1992, the total installed capacity in the province reached 7443.2 MW, the annual energy generation was 28413 Gwh;.4 x 500 kV transmission lines had been completed with a total length of 410.43 Km. There were two 550 kV substation in which the capacities of 3 main transformers totaled 2 million kVA, the capacity of the 500kV tie in autotransformer was 500 thousand KVA. There were 27-220kV substations in which the total capacity of the main transformers amSwnted to 5.21 million kVA. In 1992, the total electric energy consumption in the province was 30330 Gwh and the max. demand was 4800 MW. The unified dispatching of electric energy and power in Zhejiang electric network reached 25889 Gwh and 4013 MW respectively. 3 1.1.2 Load Forecast Zhejiang province is located at the south eastern coast of China, the agricultural and industrial development is rapid, the economy in the region is flourishing. Under these conditions, the power demand is also increasing rapidly. For instance, during 1985-1990, the annual rate of increase of power consumption was 9.37X, the rate of increase in 1991 was 14.22% compared with that 1990 and that of 1992 was 15.3X compared with that of 1991. In Zhejiang, the development target of mean annual increase of GNP is 0l approximately for the recent 10 years. According to the forecast of Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Co. (ZPEPC), The power consumption in the whole province will reach 42300 Gwh in 1995 and 76000 Gwh in 2000; while the power demand will reach 6960 MW and 13000 MW respectively. 1.1.3 Electric Network Development Scheme To meet the load growth in various prefectures and municipalities in the whole province and to ensure the transmission of power generated at the newly constructed power source, it is planned to construct during the 8th Five-Year Plan 488 Km of 500kV transmission lines; one 500kV substation; 2 main transformers with a total capacity of 1.5 million kVA will be installed or extended. During the ninth Five-Year Plan, coping with the construction of Phase II Projects of Beilungang Thermal Power Plant, Jiaxing Power Plant, Wenzhou Power Plant as well as the construction of Coastal No.1 power plant, Coastal No.2 plant, Tankeng Hydropower Station and Tianfangping Pumped Storage Hydropower Station, etc., 7 new 500 kV substMwion will be constructed, 16 main transformers with a total capacity of 12 million kVA will be installed or extended, and 1863 Km of 500 kV 4 transmission lines will be erected. Of the above projects, the associated 600 kV Transmission and Substation Projects embodied in the " Zhejiang Electric Power Development Project" which is to finance with loans from the World Bank include: (1) 500 kV Jinhua Substation (1X750 MVA) new construction (2) 500 kV Shaoxing substation (1x750 MVA)---- extension (3) The 2nd circuit of 500 kV Shaoxing-Pingyao line(97KM) (4) 500 kV Shaoxing-Jinhua Transmission line (145Km) 1.1.4 The Necessity of Project Construction Beilungang Thermal Power Plant is one of the key power stations of East China Grid. Its safe, reliable and full output operation has much to do with the stable operation of Zhejiang electric network as well as the East China Grid and the balance between supply and demand. At present, the first 600 HW unit and the first circuit of 500 kV Beilun - Shaoxing - Pingyao transmission line have been put in service; the 2nd 600 MW unit and the 2nd circuit of 500 kV Beilun - Shaoxing transmission line is scheduled to put in service at the end of 1993. Because most of the hydropower stations are scattered in south western hilly regions, during high water season, a large amount of power will be transmitted to the central and northern parts of Zhejiang, a large portion of load supplied by 500 kV Shaoxing substation is balanced by hydropower. The 1.2 million kW power of Beilungang Thermal Power Plant, except supplying a small portion to the city of Ningbo, will be sent to northern Zhejiang via 500 kV double circuit Beilung - Shaoxing transmission line and 500 kV single circuit Shaoxing - Pingyao 5 transmission line. Through power flow calculations under various modes of operation in the year when the 2nd unit of Beilungang Power Plant has been put in operation, the power flow on the single circuit transmission line will reach 900 thousand kW during peak hours, In Shaoxing Substation, the total power transmitted on 500 kV and 220 kV sides reaches 1.25 million kW, even during high water season, hydropower has max, output during peak hours, the power flow on 500 kV single circuit Shaoxing - Pingyao transmission can still reach about 1.05 million kW during which the line is operating under unstable condition endangering the safe operation of Beilungang Power Plant. In case a single phase permanent fault occurs, the stability of the system will be spoiled. On the other hand, when the 500 kV single circuit Shaoxing -Pingyao line is tripped without fault, due to the shifting of loads, several 220 kV transmission lines become overloaded exceeding their thermal limits and the 750 thousand kVA main transformer in Shaoxing Substation will become heavily overloaded, during this time Beilungang Power Station must send out 600 - 700 thousand kW immediately which is very disadvantageous to the power plant operation, besides, some big problem may experience in both equipment and technology. When Beilungang Power Station Phase II Project has been put in operation, the single circuit 500 kV Shaoxing - Pingyao transmission line is still unstable and situation is even worse. In South western zhejiang, Jinhua, Juzhou and Lishui have rich hydropower resources but lack of favorable conditions to construct large and medium sized thermal power plants, When the system is at peak load, the hydropower stations are operating at max. output, there is a surplus of power, but when the system load is at mid range or in valley, the hydropower units are out of commission during which power supply is obtained form the 220 kV network. Via Linhai - Jinhua, Wenzhou - Lishui, 6 Fuchunjiang - Jinhua, Paitou - Jinhua, Xinanjiang - Longyou 220 kV transmission lines, the transmission distance is long and energy loss is heavy. Because the distribution of power flow is uneven, some lines are heavily overloaded, it is very difficult to arrange maintenance work district by district and it is also difficult to meet local load growth. To sum up, in order to ensure the safe operation of Beilungang Power Plant with full output; the stable operation of Zhejiang electric network and East China Grid; to enhance reliability of power supply; to guarantee voltage quality; to increase power supply capabilities; to reduce line losses and to meet the needs of economic development in zhejiang and East China region as well as to raise the standard of living of the people, it is imperative to construct the associated 500 kV transmission and substation projects under the Zhejiang Electric Power Development Project along with power source construction. 1.2 The Scope of Studies Involved 1.2.1 Scope of Studies, Key Points and Objectives The scope of studies includes: the area encompassed within I m. out of the boundaries of 5C0 kV Shaoxing Substation (extension), 500 kV Pingyao Substation (extension) and 500 kV Jinhua Substation (new construction) as well as the areas within the right of way of the 2nd. circuit -f 500 kV Shaoxing - Pingyao transmission line (97 Km) and Shaoxing - Jinhua transmission line (145 Km). The key points of study include the project sites, their impact to the surroundings in case of fault; their impacts on the entire project with respect to their design, construction, modification and normal operation, etc. Methods of reducing unfavorable impact and 7 prevention measures will be discussed; the impact of the projects on human utilization and quality of life will be analyzed and the impact of the planned projects on the environment will be defined. On these bases methods of avoiding the impact and the short term or long term remedial measures will be proposed. Besides, in this report, the procedure of selecting project alternatives will be described and from the environmental protection point of view tle advantage and disadvantages of various alternatives will be explained including cost effective analysis, requirements of the monitoring organization, public involvement, etc. From the above analyses, conclusion will be reached and submitted to relevant authorities for examination and approval as well as for the enterprises to take effective measures in the prevention of pollution. 1.2.2 Organization of the Studies The above studies will be organized by Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Co. and the report will be prepared by Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Design Institute who possesses a " Class A design permit " No. 1200011 issued by the Ministry of Construction and a Class B Environmental Impact Assessment Certificate " No. 009 issued by Zhejiang Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau. 1.3 Basis of Report Preparation, Applicable Laws, Regulations and standards 1.3.1 Basis of Preparation (1) " Management Method of Environmental Protection for Construction Projects " ( document (86) Guo Huan No. 003 1 issued jointly by the Environmental Protection Committee of the State Council, the State Planning Commission and the State Economic Commission. The contents of which are related with 8 the scope of assessment, report preparation procedure and power limit of approval, etc. (2) n Environmental Protection Design Stipulations for Construction Projects " [ document (87) Guo Huan No.002 I issued by the State Planning Ccmmission and Environmental Protection Committee of the State Council. The contents of which are related with the environmental protection requirements for various stages, project site selection and general layout, pollution prevention, management and monitor organization, environmental protection facilities and investment, design management, etc. (3) " Some Comments on the Management of the Environment for Construction Projects " [ document (88) Huan No. 117] issued by the State Environmental Protection Bureau. The contents of which are related with the approval of Environment Protection Report, the procedure of approval, report preparation schedule, report quality requirements, etc. (4) " Pre-construction Environmental Protection Management Method for Thermal Power Construction Projects " [ document (89) An Bao No.993l issued by the former Ministry of Energy. The contents of which are related with the strengthening of pre- construction environmental protection, improving the quality of assessment, etc. (5) n Technical Main Points in the Assessment of Environmental Impact of Construction Projects in Zhejiang Province " issued by Zhejiang provincial Environmental Protection Bureau. The contents of which are related with outlines of environmental impact assessment, assessment and analysis of the quality of water and atmosphere, technical specifications for pollution sources investigations, etc. 9 (6) " Zhejiang Electric Power Development Project " compiled by Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Co. The contents of which are related with the design plan of the associated 500 kV transmission and substation projects, project scope, etc. (7) " The Preliminary Design of the 2nd circuit of 500 kV Shaoxing - Pingyao Transmission Line " designed by Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Design Institute entrusted by Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Co. The contents of which are related with the design of the line proper, the estimated budget, the interference to the communication lines, etc. (B) " The Preliminary Design of 500 kV Lanting (Shaoxing) - Paitou Transmission Line " designed by Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Design Institute. The contents of which are related with the design of the line proper, budget estimate, the future connection between the 500 kV Shaoxing - Paitou and Paitou - Jinhua transmission lines, which will finally become 500 kV Shaoxing - Jinhua transmission line. 1.3.2 The Policies, Laws and Regulations Applicable to the Assessment of Environmental in China During the 11th, meeting of the Standing Committee of the 7th, People's Congress held on Dec. 26,1989, the " Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China " was passed in which the following were specified: (1) Assessment of Environmental Impact (2) System of Responsibility of EnvironmenLal Protection (3) Payment for the Discharge of Wastes (4) Waste Discharge Permit (5) Centralized Control of Pollutants (6) Within a time limit (7) Comprehensive Treatment of Municipal Environment and Quantitative Examination (8) In Article 13, Chapter 2 of the " Environmental 10 Protection Law " it states that " In the construction of projects which might result in the contamination of the environment, relevant stipulations concerning the management of environmental protection of the State must be observed. Assessment must be made on the pollutants that might produce during production and their impact on the environment, preventive measures must be specified and submitted to relevant authorities for approval according to proper procedure. Only after the report on environmental impact has been approved can the planning department approve its design order ". 1.3.3 Standards adopted in Assessment and Analysis (1) For the quality of surface water, GB3838-88 standards shall apply: (refer to table 1.3.3.1) 11 able 1.3.3.1 Surface Water Quality Standards (Taken from GB3838-88 standards) Parameters Categories Testing Methods Range of - ------- detection I II IIT IV V Basic All water bodies shall not lead to the Requirements following matters due to unnatural reasons: a.Disgusting sediments resulting from precipitable matters; b.71oating matters, such as debris, slags, oil or other matters unpleasant to human sense; c.Irritable colour, odor, taste or turbidity; d.Harmful to human being, animals or vegetations, toxic or create unfavorable bioreactions; e.liable to produce irritable marine organism Plt value 6.6 - 8.5 6-9 Glass electrode method * CODca < Below 15 Below 15 20 25 Chromatographic method 10 - 800 15 BOD, < Below 3 3 4 F 10 Dilution and inoculation above 3 Volatile Phenol 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.1 Chloroform extraction 0.002 - 6 < method Petroleum base 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 Ultra violet 0.05 - 50 - - spectrophotometric method 12 *: Except PH, all other units are in mg/L Category 1: applicable to water sources, State's Nature Protection Zone; II: applicable to potable water sources, Category I Protection Zone, rare fish protection zone, area for fish and shrimps; III: applicable to concentrated potoble watcr source Category IT Protection Zone, Protection Zone and swimming area for ordinary fish; IV: applicable to ordinary industrial service water, and water area for pleasure purposes but not in direct contact with the human body; V: applicable to agricultural purposes and water areas having ordinary scenery requirements. (2) Quality Standard of Atmospheric Environment Applicable Standard GB3095 - 82 13 Table 1.3.3.2 Quality Standard of Atmospheric Environment (Taken form GB3095 - 82 standard) Name of the Concentration Limit ( mglNm3 ) Monitoring Method pollutant Time of values Class I Class 2 Class 3 taken standard standard standard Total suspended Daily mean 0.15 0.30 0.50 Filter membrane sampling particles Weight method Any one time 0.30 1.00 1.50 Daily mean Quartz piezoelectric Drifting dust Anyone time 0.05 0.15 0.75 Crystaline method Annual daily mean 0.15 0.50 0.70 S02 Daily mean 0.02 0.06 0.10 Aniline chromophotometric method Any one time Daily mean 0.05 0.15 0.25 Naphthol ethylamine color-metric analysis NOx Any one time 0.15 0.50 0.70 (in NiO,) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.30 14 For Area of Category I: Nature Protection Zone specified by the State, scenic spots, tourist area, historical site, places of interest, sanatorium, etc. class r standard will apply; For area of Category II: residential areas specified in city planning, mixed areas for commerce, transport and residence, cultural area, the country side, etc. Class 2 standard will apply; For area of Category III: Industrial areas and towns where pollution is heavy, traffic main trunks, etc. Class 3 standard will apply. (3) Noise Standards in Municipalities, applicable standard GB3096 - 82 15 Table 1.3.3.3 Noise Standards in Municipalities (Taken from GB3096 - 82 standard) Applicable areas Day time At night Area definition Special residential 45 35 Areas requiring areas particular silence Inhabitants, 50 40 Purely residential cultural areas and cultural areas, administrative organizations Mixed area of 55 45 category I Mixed commercial and residential areas, Businesee centre, 60 50 Mixed area of Business centre category II I refers to area where business activities are - concentrated; Mixed areas refer to areas mixed with Industries 65 55 industries, commerce, concentrated area light traffic and inhabitants At both sides of 70 55 In the city or area the main where industrial area thoroughfare is clearly specified. Traffic density over 100 vehicles/hour. Note: units are in dB(A) (4) Quality of Waste Water Discharged Comprehensively, applicable standard GB8978 - 88 16 Table 1.3.3.4 Quality of Waste Water Discharged Comprehensively (Taken from GB8978 - 88 standard) Pollutants Class I standard Class 2 standard Class 3 Monitoring method New construction Existing Nwe construction Existing standard renovation renovation extension extension PH Value 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 - 9 Glass electrode method SS 70 100 200 250 400 Filter paper method Asbestos crucible method CODcr 100 150 150 200 500 Chromatographic method BODS 30 60 60 80 300 Dilution and inoculation method Volatile 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 Z.0 Bromide volumetric method phemol after distillation Weighing method undiversified Petroleum 10 16 10 20 30 ultrared method base 17 Note: Except PH values, all units are in mg/L a. Water areas under special protection: refer to water areas belonging to GB3838-88 Categories I & II. No new waste water discharge points shall be constructed here. b. Water areas under major protection: refer to water areas belonging to GB3838-88 Category III. Class I standard shall be applied for waste water discharging into this water area. c. Water areas under ordinary protection: refer to water areas belonging to GB3838-88 Categ-ies IV & V. Class 2 standard shall be applied for waste water discharging into these water areas. d. Waste water discharging into the sewage systems of cities and towns and being biophysical treated in Class 2 sewage treatment plant shall adopt Class 3 standard. (5) Waste water discharged into municipal sewage system applicable standard CJ18-86 18 Table 1.3.3.5 Quality of waste water discharged into municipal sewage system (Taken from CJ18-86 standard) Pollutants Max. Testing method I'emarks permissible concentration PH value 6 - 9 Glass electrode SS 400 Filter paper method CODcr 150 (500) Figures in brackets refer to sewage system of the city where waste water treatment plant is existent BODs 100 (300) Volatile 1 phenol Mineral 20 oil_ Note: Except PH values, all other units are in mglL (6) Noise at the boundary of substation area applicable standard .GB12348-90 19 Table 1.3.3.6 (Taken from GB1234B-90) Category Day time At night Specified area I 55 45 Areas where residence and cultural organizations are involved II 60 50 Areas mixed with resience, commerce and industry and commercial centre III 65 55 Industrial areas IV 70 51 At both sides of the traffic way (7) Noise limit at the boundary of construction site, applicable standard GB12523-90 Table 1.3.3.7 Noise limit at the boundary of construction site (Taken from GB12523-90 standard) Different Major noise source Day time At night construction stage I Excavations of Excavators, 75 55 rocks and earth bulldozers, loading machinery Piling Various piling 85 construction machines |prohibitted Structural Concrete mixers, 70 55 construction vibtrators, electric saw, etc. Installation, cranes, elevators, 65 55 repairs etc. (8) Au 1ible noise at the edge of transmission I ne right of way: 20 American standard specifies that in rainy day the audible noise level is 52 dB(A); in former USSR, it is 55 dB(A); in Canada 60 dB(A). In this project, reference is taken form the above standards and consideration is given to the present economic and technical level, it has been decided to use 60 dB(A) as the noise limit at the edge of transmission line right of way. (9) The limit value of induced current: according to an article " A Brief Description of the Electric Field and Electromagnetic Phenomenon Produced by Transmission Line " written by 36.01 Working Group of CIGRE, it concludes from experimental data that only when the current passing though the human body reaches mA level can biophysical effect be produced, With this as a reference, in this report, the limit value of induced current is taken as 0.5 mA. (10) The limit value of field intensity: in 1972, the former USSR in a report on " The Electric Field has Undesirable Ecological Effect on Human Body n proposed a limit value of 5 kV/m for an unlimited time of stay of a man under the electric field (such as inside the substation). From 1975, the Russian adopted the following limits: 1OkV/m -- Road crossing and frequently accessible locations; 15kV/m -- Non residential area but accessible; 20kV/m -- Hardly accessible area In Japan, the reason for limiting the electric field is due to " umbrella effect ". therefore, in accessible areas the limiting value of field intensity is taken as 3kV/m. In China, there is no stipulations with respect to the limit of field intensity. In this report, a 21 limiting value of 4kV/m will be adopted which is being used in ordinary engineering design. 2.0 Project Conditions 2.1 Project Type According to the stipulations of World Bank's " Guide Line for Loan Projects - Environment Assessment " issued in July, 1992 as well as the comments of World Bank's Project Managers and environment experts, the assessment for this project belongs to Class B. Since this project may create some undesirable impact on the environment, but by adopting the available preventive measures, such impact can be avoided, reduced or limited (as stated in paragraph 4.5 - " To curtail and Reduce Unfavorable Impact "). Therefore, it is only necessary to make general assessment for this project. 2.2. Urgency of the project Zhejiang province is located at the economically developed south eastern coast of China, the speed of economic development takes the lead in the country. It is estimated that the gross production value will be quadrupled in 1994. From the analysis of paragraph 1.1.1 and 1.1.2, it can be seen that the contradiction of shortage of substation capacity becomes more acute, the network is weak, supply capability is low, large energy consumption, the system is unstable, poor voltage regulation, etc. All this has hindered the economic development and the raising of people's standard of living in the province, therefore, to speed up network construction becomes an urgent matter. 2.3 Location of the Project This project involves Shaoxing, Hangzhou and Jinhua which are the three municipalities under the jurisdiction of the province. The scope of the project is located at 11V41' - 22 122'00' east longitude and 2911' - 30'31' north latitude. Please refer to Fig. 2.3. 2.3.1 The location of the second circuit of 500 kV Shaoxing - Pingyao transmission line When the transmission line has led out from 500kV Shaoxing substation, it runs in parallel with the No.1 circuit (already put into operation in May, 1991), it passes Fenshuiqiao to Jiefang Reservoir and turn to the left, passes Lizhu Iron Mine and Shaoxing refinery area, going in between Chaojia and Jiubanqiao Villages to Dongshan and again runs in parallel with circuit No.1 towards the west and enters Zhuji city area, it passes shichantou, Shimenwu and enters Xiaoshan city area at Dongwu. At Yuezhu the line is departed from circuit NO.1, but after turning to the right, it runs in parallel with circuit NO.1 again. At Qianshantou,- the line crosses 220kV Paiwen line; at Xiangli crosses Hangzhou - Jinhua Highway, at Hong Village, the line runs up hills, and enter Fuyang area after passing through Tongpan peak on the north, then the line crosses Fuchunjiang River, (the crossing towers had been erected), and runs in paralledl with circuit No.1 up to Huashusha and the two lines departed from each other, the line then crosses 110 kV Zhuanfu line on the east of Huashu Village and runs between Huashu and another villa built by Zhenda Investment Co. of Hongkong, after that the line turns to the left and once again runs in parallel with circuit No.1 towards north west; at Dashu the line crosses Hangzhou - Fuyang Highway, passing through Tangjiawu, kenxi and enter Yuhang County at Xialing. The line then passes 3 circuits of 220 kV lines near Fangjialing then departed from circuit No.1, and runs northwards, after crossing 110 kV Hangzhou - Linping line and a highway and Nanzhao creek, the line turns to the right on the south of Guangguenshan, the line crosses Hangzhou - Changxing Railway and runs to Huangqixiaban, the line turns to the left crossing the Northzhao creek and runs straight 23 towards 500 kV Pingyao substation. The total length of the line is 97 Km. {Please refer to drawing No.2.3.1.1 and 2.3.1.2). The transmission line passes through Shaoxing County, Zhuji city, Xiaoshan city, Fuyang county and Yuhang County, the lengths of the line section are 12, 6.5, 22.5, 30.5 and 25.5 Km, respectively. 2.3.2 The location of 500 kV Shaoxing - Jinhua Transmission Line. The line, after leaving Shaoxing substation, at about 1.1 Km north of l.anting scenic spot crosses Shaoxing - Zhuji Highway, then the line turns to the left going uphill, running in parallel with 220 kV Shaoxing - Paitou line and enter Zhuji city at Lanting. The line section from Ganling to Shilingyen is departed from Shaoxing - Paitou line, running past Naiswan, Wucheng, Yingpan, Jeshan, Xialingqiao to Shilingyen and goes uphill and again running in parallel with Shaoxing - Paitou line. The line passes Xubantian peak and crosses Shaoxing - Zhuji Highway at Xilipai. From Zhangjia production brigade, the lone passes through dense villages area at the Chengnan of Zhuji, the line is departed from Shaoxing - Paitou line, passing through Huangliang, our Luhuaping Hill, to the south of Yeziwo village, Doupongshan, Laohujia, Ziqian, etc. up to Paitou near Yueshan village. (The length of the 1st section of Shaoxing - Jinhua line is around 54 Km). The 2nd section begins from this point, it runs along Zhejiang - Ganzhou Railway on the west, from Dachen to Qingtang, the line crosses the railways and goes along the east and passes Yiwu city on the south east, then goes to Fotang town, Lingxiazhu, Aiban, etc, and runs straight to 500kV Jinhua substation. ( The length of this section is around 91 Km\. The total length of 500kV 24 Shaoxing - Jinhun line is around 145 Km. ePlease refer to drawing No. 2.3.2.1). The line passes Zhuji, Yiwu and Jinhua municipalities. 2.3.3 The location of Jinhua substation Jinhua substation site is located at a place near Qi-Yi farm. Please refer to Drawing 2.3.2.1 2.3.4 The location of Shaoxing substation Shaoxing substation is located at a tree farm 9.7 Km south west of Shaoxing city. Please refer to Dr.awing 2.3.4.1. 2.3.5 The location of Pingyao substation Pingyao substation is located at the north piedmont of Kenau Hill 2.5 Km west of Pingyao town which is the suburb of the city of Hangzhou. Please refer to Drawing 2.3.1.2. 2.4 Scale of the project and operating results Table 2.4.1 Scale of the Associated 500kV Transmission & Substation Project and Investment Estimate No. Name Scale Investment IArea of estimate houses removed lo, lof which {2 Yuan USD _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( R MB ) 500 kV Jinhua 1 x 750 14000 15000 5250 1 substation (new) MVA 50QkV Shaoxing 1 x 750 6000 750 2 substation MVA (extension) The 2nd circuit of I x 97 12000 850 38355 3 500kV Shaoxing- KM Jinhua line l . 25 500kV Shaoxing- 1 x 145 13000 58000 4 Jinhua line Km The associated 500kV 2 x 750 45000 3100 101605 Tot transmission and MVA + al substation project 242KM -line Within Zhejiang Electric Power Development Project, coping with Beilungang Thermal Power Plant Phase II, the construction of 500kV Shaoxing - Jinhua Transmission iine will make up a more reasonable network with less line loss and higher power supply reliability; the construction of the 2nd circuit of 500kV Shaoxing - Pinyao line will guarantee that the power generated by Beilungagn Phase II can be transmitted out and optimize the network structure. On the other hand, the safe and reliable operation of Beilungang Power Plant and Zhejiang electric network, and even the East China Grid can be further ensured. Shaoxing is a place where economic development is the fastest in zhejiang province, the construction of 500kV Shaoxing substation cannot only meet the power demand in Shaoxing but also the economic development requirements in this region. 2.5 Approval and Implementation Scheme Zhejiang-Provincial Electric Power Co. in its " Associated 500kV Transmission and Substation Projects Design Instructions " requested that the 2nd circuit of 500 kV Shaoxing - Pingyao line will be put into operation in June 1994; 500kV Shaoxing - Paitou section will be put in service in Dec., 1994); The extension of 500 kV Shaoxing substation will be completed in 1997. The projects will be designed by Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Design Institute and the construction will be undertaken by Zhejiang EHV Transmission & Substation Projects Construction Co. The time for land acquisition and resettlement is arranged as follows: 26 2.5.1 The 2nd circuit of 500kV Shaoxing - Pingyao line : Oct. '93 - Oct.'94 2.5.2 500kV Shaoxing - Jinhua line ( Sha'xing - Paitou section ) Jan.'94 - Dec.'94, the 2nd section (Paitou - Jinhua): Dec.'94 - Dec.'95. 2.5.3 500kV Jinhua substation: Dec.'94 - Apr.'95 2.6 Project Description 2.6.1 Scale of construction (1) 500kV Shaoxing - Pingyao line: total length 97 Km, the cross sectional area of conductors 4x400 mm2 and the take off structures at both ends; (2) 500kV Jinhua substation (new construction): Transformer capacity: lx750MVA, ultimate capacity 3x750MVA; 5OOkV Shaoxing - Jinhua line: total length:152Km, the cross sectional area of conductor:4x400mu2; and the take off struction at Shaoxing end; (3) 500kV Shaoxing substation extension:lx75OMVA transformer and its associated equipment on both the HV side and LV side. 2.6.2 Substation outgoing feeder, tower type and transmission line right of way. (1) At 500kV Shaoxing substation there are 5 outgoing feeder facing west. The structure is arranged from north to south. The names of the feeder are Jiaxing, main transformer No.1 Pingyao (1), Pingyao(2), Jinhua. The 2nd circuit of 500kV Shaoxing - Pingyao line is the 4th bay, i.e. " Pingyao(2) " while shaoxing - Jinhua line is at the last bay i.e. " Jinhua n 27 (2) At 500kV Pingyao substation there are 6 feeder bays facing south, the names of the feeders are from left to right: Shaoxing(1), Shaoxing(2), Main transformer, Jinhua, Coupling condenser, Shuikou, respectively. The 2nd circuit of 500kV Shaoxing - Pingyao line is occupying the 2nd bay i.e. " Shaoxing(2) "; (3) At 500kV Jinhua substation, there is only one outgoing feeder for this project i.e. " Shaoxing ". But, ultimately there are 10 outgoing feeders i.e. Shaoxing 2 circuits, Juzhou 2 circuits, coastal power plants 2 circuits, Wenzhou 2 circuits and spare 2 circuits. (4) Tower type and transmission line right of way In recent years, the economic development in the countryside is rather rapid, many new towns and buildings are being constructed. In order to dodge these obstacles, the transmission line has to make many turns, the average span between angle towers is usually less than 8 Km. The type of towers used in 500kV transmission line are mostly: " V " type is used for suspension and ' "type is used for angles and dead ends. In some occasions, " cat face " type of tower are used for suspension as well. The conductor spacing between the two outermost conductor is within 18m and for " V " type tower, the distance is within 26 m. The right of way of the transmission line is 60 m. 2.6.3 Distance to ground and at crossings (1) In determining the distance between conductors, two factors have to be considered: the insulation strength and the static induction. According to the results of experiments made by the Electric Power Research Institute 28 as well as taking reference from the 500kV transmission line design in foreign countries and approved by East China Electric Power Administration, the distance between conductor and ground and between conductors at crossings are listed in table 2.6.3.1 below. (2) when the 500kV line is crossing railway, highways, rivers, communication lines, etc., high crossing structures ar usually employed; when the line is crossing buildings and cannot be dodged, the building directly under the line and within 5m from the outermost conductor should be dismantled. Although such distance is greater than 5 m yet the field intensity cannot be met, the building should also be dismantled. 2.6.4 Foundation treatment in hilly region When the transmission line is running along hill slopes, because the tower base is usually very wide, it would involve a large amount of excavation work besides damaging the vegetation. Under such conditions, long and short tower legs are usually employed to minimize excavation and damage to vegetation. 29 Table 2.6.3.1 The Distance Between Conductor and Ground and Between Conductors at Crossings Objects crossed Min. vertical distance (Im) Non- conductor triangular formation 10.5 resiendti (horizontal arrangement) (11.0) al area to ground Residential area, conductor to ground 14 Highways graded highway 14 non graded highway 12 Railways (to rails) 14 Navigable to water surface (once in 5 years 9.5 rivers iflood level) to top of mast (highest navigable water level) 6 * (13) Unnavigable rivers (to once in 100 years flood 6.5 level) Power to conductors, earth wire 6 lines to top of pole or tower 8.5 Communication line j8.5 Trees vertical distance 7 net head space 7 Industrial crops (consider the height of natural 7 growth) Fruit trees 8.5 30 2.6.5 Transportation conditions In Zhejiang province, water, land and air transportatioi are quite developed. At present, there are two mair railways i.e. Shanghai - Hangzhou and Zhejiang - Ganzhot with hangzhou as the key link, connecting 9 industria] cities and mines. With Hangzhou, Ningbo, Jinhua, Wenzhou. etc. as key lines, a highway network has been formed. Therefore, except a portion of high mouintain regions, thf transportation conditions for this project are favorable The project covers 3 major municipalities (Hangzhou Shaoxing and Jinhua) under the direct jurisdiction of th, province, the transmission line passes through mainl flat terrain and low hills ( Jin - Ju basin ) and crosse Puyang river and Fuchunjiang Rivers. The geographic scop of the line is within 11941' - 122'00' east longitud and 2911' - 3031' north latitude. During final survey of the transmission lines, highway and line corridor will be fully utilized, normally th transmission line is about 0.5 - 1.5 Km away from th provincial h.ighways ( Please refer to drawing No.2. etc.) 3.0 The Environmental Conditions 3.1 The Natural Conditions 3.1.1 Geologic, morphologic and seismic conditions (1) Zhejiang province is located at the south eastei coast of China, with a land area of more thi 100,000Km2, it lies in 118 - 123' E. longitude ar 27 - 31'20' N. latitude. The project scope involvc 3 municipalities i.e. Hangzhou, Shaoxing ai Jinhua, they are under the direct jurisdiction c the province. The project lies between 11941' 122' E. longitude and 2911' - 30'31' N. latitut 31 (2) The mean annual temperature is between 15 - 18'C, the frost free period is around 230 - 270 days. The mean annual rainfall is between 1100 mm and 1900 mm recorded from the north to southeast. Most of the rainfall is concentrated from spring to September, the rainfall is composed of mainly the so called spring rain, mildew rain and rain brought about by typhoon. After the mildew season between july and August, the weather is usually fine, but, with little rainfall, drought is quite frequent. (3) The transmission line crosses the Puyang River and Fuchun River. (4) The undregound water is composed of mainly submerged water from fissures of the Quaternary system with a portion of retention in the upper strata. The make up water comes mainly from the infiltration of rain fall and irrigations. and will be discharged in the form of runoff and evaporation. 3.1.3 The soil and mineral resources (1) The soil is composed of mainly laterite and soil for growing paddy rice. Laterite was developed at the foot of low hills and composed of mainly sand stones, volcanic rocks and weathered debris, its property is rather heavy and sticky. Soil for growing rice is distributed in the northern plain and at the bottom of low valley. The existing form of land is found in the forests. (2) According to investigations, there are 51 kinds of mineral ores in the province, they include non- ferrous metals such as lead, zinc, gold, etc. and non-mineral ores such as alum, zeolite, 33 diatomaceous earth, bone coal, pyrophylite, fluorespar, marble, bentonite, diabase, etc. 3.1.4 Forest resources (1) Zhejiang's forest resources are concentrated in western and southern part of the province. The species of trees are pines, firs and bamboos, there are 45 kinds of trees under the protection of the State. (2) In this project, the vegetation found are mostly pine trees of 3 - 4m high, intermingled with some bamboo trees of 8 - 10 m high. On the plain, the major vegetation is crops in the paddy rice fields as well as on dry land, Industrial crops, such as fruit trees are rare. 3.2 Social Conditions 3.2.1 Administrative districts and population Zhejiang has a long standing history. There are 9 municipalities and 2 prefectures under the jurisdiction of the provincial government. The 500kV transmission line runs through Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Jinhua which are densely populated. The population in the whole province amounts to more than 40 million, averaging 400 persons per Km2. 3.2.2 Social economy (1) Zhejiang is a comprehensive cultural area, agriculture plays an important role in national economy. The stable food is rice in China, therefore, farmers grow paddy rice with a small percentage of rape seeds as oil bearing crops. Besides, there are industrial crops such as cotton, jute, mulberry, tea, etc. Fruits comprise mainly tangerines, 34 strawberries, loquats, plums, etc. Moreover, there are also some Chinese herbal medicines in this province, such aa Atractylodes macrocephala. Paeonia loctiflora, Roots of Zhejiang Figwort, Ophiopogon japonicus, Crusanthemum, Curcuma aromatica, etc. (2) Zhejiang's industry is quite complete, the major industries include mechanical, chemical (petroleum), food, building materials, etc. These industries become the main stay of Zhejiang's economy. (3) The 500kV transmission project involves 3 municipalities i.e. Shaoxing, Hangzhou and Jinhua. Shaoxing is a famous cultural city of China. Its industries feature winery with light and textile industries as the mainstay. Hangzhou is the capital city of Zhejiang, it is the political, economic, cultural and communication center of the province. The State Council has nominated Hangzhou as an important tourist, historical and cultural city of China. Its industries featuring silk and tea as well as other light and textile industries. Jinhua is an important hub in Zhejiang's transportation network. Its industries are quite complete and are developing rapidly. (4) According to investigations, the region traversed by this project is a region where human activities are very frequent, it is of regenerative ecologic environment. The vegetation in this region are mainly pine trees and bamboo forest, the region involves no historical relics nor is there any rare and wild animals or precious vegetation. 35 4.0 Predicted Environmental Impact and Preventive Measures 4.1 Impact on physical resources 4.1.1 Water body (1) During project construction, dusts come mainly from vehicle waving up dust particles while suspended solids come from runoffs during rain storm as well as from human wastes. All this may affect the surface water. (2) The max. concentration of waste water and sewage water discharged from this project must meet the prevailing standard stipulated in " Standard of comprehensive discharge of sewage water " (GB8978- 88). (3) Substation water discharge and treatment The different kinds of waste water discharged from the substation include; domestic wastes, oil-laden water and acidic water. (a) Domestic waste water: in dubstations, domestic waste water mainly comes from human wastes and washing water, the pollutants include; BOD\, SS, total Nitrogen, total Phosphor, etc. According to n Design Manual of Water Supply and Discharge " Vol. 5 " Water Discharge in Municipalities ", the following estimates have been made: For a substation staffed with 40 person, the domestic water consumption per person per day is 130 L., the daily discharge 36 of domestic waste water is 20-35, g/person.day, the estimate of BOD1 and SS in domestic waste water is shown in table 4.1.1.1. Table 4.1.1.1 Estimate of BOA and SS in domestic waste water Item Unit BOD _ SS Discharge g/day 800 - 1400 1400 - 2000 Concentration mg/L 153.6 - 269.2 269.2 - 384.6 Oxygen consumption is the chief factor of causing pollution in the water body around the substation of this project. At present, the quality of the water body is between clean - medium pollution, therefore, the water body cannot accept any waste water without treatment. If treated by septic tank, the waste water will contain BOX - 180mg/L; SS - 60mg/L, total Nitrogen 25mgfL, total phosphur 13mg/L. If check against the standards stipulated in " Standard of Comprehensive Discharge of Waste Water ". this project belongs to grade II standard, i.e. the max. permissible values: BOD1 - 60mg/L, SS - 200mg/L, Ammonium Nitride 25mg/L, total phosphur=lmg/L. In this project, BODs will be doubled and total phosphur exceeds 12 times. If treated by water treatment device, BOD5 < 30mg/L, SS < 50mg/L, the other indices can meet standard requirements, hence, it is proposed to adopted WSZ-1 type waste water treatment device to treat domestic waste water. (b) Oil laden water: normally, during transformer overhaul, a very small amount of oil will leak out. Transformer will be overhauled once every 37 3 years. During overhaul, the oil iB pumped into a storage tank, through treatment, most of the oil can be reused. Under normal condition, no oil laden water will be produced. A sudden fault on the transformer may cause a large amount of oil leakage, the oil is drained into an emergency sump underneath the transformer, the sump is a natural isolating sump, the oil removal rate is only 60X the waste water contains high concentration of oil and cannot be discharged directly. The oil laden water must go through treatment up to discharge standard before being discharged. (c) Acidic waste water: this kind of waste water comes from substation battery room when it is required to recharge the battery fluid with H12SO0 once every year, the amount is very small. Measures can be taken to neutralize the water with chemicals and control the PH value within the range of 6.5 - 8.5 before being discharged. (4) Analysis of impact on water body (a) Domestic waste water: in the substation, a small type of WSZ-1 water treatment device is adopted to treat domestic waste water up to the standard stipulated in ' Standard of comprehensive Discharge of Waste Water r, the amount of discharge is not large, therefore, it will cause no noticeable impact on the water bodies around the substation. (b) Oil laden waier: through separation in the emergency oil sump, the phenol contents in the waste water can meet standard requirement, then by means of a high efficiency oil treatment device whose oil removal rate is 38 98X, the concentration of oil in the waste water is 2.56mg/L which can meet 0B8978-88 grade 11 standard, and can be discharged. (c) Acidic waste water: a neutralizing basin is provided near thie maintenance workshop of the battery room. When the acidity of the waste has reached certain level, chemicals are added to neutralize the water so that the PH value is controlled within the range of 6.5 - 8.5 before discharge. From the above, it can be seen that, when the project is under construction or in operation or during fault, various kinds of waste water has gone through effective treatment up to the required standard before being discharged, therefore, no noticeable impact on the water body around the project. 4.1.2 The impact of 500kV transmission line route (1) During investigations and survey of the transmission line, comments and proposals of relevant departments slong the line route have been solicited. On this basis, the line route has been modified, hence, there is no impact on factories, mines, city planning or military facilities. (2) In determining the distance between conductors and ground, two factors have to be considered i.e. the insulation strength and static induction. Based on the results experiments made by the Electric Power Research institute and references taken from 500kV transmission line design (the second generation of 500kV transmission lines), the distance between conductor and ground as well as 'aetween conductors at crossings have been determined. Houses under the transmission line and cannot be dodged must be dismantled. When the distance between the housed & 39 utmost conductor came within 5m should be dismantled. If the distance exceeds 5n, but the field intensity cannot be met, under this condition, the house has to be dismantled. From the above, it can be seen that, the transmission line route has very little impact on the inhabitants. 4.1.3 Noise (1) The impact of noise on the environment comes from: (a) Project construction, noise produced by construction machinery and transportation vehicles; (b) The noise produced by tl:e substation, when the substation is in operation; (c) When the transmission is in operation, on the surface of the conductor, corona is usually formed due to ionization of ai; around the extruded matter, especially during bad weather, the corona on AC transmission line will be increased and produce audible noise. According to the standards stated in paragraph 1.3.3(8), the transmission line route in this project can meet noise level requirements. In fact, if the transmission line does not produce radio interference problem, thete will be no .-ise problem as well. (3) The chief noise source in the substation comes from the transformer. Noise from HV switchgear is comparatively very small, there is no impact on the environment. In 1989, transmission noise had been monitored in 40 220kV Dongjiao substation, and from the measurement results taken at 220kV Gudang substation, it is round that when the main transformer is in normal operation, if noise level is about 82.8 dB(A) which corresponds to the noise level of similar substation in China. In the purchase of transformer, it has been specified that at a distance of 2m from the main transformer, the noise level shall not exceed 75 dB(A). But, in this assessment, a conservative value of 83 dB(A) is adopted. According to calculations and actual measurements of the attenuation of transformer noise with distance conducted by both domestic and foreign experts, it shows: there is a large error between the calculation results and measurement results. For this reason, North West Electric Power Design Institute has made actual measurements on imported 5OOkV transformers and domestic 330kV transforaers and based on these data, calculations have been carried out and derived the following regression equations: When RI = lm, R2 = 1-5m, L = 6.3 - 6.llg!R2/Rl) Rl = lm, R2 = 5m, L = 7.1 -15.961g(R2/Rl) When L -- noise attenuation dB(A) The pre--requisite of noise prediction: no consideration has been given to the sound barriers in the building or structure and the absorption by the tree, only consider the decade of noise with the distance. Prediction method: on the general layout drawing of the substation, with the transformer as the center, establish a rectangular coordinate. The matrix point is spaced at 10m x lOm. The junction point is the noise receiving point, calculation is made with the aid of computer, the environmental noise is 41 added to the transformer noise. Please refer to table 4.1.3.1 for calculation results. From the analysis of Table 4.1.3.1, it can be seen that when the project has been put in commission and the transformer is operating normally; when the noise level attains 70 dB(A) and above, it envelopes an area of 800 M2 accounting for 3.77% of the total substation area (21,220e ). When the noise level attains 65 dB(A) and above, it envelopes an area of 12600 2, 59.4% of the total area, the radius of influence is above 60m, which is still within substation boundary. 60m away from the noise source, the influence of the noise source can hardly be felt, this approaches the base value of environmental noise. In the substatior., there are 2 roadway, according to GB3096-82 standard, the noise level at both sides of the roadway during day time is 70 dB(A) when the substation has been put into service, this requirement can be met. If in the daytime, the environmental noise level be taken as 50 dB(A) when the traffic is not heavy, it require a distance of about 80m for the noise to attenuate to 6OdB(A), the area involves 19600 m2 accounting for 92.77% of the total substation area, which is still within the substation area. It can be seen 80m away from the noise source would have very little impact. In making the above predictions, consideration is only given to the principle of " noise attenuate with distance '. But, in fact, the attenuation when the noise encounters building or auxiliary building in the substation is quite large, the above prediction is conservative. According to actual measurements taken at the boundary of Gudang substation, the noise level is mostly between 45 - 50 dB(A). Hence, it can be seen that the impact of noise of a 500kV substation 42 outside the substation boundary is very little, although the geographic locations of substations and the environmental noise base values are not the same. 4.1.4 The analysis of impact of electromagnetic interference of transmission lines (1) 500kV transmission line is different from ordinary electric equipment: (a) high frequency: usually 3 times higher than electric equipment (b) low frequency: 5OHz is a low frequency in electromagnetic spectrum, compared with TV broadcast and microwave communication, it is 5 - 10 times smaller. The electromagnetic effects of the transmission line are demonstrated by electric field, magnetic field and corona. A. The characteristics of the electric field of transmission line: When the transmission line is operating, the voltage on the conductor surface will produce an electric field around the conductor. AC transmission line although working on alternating current but due to low frequency, its electric field can be treated as static, i.e. the strength of the electric field is in direct proportion with the voltage on the conductor surface. The following table shown the field intensity of a position of lm, from ground surface for different kinds of voltage classes: 43 Table 4.1.4.1 The electric field intensities near the ground surrace for transmission lines of different voltage class Voltage class (kV) 220 330 500 1000 Max. field intensity (kV/mr | < 3 5 - 8 7 - 10 9 - 15 Generally speaking, the max. field intensity of the EHV transmission line near the ground surface is about 5 - 10 kV/m (only during inclement weather can the max. field intensity reaches 10 kV/m). In daily lire, the typical electric fields intensity is shown in table 4.1.4.2. Table 4.1.4.2 Typical electric field intensity in daily life Location Electric Radio Lounge Electric baker blanket Electric field strength 130 90 13 10000 * (Vm) * Estimated value very near the blanket In the environment where we live, the field intensity is below 100 kV/m, only when electrical appliances are in use can stronger field be produced. Hence, the field intensity of transmission line is much larger than other conditions. In the field, conducting materials such as buildings, trees, etc. will cause the field to become distorted and provide some shielding effect. Because AC transmission line is composed of 3 phase conductors, the voltage between 3 phase is 44 the same and with a phase angle of 120', therefore, the field intensity and its distribution at the ground surface under the transmission line will be affected by the arrangement of conductors: Horizontal arrangement has not much effect; triangular arrangement with the apex on top comes next; inverted triangular arrangement has the min. affect. Fig. 4.1.4.1 shows the distribution of field intensity of a single circuit 500kV transmission line with different conductor arrangements. In Fig.4.1.4.1, the distribution of field intensity is at the ground surface at mid span where the conductors have max. sag due to their own weight. This is true for every span. To raise the suspension height of the conductors can reduce the field intensity at the ground surface, but this should be within certain range in order to be effective, (10-15m). Beyond 15m the effect becomes very small. 45 The relationship between conductor suspension height and field intensity at ground surface of i circuit 500kV transmission line is shown in table 4.1.4.3. 4.1.4.3 t of conductor (m) 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 23 intensity at 11.45 9.94 8.71 7.7 6.88 6.17 6.06 4.21 3.6 3.12 d surface IkV/m) _ _ . . 1 ,,. | _ . _ 4 46 B. The magnetic field characteristics of transmission line: When the current passes through transmission line conductors, magnetic field will be produced around the conductor.The magnetic field differs from electric field in that: (a) The magnetic field strength varies with current only, irrespective of voltage (b) 50 HZ power frequency magnetic field can easily pass through most objects, such as building and man without any obstacle. The 3 phase currents of the transmission line are of the same magnitude with a phase difference of 120 . At a distant point from the conductor, the magnetic fields produced by 3 phase currents cancel each other and become zero, even at some places near the line, the magnetic field is quite weak. But for 500kV line, the situation is different, but the voltage is high requiring better insulation; the conductor spacing is also wider. Therefore, at a place 200 - 300 m from the line, the 3 phase conductors cannot be considered to the conveying into one point. and the magnetic field would be increase. Fig. 4.1.4.2 shows a calculation curve to find the magnetic field intensity at the ground surface of the transmission line of the Bonnerville Power Administration of U.S.A. In our daily life, the magnetic field intensity of colour TV set or electric cooker is about 0.5 - 1.0 mT. compared with this value, the max. magnetic field intensity at the ground level of 500kV transmission line is only 0.035, which is very small. C. The corona characteristics of transmission 47 B. The magnetic field characteristics of transmission line: When the current passes through transmission line conductors, magnetic field will be produced around the conductor.The magnetic field differs from electric field in that: (a) The magnetic field strength varies with current only, irrespective of voltage (b) 50 HZ power frequency magnetic field can easily pass through most objects, such as building and man without any obstacle. The 3 phase currents of the transmission line are of the same magnitude with a phase difference of 120'. At a distant point from the conductor, the magnetic fields produced by 3 phase currents cancel each other and become zero, even at some places near the line, the magnetic field is quite weak. But for 500kV line, the situation is different, but the voltage is high requiring better insulation; the conductor spacing is aiso wider. Therefore, at a place 200 - 300 m from the line, the 3 phase conductors cannot be considered to the conveying into one point. and the magnetic field would be increase. Fig. 4.1.4.2 shows a calculation curve to find the magnetic field intensity at the ground surface of the transmission line of the Bonnerville Power Administration of U.S.A. In our daily life, the magnetic field intensity of colour TV set or electric cooker is about 0.5 - 1.0 mT. compared with this value, the max. magnetic field intensity at the ground level of 500kV transmission line is only 0.035, which is very small. C. The corona characteristics of transmission 47 line: When the electric field intensity on the conductor surface exceeds the breakdown strength of air, corona phenomenon will produce at which the field intensity is more than 30kV/m. Corona is much affected by the characteristics of the transmission line itBelf, e.g. the higher the voltage, the stronger the corona; the larger the diameter of the conductor, the weaker the corona; the smoother the surface of the conductor, the weaker the corona. Besides, corona is also influenced by the environment, e.g. the more the air get polluted, the stronger the corona will be; the smaller the air density, the stronger the corona; the higher the wind speed, the stronger the corona; the higher the relative humidity of air, the stronger the corona; raining and snowing will aggravate corona. The most important effect of corona is the interference to the radio. Its frequency range is around 0.1-10OMHz which has attained the frequencies of a portion of radio and TV broadcast. Fig. 4.1.4.3 shows the frequency spectrum of various electromagnetic waves. In general, the heavier the corona, the more interference to the radio lines will be. (2) Interference caused by EHV transmission line A. Interference to communication line: this includes static and electromagnetic interferences. Due to coupling effect, the electric field of the transmission line will be induce voltage on the nearby communication line. The magnitude of the induced voltage is in the 48 direct proportion with the transmission line voltage and the static capacitance between the transmission line and communication line. The capacitance depends on the distance between them. When the lines come near, (the distance between the 3 phase conductors and the communication line are different) or when the transmission line conductors are asymmetrically transposed, an induced voltage will be produced on the communication line due to the unbalance of static capacitance, if the noise level is fairly high, it will affect normal communication. Similarly, the magnetic field of the transmission line can also induce a voltage on the communication line, the magnitude of the induced voltage is in direct proportion with the current and the length of the parallel section of the transmission and communication line. The magnetic effect of the transmission line comes mainly from the harmonics. Because the operating frequency of the communication line is in the range of 300 - 3400 Hz. and many of the harmonics of the transmission line fall within this range. Therefore, it is specified that the equivlant interference voltage of the harmonics in the system should be lower than 1% of system rated voltage, otherwise the requirements cannot be satisfied. Through many calculations and actual measurements it reveals: within a distance of 50m from the transmission line, the effect of electric field is stronger which is the chief factor of communication interference. Comparatively speaking, the effect of magnetic field is very small, and can be 49 neglected. If the distance between the transmission line and communication line increases, the effect of the electric field decreases, when the distance exceeds 100m, the magnetic field becomes the chief factor while the effect of static induction can be neglected. If the induced voltage on the communication line develops into a short circuit, the safety of personnel and equipment will be endangered, especially, when the transmission line is at fault or struck by lightning, during which the voltage on the transmission line may rise several times. This call for a good protective system in the network. In order to prevent interference to the conmunication lines, the former Ministry of Water Conservancy Ministry of Railway, Ministry of Telecommunication and Posts and the Communication troop have jointly signed and agreement in 1961. On the other hand, a national standard GB6830-86 " The Permissible Values when the Communication Line is Interfered by Strong Current Power Lines ";SDGJ79-88 " Stipulations of Design for the Prevention of Interference to the Communication Lines " have already been implemented. Reference is also taken from " Protection Guidelines in the Prevention of Interference to the Communication Lines form Power Liners " compiled by the International Telephone and Telegraph Consulting Committee as well as relevant revised documents over the years, the following permissible standard values have been adopted in this project: 1. Dangerous voltage: 50 Communication lines: highly reliable power line 650 V ordinary power line 430 V Communication cables: 60X of DC test voltage 85X of AC test voltage (2) Interference: Double line telephone circuit with repeater station 4.5V Double line telephone circuit without repeater station lOV (3) Angle of crossing between power line and communication lines: (a) Power line crosses with class I communication line: no less than 45' (b) Power line crosses with class II communication line: no less than 30' (c) Power line crosses with class III communication lines: not specified (4) Minimum distance between communication line underground cable and the nearest grounding electrode of transmission tower; (a) when the resistivity of soil is below 5 x 103 ohm-m, i.e. (when the conductivity of soil is above 0.2 x IOP s/m): no less than 25m (b) When the resistivity of the soil is above 5 x 10C ohm-m, i.e. (when the conductivity of soil above 0.2 x 103 s/m: no less than SOm 51 Since the transmission of this project is designed with a distance of over 300m in parallel with Lhe communication line and the angle of crossing can meet code requirements without exceeding the above standard, therefore, the 500kV transmission line of this project has no interference to the communication lines. B. Interference to radio and TV reception: The power frequency alternating magnetic field attenuate quickly with the increase of distance, its wave length is much longer compared with that of TV and microwave (refer to Fig. 4.1.4.4). AC transmission line is just like a very poor " transmitting antenna '" 50 Hz low frequency cannot be transmitted. But the corona discharge on the transmission line can travel a much longer distance. In China. the medium frequency amplitude reduction broadcasting frequency is within the range of 0.5 - 1.6 Mhz while the frequency of TV broadcast is within the range of 48.5 - 92 Mhz and the noise interference frequency produced on the transmission line is within the range of 0.1 - 100 Mhz. Hence, they can only interface MW (medium wave) radio broadcast and the No.2 and No.6 channel of TV broadcast. The noise interference level at low frequency channel is rather high, with the increase of the frequency, it will become weaker. In the MW ban (0.5 - 1 Mhz), the noise level is inversely proportional to the frequency, Above 1MHz the noise level is directly proportional to the square of frequency. Fig.4.1.4.5 shows a typical spectrum analysis (reference frequency being 0.5 Mhz). In addition, noise attenuate faster and faster as the distance increases. Actual measurements on site shows: at a distance of 200m from the transmission line, the 52 noise becomes so weak that it can be neglected. The noise level in much influenced by the weather, especially during rainy and snowy weather, the noise level is higher than that of fine weather, inhabitants near the transmission line and during bad weather may have poor radio or TV reception. To prevent the interference of noise from the transmission line, a number of stipulations and standards have been formulated by the S'%ate. According to the " Minutes of Meeting of 500 kV Transmission and Substation and Radio Interference Design Discussion and Research Coordination Meeting " held in Wuhu in March 1975, summoned by the original Mirnistry of Water Conservancy and Electric power, it specifies that: In fine days, at a frequency of IMHz. The radio interference level at a distance of 20 m projected from the outermost conductor of the transmission line should not exceed 50 dB(A). In transmission line design, the major measures to reduce radio interference is to maintain a safe distance and increase the diameter of the conductor. The State has promulgated the following standards and documents: (1) GB6364-86 " Electromagnetic Environment Requirements for Radio Navigation Guidance Station in Airport "; (2) GB7495-87 " Protective Distance between Overhead Power Lines and Amplitude Modulation Transmitting and Receiving Stations "; (3) " Observation Specifications of Seismic Stations n issued by the State Seismic Bureau in 1978; From the above documents, the following table is summarized: 53 Table 4.1.4.4 Voltage Distance from the centre Distance from the class of antenna of the centre of the antenna Navigation Guidance of ultra short wave Station direction orientation station 35 - 110 kV Through calculation 500 m and below 110 kV and 500 m 700 m above_ Table 4.1.4.5 Protective distance between overhead power line and amplitude modulation broadcasting & receiving stations 35 63-110 220-330 500 Class 1 station 600 800 1000 1200 Class 2 station 300 500 700 1 900 Class 3 station 100 300 400 500 Note: Class I station: Stations in the autonomous region or cities under the jurisdiction of the province which 54 relays the programs of the Central Broadcasting Station; Class II station: Stations in the prefecture or cities under the control of the province which relays the programs of the Central Broadcasting Station; Class III station: Station in cities and towns which relays programs of the Central Broadcasting Station. For ordinary radio receiving sets, as long as the signal/noise ratio of the amplitude modulation broadcast is higher than 24 dB, the quality of reception would be satisfactory. As for frequency modulation broadcast, due to its inherent characteristics, it is not easily interfered by power lines. Along the line route of this transmission project, within the specified range, there is not radio transmitting/receiving station, nor is there any navigation guidance station, seismic observation station, etc. Hence this 500kV transmission project will cause no radio interference problem. 4.1.5 Analysis of the impact of electric field The electric equipment and overhead lines in the substation will create a kind of electric field of the alternating power frequency nature, it is a kind of quasi-steady state electric field and its effect can be analyzed with static electric field concept. The electric field is produced by electric charges. Take HV distribution equipment for example, when the conductor is charged with electricity, the electric charges are distributed on the surface of the conductor and the electric field is the effect of electric charges at a certain distance which follows the Coulomb's Law. When any conductor is piaced in an electric field, the electric field will cause the electric charges on the 55 surface of the conductor to move, thus an induced current is flowing in the conductor, this is called static induction. There are many ways to determine the electric field and electric charges, such as equivalent charges method, definite differential method, definite element method, Monte Carlo method and reduced scale model method. We select equipment electric charge method to calculate the potential gradient near the ground surface of the substation. (1) The distribution of electric field gradient in space According to the report on the measurements of static induction in 220 kV suostation in East China area compiled by East China Electric Power Design Institute, there are many factors affecting the static induction in the substation. such as the distance between the conductor and ground, type of equipment, their volume and height of installation, the number of earthing electrodes nearly, etc. Usually the equipment is fixed, hence the major factor would be the height of installation and earthing electrodes nearly. Generally speaking, for 220 kV distribution equipment, at a distance of 1.5 m from ground, the max, electric field in space is 5 - 6 kV/m and below and in some locations may reach about 8.5 kV/m. The vertical distribution of electric field is very uneven, at the ground surface, the field intensity is usually quite low. In substation, the high field intensity area is where distribution equipment are concentrated and the current transformer has its primary coil near the bottom is one of the features. But, because of the arrangement of equipment, their supporting structures, etc. The field intensity varies a great dead, usually in the range of 5 - 8.5 kV/m. 56 The field intensity on the passage ways in the equipment area is about 3kV/m maximum. In recent years, relevant organizations both at home and abroad have made many field intensity measurements. In Fig. 4.1.5.1, it shows the static induction measurement curve of 220 kV Xijiao substation Shanghai. It can be seen that in the equipment area, ate 1.5 m from ground, the max. field intensity is 6.6 kV/m while the min. value is about 0.3 kV/m. From the statistical data obtained both at hom and abroad with respect to the measurement of field intensity in substation, it shows: At different measurement locations, the max. I intensity varies a great deal, usually in the range of 5 - 8.5 kV/m. The field intensity on passage ways in the equipment area is about 31 maximum. In recent years, relevant organization both a- home and abroad have made many field intensit: measurement. In Fig. 4.1.5.1, it shows the static inductio measurement curve of 220 kV Xijiao substation Shanghai. It can be seen that in the equipmer area, at 1.5 m from ground, the max. field intensity is 6.6 kV/a while the min. value is about 0.3 kV/m. From the statistical data obtained both at hc and abroad with respect to the measurement ol field intensity in substation, it shows: At different measurement locations, the max. 57 i2=wq2=5#A/kV/m Current per unit field intensity passing through the foot: i1=w(ql+q2)=15uA/kV/m Max. surface electric field measured on top of the head Emax=16Eo Surface current density per unit field intensity produced by 50 Hz. J=0.44 Ma/kV/m (3) Analysis of impact of electric field on the environment A. The physical phenomenon in the electric field: The electric field near the distribution equipment in the substation as well as the electric field near the transmissio' line amy cause some impact on both the living and lifeless things. All effects need energy transformation. For example, a man standing under the transmission line with an undistorted field intensity of 30 kV/m, he can receive continuously a heat input of less than 200 uw, this amount of heat cannot be felt at all compassed with the 100 W heat output caused by body metabolism. But if he wears insulated shoes and touches a grounded object, a series of sparks with audible noise can be seen and heard, and some times pain can be feet. During this process, the transformed energy is concentrated in the passage of spark with a very small volume in space, during discharge, the human body acts as a capacitor, the peak value of power is big enough to ionize the surrounding air producing sound wave and exciting the nerve system of the human body. The energy stored by the human body is determined by the capacity between the man and the earth within the range of 2 - 14 mJ. Because this small 59 amount of energy is liberated within a very short time, therefore, tens of watts of peak power value can be obtained. Aftc- all, this energy is very small, let us make a comparison, a man exposes in the gum for one second, he will receive 25 J of energy on his face, but if an object of very large volume (such as an automobile parking under the transmission line ) when a man touches this object, these will be several Ma of current flowing through the discharge loop, unpleasant feeling may occur. The impact of circuit impedance should be noticed in the discharging circuit, low impedance is generally related with humid air and damp soil, these conditions will facilitate the stored energy to discharge, hence, the automobile on a dry ground will receive a large amount of electric charges, but the impedance is also large which restrict the current flow. On the contrary, when the ground and tyres are wet, the resistance is usually very low and the stored energy is also very small. B. Analysis of field intensity: At present, in China, there is no stipulation in this respect. Reference is taken from the former USSR which specifies the time for the operations working safely under high field intensity. 60 Table 4.1.-5.1 Permissible time for the operating personnel to work safely under high field intensity Field intensity (kV/m) Time permitted to stay under the electric field in 24 hours (min) 5 no limit 10 180 15 -- 90 20 10 25 5 In an International Meeting (CIGRE) held in 1980, an Italian expert reported on behalf of the Working Group that 10kV/m is a safe level and the max. permissible field intensity under the transmission line can be taken as 15 kV/m. In China, standard SDGJ-85 " Provisional Regulations for the Design of 500kV Substation " states that: for 500kV outdoor equipment, the static induction level (field intensity in space 1.5 m from ground) should not exceed 10 kV/m, in some specific location may attain 15kV/m. If there are inhabitants near the substation, at the substation boundary, 1.5m from ground, the field intensity of static induction should not exceed 5 kV/m. According to actual measurements made in 220 kV substation in East China area, the field intensity in the equipment area 1.5 m from ground is within the range of below 5-6 kV/m, in some specific location may attain 8.5kV/m. Based on the results of studies on " 500 kV substation Electrical Design & Operation " conducted by domestic researches, it shows that within the range of 10 - 14m away form electrical equipment, for every lm, increase in distance, the field intensity will be 61 reduced by 1.15 kV/m. Since the layout of electric equipment in the substation is well over lOm and the residential areas are usually far from the substation, the field intensity at these locations is lower than 5kV/m. In this project, the conductor arrangement of the transmission line is usually horizontal or triangular, the estimated field intensity under the transmission line is shown in Fig. 4.1.5.3 and 4.1.5.4. The vertical componenits of the max. field intensity at a distance of 8.2 m and 10.6 m are 10.4 kV/m and 10.8 kV/m, respectively. The distance between the outermost conductors of this project is within 18 - 26 m, the width of the right of way is 60m. From the above mentioned figures it can be seen that the field intensity at a distance of 17-22m away from the center line of the transmission line is lower than 5 kV/m and the sphere q impact is within the distance of the outermost conductors, therefore, the impact at the location out of the right of way is very small. 4.2 Impact on Ecological Resources 4.2.1 The forest When passing over ordinary forest, it is necessary to fell trees for line passage, The net width q the line passage should be no less than 2 times the width q the lines plus the height q major trees. It is not necessary to fell trees if the above conditions can be met. When passing over economic plants such as fruit trees, bamboo, etc. felling is not allowed and high crossing is used instead. Surface vegetation affected by foundation excavation should be restored as soon as the project has been completed. In this project, no rare valuable wild vegetation is involved. Measures have been taken to protect the trees and 62 economic plants as shown in Table 2.6.3.1, the net clearance between the conductors and top of the trees (natural growth) is 7m for ordinary trees and 8.5m for fruit trees. It is estimated that the induced electric field intensity is about 15kV/n. If the top of trees is to near the line conductor, discharge may happen and the top part of the tree becomes burnt which restricts the growth the trees and the safe operation of the time can be ensured. In this project, after protective measures have been taken, the impact to trees, fruit trees, etc. is acceptable. 4.2.2 Environmental sensitive area There will be certain impact on tourist resources in this area during project construction, such as noise of construction machinery, particulate matters discharged in no time, such as excavation, earth removing, etc. But, this kind of impact is only temporary, as long as proper measures are taken and local authorities and people are consulted before hand, the impact would be slight and the duration is about 4 - 12 months. 4.3 Impact on man and economic development 4.3.1 Impact on human ecology The impact of electromagnetic field of transmission line to human body can be divided into two categories: (1) short term impact - man stays in the electromagnetic field for only a short time (2) long term impact - man stays in the electromagnetic field for a long time. Short term impact demonstrates the quivering of hair and electric shock which are caused by the induced voltage and current on conducting objects, such as man or vehicles. The magnitude of the induced voltage is directly proportional to the field intensity and the size of the conducting object, hence, when the field 63 intensity is increased, the quivering of hair will also increase or even some pain can be felt. Under a field intensity of 9kV/n about 20% of the people have some painful feeling, when the field intensity is 2 - 3 kV/m, less than 5% of the people can feel the quivering of the hair. Although the quivering of hair causes no harm to human being yet its psychological effect cannot be neglected. Electric shock may be of transient or steady state. The transient shock happens at the instant when the charged body is touching the earth body which depends on the discharged energy. When the discharged energy is greater than 0.1 Mj, macular reaction will happen but not harmful. If the discharged energy reaches 25 - 50 J, then harmful effect will result {burnt), if exceed this limit, the life is endangered. Under the transmission line, because the size of human body is limited and the induced voltage is low, the shock resulting form earthing is very weak and cannot be felt. But within 35m range form the center line of 500kV transmission line, if a man touches a car (insulated from earth), he will feel a pain of shock, touching a larger car or larger insulated object, he may feel a punch. If after a transient shock, the man still keep in touch with the charged object, a steady state shock will result due to the continuous flow of short circuit current. The steady state shock depends on the magnitude of the short circuit current and is directly proportional to the field intensity and the size of the conduction object. When the short circuit current exceeds 0.8 - 1.1 Ma, the man will feel painful, if the short circuit current exceeds 2 Ha, macular reaction will result, when the short circuit current reaches 6 - 9 Ma, harmful effect will occur, during which time, the man can still get away hiuLself, therefore, it is also called "shake off current". 64 According to the measurements made by the Bonneville Power administration of USA, in an electric field of 1 kW/n, 60 Hz a man 1.75 m high will receive a short circuit current of 0.016 mA; a truck 0.28 mA; a large couch 0.41 mA. Normally, the max. field intensity on the ground surface under the EHV transmission line is less than 9 kV/m, the short circuit current passing through a human body is only 0.144 mA, which can hardly be felt. The short circuit current on the large couch is 3.96 mA which may cause muscular reaction, but is not harmful to human body or danger to life. According to measurements made in China, under the 500 kV transmission line, the short circuit current on a "Jiefang brand" truck is about 2.2 mA; on "Huanghe brand' truck, it is 2.6 mA, all of which are smaller than the shake off current. The long term ecological impact of EHV transmission lines on human body is a complicated problem, to understand its mechanism and degree of impact calls for long term experiments. Now, studies are confined in making experiments on animals and investigations on persons who have been affected by the electric field. In China, the High Voltage Research Institute, the Wuhan Medical institute have made experiments with rats under field intensities of 40, 50, 100 kV/m; In USA, the South Western Research Institute (Bulawka 1982) has made experiment with baboon under a field intensity of 30 kV/m. The findings were no influence to the normal growth of animals. In Russia, experiments have been made with rats under a field of 15-20 kV/m for 4 months. The conclusion was that the biological effect was very weak, not exceeding biological standard limit. In USA, the New York State Demobilized Soldiers' Administration Hospital (Marino 1976) has made experiments with rats under a field of 15 kV/m; the Pacific North Western Lab. (Battelle) has performed experiment with rats under a field of 100 kW/m. Their findings were : the activities and speed of growth were 65 reduced, the mortality rats was high, etc.. The researcher pointed out that this might be due to quivering of hair and electric shock. In Russia, a report was issued with respect to the health of the personnel working in High Voltage Switching Stations in 1960. The report stated that: personnel working under a field of 2-26 kV/m usually feel headache, tiresome, regression of sexual function, etc. But, researchers in US Electric Power Companies; in Sweden (Johansson 1973); Germany (Bauchinger 1961), the findings were: no affect to the health of personnel. The findings were contradictory. Experiments with models of human body (at home and abroad) revealed the fact that when the man was standing upright, the field intensity on the head was much higher than that of the lower portion of the body, approximately equal to 16 times the exterior even field. The field intensity in the body was much smaller about 1/million of the exterior even electric field. Under a field of 10 kW/m, the induced field intensity inside a human body was about 0.7-8 kV/m, the current density was about 0.4 pA/cmt which was much smaller than the critical current density (0.1-1.0 mA/cm') of the most sensitive nervous system, the effect of magnetic field under the transmission line was much more weaker. 0.05 mT magnetic field (the max. magnetic field intensity at the ground surface under 500 kV transmission line) which would produce effect on human body is equivalent to an electric field of 1.25 ky/m. Since contradictions exist in the findings of researchers, it is difficult to say that electromagnetic field would cause harmful effects to human body, evidence is not enough. But, to say that electromagnetic field would cause rio harmful effects to human body, it is still to early. On the safe side, to prevent possible harmful effects of electromagnetic field on human body, measures should be taken in the 66 design of transmission line and in labour protection. In the design of transmission line; the distance between the conductors and ground can be increased, for double circuit lines, counter phase arrangement can be adopted, lines Of different voltage can be arranged in different layers, etc. all this will reduce the field intensity at the ground surface. In operations, partial shielding may be adopted for operating personnel and limit the time of staY under the electric field. In foreign countries, studies in this respect have been carried out rather early and safety standards have been stipulated. For instance, in the "National Electric Safety Code" (NESC) of USA, it specifies that: the induced current produced by transmission line shall not exceed 5 mA (shake off current); at road crossing, the field intensity is limited to 5 kV/m; for industrial and commercial parking lot, the limit value is 2.5 kV/m. The Bonneville Power Administration specifies that: within the right of way of the transmission line, the max. permissible field intensity is 9 kV/m; at the edge of the right of way, the permissible value is 5 kV/m. In Japanese codes, the field intensity at the ground surface of extra high voltage overhead line shall not exceed 3 kV/m. In Russia, "Switchyard Operation Guide" specifies the permissible time of work under various field intensity as shown in Table 4.1.5.1. A report of the 36.01 working Group of CIGRE states that when a man stands under the transmission line, although his head and fingers experience an external field intensity much higher than 10 kV/m yet, in his body the field intensity is only 1/million, this is because the induced current is very small (in mA) and the internal resistance is low (hundred of ohm). According to the method of determining the induced current in human body, assuming that the max. field intensity in space of this project is 13.1 kV/m, the max. induced currents in human body can be obtained: 67 Current through the body il £ 131 jA Current through the head i2 s 65.5 1dA Current through the foot(total) i3 s 196.6 uA According to a report on static induction measuroments in 220 kV substation in East China Area, the max. induced current in human body in 20 kV substation is below 50-60 pA, due to the uneven distribution of electric field, the induced current on the human body staying under a field intensity of 8.3-8.4 kV/m amounts to 68-70 pA which is lower than the calculated results above. According to the results obtained by Chinese Academy of Science, in an even electric field, the induced current on a human body 1.75 m high is around 14 pA/kV/n; based on this data, the calculated field intensity at this location is about 5 kV/m. In fact, the impact of current on human body depends on the current density and at which location the current flows. In general, when an AC current flows from the electrode through the human body, the current that can be felt is about 1 mA, (less for woman). According to the experiments performed by"Dalziel", about 1X of the persons can feel a current of less than 0.5 mA; about 35X of the men can feel 1 mA flowing through their hands. Undoubtedly, only when the current flowing through human body reaches mA can biological and psychological effect be produced. A study report prepared by 36.01 working Group of CIGRE shows that due to professional needs, some persons nave to work under the electric field, but no noticeable medical impact has been found except some psychological effect. In Germany and Sweden, studies made by Hoff 1976 and Johanlin 1976 showed that no impact found under a field intensity of 20 kV/m. It should be po-nted out that it is very important to discriminate the induced electric field of transmission line of 50- 60 Hz and substation equipment and the extra low frequency (6-16 Hz) field which might excite the 68 physical process of human brain, and the field produced by radio frequency and microwave which might have thermal effect on the biological cell structure. Therefore, personnel working in 500 kV substations and inhabitants residing near the substation will receive very little impact from the electric field, the roof of houses, the nearby trees and the metallic fittings inside the houses have some shielding effect. Similarly, people working under the transmission lines or farmers cultivating under the line will receive little impact from the electric field, such impact is acceptable. 4.3.2 Impact On Economic Development Zhejiang province is located at south eastern coast where economy is flourishing, the agricultural and industrial production are developing rapidly and the power demand increases at a great speed. In paragraphs 1.1.1 and 1.1.4, the power supply in Zhejiang and the necessity of this project have described in detail, insufficient substation capacity, supply capability, weak network, high losses, poor voltage regulations, etc. have restricted the economic development and the raising of the standard of living of the people in Zhejiang. Under the Zhejiang Electric Power Development Project and coping with the Phase II project of Beilungang Thermal Power Plant, the construction of 500 kV Shaoxing-Jinhua transmission line will render the network more reasonable, reduce line loss, optimize network structure, ensure the sending out of power generated in Beilungang Power Plant and enhance the stable operation of the Zhejiang network as well as the East China Grid. Shaoxing is one of the areas where economic development is the fastest in this country. The power required in Shaoxing is supplied by Shaoxing Substation, hence, the extension of Shaoxing substation will enhance the economic development in this area. 69 4.4 Impact on the Quality of Life 4.4.1 Social economy 1) Salary is the major income of local families 2) The area covered by this project is mostly residential area in the countryside (the houses are mostly of wooden structures) There will be 2518 residents (with a building area of 101605 square meters) have to be moved. These residents will be resettled in newly built houses where the housing and living conditions are much better than before. The detail is described in a special report on resettlement. 3) Along with project construction, employment opportunities will be provided for the local residents. the development of other industries will in turn bring about more employment opportunities. 4) The construction of the electric network will make the network system more reasonable, reliable, flexible and economical which is advantageous to the economic development of Zhejiang and ensure power supply to the consumers and enhance the coordinated development of industries. At the same time the cost of the nearby land will be raised, the income of workers and their dependents will be increased, there will be more employment opportunities. All this is beneficial to the development of economy in this region. 4.4.2 Public Health As discussed in paragraphs 4.1.3 and 4.3.1, noise and electrostatic induction may have some impact on public health to some extent. But, ordinary people cannot enter the area where field intensity is high such as under the EHV transmission line. Operating personnel usually work in an 70 environment where the noise level and field intensity can meet standard requirements, and public hygiene and labour protection are strictly observed, therefore, the impact in this respect is very small. 4.5 Methods of eliminating disrdvantageous impact 4.5.1 Selection of project locations The locations of the substations and transmission line routes will be in locations where there are no environmental resources/value. The locations should be without: 11 Any valuable ecological resources (on land or in waters); 2) No historical cultural relics or important objects in history; 3) No threat of flood or earthquake; 4) No serious population or resettlement problems; 5) The location shall not be used for tourism, regeneration or environmental beautification; 6) The project shall not scramble for raw materials and technical workers with the local authorities. 4.5.2 Methods employed during construction 1) Priority shall be given to the use of local labour, reduce the number of immigrant workers. Use dust suppressor to reduce fly dust; 2) In leveling ground, sewage water during foundation construction and runoff of the rain water should be 71 precipitated before discharge. The flushing water of concrete mixer should go through oil/water separation and precipitation before discharge. The precipitants should be used to fill up excavated trenches or dumped in the waste land; 3) Domestic sewage from construction site, living quarters, etc. shall go through treatment in the septic tanks before being discharged into the city's sewage system; 4) Transportation during construction, consultations should be made with the local authorities in advance, avoid concentrated transportation. Drivers should be given safety education, when necessary a traffic safety supervisor should be assigned; 5) Discarded earth and rocks shall be used for leveling ground or filling up ditches or trenches. The remaining portion can be used for filling up grounds in concrete plant or dumped in the waste disposal area. Water spray should be applied to prevent fly dust. 4.5.3 Treatment of discharged water 1) Domestic sewage: the daily discharge in the substation amounts to 5.2 tons, it is recommended to use WSZ-1 type sewage treatment device so that the BOD1 is less than 30 mg/L and ss less than 50 mg/L before being discharged; 2) Oil laden water: transformer fault in substation will produce oil laden water which is drained into an emergency oil reservoir for oil/water separation, then go through a highly efficient oil treatment plant before being discharged; 3) Acidic water: near the battery maintenance workshop, a neutralizing basin should be provided, when the amount of acidic water has been stored up to a certain level, 72 alkaline is added to neutralize the acidic water so that the PH value is within the range of 6.5-8.6 before discharge. 4.5.4 Noise prevention measures 1) Use low noise equipment. In the design of main transformers, the noise level at a location 2 m from the transformer should be controlled at 75 dB(A). In IEC standard and GBI094-86, this value belongs to low noise level. 2) In arrangement: a) The noise source should be arranged at the leeward side; (b) Noise source should be concentrated, preferably in the center of the substation area so that the noise source has ample distance from the boundary of the substation; (c) Reasonable layout of noise source and noise sensitive buildings, e.g.the main transformer, reactors, compressors, rotary condenser, etc. should not be arranged in parallel with the main control building, main office building, communication building and living quarters. (3) In the building itself: use noise absorbing materials in the control room, communication room, operators' room, etc. 4.5.5 Substation afforestation Afforestation is an effective means to prevent pollution. It can not only beautify the substation surroundings but can also absorb dust, purify the air, reduce noise and shield electromagnetic field. It is an important environmental protection measures. 73 (1) The layout: in the form of gardening, employing mainly evergreen trees, matched with shrubs, bushes, flowers and grasses. The afforestation should he coordinated with the local afforestation plan and harmonized with the surroundings. Near the entrance area, shrubs, flowers, grass meadow are usually employed, on both sides of the access road or passages, hedgerows are usually planted, at the switch yard, use high survival rate grasses to form meadows. (2) Species of trees: the selection of species of trees should be based on the local climatic and soil conditions, the trees should have good adaptability and high survival rate. Consult with the local gardening organization before decision is made. (3) Afforestation index: for substations, the afforestation factor is about 15X, the afforested area amounts to 4.8 mu, the investment is eBtimated at 50,000 yuan (RMB). 4.5.6 Electrostatic induction and electromagnetic interference prevention measures 1) The following measures will be taken during the implementation of the project in order to avoid the impact of electromagnetic induction on communication system: reduce the use of ground protection cables of communication conduits as far as possible; install shield wires where good shielding effect is desirable, use shielding cables and select proper cable routes. 2) The induced current produced from transmission line can hardly be felt by human body, the induced power is so small that there will be no biological and physiological effect, hence, it is not necessary to take special measures in this project. 4.5.7 Professional safety and public hygiene 1) The organization for environmental monitoring during 74 construction and operation may protect the health, welfare and the surrounding environment of the workers and nearby inhabitants. Monitoring should be carried out both inside and outside the substations, the major item to be monitored is the discharge sources and the quality of the discharged fluid. Ecologic study may be conducted if possible. The monitoring data obtained in the early stage can be used to modify the items for monitoring. The conventional monitoring points and data can be used to their full advantage. Data should be collected and submitted to the higher authorities. 2) Inspection for occupational health and safety of the workers should be carried out from time to time so as to discover occupational disease and provide proper treatment. 3) For projects having very little impact on the environment and the discharge is normal, the monitoring of social economy and public health should cooperate with the local authority or government so that the- local area can be managed fully. 4) Labour safety a. Prevention of electrical or mechanical harm: According to standard SD119-84 ' Provisional Regulations of over Voltage Protection with Respect to Insulation Coordination and Equipment Grounding For 500 kV Transmission Network", double shield wires will be used on the entire transmission line of this project. At mid span, the distance between the conductors and shield wire must comply with SDJ -79 requirements. For grounding, the electrodes shall be of square loop with radial spurs the min. size is 410 mm, round steel. b. When working on transmission line, the following 75 must be observed: a) Filling in work order or using oral or telephone command; b) At least two persons should work together; c) Organizational and technical measures to ensure workers' safety must be materialized. c. Live-wire work should be carried out in fine days in order to prevent possible accident. In case of emergency, live-wire work has to be carried out during bad weather, such as rain, snow, fog, high wind, etc. reliable protection measures must be taken and should be approved by relevant authorities. At the work site, sufficient illumination must be provided. d. When handling long objects, such as ladder, long pipes, etc. under strong electric field, the long object should be laid flat and handled by two workers, care must be taken to maintain safe distance between the object and the energized parts. Safety helmet and belt must be used when working high overhead or entering the area where overhead work is being carried out. In handling materials and tools, throwing up or down is prohibited. e. Prevent the transmission line towers from overturning or waterlogging. During the design of transmission line towers, consideration should be given to the topographic and geologic condition, the towers should be strengthened where necessary. "Electrical Equipment Protection Regulations" must be observed during operation. Most part of the line route of this project is running along the foot of hills, there will be no threat of waterlogging. On both banks of Fengqiaojiang, Puyang and Fuchun Rivers, 76 embaniments had already been built, there is no%wossibility of flooding. f. Prevent flashover due to contaminations: According to the map of distribution of contamination areas in Zhejiang Province, the areas where the transmission is running belong to grade II contaminated area where the leakage distance of insulators is taken as 2.34-2.35 cm/kV. In order to increase reliability, fog type insulators (XWP3-16) will be used on line conductors and double suspension will be used on shield wires. Most part of the transmission line route of this project is running along the foot of hills or on hill slopes and some portion of the line is running pass towns and villages where the industries are not highly developed, so design with grade II contamination is quite safe. g. Prevent extreme heat and cold: According to the map of distribution of meteorological areas in Zhejiang Province, the meteorological parameters used in the design of transmission line are as follows: the highest temperature is 40 *C, the lowest temperature is - 10iC, the thickness of ice is 10 mm. Hence the strength of the transmission line can meet the above conditions. Organizational measures must be taken to ensure the implementation of safety rules, safety management, safety education, prevention of electric shock, prevention of falling down from high altituide, prevention of mechanical harm, provision of safety tools and equipment, etc. Hence, the design of this project can meet labour safety and labour protection requirements. 77 5.0 Substitutive Scheme 5.1 Analysis of the Substitutive Scheme 5.1.1 Project substitutive scheme Zhejiang does not produce coal, the coal for thermal power stations comes from northern provinces where coal is produced. The coal is transported by railway to the sea port and then transshipped to Shanghai or directly to the coal jetty in Zhejiang (such as Beilun Port). Because Zhejiang's railway transportation capability is rather low, it is impossible to construct large thermal power stations in Hangzhou and Jinhua while hydropower is used for peaking purposes. Atomic power is one of the scheme that can be studied, but due to technological and economic reasons, it is not a practicable scheme to resolve power shortage in this area. At present, with the coastal power station as the main power source, the power generated is transmitted via transmission lines to the load centers in Hangzhou and Jinhua, in this way, not only the power shortage problem can be relieved but also the 220 kV and 500 kV networks can be developed, at the same time, the line loss is reduced, supply reliability is increased, the voltage quality can be improved and supply capability is enhanced, hence, to construct 500 kV transmission line to transmit power is a practicable way to resolve power shortage problem in.Hangzhou, Jinhua and Shaoxing areas. 5.1.2 The selection of transmission line route The 500 kV transmission line involves Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Jinhua which are the municipalities under the direct jurisdiction of the province. The scope of the project is between east longitude 119r41'-122r00' and north latitude 29r 11'-3031'. In 78 this area, the economic development in the countryside is rather rapid, township construction and building construction in the villages are booming, many new buildings become obstacles to the transmission line route, in order to dodge these obstacles the line has to make many turns, the average section between angle towers is less than 8 Km. Several possible line routes are preliminarily selected on a 1/50000 map, then field investigations are made with respect to cultural relics, water conservancy projects, environmental protection, etc., the local authorities are consulted and on this basis, two probable line routes are selected and preliminary survey report submitted for approval. In selecting the line route, the existing highways are fully utilized. Most of the towns and cities where the lines passes belong to the economically developed regions, the annual production output value of agriculture and industry exceeds 10 billion yuan. the population is dense. The line route runs by the side of the existing highways at a distance of 0.5-1.5 Km. The distance between conductors and ground as well as the distance between conductors at crossings can all meet code requirements (refer to table 2.6.3.1). Building which cannot be dodged or less than 5 m, from the outermost conductor shall be dismantled. Although the distance from the outermost conductor exceeds 5 m yet the field intensify is over 4 kV/m, shall also be dismantled. Hence, the line route so selected can meet regulation requirement without impact on the environment. The vegetation is mostly pine trees and bamboos, there is no rare, valuable species of vegetation nor animals, nor is there any valuable historical cultural relics. Fig. 5.1.2.1 shows the comparison of line routes between Shaoxing-Paitou Fig. 5.1.2.2 show the comparison of line routes between Shaoxing-Pingyao second circuit (Fuchun Bay Development Zone Section) 79 5.2 Possible Unfavorable Effect of the Substituting Scheme 5.2.1 Building large thermal power plant at the loading concentrated points (Hangzhou, Jinhua) Because Zhejiang does not produce coal, the coal required for the existing power plants come by rail and inland water transport (Hangzhou to Jinhua). But the transport capabilities have already saturated. To build new railways will need large amount of investment. Besides, Hangzhou is the first grade scenery preservation spot of the State, and requires stricter environmental protection measures than aliy other cities. The building of power plant woull aggravate pollution and hinder the development of other industries or even spoil the scenery; Jinhua is located at the basin of hilly region of central Zhejiang the atmospheric diffusion condition is poor, the setting up of power station in Jinhua would result in heavy atmospheric pollution. 5.2.2 The Building of Atomic Power Station Since Hangzhou, Jinhua and Shaoxing regions are economically well developed with dense population, the setting up of atoaic power station in these regions would involve serious resettlement problems beside large investments and safety requirements. 5.2.3 Transmission Line Route Alternative 5.2.3.1 Selection of the Second Circuit of 500 kV Shao-Ping Line: The second circuit of 500 kV Shao-Ping Line is an associated project of Beilungang Thermal Power Plant Phase I, it is a key project for solving the idle power of Beilungang Unit 2. The line starts from 500 kV Shaoxing substation and ends at 500 kV Pingyao substation. The river crossing at Lishan 1.744 Km 80 spanning the Fuchun River has been erected. According to planning, the second circuit should be located on the south side of circuit(l). In order to reduce the interference to other parties, the two circuit should run in parallel. In general, the distance between the center line of the two circuits is 60 m. But, the line passes through the economically quite developed regions in Shaoxing, Xisoshan, etc. The originally reserved corridor for the second circuit has quite big changes, there are many new buildings and new development zones, hence, it is very difficult to keep circuit No.2 and No.1 in parallel, it is also uneconomical. 1) Jiefang Reservoir to Dongshan: In Shaoxing, 500 m west of Lizhu Town and north of Tangdi, during the recent line survey, it has been discovered that under the corridor of circuits No.1 and No.2, an underwear factory is being built, the expenditure for its relocation amounts to more than 1.7 million yuan. Besides, south of the highway, the line route of the second circuit has run into a flower market development zone which is now being constructed. There will be a large amount of compensation fee involved as well as interference to the township planning. For this reason, the line route has shifted to a location west of Shaoxing Metallurgical Factory and Jiuban Bridge and has met the consent of the local authorities. 2) Fuchun Bay Development Zone: the land within the range of 200 m in parallel with circuit T line route has been leased to foreign investors to develop tourism and real estate business. The local government and foreign investors do not agree the second circuit to run on the left of circuit I at a distance of 60 m. Another alternative is to use double circuit tower and relocate circuit I of Shaoxing to Pingyao line 81 which needs large amount of investment and have to shut down the other circuit during construction, therefore, it is not practicable. Through field investigations, the second circuit can be split into two alternatives at Huashu village: a) The east alternative runs in parallel with circuit I for about 250 a and goes through between the east side of the %illage and the villa zone, this section of the line is 3 Km. It is necessary to dismantle 9 old buildings, 2 new buildings, about 3500 in, moreover, there are more than 10 buildings between the two circuits. b) The west alternative runs in parallel with circuit I for about 350 m and goes through between the west side of Huashu and the golf course. The line section is about 3.06 Km. It is necessary to dismantle 18 old houses and 1 new house, totalling 300 mA, and the whole village is between the two circuits. From the two alternatives, it can be seen that from the point of view of house demolishing, the west alternative is superior to the east. From the point of view of interference to local development and line cost, the east alternative is superior to the west. It is decided to choose the east alternative and has met the consent of the relevant authorities of Fuyang County. 5.2.3.2 Selection of line route for 500 kV Shaoxing-Jinhua line From the preliminary selection of line route in the office, the line can be divided into 2 sections, i.e. from Lanting s/s to Jieting Town and from Jieting Town to Paitou Town: 1) Shaoxing s/s to Jieting Town Section: 82 Since the line runs along Shaoxing-Zhuji Highway, on the east of the high way, it is called the east alternative while on the west, it is called the west alternative. a) The east alternative: After the line has left 500 kV Shaoxing s/s, it makes a sharp turn at the dead end tower to the left and then towards the south along the east side of the highway, passing Fengqiao Town on the south to Jietint Town. In this alternative, due to space linit at Shaoxing s/s, after the line ha. taken off, there is a portion o, line coming near to a second grade communication line at a distance of about 1 Ki, on the other hand, the angle of turning at the dead end tower is very large (about 85 ), after the line has passed Tianping, the distance between the line and the highway has increased to 3 Km. There will be no interference to the communication line. b) The west alternative: In this alternative, after the line has left 500 kV Shaoxing s/s, the line passes Lanting scenic spot at a distance of about 1.1 Km on the north where the line crosses the Shaoxing-Zhuji Highway and then proceed along the west side of the highway in parallel with the 220 kV Shaoxing-Paitou line (the preliminary design has been completed pending review,its right of ways has to be maintained). Except the section between Ganling Production Brigade and shilingyen cannot go in parallel with Shaoxing-Paitou line, the rest of the section can go along on the left keeping a distance of 80-100 m in between. To avoid interfering with Shaoxing-Zhuji second class communication line, this alternative maintains a distance of 2-4 Km from the highway. 83 2) Jieting Town to Paitou section From Jieting Town, the line passes Zhuji Town on the South about 7 Km, because the line is near to Zhuji Town, villages are rather concentrated, it ia difficult to go in parallel with 220 kV Shaoxing-Paitou line, to avoid the densely populated regions the line has to go along the foot of low hill such as Hualian Hill, Xinbi Hill, Dajen Hill, etc. keeping a distance of about 2 Km from Shaoxing-Paitou line. Geologic conditions are favorable. 3) Field Survey In July, 1993, a line survey had been carried out with Zhejiang Extra High Voltage Transmission and Substation Construction Co., Shaoxing Electric Power Bureau, etc. to check the possible obstacles along the line route such as mines, explosive store house, military facilities, local city planning transportation conditions, etc. It was found that for the east alternative, near Huajie, the line has to cross a mine and cannot be avoided. For the west alternative, at Shuanqiao town of Zhuji within the planning zone, there is an explosive warehouse(the quantity of explosive amounts to 100 tons to be stored in separate warehouses). Another obstacle is the interference to the communication cable of Zhejiang Military Zone. After modification, the line route can meet the requirements in all respects. 4) Comparison of Alternatives Comparison of the east and west alternatives of the line section between Shaoxing substation and Jieting Town is shown in the following table. 84 Table 5.2.3.2.1 Shaoxing s/s - Jieting Town Transmission Section Comparison Between East and West Alternatives Item East Alternative West Alternative Length of line 42.4 41.2 Section (Ki) Number of < 20 5 9 Angle 20--30- 2 3 30'-60 2 3 Topogra- flat _ 10 phical Condition swampy 7 Hilly 33 52 High hills 67 22 j Elevation 150-500 100-300 Terrain There are large Some pines but stretches of little bamboo bamboo and pine forest, the hill forest. Steep slopes are rather hills are found flat. for a distance of =__ __ _ __ _ _ -4 Km. House to be removed about 800 about 2000 Impact to Porcelain Some impact No impact clay mine at Lanting Impact to grade II Serious impact Not much impact communicatin lines Transportation Superior conditions 85 From the above table, it can be seen that althouath the east alternative has less angle towers and less house dismantling problem yet the west alternative has the following advantages: a) The length of the transmission line is 1.2 Km shorter; b) The line runs on flatter terrain; c) Transportation conditions are more favorable; d) Has no impact on the production of the porcelain clay mine, but with slight interference to the communication line; e) Has ample space for outgoing feeders. Since the west alternative has more favorable conditions, it has been decided to choose the west alternative as the final line route of this project. 6.0 Cost Benefit Analysis 6.1 The Price Effectiveness o. Preventive Measures: 6.1.1 Waste Water Treatment: 11 Employ WSZ-1 type domestic waste water treatment equipment in both Jinhua and Shaoxing substations, the costs for each set of equipment including civil works and installation amounts to 150,00 yuan totaling 300,000 yuan; 2) Employ high efficiency oil treatment plant to treat oil laden waste water, the investment for 2 sets totaled 200,000 yuan; 86 3) Employ neutralizing vessels to treat acidic waste water, the total investment amounts to 300,000 yuan, 6.1.3 Afforestation 1) afforestation in each substation is around 50,000 yuan. a total of 100,000 yuan 2) Recovery of vegetation at locations wherc transmission line tower foundations have been excavated, 300,000 yuan 6.1.4 Prevention of Static Induction and Electromagnetic Interference: Installation of shield wires and select transmission line route to prevent static induction and electromagnetic interference, the total investment required is 31.5 million yuan. 6.1.5 Professional Safety and Public Hygiene: 1) An investment of 3.0 million yuan is considered for professional safety; 2) An investment of 5.0 million yuan is considered for public hygiene. To sum up, the total investment for preventive measures is 41.35 million yuan, and from table 2.4.1, it can be seen that the total investment required for the associated 500 kV transmission and substation projects totaled 450 million yuan, hence, the investment for preventive measures accounts for 9.19X of the total investment of the project. 6.2 Analysis of the Economic Results of the Project 6.2.1 500 kV Jinhua Substation New Construction: 87 The investment estimate is 140 million yuan of which 15 million is in USD; 6.2.2 500 kV Shaoxing Substation Extension: The investment estimate is 60 million yuan of which 7.5 million is in USD. 6.2.3 The 2nd circuit of 500 kV Shaoxing-Pingyao Transmission Line (New Construction): The investment estimate is 120 million yuan of which 8.5 million is USD. The major technical and economic indices are as follows: 1) Comprehensive cost 1.4613 million yuan/Km 2) Cost of the line proper 1.0172 million yuan/Km 3) Conductors 16.19 tons/Km 4) Shield wires 1.35 tons/Km 5) Insulators: for conductors 299.87 pc's/Km for shield wires 10.01 pc's/Km 6) Steel: For transmission line towers 34.78 tons/Km For hardwares and fittings 1.57 tons/Km For earthing 0.55 tons/Km For foundations 5.66 tons/Km 7) Cement 33.04 tons/Km 6.2.4 500 kV Shaoxing-Jinhua Transmission Line (new construction) The investment estimate is 130 million yuan. The major technical and economic indices are as follows: 1) Comprehensive cost 888,500 yuan/Km 2) Cost of the line proper 468,900 yuan/Km 88 3) Conductors 16.51 tons/Km 4) Shield wires 1.44 tons/Km 5) Insulators: For conductors 397 pc's/km For shield wires 11 pc's/Km 6) Steel: For transmission line towers 36.19 tons/Km For hardwares and fittings 2.05 tons/Km For earthing 0.30 ton/Km For foundations 4.31 tons/Km 7) Cement 25 tons/Km 7.0 Organization Requirements and Environment Monitoring Plan Along with the development of environmental protection business, it is imperative to set up environmental management and monitor organizations for this project. Since there are no regulations concerning this respect in China, reference is taken form "Stipulations In Environmental Protection Design for Construction Project" and "Provisional Regulations In the Monitor of Environment For Thermal Power Plants" In the course of project construction, the monitor of environment includes: 1) Transportation, the transport of earth and rocks, the spillage of particles, the flying dust, wastes, etc. 2) At the substation site, the quality of surface water due to the influence of run offs. When the substation has been put in operation, monitor should be carried out for the discharge of domestic waste water, oil laden waste water, acidic water, water quality indices, the efficiency of water treatment plant, substation noise source, environmental noise, the induced current as well as the field intensity at sensitive points of the substation, and under the transmission lines. In addition, to ensure the safe operation of the 89 substation and transmission lines, the quality of the atmosphere and weather conditions as well as the professional health and safety of the workers shall be monitored continuously. 7.1 Organization Requirements The basic task of the Environment Management Organization is to organize, materialize and supervise the environmental protection work of this project, its major tasks are: 1) To implement relevant environmental protection laws, regulations and standards; 2) To organize the preparation and revisions of environmental protection rules and regulation and supervise its execution; 3) To formulate and organize the implementation of environmental protection plan; 4) To give directions and organize the monitor of environment of this project; 5) To examine the operations of environmental protection facilities of this project; 6) To popularize the advanced technology and experience of environmental protection; 7) To organize and conduct training program in order to raise the technical level of the professionals; 8) To organize and conduct research work and technical exchange. In this project, a management organization for environmental protection will be set up with a staffing of 1-3 persons. 7.2 The Monitor of Environment 7.2.1 The monitoring organization The major tasks of this organization are: 1) To monitor and check periodically whether the 90 electromagnetic effect produced in this project can meet the State's regulation standard or not; 2) To analyse the quality of environment in the vicinity of this project, the impact of transmission lines on the environment and the law of its changes, monitor its safe operation and improve management of environmental protection work, to accumulate scientific data for pollution control and environmental protection. 3) Continuously monitor the physical and psychological health of the operating staff and workers to ensure safe operation and to prevent professional disease. 4) The monitor of waste water discharged from the substation: the amount of discharge, water temperature, COD, BOD5, oil, phenol, PH value, Cr, Cd, As, etc., the efficiency of the treatment facilities, etc,; 5) The level of substation noise source, the environmental noise level in the substation as well as inside and outside of the substation boundaries; 6) Responsible for the monitor of fault induced by pollution and the report of same. In this project, a monitor organization will be set up with a staffing of 3-4 persons. 7.2.2 The Provision of Monitoring Equipment and Instruments In this project, the buildings required for the monitor of the environment and environmental protection management will be considered together with the provision of necessary equipment and instruments. They will be listed in the budget of this project. 8.0 Public Involvement 91 Zhejiang province is located at the south eastern coast of China. It is an important port area for foreign trade and is an industrial base of East China which is one of the economically well developed region. Because of shortage of power, weak electric network, especially, Hangzhou and Jinhua have no supporting power source, transmission line conductors are small, the line loss is heavy, power supply capability is low. All this becomes a constraining factor to the agricultural and industrial development as well as the further opening to the outside world in this region, the standard of living of the people cannot be raised. For this reason, after explanations to the broad masses, people become aware of the situation, the broad masses in the vicinity of the project as well as the social critic all support the construction of this project. 8.1 Management Organizations Zhejiang Provincial Zhejiang Planning Land Management Bureau Electric Power Co. Commission Key of Zhejiang Province Project Office rExtra High Voltage| Transmission and Substation Projects Constrntetion Co., Zhejiang Province Municipal (county) Planning, Economic Commissions, and Management, City construction, Environmental Protection Department, etc. Citizen Organizations in Towns, Villages, Countryside 92 8.2 Consultancy and Agreements Involved In the Project Table 8.2.1 The 2nd circuit of 600 kV Shaoxing-Pingyao Transmission Line No. Name of the Consultancy or Remarks Organization Agreements 1. Shaoxing County City Transmission Line Construction Bureau route filed for reference 2. Lizhu Iron Mine, To ascertain the no Refinery, Shaoxing distribution of the impact County mining areas 3. Zhuji City Transmission Line Construction Bureau route filed for reference 4. Xiaoshan City Transmission Line Construction Bureau route filed for key project office reference 5. Fuyang County City Transmission Line Construction Bureau route filed for reference 6. Fuchunjiang Economic Transmission Line Development Zone route filed for Management Committee reference 7. City Construction Transmission Line Department, Zhejiang route filed for Province reference 8. Zhejiang Military Zone Transmission Line Combat Training route filed for Department reference 9. Shanghai Railway To inquire about Bureau, Zhejiang transmission line Branch crossing Zhejiang Railway and Hangzhou- Changxing Railway 93 Table 8.2.2 500 kV Shaoxing-Jinhua Transmission Line 1. Shaoxing City To inquire about the Construction Bureau transmission Line 2. Shaoxing Cultural Agreement reached to relics Management allow the line route Department to pass Lanting Scenic spot at a distance of 1.5 Km 3. Shaoxing Military The line route is Branch filed for reference 4. Shaoxing Lanting Impact of line to China Claymine mining 5. Shaoxing Mining To inquire about the Business Office distribution of mining areas 6. Shaoxing Planning and To inquire about the Economic Commission distribution of Local Mining Office mining areas 7. Zhuji City and To inquire about the Village Construction transmission line Committee route 8. Zhuji Civilian Armed The transmission line Force Department route filed for reference 9. Zhuji Planning and To inquire about the Economic Commission distribution of Local Mining Office mining areas 10. Zhuji Broadcast and To inquire about TV Bureau broadcast and TV facilities 11. Zhuji Fongqiao Town Transmission Line Land Management and route filed for City Construction reference Office 12. Zhejiang Military Transmission Line Zone Combat Training route filed for Department reference 94 9.0 Conclusion 9.1 Methods of reducing unfavorable impact 9.1.1 Selection of Project Sites The substation sites and transmission line routes of this project shall be selected where there is no significant environmental resources/value; no harmful effects to valuable continental or marine ecological resources; no affect to historic relics; no threat from floods or earthquakes; resettlement problem is minimal and the site will not be used for tourism, reproduction or surrounding beautification purposes. Finally, the site shall not struggle for materials and technical workers with the local authorities. 9.1.2 Methods to be adopted in project construction iPriority should be given to the use of local labour and minimize the number or laborers from other provinces. Dust suppressor shall be used to suppress the drifting dust; when leveling ground, dirty water should be precipitated before being discharged, the precipitated matters can be used as backfill materials in leveling ground, the remaining portion will be dumped in waste land, to avoid dust flying up, suitable amount of water shall be sprayed. Transportation during project construction, the local people should be consulted before hand, avoid centralized transportation and assign a special person to monitor transportation safety so that full understanding of the local people can be obtained; 9.1.3 Water discharge treatment measures: WSZ-1 type domestic waste water treatment device will be used to treat domestic waste water discharged from substations; high efficiency oil treatment plant will be used to treat oil fouled waste water in case of fault; neutralizing basin will be provided to treat acidic waste water during battery maintenance. 95 9.1.4 Noise prevention measures In substations, low noi3e equipment should be employed, for instance, the noise level index should be lower than IEC and GB1094-86 standards. The general layout of the substation should be reasonable, in localities where people is concentrated, sound absorbing barriers should be considered in the building structure. 9.1.5 Afforestation Afforestation in substation should be reasonably arranged and tree species carefully selected. The afforestation factor in substation area is 15X in order to beautify the surrounding, absorb fine dust, purify the air, reduce noise and shield electromagnetic field. 9.1.6 Static Induction, electromagnetic interference prevention and protection measures: The transmission line route should be properly selected. Minimize the use of grounding cable for the sheaths of communication cables. Shield wires shall be used where good shielding effect is desired and little shielding is available near by in order to prevent electromagnetic interference to communication system. 9.1.7 Professional safety and public hygiene An organization shall be set up to monitor major emission sources and pollutants and to check professional health and safety. Under normal conditions, cooperation will be made with the local authorities to care for public hygiene and social economy. The management of labour safety in production will be strengthened. 96 9.2 Conclusions of studies 9.2.1 Impact on natural environment 1) The water body: The water quality of waste water produced in this project must meet the current GB8978- 88 standard before it can be discharged. Waste water produced in substations include domestic waste water, oil fouled water during fault and acidic water from the battery room. They are treated up to standard before discharge, hence, there will no impact on surface water. Dust, suspended solids and domestic waste may affect surface water, after precipitation in stilling pond, the impact on the environment is quite small. 2) Substation site and transmissior. line route: the substation sites and transmission line routes in this project have been consulted with relevant local departments and agreements reached. The sites so selected have no impact on mines, city planning and military facilities. Unavoidable buildings after removal and resettlement will cause no impact on nearly inhabitants. 3) Noise: During normal operations, substation noise reaching 70 dB(A) accol!nt for 3.77X of the substation area, and at 65 dB(A), the area involved is 59.4X, the radius of influence is 60 m approximately, the area of influence is within the substation site. The above prediction is conservative. Actual measurements in substations already put into operation showed that the actual noise level out of the substation boundary was very low and could hardly be heard, therefore, noise produced in substation under operation has very little impact on the environment. 4) Electromagnetic impact: The electromagnetic effects of transmission lines are mainly caused by electric field, 97 magnetic field and corona. The transmission line route of this project running in parallel with the communication line at a distance of more than 300 m and all crossing angles can meet standard requirements, hence, there will be no electromagnetic interference to communication lines. Within the specified scope of the transmission line route of this project, there are no radio transmitting and receiving stations, navigation guidance station, seismic observation station, etc. and the radio interference level is much smaller than the specified value, therefore, there is no radio interference problem along the line route. The conductor arrangements of this project are either triangular or horizontal, the max. field intensity at the ground level with respect to vertical components are 10.4 kV/m and 10.8 kV/m respectively. The distances from the line center are 8.2 m and 10.6 m. At a distance of 12-22 m from the line center, the field intensity is less than 5 kV/m, therefore, the influence of field intensity outside the right of way of the transmission line is very small. 9.2.2 Impact on Ecological Resources 1) Forest: there is no rare wild vegetation involved in this project. When the line is passing through economic forest, high crossing is generally employed, the impact on trees, economic vegetation and orchard is acceptable. 2) Areas sensitive to the environment: during project construction, the impact on tourist resources is only temporary, within the period of 4-12 months, the impact is small. As long as consultations with the local authorities and inhabitants can be made beforehand and understandings reached, such temporary impact is acceptable. 98 9.2.3 Impact un Human Being and Economic Development 1) Iluman ecology: according to the methods of determining the induced current on human body, the max. field intensity in space under the transmission line and in substation is 13.1 kV, under which the max. induced currents on human body are 131 MA on the body, 65.5 MA on the head and 196.5 MA when the total current is passing through the foot. These results are slightly higher than those actually measured in 220 kV substations. According to the results of experiments and scientific researches conducted both at home and abroad, its shows only when the induced current on human body reaches mA class can biological and psychological effects be felt. It is very important to discriminate the effects of induced currents produced by 50 Hz 60 Hz transmission line and substation equipment and those produced by extra low frequencies (6 Hz- 16 Hz) which might irritate the physical process of human brain and those produced by radio frequency and microwaves which might cause thermal effects on the biocell structure. As for the substation and transmission line workers of this project as well as the nearby inhabitants, the impact of field intensify on them is very small and is acceptable by the human body. Besides, the ceiling, the metallic structures of the building and the nearby trees have shi-elding effect, therefore, the environment in which human activities are going on will not experience high electric field. 2) Economic Development: Zhejiang province is situated at the south east coast of China with flourishing economy, the agricultural and industrial development are rapid. The construction of this project has an important bearing on the economic development of Zhejiang province, it will not only speed up the economic development of the region but also raise the overall 99 living standard of the people. 9.2.4 Impact on the Quality of Life 1) An economic, reasonable, safe, reliable and stable network structure will be beneficial to the economic development of Zhejiang Province; the coordinated development of industries can be promoted and the required daily power consumption of the people can be met. On the other hand, the land cost in the vicinity will be raised. The economic results include the incomes of workers and their dependents will be increased, more employment opportunities can be offered, more products can be produced all this will enhance the economic development of the entire region. The standard of living of the resettled inhabitants will be improved and the inhabitants can find jobs that are most suited to their capabilities. 2) Public health: noise and static induction within specific distance range may have some impact on the nearby people, but this kind of impact is usually very small, through taking effective measures, it is acceptable. 9.2.5 Alternative substitute and its impact 1) Since Zhejiang has no coal and at present the railway and inland water transportation has become saturated, it cannot meet the coal supply requirements for large power plants constructed in Hangzhou and Jinhua. On the other hand Hangzhou is a key tourist city of the State, its major historical relics are put under government's protection. Jinhua is located at the basin of central Zhejiang. The construction of large power plants necessitates the construction of exclusive coal transportation railways and also it is required to take measures to prevent atmospheric and water body pollutions. The investments involved will be much higher than that required to construct large power 100 plants at the coastal area and transmit power to the load center via transmission lines. Moreover, the construction of power plants in the cities will affect the development of tourism, spoil the scenery and hinder the development of other trades. 2) At the south western hilly region, water resources are rich, however, low cost potential sites have been fully utilized and exploited. At present, hydropower is mainly used for peaking. The construction of large hydropower in this area will not only occupy large stretch of arable land but also involve serious resettlement problems. These problems are such more acute compared with the construction of transmission lines. 3) Another alternative is to construct nuclear power station which is technically feasible. But it involves such problems as nuclear material transportation and nuclear waste disposal. Hangzhou, Jinhua and Shaoxing are the most economically flourishing areas with dense population. The construction of nuclear power station requires high degree of safety and a large amount of investment, and besides, it involves serious resettlement problems. From the technical, economical and environmental points of view, with coastal power station as a power source and construct 500 kV transmission lines to transmit power is a practicable and effective alternative to solve power shortage problem in Hangzhou, Jinhua and Shaoxing areas. In selecting transmission line routes, local authorities are consulted with respect to city planning, water conservancy, historical relics, environmental protection, etc. field survey will carry out at key sections to ensures the line route thus selected will cause no impact on various resources/value and can meet standard requirements. On 101 this basis, agreements are reached with the local authorities and full understanding of the local people can be obtained. 9.2.6 Cost Effective Analysis The total investment of this project amounts to 450 million yuan which includes a newly built 500 kV Jinhua substation, the extension of 500 kV Shaoxing substation, the erection of the second circuit of 500 kV Shaoxing-Pingyao transmission line and 500 kV Shaoxing-Jinhua transmission line. The investments for the treatment of discharged water, the prevention of noise, static induction, electromagnetic interference, afforestation, professional safety and public hygiene amounts to 41.35 million yuan accounting for 9.19% of the total investment. 9.2.7 Environmental Monitoring Plan anad Organization Requirements With the development if environmental protection business, it is necessary to set up environmental management and monitor organizations, the staffing is about 4-7 professionals who will be responsible for organizing and supervision the environmental protection of this project. During project construction and on the completion of the project, they will be responsible for monitoring the emission source of pollutants, the impact on the environment, it quality and the health of the people in the vicinity of the project. 9.2.8 Public Involvement Shortage of Power restricts the agricultural and industrial development and the further opening to the outside world in Zhejiang Province. people's standard of living cannot be raised. All this is a common understanding of the people. In this project, questionnaires have been sent to relevant departments soliciting comments with a hope to expose potential impacts. On this basis, modifications are made and 102 a written agreement signed with th- local authorities, thereby obtaining the support of the people. From the above, it can be seen that before the construction of this project full consideration has been given to the potential impact of the project on the environment, hence, there will no significant impact, even there is same hidden impact, it is very slight, temporary and recoverable. From the point of view of environmental protection, this project is feasible. 10.0 References: 1) "Noise Control: by: Messrs Fang Danqun, Wang Wenqi, and Sun Jiaqi; 2) "Guideline of Simplified Calculations and Practical Applications of Electric field and Electromagnetic Field Phenomenon Produced In Power Transmission System" by: Working Group 37.01, CIGRE; 3) "Environment Assessment Report For 220 kV Dongjiao Substation" by: Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Bureau; 4) "Zhejiang Electric Power Development Project" by: Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Sept. 1992; 5) "Environmental Impact Assessmernt Policy, Procedure, and Joint Pledge; Environmental Law, Principles and Norms" by: the Developing and Monitoring Department of the State Environmental Protection Bureau, June, 1992; 6) "Guidelines of Environment Assessment For Industrial Development Projects" by: -ditto-; 7) "Project Design Reports (500 kV Shaoxing, Jinhua and Pingyao Projects)" by: Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Design Institute and East China Electric Power Design Institute; 103 8) "Report on the Environmental Impact of the Associated 500 kV Transmission Project" by: Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Design Institute, June. Sept., 1993; 9) "The Electrical Effect and Ecological Effect of Transmission Lines" by: Ecology Research Group of Bonneville electric Power Administration. Translated by: Electric Power scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Electric Power, April 1987; 10) "Electromagnetic Influence of Strong Current Power Lines and Its Protection" by: Ma Qixing, Wang Yen and Zhao Guoqian, 1989; 11) "Water Supply and Discharge Design Manual" Vol. 5 "Municipal Water Discharge" by: Design Institute of Municipal Administration, Beijing; 12) "Environmental Impact Report of 500 kV Shaoxing Substation" by: Zhejiang Provincial Environment Engineering Co., 1989; 13) "500 kV Substation Design and Operation(Electrical Portion)" by: Lan Zhengju, Ye Jingxing 14) "Static Induction Measurements In 220 kV Substations of East China Area" by: East China Electric Power Design Institute 15) "Report on the Measurement and Analysis of Noise In 500 kV Substations: by: Northwest Electric Power Design Institute; 16) "Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines" by: J. G. Anderson; Translated by: Southwest Electric Power Design Institute and Beijing Electric Power Design Institute; 17) "The Electrical Influence of Overhead Transmission Line and Its Countermeasures" 104 "Heilongjiang Electric Power Technology: the 1st Issue, 1988; 18) "Environmental Protection of HV Transmission" by: Su Fuheng, Oct. 1989; 19) "Related Regulations, Stipulations, Standards and Pollutants Emission Standards of the State" by: the State Environmental Protection Bureau, etc., 1982-1991; 20) Comments of the World Bank's experts on the Environmental Impact Report of this Project. April 1993 - January 1994 105