El43~~C PROJECT OF ZHEJIANG ELECTRIC POER DEVELOPMENT NINGBO CITY'S ELECTRIC POER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REMOULDING PROJECT REPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POER DESIGN OF ZHEJIANG PROVINCE JANUARY 1994 HANGZHOU I~~~~~~\vR NINGBO CITY' S ELECTRIC POER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REMOULDING PROJECT REPORT ON THE ENVIRONENTAL EFFECTS STAFF OF RESPONSIBILITY BEAD OF TIE INSTITUTE LI LIAM-KA[ (SENIOR ENGINEER) ENGINEER- IN-CHIEF: SONG YU-YEN (SENIOR ENGINEER) DIRECTOR ENGINER : ZIDU CHUANG (SENIOR ENGINEER) PROOFRDER NI CHENG-GANG (ENGINEER) COIPILE: LIN SBAO-PING (ENGINEER) NI CRENG-GANG (ENGINEER) UNIT IN CHARGE OF THE PROJECT: INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER DESIGN OF ZHEJIANG PROVINCE REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF NINGBO CITY'S POWER DISTRIBLTION NETWORK REMOULDING CONTENT 1.Prefcee 1.1 Reasot for Construction .......................... 1 I.2 Coverage of Reeearci Work ....... ......... .. 4 1.3 Basi6 of Drafting, Regzlations and Standards of Exectition of the Report .. _. A General Suzvey of tie Project 2.1 Type of the Project . . 18 2.2 Ureecy of the Project .......................... 19 9. 3 Locations of the Project ........................ Zo 2- 4 Scale and Overational Efficecey ................. 20 a 5 T'e Plan for Ratification aud Execution of the Project .. . ....... 21 3. Enrironmental Sarvey 3. 1 A Survey of the Natwral Conditions .24 3.2 A Survey of the Social Conditions. 2 i 4. Tn. Expected Environmental EffecLt and the PrecautioAarY Neasures 4. 1 The Effects an Natural Eaviroement .............. 36 4.2 The Environmental Effects During the Operation 64 4.3 Its Influence on Human Being and Its Use Value 64 4.4 ltc Influence on Living Quality ...........7 2 4. 5 Reduce the Unfavorable Effects .................. 14 5. Cost-Effect Analysis 5.1 The Cost-Effect of the Precautioaary Measures ... 81 5.2 Cost-Effect Atalysis of the Project .83 S. Requirements for the InstituLions and the Plan for Environmeutal Monitoring 6. 1 Requirements for the Institutions. 86 C,9 Environmental Nonitoring ........................ 86 OF. Pblic Participation 7. i Public Partic ipation ....................... .... 88 7.2 Nanagement Organizattlocs ............... . . 89 B. Conclusion 8.1 The Methods for Reducing the Unfavorable Effects 89 S. 2 The Conclusion of the Researc Report. 92 9. Auneuai ....9. .... .................................... u.98 ii REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF NINGBO CITY' S POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REMOULDING 1. Preface 1.1 esson For Construction 1.1.1 The Present Situation and Problems of Ningbo's Power Distribution Network Niugbo is the major provincial city of Zhejiijg Province and one of the key open cities of China that individually accounted in the economic planning. Niabo' s power distribution network has a history of more than 30 years, with a considerable scale. Now Ningbo city hls 2 220KV transformer substations (total eapacity 390,000 KVA) , 12 110KV transformer substations (total capacity 724, 600 KVA) and 25 35KV transformer substations (total capaeity 251,200 KVAJ, 3609 1OKV transformers (total capacity 687,700 KVA), a total 1624. 6 km length of 1o RV circuits (see Table-1. 1. 1) . It has a total 2044600 [VA of transformation capacity. The capacity for power plants' generators is 1650000 KW( Zenghai 1060000 kw,Beilun 600000 kw).In 1990 the city proper has a power supply of 230700 K,yearly power supply 1.356 billion kwh. The problems of Ninbo' s power network include: (1) Geographically divided by Tong River, Fonghua River and Yuyao River, the linkages between 220KV and 110KV electric source points are rather weak. The dependability of power networks is poor; (2) The city proper of Niabo now hag Zengkai Power Plant (capacity 1.05 million kw), and Beilu1n Harbour Power Plant II V \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Zhe#4i W e pI. P;? er C ASJt/K;A //SO i tX Cl TY Z _ --' Ta.e- I 1.4 r 23I-FuE Ic GV I cv-Rnt rr I r . w e n d 5;Xek.+;erns and lAsOrv-.r asl4hs4t*n Lnes oi 'vA3So Cy .-..J 22ojszi 1T,¶fcFirhwE £d,X+.icn -(A-~~c bnrn; Iin (600,000 kw now in operation). Thua Ninbo has become a power- supply end instead of a power-receive end. The voltage of the networks is too much higher than is eormal and cannot be adj us ted; (a) The quality of the network voltage is rather iRferior. leading to the difficulty of useless recompense; (4) The technical equipment level of distribution networks is low, the network wires are weak, IOKV cable network only constitutes 12%,Lnd disaster resistance is weak; (5) The level of network automation is rather low, and there is no tadical improvement of eomunication conditions. 1. 1.2 Necessity of the Remoulding of Power Networks of Ningbo City In Ningbo city, supply- and- distribution equipment of networks are backward: the strueture of networks is weak; power circuits are thin, circuit wires are greatly damaged, and the power supply is hindred aid overcharged; the level of stability of the networks is low. Especially with the rapid growth of national economy the power supply of Ninbo city is increasing by ample margins, while the distribution power networks have not received timely improvement and power cables constitute a low percentage. Due to all these, the contradictions have become prominent; it is therefore difficult to meet the needs of Nibo' s economic development and opening to the world and the needs of power supply for the investment of foreign traders. - 2 - 1.1.8 Basic Conceptions of the Bemoulding of Power Networks of Ninbo City. In view of the prepsent situation and the problems of the power networks of Ninbo city, Zkejinag Electric Power Company proposes Zhejiang Power Development Project' of simultaneous construction of power sources and power networks with the purpoBe of economical use of power energy. Put on the agenda is the remoulding of the power networks of Ninbo city, which is part of 'Zhejiing Electric Power Development Project' and is at the same time a Tery important link in the chain of construction of coastal power plants like Beilun Harbour Power Plant. This project of Ninbo' S power networks kas received the great support of all the departments of the central and local governments as well as the great support of the people. The remoulding project of Ninbo's power networks is designed to achieve an economical,rational, safe, reliable and flexible structure of networks; to meet the itczeasing needs of the citizens for higher material and cultral life and the needs of steady, rapid development if the city' s national economy; to develop 220KV as the major network framework of the city's voltage class of power networks; to raise the supply capacity of the city'a ppower networks; to improve the pattern of the urban networks; to increase the degree of modernization of power networks; to improve the conditions of power supply; to gradually establish cable networks; to rationally supply distribution and transforming power appliances; to reduce the pollution of eletromagnetic radiation; to realize -3- automatic control of power supply and distribution; to ensure a steady and reliable quality of voltage. 1. 4 PLan of the Remoulding of the Power Networks of Ningbo City According to thl basic conceptiono of the power network remoulding of Ninbo city, the Electric Power Company of Zhejiang Province desiges to form a 110KV circular network of power supply supply by connecting the center of the city with Beilu (which i6 a major power source spot) 220KV power network.The tansformer substztion of the cith center adopts small-sized advanced equipment, forming IOKV circular cable network of power supply. During the 7 years from 1994 to 2000, Ningbo's network remoulding includs the following major items: * Five 220KV transformer substetions, 900 NVA, 87 b: Waiting, Jiangma n I-stage, Jianggan II- stage enlarging project, Xinle enlarging project and Ninnan transformer substation. # Ten IIOKV transformer substations2 740VA, 95. 7km: Zhongxin, Qinsi, Zhongzin, Beijao, Luotuo, Changsanzheusu (tension-raising), Beimeng, BRaoan, and Shuguang transformer substations; I IOKV distribution power system project and controlling equipment. 1.2 Coverage of Researeh 1.2.1 Coverage of ReseaLrch, Key Points and Purpose Coverage of research largely includes an area of I m outside the boundary of the transformer substatiots, the -4- area covered by the projected 220KV circuit (87km) and II0KV eireuit (96.7km) , and the area involved by the 10KV distribution power system project. The key points incelud the projeet's locality, possible oceurrence of accidents and effeets; the effects on the entire coutse of project of tke design, constructiot and normal operation or when they are cancelled or altered; distussion of the measures of reducing and preventing disadvantages; analysis of tke effects of tie project on its usage for mankind and the quality of life; evaluation of the irrevocable effects of the projecton the enviroment; proposal of the metkods of avoiding or compenasting for long or short effects. According to the above analysis, we propose the eoneltsion of the preseat report, as a scientific basis for business's preventive and precautional measures against pollution and for the authorities' ratification. 1. 2. 2 Organs of Research Work The Power Company of Zhejiang Province has organized personnel to undertake the research of the present project. The arafting unit in the Power Designning [nstitute of Zhejiang Province, the holder of the state-issued A 1200011 'Class A Survey Desig Certificate' of tie Ministry of Construction and B 009 'Class B Enviromental Effect evaluation Certificate issued by Zhejiang gEvironmental Protection Bureau. -5- 1.3 Basis of Drafting, Laws and Standards of Execution of the Report 1.8.1 Basis of Drafting ( 1) The State Council's Environmental Protection Committee, The National Planning Cemittee and the State Economic Committee: * Methods of Governing Envirotmental Protection of Construction Projects' (86-GW-003), concerenig the evaluation areas, contents, drafting prodedures and ratification authority about environment effects. (2) The National Planning Committee and the State Council's Environmental Protection Committee: ' Designing Regulations Concerning Environmental Protection of the Construction Projects' about the eavironmental protection requirements of different stages, locality and genaral layout, preventing and precautional meamures against pollution supervising and monitoring orgnss, environmental protection facilities and investments, and designing and management. (8) The State Environment Protection Bureau: ' Some Opinioc. about the Problems of Environmental Management of the Construction Projects' ( 8- fl- 117) concerning the necessary ratification system and procedures for reports on environmental offects from construction projects, the improvement of the quality of the reports, and the accelaration of the drafting of the reports. 141 Former Ministry of Energy Resources: * Methods of Managing Environmental Protection during the Early-stage of Thermal Power Construction Project.' ( NAB-1989-993 ) concerning strngheniag the environmental protection of - 6 - thermal resources construction projects of the early-stage and increasing the evaluation quality. (6) Zkejiang Environmental Protect Bureau: * Essentiel Technical Points of EnTironmental Effect, Evaluation of Construction Projeets of Zhejiang Province' concerning the drafting of programie of eavironmental effect evaluation; evalIutioa of tie present situation of atomsphere and water quality as well as analysis of the eoansequenee; techAiel regulation. of investigation of pollution sources. (6) Zhejiang Electric Power Company: * Zhejiang Power Development Projects' cancerning the plan and contents of NlaLgzhou's electric power network remoulding project, etc. 1.3.2 China's Policies and Laws Concerning Environmental Evaluatioen On December 26, 1989, the Standing Conmittee of the 7th National People's Congresg at itg 11th session adopted the 'Environmental Protection Law6 of the People's Republic of China', further clarifying the 8 systems of environmental protectioc. They are: evaluation of environmental effects; three things doae simultaneoumly; charge for releasing pollutaat; enviroamentai protection responsibility system; license for expelling pollutants; compreheabive control and maagement and quality evaluation of urban eaviroment; concentrated control of pollutants; time-table treatment of pollution, etc. Clause is of chapter 2 of ' Eaviroment Protectiot Law' -7- stipulates: * To build projects that will pollute the eavironent should observe tie state's regulations concerAing entironmental effett6 by the construction projects. The report On the environmental effects of the construction projects should make an evaluation of the pollution expelling by the projects and the effects on the environment, should stipulate preventive and curative measures, and should be submitted to the responsible department for pre-exaMination and the administrative organizations of environmental protection for ratification according to the fixed procedures. Only after ratifiection of the report on the eatiroinental effects can the planning department ratify the warrant of task for designing the praject to be constructed.' 1.3 .3 The standards Concerning Analysis and Evaluation (II Environmental quality standard for ground water according to GB3838-88 -8- Table-1.3.3.1 I Evironmental Quality Standard for Ground later (from G33818-88) .I classll parameter Iclass I cllssil elass III classiV class Y a monitoring n examina- } ~ ~~ jue!! thnds 1 tiont range I I - All the water should not contain the following matterb iproduced by unnatural causes: a.disgusting sediments: b.unpleasant drifting and floating things like broken I fragsents.Iloating slag. oil and so on; c. satters with disgusting color.suell.taste and muddy degrees: d. things i Basic which are harmful or pnisonous to. human beings.animals Requibe- 1:*e plants: om which can induce unfavou.table physiolog;oal ments reactions. e. water life that easily breeds a sence of disgust. ! ; pH I fi.5 -x. j B--A glass electrnes COD cr 4.15 I is. , It; 1CODDcr '. _I5 ISCla 15 ' 20 1 25 heary chrome an ilo-SoD t i , , , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~acid salt } I i ~ ~~i ; f-BOD '. , C;3 | 3 ,4 B 10 ' zdilution and iabove 3 } | | ' ' , * ~~~~~~~~~~~~in-culat ion i I I I V:-lati: ' C.0M O.= 0.005 0.01 ' 0.1 oilnirif. T 0.0nS-c phenol extraction * I * ' ! I Xils i0.05 0.05 O.COS 1.0 -ultravOlet U. 0650 i | , I ~~ ~~I I! ! s ! i I IctrnrhoteseSrv I I * Exeept PB, unit for all other parameterB is mg/L- - 9- Class 1: Mainly suited to source water and the astional nature preeerving zones. Class IL: Mainly suited to water sources of concentrated drinking water of Type-I preserving areas, preserved areas of rare fishes, spawning grounds for fish and shrimps. Class III: Mainly suited to water sources of concen- trated drinking water of Type-I preserving areas, preserves of common fishes and swiming areas. Class IV: Mainly suited to water areas for ordinary industry and recreational water areas without direct contact with the human body. Class V: Mainly suited to water areas for agriculture and for comnon sightseeing. (2) Standazd of Atomosphere Eavironmental Quality, According to 0B3096-82 - ID - Table-1. 3.3.2 Standard of Atomsphere Envirenmeatal Quality (from GB3096-82) name 'Of i value limit of denetity cr/standard 10 monitoring methods pollutaunts check time class I class 11 class [1l i . I ,; _____ it,^aral fl I da;^ily ave. 1 0.15 0.30 O.a | ril. filte, "mie oating dust anv time i .SO 1.00 1.S0 1 and weighting i I 4.;I dr if ting da i ly ave. ' 0.05 0.U I.25 iquart= piemocrystal I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I duct I anr tise 0.15 i 0.50 I 0.70 . c"lphur daily ave-v4pal 0.02 0.0o 0.10 1 hvdaoohlcrie acid I moroxides i dailv ave. 1 0.05 0.15 O 0.25 i -rose-aniline !any time 0.15 0.50 0.10 colotimetry I I ~ ~~i : nitr daen dily ave. 0.0° 0.10 j 015 i hydrochloric acid .';ides i any time 0.10 0.15 0.30 3 -ethyl-naphthyl Type I areas: tIe national nature preserves1 scenic tourist areas. historic and cultural relies, sanatoria, generally adopt Class I standard. Type II areas: recidential areas, mixed areas of comerce and transportation, cultural areas, historic and cultural relic., rural area., generally adopt Class II standard. Type III areas: cities, towns, industrial areas subject to serious atomaphere pollution, ued transport arteries and trunk lines, etc. generally adopt Class III standard. - 11 - (31 Eaviroamental Noise Standard for Urban Area According to GB3096-82 Table-L 9.3.3 Standard of Environmental Noise in Urban Area (from GM3096-82= applieable areas day- night- division of applieable are time time special residential 46 36 1 areas that require special areas quietness residentiLl and 60 40 pureiy residential areas cUltural areas 1 of curatural and education !I institutions and goverment organs Class I mixed areas 6 46 mixed arears of comrn business and living & quarters downtown and Class 62 Do0 mixed areas of industry, mixed areas ibusiness; living quarters I , iwith a little traffic industrial zones 66 66 definite indnstrial zones in the city or region both sides of major 70 = s areas on both Bides of traffic lines I streets with 100 vehicles I per hour traffic flow s The unit of noise is di W, as also used in the following. - 12 - (4) Coaprehasive Standard Concerning tute Walter Diiacharge According to GB8975-88 Table-I.3.3.4 Standard of Overall Waste Vater Discharge (from G08978-88) pollutants classI clams II classIl monitoring newly present newly present methods ealarge enlarge PU value 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 glass electrodes Bs 70 100 200 250 400 paper filter;as bestoc crucible COD cr 100 150 160 200 500 heary chrome ia acid salt BOD 5 30 60 60 S0 300 diLution and inoculatioa volatile 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.0 2.0 poBt- distilation phenol bromide solution petroleum 10 15 10 20 30 veighting;non- disperse infray- ed ocanning Except PH walue, the unit for the others is mg/L. - 13 - Special preserved water areas: refer to GB3838-88 class I and class 11 water areas where new sewage outlets are prohibited. Key protected water areas: refer to GB383B-88 class III water areas where the sewage discharge carry out I- grade standard. CommOD protected water areas: refer to GB3838-58 classIY and class V water areas where the sewage discharge carry out I1-grade standard. Waste water whiih is discharged into the underground pipes of the cities and towas and is drained into 11- grade sewage processing factories for biological processing carry out Il}-grade standard. 63Quality of Waste Water Discharged into City Sewage Networks According to CJI8-BB 14 Table-1.8.3.6 Quality of Waste later Discharged into the City Sewage Networks (from CJlB-86) pollutants m u imum density unit monitoring methods notes PR value 6-I glass electrodes 89 400 mg/L paper flites COD er 150 (600) mg/L heary chrome in -suited to under acid salt grouand pipes of 1the cities with sewage process- ing palts ROD 6 100 (300) mg/L dilution and volatile 1 mg/L post-distilation phenol bromide solution mineral 20 mg/L weighting method *1 oils - 16 - 16) Noise Standard Around the Transformer Substations, According to GBl2348-BO Table-i. 3. 3.6 Noise Standard on the Borders of Transformer Substations (frm G312348-90) [Clas daytime nighttime divisions of applicable areas I [655 45 areas mainly of residence and cul- tural and edceationtl areat I II 60 B0 mixed areas of residence,commerce | and induistry; downtown areas I 1}15 55 industrial areas IV 70 66 areas on both sides of trunk lines of trnsportation (7) Noise Limit at the Construction Sitest According to GBh2523-90 - 16 - Table-l 3.3 7 Noise Limit at the Construct-ion Sites (from GBl26SS-D0) different stage i major sources of noise I daytime |nighttime of construction I _ _j -4~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ cubic meters of bulldozers,dredges, ' 76 66 earth and stone loaders I piling all kinds of pile 86 forbidden drivers B structure coment churters, vibra- 70 66 tors,power saws fitting up derricks,elerators 66 j 65 (8) Permissible noise along the sides of CiTcuit corridors: USA standard for rainy days is 52 db; the former Soviet Union 56 db; Canada 60 db. For this project we adopt 60 dLW),, taking account of the prpesent economic level together with the above standaxds of the other countries. ISj Intensity limit of induced electric current: Team 36. 01 of the International Large Power Network Conference has compiled 'A Brief Account of the Electric Fields and Electromagnetism Generated by Power Tranamiesion System'. The statisties of the experiments show that , only when the electric eurrent passing through human body reaches - 17 - the level of mA geale will the biological and physiological effects be esetted. Therefore, the intensity limit of induced current adopted in this report is 0. 6 mk. (10) Intensity limit of eleetric field: la 1972 the former Soviet UTnion it ' Report on Undesired Ecological Effects of the Electric Fields on Human Being' put forward certain regulations conceraing human being working in the electrie fields aLd set the intensity limit of SKV/N for an undefined duration of staying, for example, in the trau,fo!me1 substatiofs. Sisce 1975 tke SoTiet Union has adopted the following limitations: . 10KV/i places for crossing the roads and often approached by t 16KV/l non-residential areas, but approached by possibly O2KV/i places inaccesible In Japan, the chief reaseo for limiting the electric fields is 'the effect of umbrella'. Therefore, in places accesible to the public, the intensity limit of the electric -ield is 3KV)'M. Since there are no intensity limit regulations in China at present, the present report adopts the intensity limit of 4Kv/;, which is usually adopted by the ordinary engineering project design. 2. A General Survey of the Project 2. 1 Type of Ptoject Aecording to the 'Environmental Evaluation---- Guide to the Loans by the World Bank' issued in July 1992 by the World Bank, and the opinions of the World Bank project - 18 - director and experts on environment. the working grade on the evaluation of this project's environmental effects is regarded as Grade B. Tkis project may have disadvantageous and serious effects On the environment. However, by adopting the prepsent precautional and curative measures (see 4.5), the possible N effects can be avoided or reduced; or the environeutal effects can be made more specifi and limited. Therefore, only a general and routine evaluation of the environmental effects is needed. 2.2 Urgency of This Project Ningbo is situated in the coastal area of southeast China, an area of rapid economic development. Ningbo is tn individually aecounted city in economic planning in China. The speed of development of this city has long been in the leadiag position of the eountry. It is expected that by 1994 its domestic GNP vill be dotbled. From the analysis in 1. 1 and 1. 2, it is clear that the shortage of electric transforming capacity is increasingly compicuous. Insufficent power generating and supply, weak network frameworks, serious unsteady supply conaitions,high power consumption, inferior quality of voltage, low utilization ratio of energy resources..., all these factors seriously check Niabo' economic development and the power supply for the residents. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to speed up the power network contribution to meet the need of Niabo's economic development and the power supply for the people. 9l _ * 2.3 Evaluation on the location of the project items Ningbo is situated in the eoastal area of moutheast China, to the mouth of the Hangshon Bay. and is an important pott city in Chint. It is situated between 120 62'---122 26' east longitude and 28 43'---30 27' north latitude. Ninbo faces the Hangzhou Bay in the north and the Eist China Sea in the east and borders Sameag Bay in the south, Tiantai Mountain Range on the west. The whole city is divided by Fonghua River, Yaojis6g RiTer and Yongjiang River into Zenghai Developing Zone, Beilun Developing Zone and the Old City Area.The whole cit) is 170 km wide from east to west and 192 km long from iou th to north. The present total areaL of the city proper is 1033km. In the remoulding of the city' s power networks. the locations of the major items of the project are showt in Tsble-l. 1. 1. 2.4 Scale aud operatioaal efficeucy For an estimation of the scale and the investment ot Ningbo city's power distribution network remoulding project, see Tible-2 4. 1. After the remoulding of Ninbo's power aetworks, an economical,rational, safe, reliable and flexible netmork structure will be realized. The power supply capacity will reach 716,000 kw, annual power supply quantity of 4. 14 billion kwh. The distribution reliability ratio is approximately >99.9%, and voltage qualified ratio of > 94%, line losing rate cut down 0.5%. - 20 - 2L6 The pla«ning arraangment of the ratification and ezecutton of the projeet The remoulding of the urban powvr networks is a complicated work.Before the execution of the project, the Electric Power Industry Bureau of Zhejiang Province plans to send personnel concerned abroad to study and investigate the management of power networks, the scale technology, the practical and advaiced features of the equipuent, so as to raise tke technical level of our urban network remoulding on a praetieal basis. The project of remoulding the eity's power networks will be carried out and finished in the 7 years between 1994---2000. RINGDO's power network remoulding inelude 16 items. In making plans and design for the project items, it is important to pay attention to the comprehensive efficency of the econemy, society and the environment. We should take over the land for use as least as possible and limit the number of houses to be pulled down if the prerequisite conditions of the designiag standard can be ensured, and avoid those areas with complex social functions. Because there are only four items of project ( 110KV substations) that are related to the demolishing the houses and re- settling the residents, it is relatively easier to take over .he land for ase and carry out the relarant policies. The other items are located in non-residential paddy fields or vegetable fields. - 21 - Following is the schedule for demolishing the houses and re-settling the residents: * 1993. 9--1993. 10 finish the work of Te-settling the 86 families of Zhonggan Subgtation, and demolishing the houses; * 1996. 2--1995.3 finish the work of re-settling the 60 families of ZhongiLin Substation, aend demolishing the old houses of 2100 m; 1996. 8--1996.9 finish the work of re-settling the 25 families of Beimeng Substation, and demolishing the old houses of 1500 m; t 1998. 9--1998 10 finish the work of re-settling the 30 faMili9s of Shuguneg Substation, and demolishing the old houses of 1B00 M; a Taking over the land for use concerning the other items of project will start 8 months ahead of the execution of the operation. -22- Table- 2.4 Thew Cr.nxtrioiioin Scale. and Inv&.ttw.nt Fatir4t ion uit Ningiw. Citvyfn Fiectric Powe-r Oistriiuut,',n Netweori Re.uildlnjp Priejeoot *1 -roiect litem iConstruct- investment 4iaf Itamtr atwi r,nI( land to * famoilie*q menomie u.Cial I I ~~~~~~inn acale A nntImlon dPwae latrer trawfr-#I qjdo n i Ihr ta~n i to he effect or ffreat III A I(l~~~~~~~~iiRi A [s t I vnl.ITiI batter le land iover Iha. I wnved entaerpr ine6ytLan I 220KV Wantang 2*15(1 MVA 2980 MI) 100 ruinning 36.11 scid Pradryl :t 0 ~80 i IIi.~n 2 Itr. xiihqtntmili, 2.1 KM I 4 t 1 1Iattery jrlpd fyuanf I billion -~~ ilangnan 1160 V I 1210 1 rinning meldI- 2: t20 rV Ii1 1 ator I qusid to I paddylFRlmilo 2 -~~~~ -- 11*10 KM I 4~~~~~~~~~~~~ rjnin I IamillioI 3220KV Jiangnan .-s v +lAzI T110 ~----~.56 bnur il i un bl II -xtage I jwater conncen t --ra,ted Iy -.- 4 2209'; kinie Si. RO 20 j( 10,0 runinal 311.1 by aoda paddy 0.4 0 so I mio enorleprn). I1 Ili 1 watfer i ildYuan lio 5 220KV NlnnAn 2*150 NVA I 3770 20 I11000 ruinning .31.5 paddy 2 an SilIlIIon 2 ir. utinltati.,n 1*201,1*0K M water fioeld Yuan billinn A l(IKY 7hongwi 2*31. HY 1200 0 Sri 1 innlnj 16.0 uirhan 0.4 0 25 million 900 aubeintlon 2*2 KM 1 4-i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ l. ~~Cd-Ni 4- .. -4anluo 7 In1KV Olnaihi 12*31.5 I4VA 1040n A 2(X) runIn 1.0 battery I-land_ of 0.1A 0 12S mIlifnn g00 ~tor.auub.tntinn I 2%,f KM Irwate ____ no fl.7nnt-* million A i0KV A.nngnaon 2A50 MVA 1400 552 0 5 ruinning 16.0 I quiid jrhban ~0.3S 50 125 soIllion 900 itr.evulitatl.un 1 2*12 KM w mter {tohem land Iiln aI 110KV RChqn,aa 2* 1.6 MVI120 A 200 ruinninge 15.0 lrand of 0 S millinn 300 10iiK 110KV lutun '2*1.5 NYAIi 1020 A 200 rutninIng I5. paddy 0.3 25 miIo I 9t 00 tr.nuahntatinn 2*7 K1M water livid ilo l1r. auhnAtatl.n 1 *4 KM *at¶jJ nl.7one*x 0.3 0milo 12 i1nKV 7hnumxhu. 2 *31.5 MA; 700 a 200 ruinnIngB 15.0 acod hatt u3rban 0.2 T 1S million 100 volt. ralaqlng 1*3 KM water Ar_____u_ tr.aui,ntation 2*2 MM I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~trII.iland ------: ilo 0 113 10K V Re Imeng 2ALS. MVA InOo 219 A 0 sn ruinning 16. by aorda ,arhan 0.2 0 2 iln 0 I, ,n0Kv Rannane 2*31.5 MVAT R0O a 0 runaning 11.0 Cd-Ni uirban 0.A 0 25 Si Iloin 300 tr.notbatatinn 2*4 KM {w0 atekr hattnry land million Is IIK AIalln 2*1S19 4VA 100 0 50T ruinnIng MO. to eject uirhan 0.4 0 25 val IIinn 900 I r. uhn taot Inn 1*3.7 KM water land in KV nlIntt, hb- I11310 i71 -it(,,,n& con trol i II-I T Ninhe ,urha1 6 220KV atjo. II490 Is (IT power networ:k AOOIVA. 17IK III110 134 5400 2368.9 14.A s0 million hillion Al1. Ireuaoidilng 10 110KV tta.1 r23031 jyuan Yuan p rnrot~ 70AINV4AS9.7Ki ____ alimit 14IA 1 houINAnd yuann/d,ullare. A,* Refer to the Sconnuelc 1hevoloping 7onne. -23- . A survey of the environment a. I natural environment 3. 1.1 terrain, landform, geology and earthquake (1) The city of Ninbo lies wkere the Tiantai mountain Range and its branchrange Siming mountain stretch northeastward into the sea. The nouthwast of the city is higher and the northeast Iouer. Within its boundaries, mountains over 600 metres high occupy 6. 3% of the ares, hills over 60 metres hegh 40.8% and plaias lower than 60 metres 52.9% (2) Tie city is at the northeast end of the Fujian- Zhejiang rise belt, which belongs to the ist-grade rise of east China and the coastal rift belt of east Zhejiang. The best of this area is Mill Mouatain rock groups of the JtUrassic system, covered directly by the layer of the Quaternary, Which is 50- 110 imetres thick. The bedrock exposed in the area consists of voleanic rocks, and the soil of the area is mainly shallow marine deposit. The loose bed of the plains i6 mainly marine deposit and alluvial marine depos it. (3) The earthquake intensity of the city within the coming 100 Tears is six degrees.. 3.1.2 hydrology (U) The city lies in an urea controlled mainly by typhoon with an annual total precipitation of 10042 million eubic metres on its land andan annual evaporation of 4926 million cubic metres. The annual average depth of run- off varies between 450-1000 millimetres. The aanual average evaporation from the water surfee varies between 920-940 millimetres and - 24 - that from land between 650-800 millimetres. M2) The plain area haF a teieck etwork of rivers, most of whieh are tributaries of the Yang River. Weir and floodgates are built aeross them before they run into the river, so that fresh water can be stored. The Yong liver, which consists of the Tio liver and the Feughta River with their trunk streams, is the largest river within the boundaries of the city, with a length of 105 kilometres and a draimage area of 5644 square kilometroe, which is 59% o! the area of the whole city. The vater-collecting area is 4254 square kilometre. (3) The city has two large reservoirs, seven mediuim- sized reservoirs and more than 100 small reservoirs, with a normal storage capacity of 41>million cubic metres (4) The underground water can be roughly divided into taree distributions: the crevice water of the bedrock area, with an available resources of 180 million tons each Year: the Quaternary void water of the gullies and valleys, with available resources of 210 millions tons each Year; the deep Quaternary pressed void water of the plains, with available resources of 16 million tons eackyear.Teh void water of the gullies and valleys is very rich and is suppleminted by surfau water. As it is easy to exploit, it cat be used as a good source of water sup;ly. (5) The coastalfides are controlled mainly by fidal waves trom the north. The average height of tides is 3. 03 metres. the greatest height being 4.86 metres. The average tidal range is 1.67 metres and the greatest tidal range 3.62 metres. -26- 3.1.3 Climate (1) Tie city belongs to the moist monsoon climate of subtropical zone. It is warm and moist, with distincet change. of seasons and with plenty of saunhine and rain. In winter,it is ceanttolled by moangolian high pressure, sothat winter days are mectly clear, eold and dry. At the end of spning and the beginning of summer, cold air and warm air alternate, so that there are are more rainy days. In July and August, the whole area is controlled by the subtropical high pressure of the Pacific Ocean and the climate is clear and hot and witt less rain, During this period there are often tropical storms and typhoons, which cause disastrous weather such as rainstorms. (2) The annual average temperature of the city is 16.1-16. 5C.The heghest temperattre is 27.6-28.21Ct which is in July and the lowest temperature i 3. 9-4. 9C, which is in January. (3V The annual average precipitation is 1534. 6 millimetres. The miuntain area receives more rain and some parts receive as much as 1800 millimetres. The coastal plains receive less precipitation, which is 1300- 1600 millimetres. (4) The annual average wind velocity is 2.9-5. 5 mitres per second. wiater in this area maialy sees northwest winads and sumer southeast winds. (5) The annual average sunshine time is 1900-2100 hons. The antual average frost-free period is 216-235 days. The annual average atmeopheric pressure is 1016.3 millibar and the relative humidity 80%. - 26 - 3. 1.4 soil The soil of the plain areas is mainly paddy soil and the soil & the hilly areas is toesB. Clear water soil is mainly found on riversids and saline-alkali soil on coastal regions. 3.1.5 forest (1) The forests of the city belong to the elergreen broadleaf forests of the subtropical zone. The vegetation of the city consixts of five vegetation type groups- conifer forests,broadleaf forests, bamboc forests, shrubs and growths of grass; thirteen vegetation types and therty-eight gzoups.There are 1859 species of plants in the forests, and the orincipal higher plants fail into 216 fUmilies, f0O geners and 1360 Bsecies or more. M2) Gimkgo and seven other species are listed among speeies under 2nd-grade profection by the state and Zhejiang nacuiu and foa.r other species are under 3rd-grade protection. W!. The city has 4. 888 million mu for forestry and aforest area of 4.3631 million m-. with a total wood store of over 5.8 million cubie metres. The covering rate of forest reaches 33.3 %. The Characteristics of the forest resources of the city are: more pine forests and more Young growth; less per-mu wood stote and less mature forests. 3.2 Asurvey of social environment 3.2.1 administrative division and papulation The city of Niabo is one of the important port cities of our country and also one of the important industrial cities Of Zhejiakg Province antd famous historic and cultural city. - 27 - The city proper of Niabo is divided into five districts: the leishi District, tne Jiangdoug District, the Jiangbei Distict, the Beilun District and the Zhenghai District, with three cities and three counties under its jurisdietion. The city proper has an area of 1033 square kilometres and a population of 1.0945 million (1991, the density of population being 1059 people per square kilometre. 3.2.2 Socialeconomy (1) Ninbo is an important industrial city and a port city of Zhejiaag Province. It has a complete variety of industries, the chief industries being light industry. textile industry, engineering industry, petro- chemical industry and power industry. It has large-scale petro-chemical base6 and power plantt, suchas the Zhenghai Petro- chemical Plant. the Zhenghesi Power Plant and the Beilun Power Plant, Its engineering industry and textile izdustry Oceupy a decisive position notonly in ths province but also it the whole country. Its food industry and handicraft are also very developed. The city has three ports: the Ninbo Port, the 3eilun Port and the Zhenghai Port; and the Beilun Port possesses the largest ore transfer wharfs in our country. The city has more than ten kilometres' deepwater coastline and sixteen large or medium-sized ports. Its industrial output value in 1991 totalled 12945 million yuan. (2) The economic crops of the city include cottoo, rapeseed,euaquat, tea, arbutu6, orange and soon. The Zhenghai District and the Beilun District are Omong the important eotton-growing areas of Zhejiang Province. - 28 - (3) In 1991 The city proper had a labour force of 765. 6 thousand. Its iDteral output value totalled 6166 million yuan, and the per capita output value 6648 yuaa. The propertioa among the three types of industry was 8.1 : 62.6 29.g3. The social output valne totalled 16475 million yuan and the per capita national income was 4675 yuan. The total output value of industry and agriculture was 13691 million yuan,tiat of industry being 12945 million yuan and that of agriculture being 746 million yuan. 3.2.3 Vocations and public hygiene (1) In 1991 tho city hid in all 33 institntions engaged in scientific research and fechoological development, with 36. 8 thousand scientific research workers and technicai personnel. Q) The city has 181l medical institutions, with 12 thousand hospital beds and 17 thousand medical workers. 3. 2.4 Co munications and transportation The city of Ninbo has always been a hub of eommunications in east Zhejiang, It h'as established a comunication and transportation tet work coposed of rivers, railways, sirli-es and highways, with the ports as the centre. (i) marine transportation: The Ninbo Port is made up of the former Ninbo Port, the Zhsnghai Port and the Beilun Port. Its handling capacity reached 44.31 million tonin 1990. i2! Laland water transportaton: Ninbo is situated in a region of rivers m the south of the lower reacher of tie Changjiang liver1 Withir its boundaries there are many - 29 - rivers and streams, which are connected with one another, thus forming a thick water net work. The Niugbo-Shaosiag Plain lieu around it. Tle water transportation has been Plourishing since ancient times. (3) Railways: Niubo iB the terminus of the Iitoshan-Ninbo Railway, which is connected with the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Railway and the Shanghai-ltangzhou Railway, this joining itself to the raaiiway net work or the country. (4) Oviation: The 2nd-rate Lishe I:ternational Airport of Ningbo was completed in 1989 and is now open to navigation with the large and mediumr-sized citres of the country and With Ifongkong. 15) Highways: Ninbo began to build highways in 1927 and has 3600 kilometfes & highway in use now. 3.2.6 Archaeological value and Historic resowrees (1) Ninbo is among the famous histenic and eultural cities of the second batch announced by the State Couneil. It is famous in the world for its wonderful cultural views and magnificent landscape. Within its boundaries there are 213 cultural and historical relies under protecton, five of which are mayor ones of the country (two of them are in the city proper.) (2) Tianyi Pavilion, which is in the city proper and which is the oldest building for keeping books in the vountry, and Baoguo Temple, whose wood structure typical of the Sorg *dyeesty id tarely seen in south China, are the country's two major eultural and historical relies under protection. The site of the former Federation of Trade Unions, which is in the Yanwu Lane, Zhugui's Temple &ad the Baiyun Manor- house - 30 - are three cultaral and historical relics under protectio ort the provincial level. (a) The city has many places of histonic interest and seenie beauty, among which are Tiantong Temple, Ayuwang Temple and Zkaobso Hill, which stands on the coastline of Zhengbai. (4) None of the above-mentioned relics and sites lie6 within the eonstruction-site of this project. 3.2.6.; Water environment (i) IL 1991, the city paper discharged 71 million ton of industrial waste water, 42 million ton of which reached the standard. waste water from daily life totalled 41 million ton. L2)The section of the Yong River in the city proper i6 the most important water area which receives waste water. I3)The chemical consumption of Oxygen, volatile phenol and petroleum products are the chief pollution sources The section of the Fenghua River in the city proper, which belongs to the Yong River system, receives the greteit amount of waste water; next to it are the mainstreams of the Yong River and the section of the Yao liver outaide the Yao River Sluice Gate. . (I)The diri}king water of the city proper has three sources. The first is the river system in the east of Tingnian County With Dongqian Lake as its main component, which runs theough the Qiantang stream and Zhongtang stream until it empties into the Niw River in the Jiangton District sad is used as the source of the Jiangdong Waterworks. The second is the rever system in the west of Yingxian eounty - 31 - with Jisoko Reservoir as its main component, which runs through the Ying River, Hengshang, Lishe and the Nantang stream into the Nanjiso River in the Baishu District and is used as the source of the Nanjiao Waterworks. The thirol is the lower reaches of the Yao River, which is the source of the meilin Waterworks in the Jiangbei District. The three waterworks form a net work and distribute water systematically. The rate of water distribution reaches 97%. '6)Copper and zinc in the system of the Yong River slightly exceed the standards, but other heavy metals donot exceed the standards ialso true of the Feng hua River and the Yao River).leavy metals in the Huxi River ( with the exception of cadmium)and Doagqian Lake (with the exception of mercury) exceed the standardstoo. 3. 2. 6. 2 the Atmospheric Environment (1) The waste gas shed by the city proper in a year total; 43913 million cubic metres, 74. 8 thousand ton of which is sulphur dioxide and 14 thou6und ton of which is smoke. The amouat of waste gas disposed is 35227 million cubic metres. (2) The chief ingredients of waste gas which cause pollation are sulp9hur dioLide and smoke. Power plants and factories which either produce steam or provide hot water are chief industries which cause pollution in the city of Ningbo. (31 The pollution of the atmosphere over the city proper is the worst in winter and the slightest in summer. The Jiangdorg District his more fallen dutt, while the Raishu - 32 - District has more sitrogen oxide. (4) In 1990, tke daily avetage density of sulphur dioxide in the city proper wua 0. 040 milligram per cubic metre, that of ci;trogen oxide 0.026 milligram and that of suspended partieles 0.161 milligrm. Fallen dust reaches 7,89 ton each square kilometre every month, whieh exceeded the stawudard by 44. 3%. (G)The yearly and monthly average rate of sulphuricacid Balinization is 0.483 Bo3I190 iquare centimetres. The PR average of the precipitation in 1990 ranged from 5.05 to 5.26. Tie rate of acidic rainfalls reached 48.0%. (6)The equivolent salt density rate in the city proper from 1988 to 1991 was 0. 126--0. 280, the average of the four years being 0.227. 3. 2. 6. 3 Solid waste materials in 1991 the city proper produced 1.1387 million ton of industrial waste materials, 1.1163 million ton of which cume into comprehensive utilization and 7. 4 thousand ton was digeharged. 3.2.6.4 noise over the city proper (i)Noise over most of the functioning areas of the city proper exceeds the standard. In 1990. the average of tie equivelest scale of noise over the residential areas and cultural and educatiooal areas of the city proper exceeded the standard by 8. 6 decibels. That over the first-grade mixed areas exceeded the standard by 6. 1 decibels. That over the 2nd-grade mixed areas exceeded the stzadard by 3.0 decibels. - 33 - That over the industrial areas did not exceed the standard !63.7 decibels). That over the two sides of traffic minliiis exceeded the standard by 8.3 decibel. (2)The average of the equivelent noise along the traffic lines iWM990 was 75.8 decibels. The length of the traffic mainlines along which the noise exceeded 70 decibels accounted for 92 49% of the whole length of the highways. (3)Tke average of the equivolent catle of noise over tie city proper during the day iB 612.0 decibels. The equivolent scale of noise over the city proper varies from 56 to 65 decibels. The area and population txpused to noise within the scope account for half of tie total area and population tested. The population exposed to noise exceeding 70 decibels dufing the elsy comes to 39.1 thousard. - 34 - 4. *Foresaeeable Influoece on Environment and Prsvmntlve ms.mures 4. 1. Influene. Upon natural mnvironent 4.1.1. ConsideratioaB in chooming projtet sites (1) The transformer subututions under consideration such ts Wantang Luotuo, Changahac and Qingshi are all located on the planes formed by the gilt brought down the Qiantang river and beach sands. The land lhey will stand ont is the usual farmland along the coastline rangiag from one to gil km awey from the se5. Some of the substations are built in the heavy industrial districts in Beilun an Zkenghai, others in finished areas or downtown area. The Shuguang Substation in the finished area is close to the chemically polluted area. The power lines will be mostly northeastward to sorthwestward, but some will go from northeast to east. Zhenghat and the Beilun Power Plant are the heart from which to titanmit electricity to the downtown area in the southwest and the heavry chemical industrial areas in the east. Along the nay the terrain is quite "'at, mostly rtice field6 atd there are mDany small and narrow rivers or 2 to 10 meters in width. Some of the lines have to go across the railroads, the Yougiiang siver Lad the Fenghua river.The power liner will be arranged along the existing rod16 Or roads under planning ia the finished areas6, but ii downtown areas. cables will be used as the transmissiot lines,whick will gradually evolve into a eabi. network- (2) Upon analyses of the power faults in hiugbo over the years. the yearly typhoon has posed the greEtest threst to the safety of the power lines. Accordingly, in designing - 35 - power lines of all voltages, it is necessary to regulate the safety co-offieient or power towers ar poles by uging high- intensity condueting wire aad redteing long-distance spanB. Is terms of the terrain, drainage it Ningbo is easy and smooth and will not present any probiem of water accumulation in most subEtatious. Geology theTe will not influence the establishment of the substations or the layout of power lines. And it is possible to meet the antiearthquake requirement of up to 6 sceles in intenBity. (a) There is an easy access to transport in the chosen areas and there are no factories that pollute the atmosphere. The outPut lines will be cable wire and the transformation of the power network is included in the general construction planning of urban areas of the city, and will not present any problem to the development, utilization and opening up of the locality. W In line with the urban constTuctcon of Ningbo. priority will be given to natural ltndsctpe and affores- tatior. The overall pattern and color of structUTeE should look harmonious with the surrouaditgB. No great harmfu! influence will be produced on the surrounding landscape. 4. 1. 2. later body ll The dust discharged in the course of construction (from vehicles and soil being turned over), solidg that float in tke sir i coming from the torrential rains and runoffs) and refuse in life (from human beings). ali may exert influences upon surface water. (2) ?he quality of waste and polluted water resulting - as - roam this project must conform to the current stiandrd set by t; Commrehensive Standards for Discharging Polluted Watsr B GB8978-88) ta) Water diacharge and treatment in transformer subs- tatiot Varieties of waste and polluted water: domestic sewage, polluted water resulting from accidents and waste acid watet. A. Domestic sewage: the major sources of domestic sewage are excrement and urine and masking water, and the pollution factors include ED, SS, nitrogen and phbsphorus. The BODs and SS contained in domestic sewage resulitng firom this project is to be evaluated ia accordance with the recoamendatlon value prescribed in Book 9 (( Urban Water Discharge!~ in the geries 1A 9handbook for Designing water Swt;ly and Discharge' Suppose the substatiot is usiffed witb forty persons, the daily consumption of wate: per head is 130 litres and that the daily dischirge volume of domestic sewage is 6.2 tons. Generally speaking, BODs in the domestic sewage is 20-3bg Ahead/day. SS 20-35glhead.day. Refer to Diagram 4. 1 . 1. for BODs coatente and SS contents in domestie sewage: Diagram 4. 1 2. 1 BODs in domeetic sewage and SS evaluation results ltem Unit BOD . SS Discharge volume Gram/day 800-1400 1400-2000 Discharge Density mg/lit. 153. 6-269. 2 269. 2-384. 5 - 37 - As the mount of oxygen consumed constitutes the major pollution faetor that affects the water quality io the surrounding areas of the substation and at present the quality of the water in the area is between baBically clear and intermediately contaminated. there is no environmental capacity to absorb the domestic sewage discharged by the substation. Therefore, the domestic sewage should not be discharged until after its treatment meets the required standards. After the septic tank treatment, the BODs in the discharge is expected to be 180 mgtlit, SS 60 mgi lit, totzl nitrogen i5 mg/lit and I;os;horus 13 mg/lit. In light of v Comprthensive Satandards for Discharge of polluted VaLerI this area should implement the Grade II standards, that is. the maximum possible density oF BRO is 60 mg!lit, S 200 mg/lit, nitrogen 25 mg/lit and total phosuhorus 1.0 mg/lit. BODS in the domestic sewage will be twiee more tkan what is normal and the overall phosphorus will be 12 times more than That ic standard. Tf the domestic sewage ic treated by small sewage disposal device, RODs is expected to be C 30 mg/lit and SS D50 mg/lit, while other criteria will also confors to the standards prescribed in %'Comprehensive Standards for Discharge of Sewage~ . So it is advisable to use the WSZ- type I sewage disposal facilities to treat domestic sewage. B. Oily water. In normal situation, only a tiny bit of oily water will occur when the transformer is under repair ar an accident takes place. The transformer is to be repaired every three years. When in repair, the transformer will be emptied of its oil into an oil tank, meot of which can be - 38 - used again after treatment, only a tiny bit will overflow. Normally! no seepage or oily water takes place in the transformer. When something unexpected happess, fault seepage aid oily water result. There are 41.1 tons of oil in a singlc transformer and underneatb the transformer there in an oil tank In case of fault, to store leakage and oily water. The oil tank for fault is of advection oil-isolation type and its oil-removing efficiency is about 60%. The extracted oil kas a iigh density and therefore is not to be discharged without treatment by small high-efficiency disposal devices. C. Acid water: The acid water is the little bit of waste acid water that is exuded wben sulphuric acid is added to the storage battery. Usually sulphuric acid is added to the storage battery once a year and so there is only a little bit of exuded acid water. Put in some neuttalizer to reduce its P1 value betweec 6.5 and 8.5. (4) Analysis of the influence of water A. Domestic sewage; By using YSZ-Type I waste water treating devices, the diseharge of domestic sewage cSa tally with w'Comprehensive Standards for the Discharge of Waste Water'$ Furthermore, there is very little discharge, hence no great influence upon the enviroment of the surface water around the substation. B. Oily water: After treatment by the oil-isolation oil tank phenol in oily water is up to the stasdard. The oily water is further treated by small high-efficiency eil- treating device whose working efficiency is 98%, the density of petroleum in oily water is 2.56mg/Lit, which is in - 39 - keeping with Grade II standards of GB8978-88, and is fit for discharge. C. Acid wmter: A neutralizing tank must be ready near the repair workshop of the storage battery. Uhen there is enough acid waste water stored in the tank, alkali is put into the tank to neutralize it, regulating its PR value between 6.5 and 8. 6. After much treatment, acid water can be discharged. FTrom te above, we see that, in the course Gf the construction of the project, in time of its operation or in a faulty state, waste water of various kinds receives proper treatment, can be diicharged in keeping with the prescribed gtandards, and will not ezert any great influence upon the surrounding water eonvironment. 4. 1. 3. Noises (t) Noises that occur in this project mainly refer to those resulting from the construction site and vehicles and in the course of the operation of the substation. (2) Noises occur as a result of the corona brought about by ionization in the air on the Furface of the transmission lines, and especially in bad weather. i3j The major source of noises in the substation is the transformer. For high voltage devices, the noises in a S00kW subbtation are relatively less great and produce no great influence on the environment. In 1989. when thip institute made a survey of the influences on the environment of the Dongjiao Substation in Hangzhou, we made comparisons between the noise level of its major transformer and that of the - 40 - I 220kv Guodang substation in Bangzhou that usea the same type of equipment and of the lame ize. Results show that when the mair transfo.mer is working properly, its noise level is around 82. BBA). This figtre is basically equivalent to the noise level of the major transformer manufaetured at home. The teChAical requirement laid down in the contract with the transformer manufacturer, gpecified that the noise level of the maJor transformer should not exceed 7bdB( A) two metres away from it. Consequently, tie noise level of the major transformer in tkis project is evaluated at 83dIl(A), which is a rather congervative one. According to the tests and ctlelations done by domestic and foreign experts to attenuation rules betweet noise and distance, tiere is a great etrror between the attenuation formula of noises and practical results of tests. So, the Northwest Power Engineering Design Institute made tests on the imported 600KV major transformer and the home-made 3OKV transformer and the Roises bY the electric reactor, and arrived at the following regression formula: When Ri=1M, R2=1-5M: Ah=- a-6. I Ig (12/Ri) When R1=1. 2>5 : AL7. -16.I5 Ig (R2/R1I In the formula, a L is the volume of noise attenuation, dB (A)W. Pre-requisite of noise testing: Only the attenuation of noises in relation to distance is taken into consideration regardless of the insulation in the soundless buildings and the absorption of green plant6. Methods of testing: on the general .lan. figure of the substation. with the transformer as its centre, draw a right angle coorditate axis, adding dots by latticing it with lox 10 meters of intervals. The knots of the net are sound spots for calculation. Computerize noises according to this mode and add up the background noises of the environment when doing tae calculation. 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As this area lies between two transport trunk comunication lines, according to the standards of 70dB U daytime on both sides of the road set by GB3095-a2 standards, tha noise magniude during the operation of the substation is in keeping with the natioesl standards. When there is less traffic during daytime, sad the background noise is 60dB(A), the expected noise attenates to HOWB(A) at a distance of 80m the area under its influence is about 19,600 sq.m., which is 92.77% of the total. This area is roughly within the confines of the substLtioa. And there is little influence in places 80m away from the noise source. In faet, in testing estimated noises, only tie attinuation of the distance is taken into account, while tie production baildings and auxiliary equipment and the fence around the substation also have a greut attenaation value. Therefore) our prediction is still rather conservative. In the light of the tests done to the noises outside the fence of Gudang Substation, the noise magnitude towards the farmfields tends to be very low, ranging between 45 to -48- bOdBiA). In actual testing, the human ear did not perceive noises ptoducod by the equipment of the substation. Because of the different locations of substations, the background noise magnitude also differs. But we feel sure that the area outside the fence of a substation receives very slight impact from noises generated by the working sets of the substation. 4.1.4 [nfluence analyses of the electromagnetic pollution by transmission lines (1) Compared with the ordinary electric appliances, the 220KV transmission lines have two characteristics: 1. Bigh voltage. The operating voltage of the transmission line ic taree orders of magnitude greateT than the average electric appliances; 2. Low frequency. bo4z working frequeucy is eitremely low frequenty and is 5 to 10 orders of magnitude lower than rside broadcast, television and micro-wave co=tuic:tions. Tie electromagnetic effect plays its part through the electTic field, magnetic field and cocona. A. Properties of the electric field in transmissiou lines: The current in tke living wire produces an electric field in the surrounding air. The electric field produced in tie alteratting current transmission lines is alternating field, but because of its very low frequency. it can be seen only as electrostatic field. Such a field shares the comon charaeteristieR of an electrostatic field: 1. its electric field intensity is in right preportion with the voltage of the tranemission line. For surface intensity l1 metre above the ground, the sae below) of the transmission lites with - 44 . different voltageg, refer to Diagram 4.1.4.1. Diagram 4.1.4.1 Surface Field Intensity of the Trans- mission Lines with Different Voltages Voltace Grades MKY) t 220 330 1 600 IDOO I I Maximum lateccity (RV/) t 3 I6-8 ! 7-10 9-16 I I , I Generally speaking, the maximum land surface field intensity of ultra-high voltage lines is 5-L0 KVm. In nature, when the weather is fine, the field intensity in the Atmosphere is only 130 KVI. (La bad weather, such as storm the land surface intensity will sometimes reach 10 KV/m.) For typical field intensity in daily life,refer to Diagram 4. 1. 4. 2. Diagrm 4. 4.14.2 Typical Field Intensity in Daily Life a ! a ! position oven l.radio vestibule electric blLaket Field Intensity : 130 go 100001 : ,5 . , I, i ! I I * Refers to the estimated figure close to the blanket. The field intensity in normal living 6ituation is below 100 RK/mn. Only when eleetric appliances are in oDeration, will strong intensity occur. So the field intensity of the transmission line is much stronger than that in nature or 45 - Living environment. 2. Electric conductive objects, such as buildings Lid tress, bring about distortioa to the electric field, prodacing a certain protecting effect. As eaeh return circuit of the alternating trantsmission line is mLde up of three-phase wires, the ranges of the three-phase voltage are ideatical and their phase differenee is 120 degrees, so the land surface intensity of th' transmission lines and its distribution are subject to the layoit of the wires. When a plan is used, the intensity and its scope of influence are rather weak. Then a regular triangle is used, they are less troang that the former. When an inverted triangle is used. they are the leato Strong. As an arch is produced because of the weight of the wire, the middle of the wire between pillars is closest to the ground. so tie maximum field intensity in each interval of the wire is distributed in a Tery limited area close to the center of the supporting pillar;. The field inteasity can be redueed by raising the height of the trTansmisgion lines. But only when they are raised 10-15 metres will marked effect be produced. When the height is over 15 mettes, it produees less and less effect. For field intensity of the 600 KV electric transmission line at different heights, refer to Diagram 4. 1.4. 3. Diagram 4.1.4.3 Land Surface Field Intensity of 600KV Electric Transmission Lines at- Different Heights i I i, ; I ; Wire height [m) 10 It i 12 I 18 14 15 17 *12 I 21 23 Inten y , 14 . . ! . 0 I LIntensity (IV'cl ' 11.45 9.341 8.71 ! .706i 8.se j .715.05 4.21 :9 6.0 13.12' _~~~~~~~ _ B. Magnetic field properties of traunmission lines: when cutrent flows thtough the transmission line, the magnetic field is produced. Unlike the eleetric filed, magnetic field his its own characteristics. l. The intensity of the magnetic field has something to do with the strength of the electric current, rtther thin its voltage. 2. The 5ORz working frequency magnetic field can penetrate most object., such as buildings and humans, and is free from interference from them. The three-phase current of the alternating transmission lines has the same intensity and their potential aifference is 120 degrees. It is believed that the magnetic fields produced by the three-phase curreat is zero after offset in pleces far away from the wirer. The magnetic field very elone to the trantsmission lines is likewise very weak. In our daily life, the magnetic field near the color TV set or elcetric cooker is about 0.6-1.0 n?. By comparison, the maximum grouand magnetic field intensity of 500KV tTRaESMission line is only 0. 035 mT, or I to 2 orders of magnitude weaker. Therefore, for 22O1K or below transmission lines, their magnetic field is rather weak. C. The corona property of the tranamission lines: Iken the electric field intengity on the surface of the transmission lines is greater than the penetrating intensity of the air, corona discharge occurs on the surface of the living wires. In such a situation, the electric field intensity on the surface of the wire will reach 30KV/cu or above. Usually, otly the surface of the living wire can attain such strong electric field and it is safe to say the - 47 - corona discharge is a phenomeaon pecaliar to the ttansmission li os. Corona discharge of the traismission line is caused by the line itself. For example, the higher the voltage, the stronger the discharge. The larger the radius of the transmigsion lines, the weaker the discharge. The smoother the surface of the wire, tke weaker the discharge. FLurthermore, it is influenced by enviroeamental faitors. For example, the more contaminated the air, the stronger the discharge. The less the relative density of the air, the stronger the discharge. The gteater the relative moisture in the air, the stronger the discharge. The stronger the wind, the stronger the discharge. The discharge is likewise strong wken it is taining or snowing. Therefote, corota discharge is always strong wIere tke quality of the atmospieric conditions are poor and the weather is bad. The most important effect brought about by such diB- charge on the transmission lineg is the noise over radios, because its frequency range reaches about 0.1 -10lZ, which ic the frequeney of some of the radio and broadcast fre- quency. The intensity of radio noise increases as the corona discharge intensifies. (21The eletromagnetic pollution of the ultra-high voltage tzansmission lines With the raise of the voltage magnitude of the trans- mission lines, the influence caused by the corona discharge is becoming more and more apparent. And we should give due attention to the problems that used to be neglected. For itstance, when the voltage magnitudes are uplifted, workerrs - 48 - will feol their hair quiver even more violently than before while working under the transmission limes. Under the same situation, corona discharge will intensify, causing more noise for the radio. People pay much attention to the potential impact on health by electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic pollution on the ultra-high transmission lines manifests itself in the following aspects: A. Interference and harm done to comunication lines: The ilIfuences of the transmission lines upon communication lines include electrostatic induction and electromagnetic induction. Because of the electrostatic coupling. the electric field of the tranusmission lines will produce induction voltage, is, eleetrortatic induction. Apart from Lbe faet that the induction voltage is in right proportion with the voltage of the transmission lines, it is also related to the eapacity of the statie eleetritity. Here, the capacity of static electricity largely depends on the distance between them. Then the transmissiou lines are close to the communication lines (then the error of distance between the three-phase tranomission line and the communication line is rather marked.) and the shifts of the three phases are not syimetrical, electrostatic induction occurs to the communication line because of the imbalance of the three- phase electrostatic capacity. If the electrical level of noises happens to be great and exceeds a certain limit, it will interfere with regular comunications. Likewise, the magnetic field of transmission lines will also produte induction voltage on the nearby communication 49 - lines. The induction voltage is in right proportion with the electric cutrent and the uearest length of the parallel wires. The magnetic influence of the living wire comes mainly from the harmonic waves of the transmission Lines. That is because the working frequency of the voice frequency circuit is between 300 and 3400Bz, while many harmonic waves happen to fall Into this range. So it i6 foTMUlated in the system that the equivalent interference electric pressure of harmonic waves must be below 1% of the rated magnitude of voltage to meet the zequirement. Through repeated testings and calculations, results show that within the range of 50 meters, the electric fieLd will exert a strong influence and is the main factor that interferes with eoamunications. By constrast, the magnetie field exerts little influence and hence negligible. With the increase of distance, the influence of the electrie field gradually decreases. Beyond 100 meters, the magnetic field will produce stronger impact, while the electrontstic influence is negligible. If a short circuit octurs frow the induction voltage an the comuunication lines, it may pose a great threat to the safety of workers and equipment. The degree of harm depends on tne intensity of the electric current and time of its action. The lotger the time of attion, the weaker the intensity of the current that it can bear. And vice wersa. In normal situation, if the nearest parallel section is not too long, no dr.ger will result. If there is an interruption of circuit or a short tirceit as a result of an fault on the transmission line, Or whet there is lightening, the electric - 50 ' voltage or current will, it a fracture of a second, rise scores of times, enough to constitute threat to persons and facilities. An effective method to prevent such danger is by using consumate protecting equipment is the system. People have paid esough attention to the influence on the comnication lines by the transmission lines. In 1961, the Ministry of later Resources and Electric Power, the Ministry o f lailroads, the Ministry of Posts tand Telecomunications and tke Signal Corps jointly issued a cireular, populurly known as the g Agreement by the Four Vinistries) The main articles include: the two-wire circuit of the voice reinforcement station for the bruit emf permissible magnitude induced by various interferences in the telephone lines it 4.6 mV; the two- wire circuit without voice reinforcement statiou is 1O0V; single- wire eircuit is SOmV. Otier national regulations concerning danger influence described in 'GB6830-86' include: When the tTansmission lines are working propetly, the longitudinal emf permissible magnitude of the electro- magnetic induction ot the comaunication lines is GOV; during fault, tie longitudinal electromotance and tie ground voltage permissible magnitude on the comnunication line is 5bDV for the highly reliable transmission line, while for the ordinary transmission line it is 430V. For the compotent wire with no long distance electric supply on the ctable oignal line, the longitudinal electromotance permissible magnitude is only 60* of the DC cable experimental voltage, or 85% of the AC experimental voltage. At the same time, under the induction of electromagnetis, - 1- the current permissible magnitude is ilmiA when humans touch the commuoicetion wire. lu the light of national standards specified in 0398BO-86, Agreement by the Four Ministries, SDGJ79-88 and other regulstions, and in reference to documents prepared by the International T&T Advisory Committee, the following admissible standards are enforced in the project: (a) Danger erfect: Communication lines: 660V for highly reliable electric lines 430V for ordinary electric lines Comunication cables: 60% of DC experiomental voltage 85S of AC experimental Toltage (b) Interference effect; Gross bruit electremotzace is 4.65V for the two- wire circuit in a station with voice reinforcement; Gross bruit eleetromotance is 10 mY for the two-wire circuit in a station without voice reinforcement. tc) The crossing angle of the transmission and cemunecation lines: The crossing angle should be no smaller than 45' in stage I communication lines. The crossing angle must be no smaller than SO' in stage 1I communication lines. No specified angle fo, stage III communication lines. Idi The minimum allowable distance betwoen the grounding devices of the nearest bane towers of the transmission licee to the underground communication cables: - 52 - id.1) It should be no smaller than 26 metres when the soil electrical resistivity is below fx10o Q -M (that is, when the earth electro- conductivity is above 0.2X10/IOal: (d.2) It should not be smaller that 50 meters when tie soil electric resistivity is above 5x loa Q -V Ithit is, when the earth electro- conductivity is below 0.2X lOs/m). Because the width is over 300 meters for the designed lines running parallel close to the communication lines, and the spanning angle must meet the reqirement of the design, the above allowable standards must not be broken. Therefore. the transmission lines in this project will not exert any detrimental eleetromagnetic effect on the commnaication linee. D. Interference effect on radio and television: With distance, the alternating magnetic field of the working frequesey produeed on the trtosmission lines will quickly attenrate, and its wavelength is much greater than television and microwaves. The alternating transmission lines are just like a bad transmission antenna with poor capacity and will not transmit the 50Hz low-frequency power. But the radio noises produced by the corona on the transmission lines ate equipped with high frequencies and can be transmitted far sad wide. li China, the frequency range of the medium wave AN broadcast is 0.6-1.6 MHz, that of TV broadcast is 48. 6 - 921Hz, and that of the radio noise produced in the transmission lines 0.1-1001H1z. So what is most afffected is - 63 - the medim waye radio broadcast and chaineis 2-fi on television. Research shows, the interfetence level on the radio is pretty high in low frequencies and gradually reduess with the raise of frequencies. Usually, the intersity of radio noise in the medium waves (0. 5-r-lM2 is approximately in reciprocal ratio with frequency first power and that above N11H is in right proportion with frequency square. Besides, the intensity of radio noise attenuate. quickly with the increase of distance. On-the-spot testing skows that 200 metres away from the tranamission lines, the interferecce field intensity is so weak as to be negligible. The radio noise intensity is much influenced by the weather condition. Bad weather, such as rain and sanw, produces greater influence on radio noise than clear weather does. So only in bad weather will radio noise affect the reception of radio and television broadeast where the receiving signals are weak and very close to the transmission Hines. To prevent the interference from radio by the transmission lines, in recent years, China has formualted a number of control criteria and regulations. At a meeting held in Wuhu in March 1975, sponsored by the former Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power, it was specified that the radio bruit level should not be greater than 60 dBUW in lldHz clear weather and 20 metres away from the shadow of the living wires. In designs, the major measure to reduce radio bruit level is to maintain a certain protective distance and enlarge the diameter of the wire. According to national standards and relerant documents, namely, the GB6364-86, l'7495-87, the INO 91 doeument jointly prepared by the State - 54 - Council and tie Military Comission of the Party Central Coiittee ia August 1977 and the document concerning obsersavation standards in eartkquake stations, the requirements of the trasmission lines for the navigation and orientatioa stations oan the airport are specified as fol lows Diagram 4.1.4.4 Required Specifications of Transmiuuion Lines For Airport Navigation and Orientation Stations *Voltage Grades Distance to Antenna Distance to Antenna Center of Navigation Center of Ultra-short Station iare Orientation Station 35--110 RV Attainable through 5 500 metres * & below calculation I t 11 l0KV h Above : 500 metres 700 metres - 55 - Diagram 4.1.4.5 Protective Distance in Moter Between Overhead Power Lines and the AN Broadcast Receiving Station Grades of voltage 36 I 63-1I0 220 -330 6500 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 I I Classes of \ Receiving Statioan 'Clam. [ i600 * 800 1000 1200 ' ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~I i I ' Clas6 II '.8300 b oo ' 700 900 Class III ;ioo 300 400 ; 500 l I ' I a Cliis I stations refer to receiving stations that relay the Central Broadcast Station in the provinces3 autonomous regions and municipal- ities directly under the jurisdiction of the central government. Class 11 stations refer to relay stations in the prefectures and cities under the jurisdiction of the provinces. Class III stations refer to relay stations in cities and counties. To ordinary radio sets, the receiving quality is considered satisfactory if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNRI of the AM broadcast is above 24 diB. But tie FM broadeast is not likely to be affected by the radio on the transmission lines because of its innate properties that resist human or natural interference. - 66 - 4.1.56 Aalysis of electrie field effect The power eguipment add the overhead lines form a working frequency alternating electric field in the substation. It is its working frequency alternating property that distinguishes the electric field in high-voltage distribution equipment from the electric field in nature. The working frequency alternating electric field is a kind of quasi-elecirostatic field. Some of its effects must be analysed in terms of the general conetpt of clocCtostLtic field. These fields are produced by electric charge.. As regardg the distributioa equipment, when the wire is living, the charges are distributed on the surface of the overhead lines. The electric field is an expression of the chLrgo effett at L certain distance. This effect must comply with Coulomb'gs law. When any conductor rectg in an electric field. the electric field will cause the charges on its surface to move. forming interior induction current. This is what is usually known as electrostatic induction or electrostatic effect. There are many ways to deter-ine the electric field and chatges. iLcluding thbe equivalent charge test, the finite difference method, the finite- element method, the Monte Carlo method and the modelling method. e prefer to use the equivalent charge test to calculate the potential gradient close to the ground of the sabstation. 1) The spatial distribution of the electreic field graldient According to the testing report prepared by the East- China Electric Power Designing Institute, concerning the - 67 - I electrostatic induction of 220RV substations in Easet China area, there are many faetors affecting the electrostatic induction lUvel. The major factors ire the distance to the conducting wiref the model of the equipment, its instal- lation height and its size, grounding objects nearby, their size and shipe, and the shape of supporters to the equipmint. In normal situation, the Installation height of the equip- ment and the grounding objects play a major role. With the exception of special locations (e.g. special terrain), the maximum value of spatial field iatensity is 5-6 KV or below when electrostatic induction in 220KV distribution equipment is 1.5 metres above the ground and in some places, it reaches 8 .6 KV/r or thereabouts. Tie vertical distribution of the electric field is rather uneven, with very low ground field intenaity. In the substation, the field intensity is rather hige around the distribution equipment. This is also the place workers often frequent and operate. That is because most of the electric apparatus are most coaeentrated and rather billy, such as their tops sad the mechanismic boxes of the low-oil circuit breakers. Coils in the current mutual inductors are placed close to the base of the apparatus. But the field intensity here is much affected by the model of the set, its pattern of arrangpent and its supporters. It is likely to undergo great changes, and so is the amplitude peLi of field intensity, usually betweer 5-8.5 KV. On the highway within the compounds of the distribution equipment, the malimum value of the spatial field iatensity is only about 3KV/u. Diagram 4. 1.5. 3. offers the testing curve of the - 68 - I eleetrostatic itduction in the 220KV liqiao subistatio in Shanghai. The substation is equipped with the medium-size arrangement. From Diagram 4.1.5.1, we cLn see that the switching apparatuB is 1. 6 metres from the ground. the maximum field strength is S. 5KV/m and the mimimum field strength is 0. AV/. In recent years, a lot of testings have been conducted by domestic and international organisations concerning the spatial field intensity inside the fence of many substations and the field strength data and their dpatial distribution are aS follows: The maLimum field intensity in different gauge position ia 0.3-13.1KV/r. 0 ( field strength ( 6KV/m accounts for 68.1% S 1 field strength ( 0KVY/m accounts for 37. 6 10 ( field intensity ( 15KVrm accounts for 4.3% 12) Determination of the induction current Considering the fact that the electrostatic induction may produce a certain effect on the human body, we use the charge modulation method to analyse the induction charges and current that he feels when a person enters a non- distorted electric field Kc. Place two spots q1 and qs on a vertical axis and the heights of the charges on the ground are h1 and ht (h9=.2h). The isopotential surface of V0o is suggested by Diagram 4.1.6.2. This isopoteatial surface is a rotating surfaee and can well represent the human body. The ring in the upper part represents the head, the lover ring the body. Supposing h10O.am, then Diagram 4.1.5.2 is an approximate outline of a l.7m-kigh percon. Charge q. and q, -g _9 Curve 1: apace field iitea.ity Curve 2: electric current in humma body The ground 1ntenEIty Is Incorrect and is therefore not inclided here because there Is grass oc t!ie field. 4 d ws ,._ _- ,_ .. ;J , . ,, .,.,, I- , ,~ Iaou Diagram 4.3. 5. The LeLitlg ufveia or electrostatic inductioa in the 220KV Xoqiao substation in Shanghai) * .,. z .-._______., . .<~~~~~~~~~~ can be determined through calculation: 12 2 i 4i2 x 4 IEohi Eo \1 1 When q, and q2 respectively represeat the eharge on the surface of the body and head, then from them e'll know the induction current: Unit field strength current of the body: i,1-*q ,=OPA/KV/m Unit field strength current in the head: i2*q2z 5>A/KVIM Unit field strength current through the foot: it= * (qLq)=16 i AIKV/m Maximum sLrface eleetric field measured from the top of head: E...=1Bo Current density of surface unit field strength produced by 5Oz: J 0. 44mA!KV!m (3) Analysis of influence oe field eavironment A. The physical phenomesa in electriel field: The equipment in the substation and the electric field around tio transmission linea produse ome offect on organisms and lifele6s objects. Energy is needed for the trTansformation of -CGi- I the effect and generally elctzeostatic energy can be converted into energy of other forms. Blt it most cLses, the coupling between the inductor and inductee is very weak, so the conversion of energy at its maximu is limited. For instance, when a persoa stadis itder the traasmision Lines, the distottionless field intensity under the lites is as high as 30Kv/m, he can receive the continual heat imput of below 2DOO , which is impereeptible compared with the metabolic output of )DOW in the human body. But if a person touchee a grounding object in the electric field with his insulation shoes on, he may hear a series of soutds and electric sparks and he ean even feel pain all ave. Under such circumstances,the converted energy is concentrated on the very narrow spark channels and electric discharge takes place on the human in a fracture of a. second. The human body is just like an electrical condenser. Tke peak power is strong enough for the air Lo ionize, producing sound waves Rnd irritating the nervous system of the bearer. The energy ;tored in the human body depends on the capacity between himself and tke earth and its scope of chsage is between 3-l4IJ. Because s0 little capacity is released in guch a short time period, the peak power eac be as high as scores of watts. here is an analogy. Iken a person is exposed to the sun for one second, he gets oa his face over 26J eaergy. If a large object is used to xbtain energy (e.g, aparked car under the transmission lineE), itis possible to have several mA current flowing through the disciarge circuit, producing an uacomfortahle cessation wUen he touckes the ear. But there is - e1 - also offect to restret the circuit impedance from the discharge current. In fact, low circuit impedance is related to the moist atmosphere and the damp ground, which are the eonditions for the leakage of stored charges. So a large truck parded on dry ground will get large smounts of charges and at Ihe same time the current impedaene to iestric the current is also great. On the contrary, the ground with low electric resistance moistens the tires but there is little energy stored. B. Analysis of the field intensity: As there is no unified standards to determine edectric field intensity in China, this evaluation uses the regulations goverting the time duration for operat6ion personnel in high field intsasity areas in light of safety principle, which was adopted by the former Soviet Union in designing substations. Refer to Diagram 4. 1. 5. 1. The alloawable time for operating personnel in high intensity areas Intensity of Time allowed in electric field electric field (KIY/) within 24 hours (wia? 6 no restriction a * , 10 180 15 90 20 10 25 5 - 62 - At the 1980 Itterzatloul Grand Electric Network Conference, Italiia experts taised the question of field influence upon organiss, putting forward the idea that IOKV/r is a safety level and that the mazimum permissible field intensity coult be specified at 15KV/m. It is stipulated in SDCJ-85 issued by the Ministry of Water Resources and Blectrit Power that it is improper fot the electrostatic induction of 00RV outstde distribution equipment to eLeeed lOIVIm, and in a limited umber of areas the figure can be 1IKV]m. When there are inhabitants neat the substation, at the fence other than the wires run and l 5 meters from the ground, tie spatial electrostatic intensity should not be greater thaa 5KV/r. Ateording to reports prepared by the East China 220KV substation electrostatic induction testing group, tie usual space field intensity of electrostatic induction, 1.6 meters high in the air, is 5-SKV/m or below and in a few areas, the figure is around 8. 5KV1. Consideriug the influence on the 6urrounding environment, we referred to the study by Lan Zengyu, Ye Jingiing and others entitled 'The Design and Operation of the Electric Apparatus in 500KV Substations'. WithiL the distance of 10 to 14 meters from the equipment, the average decrease of the field intensity is 1. 1KV!m with increase of distance in each metre. In view of the fact that the arrangement of the equipment is the substation is more than 10 meters apart and that there is a considerable distance between the living quarters of the inhabitants and the substation, the field intensity in that area is well below 5KV/m. - 63 - 4.2 Analysis on Environmental Effects by the Project Niub, it L tourist city of historical and cultural fame. The construction process of the project will exert certain in!finanet on its tourist resources. This comes chiefly from the noise in opeTation and the potential effect of the particulate matter occasionally released by the automobiles and equipment, and in turning over the earth. However, much influence is of short duration. As long as we take certain measures iL operation and fully exchange views with the authorities concerned and the local residents, observe the related regulations and control the operational schedule, such influence will reduce to minimum. So far as an individual item of project is conce.red, this temporary local influence can basically be controled within the range o. 4 months to 1 year. 4.3 Effects on Human Being and Its Use Value 4.. 1 Ecologic Effect on Human Body The effect of electromagpetic field of the electrical equipment upon human body can be divided into two types: one is the possible influence(short-term influence), when man stays in the electromagnetic field for a short period of time; the other is the possible influence(long-term influence) , when man works or lives in electromagnetic field for a long t ime. The short- term effect ;hOwS off two forms; hair vibration and shock. Both forms are treated by tke inductive tension and current in the electrical conductors such as human body or automobile. The intensity of the inductive - 64 - toesion is it proportion to the stteigi of outer electric field and the size of the electricity-coanductive mattef. Thus, the stronget the outer electric field, the more serious the hair vibration, and even piercing pain may be felt. In Skvlm field intensity about 20 % of human beings will fell piercing pain in the hair, Vhile in 2-3KVfm field intensity, less than 6% of human beings c^a feel hair vibration. Although hair vibration doeg not cause human body damage its psychological effect cannot be neglected. Electric shock can be divided into temporary shock and stable shock.Temporary shock occurs in the twinkling when the inductive- electricl matter contacts the ground- conducted object. The aceumulative electric charge releases in the twinkling of time and producee a shock, iLe.the spark discharge. The intensity of temporary shoek depends on the cpacity of electric discharge. When the capacity exceeds O. InJ, mat will have a feeling of piercing pain; when it reaches 0 6--1 .5J, unconscious muscle response will occur (such as startie), however, no real injure will be exerted. Then the capacity of discharge reaches 25--50J, human body will be injured ( such as burn); if tie capacity exceeds this limit, life will be in danger. Under the ultra- high- tension transmission lines, de to the size limit of human body, the inductive tension is relatively low, the shock is rathet weak wheO be conducts the ground and usually cannot be felt If, tfter temporary shock, human body keeps stable contact with the inductive eiectric conductor, the short- - C6 - circuit current mill flow coatineouuly through the human body and electric shock, that is,stable shock will happen. The intessity of stable shock depends oa the intensity of the short-circuit current, that ie, in proportion to the intensity of outer eleetrie field and the size of the conductor. Ihen the short-circuit current exceeds 0. 8--. 1 m, man will feel piercing pain; if it exceeds 2mA mugele response will oceur; when it reaches 6--9mA, human body will be injured. lowever, at this time man can still shake off by himself, hence it is called shake-off current. The American EPA has the test result: in electric field of 601z,lKv/m, the short-circuit ciLrrent for human being (1.75m) is 0.016mA. for truck is 0.28MA, passenger bus 0. 4inA. Il general. the maximum ground field intensity under ultrs- high- tension ttaesmission lines is lees than 9KV/m, the short- eircuit current for human being is only 0. 144mA. which cannot be felt. The short-circuit current for passenger bus is 3A 6, boring muscle response will oceur. yet no body injury or death wili occar. The lotg-term ecological impact ot the human body by the electrical equipment and high-tension transmission lineE is a complicated problem.To understana its functional mechanism and the extent of impact,constant sad systematic radioactive expeximents ire needed. lowever, at present, study of this kind botb in CDiCa and abroad is still limited to animalS and to tnose people who hare been injured. The High-Tension Research Institute of China and Vahan Medicine Institute have made experiments on rats in the electrical fields of 40,50,100KV/m. The South-West Research - 65 - Institute of the U.S.A. (Bulaka 1982) has tried experiments an heboanx in the eiectric field of aoKV/m. All the experiments conclude that electric field will not exert harmful influence on animals' normal life. The former Soviet Union once studied for as long aS 4 months on rats in the electric fields of 16--2oKVm. the conclusion wae that the physiological effects of electric field are very weak, usually within the physiological standard. The Hospital or U.S. Veterans' Administration (Marino 1976) in Sulagu, N. Y. made experiments on rats in 1KV/rm field Rnd The Pacific North-West Lab (Battelle) on rats exposed to iOOKV(m field. ilowever, they found that in the electric field6. the activity of the rats wag reduced, the growth speed slowed down, death rite was Teletively high, and fractures were ' slower to heal, etc. But researchers pointed out, maybe this was because rats felt the electric fields through hair vibration and electric shock. The conterns by people on the possible ecological impaet of the electric fields on the human body originally came from the former Soviet Union' s report on the health condition of the personnel working in the ultra-high-tension transformer substations(1960). The report stated that: it comparison with the contrast group, the persoanel influenced by the 2--26KVIm electric fields had the symDtoms of headache. weary, reduction of sexual disirep etc. However, investigations made by The American Power Company, Sweden O!ohanscon 1973) and Germany (Bauchinger 1961) hold: the health conditions of the personnel working in high-intensity electric fields did not change.Because the main sources of - 7- such investigations came from tie self- Account of the observid personnel and were lack of an objective physiological index, that is, prone to subjecive factors, thus it is not strange these conclusions conflict with each other. The experimentt made on manikins in China ind abroad show that: when a man stD nds, the outer electric field near the head is much more intense than that near the lower body, the former being 16 times the arerage outer field. However, the field inside human body is much weaker, only 1/IOODOOO of the average outer field. In 1UKVi/ electric field, the inductive field intensity within the human body is about 0.7--B.OIV/m, the electric curzent density is about 0.4uA/cM which is much weaker thto the critical current density 0.1-- !.O/4icm of the most sensitive nervous system. While the magnetic field of the transmissien lines is even weaker. The 0.05mT magnetic field frefer to the maximum ground magettic intensity under 500KV transmission lines) exerts inflaence an uUhan bo;dy only equal to that of 1.26KV'rn electric field. Because both sides of controversy----'harmful' vs. non- harmful>--- lack strong evidence to persuade the opposite side, we had bette; take a rather cautious attitude toward this problem, to which the general public is sensitive. To admit the objective existence of this problem, yet do not exaggerate its harmfulness. The popular view-of-point is: so far there is no sound-evidence to prove the harmfulness of the electroemgnetic radioactivity to human health, however, it is too hasty to conclude that it is harmless. To Saoid the possible harm onto human body by the - 68 - electromagnetic radioeactivity, measures may be takes from tuo aspects: the project design aid the labor protection. In design, measures suac as rtising the height of the conducting wite to the ground, the inverse- phrase disposition of dial return circuits, and the seperate installment of highilow tension wires, etc.,alI cat achieve the result of reducing the ground field intensity, DUTing the operation, protective measures such as cutting down working hours and local sbielding of the workers can reduce electromagnetic radioactivity, too. Tie report of 36.01 work team in the International Large Power-Networks Conference points out: when a man stands under the power transmission lines, although outer field intonsity mueh high than 1oKV/n usually exists around his head, hands and so on, the eorresponding insiHe- body electrie field seldom exeeeds 1/1000000 of the ou:er field intensity.This is because the inductive current is very weak ipA scale), and the inside- body electric resistence is rather small. Accordiag to the method of determining the inductive electric current inside the human body, and estimated on the maximum space field intersity 10. 8KV,'m under the power transmission lines and in the transformer substations of tkis project, the maximum inductive electric current in the human body in the electric field ca be obtained: electtic curTent through trunk i c 108.0 l A electric current through nead i 64.0 ILA electric current through feet i C 162.0 iAA - 69 - According to tie static electricity induction test report: ths maxlimum vali of inside-body inductive electric curreot in the 220KV substation installments generally is under 60- 60 P A. Due to the unevenness of electrie field , at teat- point of space field intensity 8.S--B.4KY/m, the human body itductive electTic curreat is 98--Th0 A. whith is lower that the above calculited value. If calculated according to the research by the Cliaese Aacademy of Sciences, in even clectric fields, human body with height of 1.75n bearing 14 i,A/KV/m of inductive electric current, roughly, the field intensity of these places is virtually equal to 5 KVJm level of evea field intenaity. In fact. electric current's impact on human body depends on which part of the body is flown througna by the electric eurrent. Usually,wken electric current is flowing through human body from the eleetsodes. the current that human can just feel is about 1 mA, women may feel ttill weaker current. According to DaIqiel6s eiveriments and study, 1% of human being can feel electric current weaker thar O.SmA. 36% of men can feet current of IrA flowing through their hands. Undoubtedly, only when tle body electric current reaches MA scale can human being fell the impact biologically and psychologicallyX. The research by 36.01 work team iG the lternational Large Power-Networks Gunfereace points out: to those who are working in the electtic fields as occupation, no findings of special influence that worth noticing medically. Psychologically, in terms of the possible effect on human being working in the electric fields. studies in Germany and - 70 - Sweden (Hoff 1976. Johanlin 1976) show: statistically, at least in field inseusity of 20xKV/r level, there wirtually eLists no effeets, or exists even helpful stimulation. It should be pointed out tiat, it is very important to distingucish between the inductive eleetrie fields of the 60- 1OHz powe? Itatenmission lines and the equipment of substations, &ad the ultra-low freqaeney electric fields t8- Illzl), which is stimulative to the physical proeess inside human brain, and those wireless frequency electric fields and micro-wave electric fields, whieh have thermal effect on organic cell organizatious Therefore, as far as tie personnel of the 22Gl\V substations and the tesident. around the s6bstations are coocerned, they aTJ searcely influenced by the electric fields generated by the electrical equipment, there are no high-intensity fields in tie people's living environment near the subsiations. Moreover, the metal components inside and outside the houses and the trees all kave shielding fg t i L 4.3.2 Effect On Use Value OF Buman Beings 4. 2. 2.1 Water Supply In the electricity transmitting- transforming project, which is part of Ninbo City' s power naetworks remoulding plan, water supply comes from the city's waterworks, and waste water is drained away through the city's sewage conduit networks into the sewage treatment plant for processing. The mcnicipal running water supply and sewage treatment of Ninbe ca meet the demand of this project, thus will hare no - 71 - offsct on the rivers and underground wale: which supply potable water 4. 9. 2. 2 Tie Use of Land The basic construetion of this project integrates with the oid-city remoulding of Ninbo. The whole city area will adopt cable electTicity supply system, and during road buildiig channels for cable will be digged, according with the reasonable designing of the municipal civil engineering plan. Each transformer substatioa of the project need about 1.04 hectares of land (average value), totally they need 14.75 hectares of land. The problem of moving the familiem living in the areas where the substations aad cable channels mill be located will be solved in full consultation with ths munieipal government, the authorities concerned, and the local residents. Thus there will be no censequence. 4.4 Influence on the Living Quality 4.4.1 Social Ecoaomy (1) Wage-and-salary is the chief form of iteome of the local families altogether need 14.75 ha. of land. 220oK substation needs 9. 4 ha. of land, all the land will be taken over for use. The four 110KV substations, namely, Zhoanging, Zhongsag, Beimeng and Shuguang, need 1.55 a. , the buildings shall hi demolished and residents migrated. The other f substations will take over land for use. Most of the lOKV distribution network. are located near city streets or streets in the plan, they do not need take over land for use or move the residents.Therefore, tottlly, this remoulding -72- projeet need hbve 200 families moved, demolish and rebuild 8376 m of housetit take over for us. paddy field 11 ha. vegetable field 2. 2 ha., and arrange jobs-for 166 people. Because part of the houses which are to be demolished are simple,wooden houses built around 1960 (6175 m. corer, SLOW%), and part of them are simple, wooden house; built around 1980 (3200 m, covers 38.2 % ) , these residential houses are in poor living conditions that lack of seperate sanitary equipment, good and necessary living accessories aid social service. According to emiigrant arrangement plan. those residents will be settled down in newl- built residential quarters. All these new residential quarters are built according to tie standard issued by the Ministry of Construetion and the eity design. They will have good and neeessary living acecessries and social service in culture, education and health. The living coandition will be much better than that of the presett conditions. The remocldiag project needs to arrange jobs for about 165 surplus laborers. According to Ninbo's convention, they ;Il be settled down in the local towAship eaterprises by the district governments. Their living standard will come above the original level. (3) The remoulding of Ninbo's urban power distribution network offers new employment opportunities to the local people and will stimulate the development of other industries, while the other industries will bring more job opportunities. (4) After the remoulding, the economical, rational, safe, reliable and flexible power distribution network of Ninbo city will benefit Ninbo's economic development, stimulate - 73 the coordinating development of its industry, ensure the life power need of the residents, and bring up the price of the nearby land. In terms of economic effects, workers and their families will have wore income and job opportunities, more products will be made, and the whole economy of the region will be becefitted. 4.4.2 Public Health In . 1. 3 and 4. 3. 1 we have pointed out that the influence of noise and static electrical induction do exist and to seme estent they might influence the public health. However. since ordinary people cannot enter or approach the substations. and those who work inside are in good conditions with the noise and electric field intesgity all conformable to the country's regulations concerning industry health and labor protectioa, such influence is unsubstantial. 4.4. 3 Aesthetics This project has considered the optical effect of the location and the local living environment and the afforestation of the districts in accordance with Ninbo's municipal construction. Meanwhile, we will integrate the disposition and color of the buildings with the neighboring environment and make them befitting to the local aesthetical value and re-utilization value. 4.6 Methods To Remove Unfavorable Effects 4.6.1 Select The Loeation For Projet Items The substations and transmission lines of this project - 74 - will be situated purposely in places of no great environmental 7esourfCs or values. The items should be loeeted at the following places: (1) of no ralaable ecological resources; (2) of no historical importance or historical relics: Q3) of no flood or earthquake; 44) of no serious popUlation problem, with relatively few reBidents to be moved away; (6) of no tourist, re-producing or aesthetical value; (6) without contending with the local industry for raw meterials and technicians. 4 8. 2 The Approaches Roquired In The Project Construction 1i) give priority to hire local laborers and reduce the number of migrtting workers; use dust-removiug machites to reduce dust; (2) in levelling the latd, the natural sewage and the sewage during the operation should be drained away after precipitating. The waste water of cement-mixers, etc. should be drained away arter oil/water seperation, precipitating and neutralization. The sediment should be filled into the ditches or carried onto tie waste earth yard; i3 in construction of the substatiots, the domestit sewage from the building sites and the dormitories, etc. should be drained into the city's sewage network after septic tSak processing. 44) during the eenstruction, things eoncerning traseportation should be in full consultation with the local authorities and residents beforehand. Don't amassing - 75 - transportation at *IAo time. The driver should receive education on safety. Tiraffic gafety supervisors may be posted when necessary; (5) the waste earth and stone may be used to level off the location and fill up the ditches, the rest may be used to level off the cement mill site ot the public land, The superfluou6 part should be abandoned onto the waste earth yard. To avoid dust flying, spray some water when necessary. 4.5. a3 easures To Dispose Waste Water (1) domestic sewage: the daily domestic sewage from the substation is about 5.2 tons and sewage-processing equipment is needed. We are going to recommend VSZ-1 sewage-processing equipment. The water quality after its processing can reach DOD < 8mg/l/l S8< 50mg/l. After processing the water can be drained away. i2 oil-bearing watsr: in the substations only in unexpected accidents will oil leak and oil- bearing water occur. So oil tark should be installed in the substation against accident. After seperation, oil-bearing water should be processed by the high-efficency processor, and drained away when it reaches the standard. (3) acid waste water: install a neutralization tank near battery repair workshop. When the acid liiquid reaches a certain quantity, add alikaline matter to neutralize them. Adjust the Ph value of the acid water to the range of 6.5- 8.6. After processing and reaching the standard, the acid waste water can be drained away. - 76 - 4.6.4 Measures AgaiAst Noise In order to prevent noise ama reduce as much as possible the noise pollution, we suggest that certain measures should be taken so as to control the neoie. (1) to control the coise sourees: select maialy those low-noise equipment. The controlling index in designing and mnufacturing the main transformet is 75dB(AJ (2. from the equipment), this index belongs to low-noise range according to IEC and GB1094-86. (2) to consider noise-controt measures from the overall plane disposition: A. aceordirg to the local weather condition, the noise sources should be situated to the leedway of the highest wind-frequency side; B. adopt the design of concentrating the noise sources, if possible, locate them in the center of the substation so as to ensure a distance far enough to the station walls; C. consider the rational trend of the buildings sensitive to noiee and the noise sourceg. For example, the main transformer,reactor, phase-adjustment room etc. should not be parallel with the control building, the administration building, the dormijory etc. (a) consider the architecture: in places such as control- room commaunication room etc. where personnel are populated. 1oise-absorbing building materials should be used lest the noise should interfere with the working personnel. 4.6.5 Afforestation Of The Substations Afferestation is one of the effective ways to prerent -77 - environmental noise pollution. Plantiag trees around the substations oot only will beautify the building, it also can absorb dust, purify air, reduce noise and shield the electric fields. It is an important method to protect the env ironment. (1) afforestation design: adopt garden an the chief form. Emphas is Is laid on trees' anti- polltiotn function. The ever-green trees are the main plant. to be chosen, mized with arber, shrub,flower and grass. The afforestation design and tie local afforestation plan should coordinate with each other, anid befit the substation buildings Also, the effects an technology by the afforestation should be considered. Il the front land of the substation and the workets' living area, the afforestation belt may consist of ever-green arbor trees, shrub trees. hedgerow, flower and graces. Hedgerows may be planted on both sides along the roads near the substation. Switchgear yard and the odd vaeset lots may age grasses capable of propagating. (2) types of tree: according to the local weather and land conditons, choose types of tree with high adaptability and survival rate. flower and grass can be chosen accordingly, via organizations in charge of parks and gardons. (3) affore6tation index: the afforestation index for substation zone is about 16% , afforestation acreage is about 4.8 mu, the estimated total afforestation investment is 60 thousand yuan. - 78 - 4.5.6 C eamures Against Static Electricity lndnction and Electremagnetic lnterfer'zce (1) In order to prtvent the electromagnetic induction interfering with the comunication system, following measures will be taken in implementing this project: reduce if possible the ground wire of the protective cover of the communication cables; set up shielding wire for wherever need goof shielding; select cables with shielding cover; choose rational line trend and circuit. (2) The inductive electric current generated by the electric equipment cannot be felt by people. The inductive vower is so small that no physiological or biological effects will exert. Therefore. no special measures need to take to prevent the inductive current of this project. 4.6.7 Vecationel Safety And Public Health '1) To establish enTironmental monitoring institutions can protect the health and welftre of the workers and the neighboring residents and also the surreuuding oevironment. The supervising and monitoring operation should be done inside and outside the substation, and the chief object is the draining sources and the main drainages. Early- stage monitoring results may be used to modify the monitoring items. If possible, adopt monitorizg points and index the same as the regular monitoring operation. The monitoring result. should be compiled acd reported to the higher authorities periodically. (2) To check and supervise the workers' vocational health and safety, so as to find vocational diseases and - 79 - treat accordingly. (3) In terms of the social economy and public health, to maintain the local area in good order in cooperation with the local and provincial authoritie.s concerned. (4) labor safety: following measures will be taken to ensure labor safety and protection in this project: A. To prevent electric, mechaniCal and other injuTies: all the electric equipment of tkis project are considered to have ground connection; all the designed electric equipment adopt live- wire safety distance according to 'The Technological Regulation on Bigh- tension Distribution Disiga' SD9-85; The 220KV dual bus bars have close circuit against false operation; the main transformer ! the bus bars of various distribution instalHents all have lightning rods. B. The following items should be observed for those who work in the substations or on the transmis6ion lines of this mrojeet: fa) fill in task ticket: at by oral. telephone orders: tb) at one time at least 2 persots should work together; (c) eeforce tfe measures of management and techeology concerning labor safety protection. C. To avoid unnecessary luman injuries and accidents, live-wire work should be carried out only in good weather conditions. Whenever it thunders such work should stop. In case of emergency that live-wire work must be carried out under bad weather such as rain, snow, fog,strong wind (>&th grade), reliable measures should be taken and after the consent of the leaders concerned. The work sites shoeld have ample illumination. - BO - D. To move long objects such as staLrs and pipes. Buch objeet. should first be put horizontally and keep a safe distance to the 'live' parts, then moved by two workers. Safety helmets should weal when caring out upper air operatioe, safety strep should be used, too. To pass objects when working high above the ground. do not throw and cast. E. Against filthy: according to 'The Filthy Zote MIlp of the Electrie Distribution Network of Zhejiang Province'. this project is determined to be 11-grade filthy zone, the leak ratio takes 2.34--2. 60cm/kv. XIP - 16 ANTI- FILTHY INSUILATOR will be adopted; ground- wire hanging tail will adopt dual-combination type. s0 as to enhance the operational dependability. In brief, attention should be paid to safety- skill training, safety management and to prevent electric shock, mechanical injury and filling from the sky. To keep the safety equipment in good order and sound condition. To ensure operational safety and reliabie working conditions from management and equipment. B. Cost-Effect Analysis 5. 1 The Cost-Effect of Preciationary Measures 5. 1. I The Measures to Dispose Waste Water 11) In 220KV substations of WLantang, Jiangnan and Ninnasn and the lO 110KV substations, each will be equipped with a WSZ-1 domestic sewage processing machine. Price for each set of this maehine,including the equipment fee, the fee for installment and eivil engineering, is 160 thousand yuan. totally maounts to 1.95 million yuta RXB; - 8S - (2) Adopt high-efficient oil processor to process oil- bearing waste water. i3 sets altogether with the investment of 1. a million yuan FM: (8) Adopt neutralization tank to dispose acid waste water. ceed at iivestment of 2.00 million yuean 6. 1. 2 Measures Against Noise (l) Choose low- noise trangformers, ceed additional inve6tment of 6. DO zillion yuan; (21 Other anti-noise meaLsures such as noise- absorbing, noise-insulating etc., need about 3.00 million yuan; 6. 1.3 Afforestation The afferestation investment for each substation is considered to be 60 thousand yuan. totally need 0.66 million yuan investment. 5.1.4 Metsures Against Static Electric Induction and E-lectromapetiC Inference To fix shielding wires and choose anti-static-electric- induction and anti- electromagnetic- interference equipment and cables etc, need 31.60 million yuan. 5.1.6 Vocational Safety and Public Health (l Vocational safety is considered to need I.D0 million yuan; 42) Public health is considered to need 2.00 million yuan. In smary. the total investment an precautionary measures is about 48.40 million yuat. Table 2.4.1 shows the total investment on Niabo's - 82 - urban power distributioa network remeuldiag is 440.661 million yuan, Fe thb investment on the prencutionary macures Covers l0. 99% of the tottl pTOjeet investment. 5.2 CoBt-Effect Analysis on Individual Item 5. 2. 1 220KVo antang Transformee Substation Estimated investment iE R1B 29.80 million yuan: 6.2.2 220KV Jiangnan Transformer Substation (lst term) Estimated investment is RUB 12. 10 million yuan; 6.2.3 220KV Jiangagn Transformer Substation (2ad term) Estimated iiveuBtment is RYB 7.90 million yuan; 5.2.4 22oxV Xiugle Transformer Substation Estimated investment is 1MB 6.00 millioe yuan: 5.2.5 2.20EV Ninnan Transformer Substation Estimated invegtment is RUB 37.70 million Yuan; 5. 2. 6 110KV Zhongting Transformer Substation Estimated investment i ORIB 12.00 million yuan; 5.2.7 l1OKV Qinshi Transformer Substation Estimated investment ic 111B 10.40 million yuan; 6.2.8 11OKV Zhongfan Transformer Substation Estimated investment is DIB 14. on Million yutan, including U. S. 85. 62 million; - 83 - 5.2.9 11O0v Beijiao Trasformer Substation Estimated investment is RIM 12. 00 million yuan, including U.S.$4.39 million: 5.2.10 11OXV Lotuo Triemformer Substation Estimated investment is RUB 10.20 million yuan; D.2.11 IIOKV Changsan Transformer Substation Estimated investment is RUB 8.90 million yuan; 5.2.12 iiOKV Zhoushu Trtnsformer Substation Booster Estimated investment is RUB 7.00 mrillion yuan: 5.2.13 ilOXV Beimeng Transformer Substation Estimated investment is RkB 9.00 million yuan, including L. S. 32. 19 mill ion; 5.2.14 IIKV Baosan Transformer Substation EBtimated investment is IMB6.00 million yuan; D. 2.16 110KV Shuguang Transformer Substation Estimated investment is MRB 10. 00 million yuan, ineluding U.S. $5.02 mill ion; 5.2.16 IIOKV Distribution Project &nd Related CoLtroll Equipment Estimated investment i4 IUB 118. 10 million yuan, ineluading U.S. 6. 71 million. - 84- a. Requirements of 6etups and plans for monitoring the osvironmenment With the developmeat of environment protection it is very iuporttst to set up in organitation to manage and monitor the environment. As there are no rules and regulations for managing. supervising and monitoring the environment of power transmission and transformation eigineeriag projects it our country yet, we have to consult some related articles of " Formulations of Environment Protection in Construction Projects '' and ',Rules of Enviroament Monitoring it Thermal Plants. In construction the 'ollowing should be monitored: 1) the conumunication, particulate matter dropped in tie process of trUaspOrtatiOn ! 8,61th, and crushing stones, flying dust ane waste materials; 2) the quality of the surface water near the substation, the drainage volume of domestic sewage scd waste water contsining oil and acid. the result of sewage oreatmect, the noise pollution as well as the intensity of t'e electromagnetic field and the induction current near the residential area under power lines and the sensitive points of tne substation. I. addition, the quality of the atmospheric environment and tge meteorological conditions as well as the safety and health of workers must also be mositored at the same time int a Lid so secure the normal opewstion of the substation and th. DOSO? Iinoa. 6. 1 Requirements of tie administrative setup The task of this setwo is to oiganize, carry out Sad - 85 - 6upervise the work of evironameat protection it thi project. The main responsibilities are as follows: tll to follow the Lwss and reguLations of environment protection; (2) to formulate and revise rules and regulations of environment protection and supervise their imp lementat ion; (3) to maie plans ror environment protection and carry them out; (4) to take charge of the work to monitor the environment; (5) to check the operation of the facilities of environment protection: (Si .o apply and spread the advanced teecnology and experisnee; (7) to organize aid conduct technical training and imptove the quality of the technical personnel; 8W to make scientific researches on environment protectiot atd academic exchanges. The fixed aumber of the staff members of the administrative setup is one to three persons. 6.2 Environment Monitoring 6.2.1 Tke setup for monitoring thge environment The responsibilities of this setup are as follows. (1) to check the electromagnetic interference caused by the projec; regularly and see if the amount of interference is in conformity with the standard set by tie state and the local government: (2) to anslyse the enrironmental quality rouad the - 86 - project and the changing lIa of the impact of the power liha on the enviroament. to supetvise the safe operatioR of the substation, and improve the administrative work and to provide a scientific basis for pollution coatrol and environment protection; (3) to pay close attention to the pbysical and psyeological health of the workers without interruption so as to prevent occupationel diseases and ensure safety in production; (4) to monitor the drainage of waste water: the volume and temperature of the water, BOD.1 COD, pU and tie contents of the waste water Guch as oil, phenol, Cr, Cd aid As and to check the effectiveness of the treatment facilities; (5) to monitor the source of loud noises of the substation and the environmental noises inside and outside the enclosing walls as well as it the working place; (6) to monitor pollution and report to higher authorities. The fixed number of tle staff members of the monitoring setup is 3 to 4 persons. 6.2.2 Allocation of facilities of environment monitoring The problem of bouses for the administrat ive and monitoring setups will be considered in an all-round way and necessary faeilities for environment monitoring will be equipped. The tost of houses ind facilities has been listed in the budget. - 87 - 7. Participatie; of the publlc 7.1 Participation of the public Ningbo, lying in the southeast eoastal area, is an important port of foreign trade and a major industrial base in East China and one of the most economically developed regions in the country. Because of the poor power network, old facilities and equipment and overload linet, there ha6 long beet a lack of electticitY in this area. As a result, the deitlopuett of industry atot agitulture is rtesttiicted and the living coadtions of tie people can not be improved greatly. Therefore, deputies to different sessions of the People's Congress of Niugbo made appeals to the municipal government and hoped this problem would be solved as soon as possible. La Februarw, 1992 the gth Congress was held in Ningbo. At the 5th session the deputies eipressed their full support for the solution of the problem and said the people of Ningbo had pinned their hopes on the improvement of Zhejiang's power supply and in particular, the transformation of the old electric power neti;ori% of Ningbo and the second phase project of the Beilungang Power Plact. And so the transformation of the old electric power network of the city i. leag eherished and fully supported by the public. - 88- 7.2 Administrative setups | 5~~~~~~~~~ 1 tI Zhejiang Electric I Office of Key Projects ; Bafeau or Land Powet Company - Under the Planting rm Mtagement of * Economy Coumission of Zhejiang iZhej ianRg S ~ ~ ~ ; . , fBureau of Electric'-' Power of Iiingbo _~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I I I I . jU ' S ! I a Planning Economy Commission, and Departments of Land Management, Urban Construction and Envireomeat Protection at City and County Level Organizations Concerned at TowEship and Village Level 8. Conclusions 8.1 Ways to weaken and reduce tke unfavourable impact 8. 1. 1 Selection of bites The eite of the substation and the plaees where power lines are to be erected must be selected where there are no - 89 - major onvironmettal resources or values: Valuable ecological rusources either on land or in watet will not be damaged; none of the historical and cultural relics be destroyed; the sites will not be affected by floods or earthquakes; houses to be demolished must be ?educed to tke fewest possible; the sites selected are not to be used for the purpose of tourism, reproduction or beautifying the environment; the project will aot compete with the local enterprises for rnw materials and technical workers. 8. 1. 2 Ways to be adopted when the construction work begins Prioritl must be given to the use of the local labour force; dust compres6srs must be used so as to avoid clouds of dust flying up: sewage must settle before it is drained off and the sediments can be used for filling the land: it is necessary to spray water to pretent the dust from flying :F is also important to consult with the department; concerned and the local people and gain the forgiveness of them. Persons ia eharge of the traffic safety aye needed when the construction work begins. 8.1.3 Measures of treating sewage Facilities of Nodel WSZ-1 are used to treat the domestic sewage of the substation. Oil pollution will be treated by machines of high efficiency when accident happens. A neutralizing tank is to be equipped to treat the acid water when the storage batteries are overhauled. - go - 8.1.4 Measures to preveat noises Machines of ln- onise ar to be used in the substatiom. The noise indez of the main transformer must be lower thin the standard value of INC and GB1094-86. The layout of the substatioc must be reasonable. Sound-impervious materisls must be used in the place where most people live and work. 8.1.5 Planting trees and flowers around the sDubstation Fifteen per cent of the compound must be covered with trees and flowers so as to achieve the results of beautify- ing the surroundings, absorbing dust, purifying the air, reducing noises and shielding off the electromagnetic field. 8. 1.6 Protective measures against electr,magoetic interference and electrostatic induction Reasonable runs of lines must be chosen; protective cables attached on the eoverings of the comunication eables must be reduced to a minimm; streeued lines must be erected DO as to prevent electromagnetic induction from interfering with the comauications system in the place where screenes lines are very few. 8.1.7 Occupational safety and public health Monitoring and supervising setups are to he organized to examine tie source of drainage, test the pollutants and check the safety and health of the workers. - 91 - 8.2 Conclusions after studying the report 8.2.1 Impact on the natural environment 11) Waste water: Only Wien the density conforms to the standard of GB 8978-88 can the waste water be drained off. tfaste water, including domestic sewage, oily water when accident occurs and acid water. must be treated to reach the standard of drainage before it is drained away1 so that the surface water wor' t be polluted. However, tke dust and garbage may affect the surface water when the substation is under construction, but the water after settling has little impact on tie enTironment. (2) The run of lines and the site of the substation; Departmetts concerned hive been coasulted an& agreements on selection of sites reached. The industrial enterprises, the urban ceinstruction plans, the military facilities and the local people near by won't be affected. (3) Noises: When the substation works normally, the noise reaches lOdBW only in an area of 3.77% of the total of the substation and GodBUA in an area of 69.4% of the total, detected within a radius of 60 meters. Therefore, noises cannot be teard outside the enclosing walls. (4) Electromagnetic effect: The electromagnetic effect of the electric appliances and power lines is caused mainly by the electric field, the magnetic field aad the electric halo. The substation and lines are sttictly designed according to the standard set by tht state and so communications system will not be interfered with. Triangle uiring and level wiring are adopted and the 92 maximum iLtetuity of tie electtic field on the ground is 10. 4KVrn and 10. 8KV/r, 8. 2. and 10. 6m from the center of the line respectively. Tie intensity, 12-22. away from the eenter is lower than 6KVMN, which his little effect on the intensity of the elettric field outside the line passage. 8.2.2 Impact of the eoanstruction work on the enviroament The impact on tourism is little and temporary, onill within a period of 4-12 months and departments concerned and tre local people will be consulted beforehand. 8.2.3 Impact on human body and economic development fIfluma. body: The maximum intensity of the electro- magnetic field is 0. 8KVm in the substation and under the Dower lines. The inductive current passing through the body ard the head is lIMAA and 64P A respectively and the total amotnt of current through feet is 162ttA. The human body will be affected physiologically and psycologically only when the current through the body reaches the amount of milliampere. It is important to tell the difference between the electric field of substation and lines of 650--ORz and the super lover freqrency (6-16Hz) which has an irritant effect on the physical process of the brain as well as the radio fteqiency and the electric field. of micro-waves which have a thermo-effect on biological eeo I It. The impact of the field intensity of the substation and the lines is little and can be accepted by the staff members and the local people near by. Besides, the roof, metal - 93 - frame. of the bouse and trees all have a shielding effect and it is impossible for people to live in a strtng electtic field. 42) Economic developuint: With tie rapid development of industry and agrieultute, power is badly needed in Niagbo. The construction of thtis project will greatly promote the development of Ningbo's economy and help raise the living standard of the people tIere. 8.2.4 Impact on the life of the people (1) The reasonable, reliable, stable and safe power network will coatribute greatly to the development of Ningbo' s economy and the coordination of industry and agvieulture. and meet the great demand of power by the people. The construction of the networkis bound to be followed by a rise of land price around the area. Economic benefit means the increase of the income of the workers and their families. more job opportunities and more conmodities. And the life of the settlers whose houses are to be demolished because of the construction of the project will be improved as well. (2) Public health: People within a certsin area may affected by noises and electrostatic induction, but the effect is minimum. People can accept it after they are compensated economically. 8.2.6 AnalysiE of cost and benefit A. total amount of 622, 724, 000 ien is inveeted in the project. 62, 000,000 ysa. accounting for 13.7% of the total 94 . investment, will be spent on sewage treatment, preveCtioA of noises, electrostatic induction and electromagnetic interference, and planting trees and flowers. 8.2.8 Requirements of setups and plans for monitoring the environment With the development of environment protection it is very necessary to met up at organization to manage and monitor the environment. The fixed number of the staff members of the organization is 4-7 persons. The organization is under the Electric Power Bureau of Zhejiang. It must follow the laws and regulations set by the state and the Ministry. It will carry out and supervise the work of environment protection, Ft is also in charge of the work to examine the source of polluted sewage and it; impact on the environment in the process of ceostruction and after the prcject is put into operation. The organization will be resoe6ible for the invironmental quality and the health of tle people within the area the project covers. 8.2.7 FPrticipation of the public Hangzhou, lying in the southeast coastal area, is the center of politics, economy, culture and communication of the whole proviace. Because of the poor electric power network, old facilities and equipment and overload of lines. there has long been a lack of electricity in this area. As a result, the development of industry and agriculture is restricted and the living conditions of the people can not be improved greatly. In response to the appeals of the people tad *5 - according to tie practical conditions, a suitable site of the project has been found and reasonable runs of lines have been selected after consulting with the departments concerned and the broad masses of people. The construction of the project iE lOng cherished and fully supported by the people. In a word, the imparet of the project is little and temporary and can be accepted. Therefore. the construeton of project is feasible eonsidering from environment protection. 9. Bibliography (1) CNoise Control',, aing Danquan, Wang lenqi and Sun Jialin (2) "' Brief Account of the Electric and Magnetic Fields in Power Tranumistion and Rules of Calculationb 36.01 Working Group of the laternational Conference on Large Power Network (3) iA Reourt of the Impact of 220KV Dongjiao SubstLtion Environment ,, Zhejiang Power Designing Institute (4' "Projeets fo! Power Development in Zhejiang^: Zhejiang Power Company Sept. 1992 io) 't/et Policy. PTocess and Convention of Appraisals of Impact on the Environment and Norms and PrinciWleE of Environment Actsi DevelOpMent and Supervision Department of the State Bureau of Environment Protection June 1992 (6) t'Guiding Principles of Enviroumettal Appraisals of the Projects F.)r Industrial Development'r Development and Supervision Department of the State Bureau of Environment Protection June 1992 (7) iA Report About the Impact of the Projectr of Hangziou's Network Transformation on the Enviromment1v Zhejiang Power Desigaing Institute Mar. and Seut. 1992 (8) (Electric and Ecological Effeets of Power Transmission Linesgt Ecological Research Group of Ponville Power Administra.tion in LI.S.A. Translated by Power Research Institute of the Ministry of later Conservatnc and Power April 1987 i9) 'Electromagnetic Effects of Power LiAes with Intense Current and Their Preveation"# Ma Qixiang, Huang Yan and Zhao Guoqiaa 1§89 (10) 2'Vter Drainage in the Cityl~ , Book 5 of .A Mantal of Waler Supply acd Drainage Desiping) Designing Institute of Beijing Municipal Administration (11) ((A Report About the Impact of 600KV Skaoxirg Substation on the EnvironentO Zhejiang Environmertal Engineering Co. 1989 112) (De&igaing and, Working of tie Electric Parts in 500KV Substations8 Lan Zengyu and Ye Jingzing .13i (.A Test Report About Electrostatic lIduction in 220KV Substations Ii East China' East China Power Designing Institute 97 -