PARTIAL DRALFT FINAL REPORT PropDsed Karnataka Watershed Development Project Watershed Development Department Government of Karnataka E458 Volume 1 Report on Regional Environmental Assessment And Social Assessment Maps for Section 5.0 contained in separate folder Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore, India FILE COPY March 2001 March 2001 KARNATAKA WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT STUDY ON REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 PROJECT SCOPE AND OUTPUTS ......................................... 1-1 1.1 The Proposed Watershed Development Project ......................................... . 1-1 1.1.1 Project Components ......................................... 1-1 1.2 Need For REA & SA ......................................... 1-1 1.3 Scope of the Present Assignment ......................................... 1-2 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................... 2-1 2.1 Background .............. ,.. 2-1 2.2 Objectives .......... 2-1 2.2.1 Specific Project Projectives .................... 2-1 2.3 Project Districts.. ....................................,,,.,......... ,. 2-2 2.4 Project Watersheds ................ 2-2 2.5 Project Components ................ 2-3 2.5.1 Participatory Watershed Treatment ............................,., ,. 2-3 2.5.2 Farming System Intensification ....................... 2-3 2.5.3 Income Generating Activities for Vulnerable Groups .................................................... ........... 2-3 2.5.4 Institutional Strengthening ............................................................... 2-3 3.0 STUDY METHODOLOGY 3.1 REA & SA: An Integrated Exercise ............................................................... 3-1 3.2 Adopted Study Methodology ................................................................ 3-2 3.3 Limitations of the Study ............................................................... 3-5 4.0 EXISTING POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ........... 4-1 4.1 National level Policies and guidelines ............................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 National Level .....,,4-1 4.1.2 State Level .......................4-4......................... 4-4 4.2 World Bank Requirements ....................... 4-5 4.3 Legal Framework .........................................................4-6 4.3.1 Forest Policy and Regulations in Karnataka ................................................ 4-9 4.3.2 Karnataka Land Grant Rules ................................................. 4-11 4.3.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ................................................ 4-12 4.3.4 The Water and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Acts ................................................ 4-12 4.3.5 State Level Legislation and other Acts ................................................ 4-13 4.3.6 The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain lands) Act 1978 ...................................................................... 4-13 4.3.7 The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities ) Act 1989 ......................................................................... 4-13 4.4 Recommendations for Policy Changes ........................................................................ 4-13 5.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTING ............................... S-1 5.1 Physical Environment ........................................................................ 5-1 5.1.1 Location and Setting ........................................................................ 5-1 5.1.2 Agro-climatic zones ........................................................................ 5-2 5.1.3 Climate ......................................................................... 5-2 5.1.4 Topography.5-3 5.1.5 Geology ......................................................................... 5-3 5.1.6 Drainage and Surface Water .......................................................................... 5-3 5.1.7 Ground Water ........................................................................ 5-4 5.1.8 Soil ........................................................................ 5-5 5.2 Biological Environment ........................................................................ 5-5 5.2.1 Forests ........................................................................ 5-5 5.2.2 Wildlife Habitats and Ecosystems ........................................................................ 5-6 5.2.3 Flora and Fauna ........................................................................ 5-6 5.3 Socio-economic Environment ........................................................................ 5-6 5.3.1 Administrative Boundaries ......................................................................... 5-6 5.3.2 Demography ........................................................................ 5-7 5.3.3 Employment ........................................................................ 5-7 5.3.4 Land Use ........................................................................ 5-8 5.3.5 Livestock ........................................................................ 5-11 5.3.6 Infrastructure and Facilities ......................................................................... 5-11 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING .............. ............................ 6-1 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 6-1 6.2 Environmental and Social Issues ................................................................ 6-1 6.3 Social and Environmental Issues Perceived by the people ..................................... 6-1 6.4 Social and Environmental issues in the region ................................................... * ...... 6-4 6.5 Potential benefits of the proposed project ................................................................ 6-9 6.6 Potential Environmental Impacts and Risks of the proposed project activities.. 6-10 6.7 Environmental and Social Screening of Impacts ........................................................ 6-10 7.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 7.1 Assessment Method .................................. 7-1 7.2 Without Project Scenario .................................. 7-2 7.2.1 Assessment of Impacts .................................. 7-2 7.2.2 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Scores .................................. 7-3 7.3 With Project Scenario .................................. 7-9 7.3.1 Assessment of Impact .................................. 7-9 7.3.2 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Scores .................................. 7-14 7.4 Conclusion .................................. 7-15 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore 8.0 PAST EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNT ............................................. 8-1 8.1 Background ................................................................ 8-1 8.2 Watershed Development Projects - Lack of Common Approach ........................... 8-1 8.3 Watershed Development Projects - Mixed Results ................................................... 8-2 8.4 Key Issues Limiting the Success of Projects in the Past ......................................... 8-3 8.4.1 Microscopic Coverage ......................................................................... 8-3 8.4.2 Lack of People's Participation ........................................................................ 8-3 8.4.3 Sectoral approach ........................................................................ 8-3 8.5 Review of Past Projects in Karnataka ................................................................ 8-3 9.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL PROFILE OF PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS ................................................................ 9-1 9.1 Background ................................................................ 9-1 9.2 Demographic Status ................................................................ 9-1 9.2.1 Population ........................................................................ 9-1 9.2.2 Literacy Levels ........................................................................ 9-5 9.3 Cultural Status ................................................................ 9-7 9.4 Economic Base ................................................................ 9-9 9.4.1 Occupational Status ........................................................................ 9-9 9.4.2 Land Ownership .......................................................................... 9-10 9.4.3 Sources of Irrigation ........................................................................ 9-11 9.4.4 Agricultural Practices ........................................................................ 9-11 9.4.5 Livestock ........................................................................ 9-12 9.4.6 Potential Farm / Non-Farm Activities ......................................................................... 9-13 9.5 Common Property Resources & Management ......................................................... 9-14 9.6 Livelihood Systems ................................................................ 9-20 9.6.1 Housing Status .......................................................... ..... 9-20 9.6.2 Possession of Other Assets ......................................................... 9-21 9.6.3 Drinking Water Availability ......................................................... 9-21 9.6.4 Cooking Device and Source of Fuel ......................................................... 9-22 9.6.5 Village Health & Sanitation ......................................................... 9-24 10.0 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS ....................................... 10-1 10.1 Background ................................................... 10-1 10.2 Institutions 10.3 Role and Responsibilities of the Institutions ................................................... 10-2 10.4 Performance of Existing Institutions ................................................... 10-5 10.5 Suggested Institutional Set-up ................................................... 10-6 11.0 COST SHARING ................................................... 11-1 11.1 Background .................................................... 11-1 11.2 Process Adopted in Assessing the Willingness to Cost Sharing ............................ 11-1 11.3 A Review of Cost Sharing Models in other Projects ................................................. 11-2 11.4 Instances of Cost-Sharing Practice in the Project Districts .................................... 11-2 11.5 Overall observations ................................................... 11-2 11.6 Recommendations ................................................... 11-3 12.0 INCOME GENERATION ............................................... 12-1 12.1 Background ............................................... 12-1 12.2 Key Factors for Inclusion of IGA as a Project Component ..................................... 12-1 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore 12.3 Obj etives ................................................................. 12-1 12.4 Existing Programmes / Schemes ................................................................ 12-1 12.4.1 IRDP ................................................................ 12-2 '12.4.2 TRYSEM ................................................................ 12-2 12.4.3 NREP & RLEGP ................................................................ 12-2 12.4.4 Swashakthi and Streeshakthi Programmes ................................................................ 12-2 12.5 Currently Practiced Income Generating Activities ................................................... 12-3 12.6 Proposed Income Generation Activities ................................................................ 12-7 12.7 Linkages ................................................................ 12-12 12.7.1 Backward Linkages ................................................................ 12-12 12.7.2 Forward Linkages ................................................................ 12-12 12.8 Training and Capacity Building ................................................................ 12-12 12.9 Observations ................................................................ 12-13 13.0 PARTICIPATORY CONSULTATION PROCESS ........................................ 13-1 13.1 Objectives ................................................................ 13-1 13.2 Participatory consultation - Some case studies ................................................... 13-1 13.3 Participatory Framework in Some Projects ................................... ............... 13-2 13.4 Lessons learnt from other projects ......... ....................................................... 13-4 13.5 Consultative Process Adopted ................................................................ 13-5 14.0 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING ................................................... 14-1 14.1 Introduction ............................-.................................... 14-1 14.2 Objectives ................................................................ 14-1 14.3 Training Needs for Stakeholders in Informal Institutions ....................................... 14-2 14.4 Training Needs for Stakeholders in Formal Institutions .......................................... 14-3 14.5 Levels and Categories of Training Needs ................................................................ 14-5 14.6 Key Areas and Topics for Training ............................. 14-5 15.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ............................. 15-1 15.1 Monitoring and Evaluation as a Management System ........................................... 15-1 15.2 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation ........................................................ 15-1 15.3 Participatory Monitoring ........................................................ 15-2 15.4 Computerised Data Bases ........................................................ 15-3 15.5 Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators ........................................................ 15-4 16.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES ............... 16-1 16.1 Environmental Management Measures ........................................................ 16-1 16.2 Pest Management ........................................................ 16-6 16.3 Habitat Management ........................................................ 16-6 16.4 Water Conservation Interventions through the aid of Water Budget ............... 16-6 16.5 Social Management Measures ........................................................ 16-8 16.6 Criteria For Future Selection of Sub-watersheds .................................................. 16-8 17.0 VILLAGE WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PLAN .............................. 17-1 tol7-33 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 PROJECT SCOPE AND OUTPUTS 1.1 The Government of Karnataka (GoK) has proposed a Watershed Development Project with the assistance of The World Bank. The implementing agency will be Watershed Development Department, GoK. For implementation arrangements, the GoK with the help of The Worid Bank has proposed a series of measures at various levels: State, Districts, Watersheds and Villages. The demand-driven approach is the key aspect of this project. In its first phase, the project proposes to cover about 800,000 hectares in 18-20 taluks in 5 districts in the state, selected based on 4 criteria - poverty, rainfed area, size of land holdings, and waste land area. It is estimated that about 400,000 families would benefit directly from the project, of which, nearly 25,000 would be landless families 1.2 With an ultimate emphasis on alleviation of rural poverty especially in the dry areas, the project aims at augmenting and sustaining productivity of both arable and non-arable land, with the involvement of local communities. This calls for a holistic approach through integrated development of agriculture, horticulture, forestry, sericulture, fisheries and livestock management through Income Generation Activities and Cost Sharing. The project would include four key components: (a) Participatory Watershed Treatment; (b) Farming System Intensification; (c) Income Generation Activities for Vulnerable Groups; and (d) Institutional Strengthening. 1.3 Regional Environmental and Social Assessment studies are vital components in the entire project of this nature, as they contribute substantially to an improved project design for poverty alleviation and natural resource conservation. Given the inextricably inter-twined nature of the environmental and social issues, this project proposes a integrated Environmental and Social Assessment exercise. The purpose of carrying out REA and SA studies is to address the following specific outcomes: 1. Economic Opportunity (growth in income, sustainable livelihoods, equity and justice); 2. Security (reduced vulnerability to economic and natural shocks and risks); 3. Capability (reduced mortality and improved health); and 4. Empowerment (participation in decision-making). 1.4 The details of scope of REA and SA as listed in ToR are given below: Scope of Regional Environmental and Social Assessment . Assessment of environmental status of the selected districts to establish the benchmarks and arrive at potential negative and positive impact of the project. + Review and summarise the lessons learnt form the past experiences In the region that would be considered during the project design and implementation from environmental standpoint. . Identification of negative and positive environmental Impacts due to the project and to include basic analysis of altematives to identify the marginal benefits and adverse impacts of the project. + Carrying out environmental screening of proposed project components and to address environmental concems. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project ii Executive Summary 4 Review existing institutional and legal framework and assess the way they facilitate implementation of proposed watershed development. *: Suggest Environmental Management Plan indicating appropriate mitigation measures for potential environmental impacts on all project intervention components. • Suggest strategy for environmental monitoring and evaluation including identification monitoring and evaluation parameters. v Assessment of socio-economic characteristics of the primary stakeholders through consultative meetings such as RRA and PRA in seiected districts. (* Identification of key issues on project components through problem analysis based on community perception. * Documentation of existing level of community participation includfng cost-sharing in development activities and to wiliness the cost-sharing on the proposed watershed interventions. + Review and assess the Stakeholders including district line departments related to the proposed watershed development project. * Analysis of the existing institutional set-up at the village level, document the community perception on the role and responsibilities of the institutions at the village level. : Identification of level and type of training needs and suggest the agencies responsible for training. * Recommendation for project design including criteria for selection of components to be supported by the project, criteria for selection of beneficiaries for the project, strategy for participation and consultation with stakeholders in project preparation in project implementation, monitoring and evaluation arrangements. . Preparation of village watershed development plans for implementation of the proposed watershed interventions. * Preparation of tribal strategy plan 1.5 The major outputs of the assignment are as listed under: Village Watershed Development Plan * Environmental and Social Management guidelines * Proposed Participatory Consultative Process Framework * Proposed Institutional Strategy for project implementation * Training Needs and Capacity Building * Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy Tribal Study. 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 The land resources of Karnataka comprise more than 70 percent of the total arable area in the state. This valuable resource is being subjected to poor land management practices that have led to a situation of deteriorating soil fertility, soil loss, declining crop yield, depletion of water resources, deforestation, denudation, destruction of natural pastures and diminishing biomass production affecting both human and natural environments. In order to address the problems of land degradation and reduction in its productive capacity, the Government of Karnataka has proposed a detailed 'Integrated Watershed Development Project' with assistance of The World Bank. 2.2 The project would cover five districts, i.e., Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri and Dharwad, selected based on criteria mentioned below: Criteria for Selection of Districts In the 1 Phase of the Project Criteria I We-iohtaneI Percentage of population below the poverty line 40% Rainfed area as a percentage of total arable area 30% Percent of small and marginal farmers 20% Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary I Percentage of wastelands 10% l Source: Discussion with DWD, Karnataka. The districts of Kolar, Tumkur and Chitradurga form a contiguous stretch in the eastern part of Karnataka, while the districts of Haveri and Dharwad are located in the central part of Karnataka. Davangere district, which was formed only recently in 1996, separates these two blocks. These drought prone districts are characterized by low rainfall, low soil moisture, poor soil fertility and low productivity. The arid conditions and erratic rainfall of the districts call for soil and water conservation efforts coupled with increasing the productivity of the land. The project interventions is expected to benefit around 1400 villages spread over an area of some 8,00,000 hectares, of which 4,00,000 hectares would be directly rehabilitated and protected from further degradation. 2.3 The proposed project has four main components * Participatory Watershed Treatment * Farming System Intensification * Income Generating Activities * Institutional Strengthening The broad framework of activities are - Watershed Treatment Activities Soil and Water Conservation . Erosion control - contour vegetative hedges, gully control measures . Drainage treatment Water harvesting with eco-engineering devices - check dams, dugout sunken ponds, recharge pits, etc. V Village pond and tank construction / rehabilitation Agriculture & allied activities . Conservation measures - vegetative field boundaries, reuse of harvested water, furrow contour cultivation . Production measures - organic farming, crop demonstration, rainfed crop demonstration, on farm fodder and biomass production .Sericulture .Fishery Dryland horticulture and . Rainfed horticulture - demonstrations, marginal land Agroforestry . Silvi-horticulture *Agroforestry Animal husbandry U Livestock management .Anlmal health care / breeding centers .Stall feeding - construction / rehabiiitation of stalls .Chalf cutters for fodder feeding Forestry . Afforestation / reforestation . Silvi-pasture V Vegetative shrub barriers . Pasture land development . Production improvement Rural Infrastructure . Rural roads development . Marketing and post harvest infrastructure . Potable water supply & sanitation . Energy . Social infrastructure - schools, PHCs, etc. Agro-industries . Cottage industries . Agro based Small scale industries It is necessary that a satisfactory level of community involvement is achieved in implementing watershed treatments. The project components and activities related to the proposed Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary iv interventions for each village would be developed in the form of a Village Watershed Development Plan (VWDP), through a consultative process. 3.0 STUDY METHODOLOGY 3.1 The overall approach to the study is based on a consultative and participatory process based on the perceptions of the local communities. Secondary data was also collected and analyzed to establish issues at the regional level. The joint REA and SA exercise is an attempt to bring out an integrated output that would address both socio-economic and environmental issues, and get reflected in the Village Watershed Development Plans. The Social Assessment (SA) and the Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) would have many cross cutting themes, but would address these at different levels. The REA would suggest outcomes of the proposed project activities, whereas the SA would develop a process and methodology to achieve them. 3.2 The tasks accomplished in carrying out the study of REA and SA is as follows: Task -1: Review of Similar Projects; Task -2: Preliminary Environmental Socio-Economic Profile of Districts and Selection of Case Study Villages; Task -3: Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) of Selected Villages; Task -4: Assessment of Baseline Environmental Status of the Districts; Task -5: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Studies in Selected Villages; Task -6: Screening and Identification of Key Environmental and Social Issues; Task -7: Analysis of Alternatives; Task -8: Transect Walk; Task -9: Environmental and Social Management Guidelines; Task -10: Preparation of Village Watershed Development Plans (VWDP); and Task -11: Preparation of Tribal Development Strategy (TDS). 3.3 Some of the limitations of this study are: e It is to be mentioned that the entire social assessment exercise was undertaken in a systematic manner for all the five project districts. However, it relied mostly on data collected through sample villages. The sample size selected is small compared to the scale of the project (only 12 villages per district) At this stage, the PRA was conducted only thrice in each village. In fact, a realistic VWDP would be finalized only after a series of discussions with the community The Watershed Development Department has been newly created and therefore the institutional set up is also a limiting factor. Social Mobilization to create awareness among the community was not undertaken before conducting the PRA exercise. (Hence, it could have effected active participation of the community for future planning). 4.0 EXISTING POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 4.1 Watershed Development Projects have been taken up under different programmes launched by the Government of India. The Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and the Desert Development Programme (DDP) adopted the watershed approach in 1987. The Integrated Wasteland Development Projects (IWDP) taken up by the National Wasteland Development Board in 1989 also aimed at developing wastelands on the watershed basis. This programme Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary V has now been brought under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Wastelands Development in the Ministry of Rural Development. The fourth major programme based on the watershed concept is the National Watershed Development Programme in the Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) under the Ministry of Agriculture. 4.2 In Karnataka, the concept of watershed development took a definite shape in 1984 with the World Bank funded Pilot Project for Watershed Development in Rainfed Areas and when an independent directorate was instituted under the Department of Agriculture to look after the watershed activities. The implementation of the first project began in 1984-85. So far, watershed development projects have been implemented in four phases. Implementation of each of the projects has been phased out over 4-5 years. Based on the experiences gained in previous projects, the area and size of watersheds are delineated on scientific lines. After delineation of the project area, it is marked on the map of watershed drawn on a toposheet. The delineated map of the watershed is used to verify whether the delineation of watersheds and sub-watersheds is properly and scientifically done. 4.3 In Karnataka, more than 70% of the cultivable area is rainfed. The Dryland farming is characterized by traditional technology leading to lower yield and incomes; and associated with a high degree of risk and uncertainty. The Government of Karnataka decided in 1982 to develop dry lands on watershed basis on a pilot scale in all the agro-climatic zones of the state. The pilot effort envisaged watershed development projects in about 30,000 hectares in each of the 19 districts over a period of 7 years. In seeking to reverse resource based depletion, and achieve sustainable increases in the production of crops, forage, fruit, fuel and timber, the WDPs brought together the activities of the departments of agriculture, forestry and horticulture under a single umbrella. The interdepartmental collaboration finds expression at district level in the form of project / watershed development team, at divisional level in the form of Dryland development board with a multidisciplinary cell and at the state level in the form of state watershed development directorate with professionals from various departments. 4.4 Summary of Legal Framework & its Relevance to Watershed Development SL RELEVANCE TO THE RELEVANT ACTS & POLICIES SALIENT FEATURES WERP ED WATERSHED NO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PROGRAMCoPN'r i Agricultural Foltcies ' These bill are in the Dictates * Forestry - National Level Parliament and is a result Ec_nomic * Horticultu Agricuiture of the agreements with the securit/ re Boodiversity Bill WTO & GATT ' Provides * Livestock ' Ccnservation of * This provides the role of Ecologizal Silvicultu Bio Diversity Central & State integration re B1ll Governments, District & ' Increased ' Soil ' Patent Bill Taluk administrations, ecological Conservato Panchayats & Farmers symbiosis on These Bills deals about the leg. ' Agricultur sharing mechanism, Pollination) e management of natural increases resources, scope for production innovation, protection of indigenous & geographical resources, protection restored in the hands or. the community Agricultural Policies * This committee has - State Level presented its a Dr. Dwarakanath recommendations to the Committee Govt. of Karnataka, regarding the genetically engineered seeds and their effects & impacts 2. Forest Conservation I All diversions of Conservation * Forestry Act, 1980 forestlands to any non- of indigenous ' Agricultur Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary v; SL RELEVANCE TO THE RELEVANT ACTS i POLICIES SALIENT FEATURES WATERSHED WATERShED NO DEVELOPM~ENT COMPONENTS (Definition of forest purpose, even if the biomass e forests has been area is privately owneo, * Retards changed after the require approval of the evapotranspir Supreme Court ruling) central government ation, * Leases of forest land to generates any organization or organic individual require approval manure, of the central government increased * Proposals for diversion of soil flora & forest land for fauna construction of dwelling houses are not to be entertained 3. National Forest * Protect and enhance the * Controlled * Employment Policy, 1988 yields of ncn-timber forest felling and generation products in order to transportatio in forest generate empioyment and n of trees lands income for forest ana village communities 4. Joint Forest * Induces people's * Guideline or * Forestry Management, 1993 participation in forest the sharing * Interventi management mechanism on in * Sharing mechanism has beer Common formulated to distribute Resource the benefits of Property interventions carrieo out * Horticultu on common resources re property, government lands, * Pasture wastelands, etc. land * Benefits are categorized developmen into twc types - ecological t benefits and econor.ic benefits Karnataka Tree * Trees should be protected ' Preservatlo= * Hnr,.:cul tu Preservation Act, and tree felling in private of re 1976 areas are reou_ated and ncrticulture * Forestry requires approval of the & forestry government interventions * few species are e:emoted from procuring approvals - Fucayptus, Prcs,pus Julifera, Eritnrina inoic, Subavul, Glvr_sidla, Casuarina t. W_idlife iProtection * Tne Wildlife Protection Act * Preserva icn *Forestry Act, 1972 has allowed the government of bic to establish a number of civersity National Parks and Sanctuaries over the past 25 years, to protect and conserve the flora and fauna of the state. _ The Environment * This Act encompasses all * Preservatior. * Water (Protection' Act, legislations providing for of air and conservati 1986 tne prztection of water quality on environment _n tme country * Control of * Agricultur * It inzludes the power to pesticide & e direot the closure, insecticide * Forestry pronibit_on. or regulation runoff * Pasture of ary industry, operat-or. * Contrcl dust larscs or process by the pollution due * Horticultu Government to iuarrming, re wf.ich mi ght harm the vegetation hTe Water & Air * Water act includes fhe IPrevention & Control maintenance or restoring of Poilution: Acts, the wnolesomeness cf the 1974 & 1981 water * Aur act restricts the operation of any industrial _____ plant in an air pollution . Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary VII SL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RELEVANCE TO THE RELEVANT ACTS & POLICIES SALIENT FEATURES PEROSHED WATERSHED NO DEERlPMN COM,PONENTS contrcl area without a valid consent from the State Pollution Control Boards 9. Karnataka Land Tenure * The tenure of various land * Any surplus * Horticultu Act, 1976 use has been completely land is re implemented in the designated as Forestry Karnataka State government * Silvicultu Any surplus lana is land, which re designated as government can be land, which can be converted as converted as Common Cortmcn Resource Property by the Resource village community Property by tne village community IC. The Ancient * The Ancient Monuments ano * Culturat Monuments, Archaeological sites should safeguards Archaeological sites be protected from any and Remains Act, 1958 developmental activity. The area within the radii of 100 m and 300m from the 'Protected property' are designated as 'Protected area' and 'Controlied area' respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting etc., is permitted in the 'Protected area' and developmental activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the 'controlled area' without prior permission of the Archaeological Survey of India' ,- The Karnataka * Prohibition. to transfer for .* oc1al Scheouled Castes and a specified per_cd to equality Scheduled Tribes dispose of granted lands (Pronibition of not an unreasonable Trans'er of Certain restriction on the rights Landsp Act, 1978. of the grantees Protection of economic interests of Scheduled Casts ant Scneouled Trices 12. The Schedule Castes & * Prohibition of incidence of * Social The Schedule Tribes - atrocity against scheduled equalit:y Prevention of Tribes like untoucharility, Atrocities Act, 1989 case prejudices, land disputes, forced & bonded labour, non-payment of minimum wages, inadequate police protection and _ ______________________ support etc., 5.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTING 5.1 The five districts of Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri & Dharwad lie between latitudes 15.50N & 12.750 N and between longitudes 74.480 E & 78.580 E. The study area spans a total of 36,290 sq. km and is mainly located in the eastern plains of Karnataka State. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary viii 5.2 Distric Location Area t (sq. km) Kolar Located in the Southern maidan (plains) region of the State 8,223 and is the eastern-most district of the state; Bounded by Bangalore and Tumkur districts on the west and by the States of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil nadu on the other sides. Tur-.kur Located in the Eastern belt in the southern half of the 10,59 State: 8 Bounded on the east by Kolar & Bangalore districts, on the soutr by Mandya district, on the west & north west by Hassan & Chitradurga districts and on the north by the State of Andhra Pradesh. Chitrad Located in the Central sector of the State and forms part 8,388 urga of the southern portion of the Deccan Peninsula; Bounded on the north by Bellary district, on the northern half of the eastern side by the state of Andhra Pradesh, on the southern half of the eastern side and eastern half of the southern side by Tumkur district, on the western half of the southern side and south west by Chikmagalur distrio-, on the west by Shimoga district and for a short stretch on the north west by Dharwad district. Haveri Located in the Western sector Gf the northern nalf o' 4,e811 Karnataka State; Boundea on the north by Dharwad and Haveri districts, on the east by Bellary and Davangere, on the south by Shimoga and by uttara Kannada on the west. Dha-wau Located inr -r.e Westerrn sector Of the northern ha' ' ci 4,_3 Karnataka State; Bounded on- the north by Belgaum, on the east by Gadag, or. the south by Haven ano 00 )2ttar Kannada in the west. 5.2 The districts of Kolar, Tumkur and southern Chitradurga experiences hot, seasonally dry tropical savanna climate while Haveri, Dharwad and northern Chitradurga experiences hot, semi-arid, tropical steppe type of climate. The temperatures of the region increase northwards and there are areas that experience high temperatures of up to 410C and dry spells. The year is usually divided into four seasons: * Summer from March to May; * Southwest monsoon from June to September; * Northeast monsoon between October and November; and; * Winter or dry season from December to February. The average rainfall varies from 565 mm in Chitradurga district to 772 mm in Dharwad district. 5.3 The topography of the region is made up of undulating plains interspersed with hills of varying heights. The elevations of the plains and plateaus range from 600 - 900 metres above MSL and the prominent hill peaks vary from 800 - 1500 metres above MSL. The slopes are very gentle (1%-5%) to gentle (3O/o-8%) and are associated with moderately sloping land (5%- 15%). The slopes are shown in Maps 5.2 (a-e). Siltation in valleys and uneven fertility due to varying soil depths and water holding capacity are the main issues due to the terrain. 5.4 A majority of the rivers in the region are small and seasonal. The important rivers in the region are Drainage and Surface water Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project ix Executive Summary District Basin Main rivers Important tributaries Kolar Cauvery Palar, North Pinakini, Arkcavathi, Chitraxathi, Nangihole, South Pinakini Kumar, Kushavatti, Markandaya, Papaghni, Vrishabhavathi, VaroDamanhole Tumkur Cauvery Shrmsha, Jayamangali, Naga, Nagini, Dodd.ahaila, Chik Tore Suvarnamukhi Chitradurga Krishna Veaavati & Tungabhadra Janagahalla, Suvarnamukhi, I (Derennial) Syagahalla, Garani, Nayakanhatti Haveri and Krishna Malaprabha & Tungabhadra Bennihalia, Shalmala (west Dharwad (perennial) flowing), Varada, Kumudvati, Dharma A number of these rivers and rivulets have been harnessed for the purposes of irrigation. There are a number of irrigation tanks in the region that were constructed hundreds of years back, especially in Kolar, Tumkur, Haveri and Dharwad districts. However, these tanks are in very poor condition and a large number are in disuse because of siltation and poor maintenance. 5.5 Irriation in the Project Districts, 1997-98 District Canals Tanks Well Borewe Lift Other Not area % Net {e) (M) s lls Irrigati sources area (%) (4) on (M) irrigated irrigated ________________ __________ __________ (%)~~ ~ (H a) _ _ _ _ _ _ K_12r 0~ 11.1 26.0 '1. _ - _ 7t,e84 _1.13 TumKUr i. X 6 = =' .C S8. 9 0.1 _ 99,962 19.49 Chitraouroaa 41.3 C.-, --.6 50.4 S .4 _2,-_4a 2_ _47_ Haveri & 34.4 12.5 6.8 29.2 T 1-7 1.3 169,15 16.33 |Dharwad* l l_I_I _I __ Karnataka 38.2 10.1 19.1 27.4 4.7 10.5 2,362,661 23.45 StateI Includes Davangere Includes Gadag Source: Karnataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK 5.6 The predominant soils found in the region are red and black soils. The textures vary from sandy to loamy though gravelly and clayey soils are also found. The depths of the soils also vary from shallow to very deep. Red soils on higher elevations are characterized by high infiltration, more runoff and low water holding capacity. Black soils are rich in organic content and are characterized by high water holding capacity and low infiltration. 5.7 The soil, meager rainfall, high temperatures and conditions unsuitable for good forests has resulted in very poor forest cover in most areas of the five districts, and consist mainly of scrub and thorny vegetation. A few forest areas in Tumkur may be termed as dry deciduous forests. The western fringe of about 20-30 km width of Dharwad and Haveri districts has a typical malnad climate dominated by low hills, meandering streams, moderate to heavy rainfall and dense vegetation. To the east of this region lies the transition belt of about 20-35 km in width and characterized by acacia or thorn forests. Scrub forests make up the remaining areas of the districts. The area under forest in the five districts is much less than the State average Forest cover in the Region, 1997-98 District Geographical Area Forest Area (Ha) % Forest area (Ha) Kolar ?79,467 70,324 5.2 Tum,cur 1,064,755 44,9 94 ,.2_ Chatradurgal 1,-01,505 90,829 .94 Haver & Dharwad- 1,378,200 1115,303 __37 Study area 4,237,927 3 321,440 .-9 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary x Karataka State 1 19,049,836 3062,91 1 16.081 * Includes Davangere **Includes Gadag Source: Karnataka at a glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK The forest regions are found to a large extent on the lower slopes of hill ranges. The forests are mostly open and consist of mixed species varying from dry deciduous to thorny bushes. The scanty rainfall has caused the trees to be short, twisted, knotty and full of branches. The forests contain very few timber species and the wood that is generally available is fit for use only as fuel. These forests have also been over-exploited for decades and the free grazing facility permitted therein has had an inimical effect on natural and artificial regeneration. The forest cover in the five districts is less than 5% of the forest area. 5.8. The soil, rainfall and climatic conditions are not favourable for the growth of rich and variegated vegetation. The predominant vegetation in the region consists of thorny shrubs, bushes and rough grasses. Bamboo bushes and stunted teak can also be found in the region. The thorn forests in Dharwad and Haveri that lie in the Transition zone consist mainly of acacias and cassias. These are relatively abundant along the banks of rivers and streams. In the absence of adequate forest cover, the district has very few species of wild animals. The tiger, panther and cheetah have now totally out migrated from these forests. The bear, wild boar, hyena, fox, spotted deer and rabbit are the important species of wild animals found in Tumkur district. The leopard, bear, wolf, hyena, jackal, Indian fox and the deer are the wild animals found in Dharwad district. 5.9. As per the 1991 census, the rural population in the study area is higher than the State average of 69.1%, except in Dharwad district. The overall density of population in the study area compares with the state average of 235 persons per square kilometer. This varies across the region with the population density of Dharwad being the highest among the five districts and Chitradurga the lowest. The share of SC and ST population in the region is also higher than the State average. The share of SC and ST population of Dharwad however, are considerably lower than the State average while the other districts it is higher. Kolar district has the highest percentage of SC's and Chitradurga the highest percentage of STs. 5.10 The literacy rate in the study area does not vary much from the State average and the female literacy rate in the region is only slightly lower than the State average. Dharwad and Haveri districts have literacy rates higher than the State average. Female literacy rates are also higher in Dharwad, though lower than male literacy. Female literacy for all the districts is lower than male literacy rates. Literacy rate in the region, 1991 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary Literacy Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga Haveri Dharwad Study |arnat-ka Total (%) 50.5 54.5 52.3 _ 56.1 62.7 55.2 56.0 Males (%I 62.7 66.5 64.5 68.0 74.2 67.2 67.3 Females (%) 37.& 41.9 39.4 43.3 £2.4 42.6 44.3 Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 5.10 The working population Ratio in the study area is 39.19%, which is slightly higher than the State average of 38.45%. The percentage of marginal workers in the study area is higher than the State average of 3.54%. Tumkur has a very high percentage at 7.95% and the percentage for Chitradurga is also higher than the State average. Workers in the region, 1991 Workers By Category Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga* Haveri Study Karsa t Dharwad** Area aka State Main Workers (M) Tctal 39.76 39.74 38.7C 38.54 39. 9 38.45 Males 54.42 55.27 53.2. 52.81 53.92 53.53 Ferraies 24.59 23.53 23.33 23.40 23.7: -i 2.73 Marginal Workers (i) Total 3.66 7.95 4.34 3.60 4.89 3.54 Males 0.665 1.64 0.72 0.60 C. 90 0.56 Females 6.7E 14.53 8.17 6.79 9.07 6.66 Non-workers (M) Total 36f .5DA 52.31 se6. 9e _7.85s 55 . 92 45S 0t Males 44.95 43 09 46.96 4e.59 45.4C 4 9 Females 68.63 61.94 68. 0 69.82 6-.2' 61 * Includes Davangere ** Includes Gadag Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 Almost three fourths of the main workers in the study area are engaged in primary activities. This is higher than the State average of 67.37%. This holds true for all the districts in the study area. The percentage of workers in the tertiary sector in the region is below the state average. Kolar and Tumkur have very low percentages of workers in this sector. Break up of main workers in the region, 1991 Category Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga* Haver £ Study Karna Dharwad** Area taka ________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________S ta te Primary activities (% 77.76 76.4 72.09 7C.65 74.73 67.3 Manufacturing and 6.76 6.84 8.24 8.91 7.69 10.70 industrial activities services (9' 15.48 14.76 19.67 2C.44 17 59 21. 93 * Includes Davangere ** Includes Gadag Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 5.11 The per capita income in the region is lower than the State average. Chitradurga district has the highest per capita income and Tumkur the lowest. The low economic status of the region is due to poor natural resources and low opportunities for employment. Per capita income in the region Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xii Executive Summary Kolar Tumkur Chftradurga* Haveri & Study Karnataka At current prices 10,013 9,011 1 098,9 10,397 10,103 13,621 At constant prices 7,338 6643 s841a.. 7,977 7,594 10,200 * Includes Davangere i* Sncludes Gadag Source: Kamataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK 5.12 The land utilization in the five districts for 1997-98 is given in the following table. Barren land in the study area is slightly higher than the State average of 4.21%. This percentage for Kolar and Tumkur districts is quite high at 8.11% and 6.34% respectively. The percentage of cultivable wasteland in the study area is slightly higher compared with the State average and very high in Tumkur. The percentage of land under permanent pasture in the region is also higher than the State average. However, Haveri and Dharwad districts have a very small area under permanent pasture. The net area sown in Kolar and Tumkur districts is lower than the State average while Haveri and Dharwad districts have very high areas that are sown. The study area as a whole has a slightly higher percentage of area sown than the State .average. The percentage area sown more than once in Haveri and Dharwad districts is very high at 20.12% while it is only 2.67% and 2.89% in Kolar and Tumkur districts. On an average, the percentage area sown more than once in the study area is almost as much as the State average. Land utilization in the region (%), 1997-98 Category Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga. Haveri Study Area Karnataka Dharwad** State Forest 9.02 4.22 8.94 8.37 7.64 16.08 Land not available for cultivation Non agricultural 9.48 7.76 6.39 4.55 7.04 6.74 Barren 8.11 6.34 3.01 1.55 4.75 4.21 Other uncultivated land _ Cultivable waste 1.61 6.24 2.66 0.50 2.75 2.31 Permanent pasture 14.33 9.36 10.16 1.36 8.80 5.28 Trees and aroves 1.73 1.89 1.49 0.17 1.32 1.64 Fallow land _ Current fallows 7.97 12.60 8.49 6.42 8.87 8.77 Other fallows 1.23 3.41 2.74 1.71 2.27 2.09 Area sown _ Net 46.53 48.17 56.12 75.35 56.54 52.89 More than once ;2.67 2.89 8.25 20.12 8.48 8.51 Includes Davangere ** Includes Gadag Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 and Karnataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK 5.13 The areas of land holdings in the study area are similar to those of the State as a whole. However, the marginal land holdings in Kolar and Tumkur are quite high. Dharwad and Haveri have a smaller percentage of marginal land holdings. The percentage of medium land holdings in these districts is higher than the State average. The small land holdings are due to subdivisions and poor economic conditions of the people in the region. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xi Land holdings (% of area), 1995-96 Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga* Haveri & Study Karnataka ________________ ________ __________ Dharwad** Area State Marginal (< 1 Ha) 20.0 14.0 7.6 3.8 11.35 10.3 Small (1-2 Ha) 25.1 21.8 19.2 18.6 21.18 20.5 Semi-medium (2-4 Ha) 26.1 27.2 27.2 29.3 27.45 27.2 Medium (4-10 Ha) 21.6 26.4 30.4 34.1 28.13 28.8 Large (> 10 Ha) 7.2 10.6 15.6 14.2 11.90 13.2 Total area of holdings 461,368 691,770 750,226 1,125,494 3,028,858 12,108,667 (H a) I_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _I__ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ _ I__ __ _ _ * Includes Davangere Includes Gadag Source: Karnataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK 5.14 The decade of 1980's witnessed frequent droughts in the State. As a result, there was stagnancy in food grain production in the state during this decade. The mean annual food grain production, which was 72.69 lakh tonnes during 1977 to 1980, declined to 66.42 lakh tonnes during the 1980's. However, mean food grain production increased to 86.25 lakh tonnes between 1991-93 and 1996-97. Thus, the decade of 1990's was in general good with respect to agricultural activity in the state. The land productivity in the study area is very low compared to the State average. This is due to low soil fertility, poor agricultural practices and lack of technology. 5.15 The livestock density of the study area is higher than the State average. Kolar and Tumkur have large livestock population The percentage of sheep and goats in Dharwad is also very low compared to the other districts and the State average. Livestock in the region, 1997 Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga Haveri Dh.rwad Study Karnataka Area state Cattle & buffaloes 673,998 837,927 479,741 466,797 297,147 2,755,610 14,375,024 (Y°) (39.4) (37.3) (31.4) (50.3) (65.5) (40.0) (50.2) Sheep a goats 877,504 1,239,225 978,606 413,999 115,738 3,625,072 11,894,883 (0/) (51.3) (55.1) (64.1) (44.7) (25.5) (52.8) (41.5) Others 160.526 171,431 67,778 46,082 40,716 486,533 2,38Z204 (%) (9.3) (7.6) (4.5) (5.0) (9.0) (7.1) (8.3) Total livestock 1,712,028 2,248,583 1,526,125 926,878 453,601 6,867,215 28,652,111 (%) (100.0) (300.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) Livestock density 208.2 212.2 181.9 191.1 107.2 189.2 149.4 Source: Karnataka at a Glance, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK The large population of livestock coupled with low forest resources has caused a shortage of fodder in the region. The existing forests are under severe stress due to this. The talukwise livestock densities are listed in the Annexure V.6. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xiv 5.16 While education, drinking water, power supply, communications and approach roads appear to be satisfactory in the study area, market and medical facilities are very poor across the five districts. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xv Rural Population served by different Amenities (°h), 1991 Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga* Haveri & Study area Oharwad** ______ Education 93.3 97.4 99.4 99.1 97.3 Medical 13.7 19.8 32.3 49.8 28.9 Drinking water 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Post & telegraph 32.5 48.0 59.6 68.5 52.2 Market 10.6 13.0 14.4 27.3 16.3 Communications 71.8 68.8 85.2 95.0 80.2 Approach by pucca 63.1 67.6 86.0 90.7 76.9 road I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Power supply 999.9 9.9 98.3 100.0 99.5 8 Includes Davangere ** Includes Gadag Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING 6.1 Environmental and social screening is aimed at identifying risk issues involved in the implementation of the project and to list the potential environmental and socio-economic benefits of the proposed project. The important environmental and social issues identified through the baseline status are: * Erratic and low rainfall * Small and non-perennial streams * oDepleting groundwater levels * Poor fertility of soils * Low water holding capacity of soils High to moderate erodibility of soils Siltation of tanks * Very low forest cover v Poor vegetation in forests Degradation of forests due to anthropogenic activities * tLow opportunities for employment * Small land holdings High livestock population * Shortage of fodder * Shortage of fuelwood 6.2 The consultative process involved household visits and individual interactions, consultations with peer groups, discussions with focus groups, Participatory Rural Appraisal and transect. The officers of the Watershed Development Department and Zilia Panchayat were also consulted to elicit their concern on existing key environmental issues and on those that may crop up during the impiementation of the project. Several social and environmental problems were identified by the people during the consultative process. The problems have been ranked in terms of intensity or magnitude by the people on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 representing and 10 representing low intensity. Nature of Problem Tumkur Kolar Chitraduraa Haveri Dharwad Land-Use T __1________ Depleting groundwater 3 6 1 5 5 Soil Erosion 1 8 3 1 2 Reduction in soil productivity 5 3 3 4 3 Reduction in vegetative cover 2 1 5 2 1 Lack of pastureland 3 4 2 5 5 Mono-cropping 7 7 5 4 5 Scarcity of Fodder 6 5 7 3 7 Scarcity of Fuel 8 2 7 3 3 Basic amenities Lack of Roads 2 7 6 6 6 Drinking water problem 2 6 1 4 3 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xv, Nature of Problem Tumkur Kolar Chitradurga Haveri Dharwad L.La .f Health facilities 1 2 3 2 of Education 2 1 4 1 L_ of Market facilities 5 3 6 2 3 Electricity problem 4 4 2 7 6 Lack of financial institutions 6- CPR's Management of tanks 1 1 2 1_1 2 1 Misuse of forestland 3 3 | 2 1 2 Encroachment of community land | 2 1 1 3 3 3 Institutional arrangement Lack of interest in village developmental 5 3 3 4 4 activities . Lack of unity 3 2 3 3 3 Lack of unity among users 3 4 1 1 Community participation levels 2 5 2 2 2 Low representation of women 1 1 - 1 5 - Environmental Issues Lack of Drainage 2 1 3 I 1 Misuse of water bodies (ponds kalyani etc.) 4 2 1 2 2 Contamination at water sources 3 - 4 3 3 Solid Waste Management/ improper disposal 1 3 2 4 4 of garbage . 6.3 The proposed project interventions are likely to contribute to reasonable environmental conservation and enhancement, and to improve the productivity of land under different primary production systems. Vegetative cover treatment supported under the project and the management of common lands would enhance the supply situation of fodder, fuelwood and food crops. The project would treat and protect the watersheds from further degradation as well as rehabilitate and upgrade existing infrastructure. . I POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS & OPPORTUNMES FOR ENHANCEMENT Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xvii DIRECT BENEFITS n Increase in vegetative cover Reduction in soil erosion o Reduction in soil & nutrient loss o Preservation of soil biota a Increased pereniality of streams o Clean water for drinking purpose o . Increased groundwater recharge & groundwater availability o Improvement in soil moisture regime and hence better vegetative growth a Enlarged areas under biomass production system o Increased biodiversity and enhanced environmental biodiversity o Increased organic matter build-up including soil structure improvement Better agricultural practices Improved quality of life More employment opportunities a Increased household income and reduction in poverty o Better education facilities o Improved live stock/dairy production Better possibilities of developing water resources for irrigation Possibilities of using micro irrigation systems for higher water reuse efficiency o Increased market value of land Formation of user groups at village level = INDIRECT BENEFITS Improvement in microclimate and moderation of temperature extremes * Improved infrastructure facilities o Gender-in-development o Better human health, less infant morbidity & mortality o More biomass based enterprises o Use of improved chullas and bio-gas energy a Increase in fertility rate through family planning and health awareness o Good social interaction Improved cultural activities c Envisioning of rural society o Less social tension a Reduction in malnutrition 6.4 Potential Environmental Impacts and Risks of the proposed project activities PROECT' ACTIVIES POSITIVE lMPACTS NE"TXI IMPACTS/RISKS COMPONENT Soil & Wdter . Erosion control - * Increased C Change in surface runoff patterns / Conservation contour vegetative groundwater water logging . Gully stabilization mhedaes, gully control avalability * Reduction in water downstream - Village pond and tank erosion control . Improved C Change in groundwater conditions construction . Drainage treatment, irrigation facilities * Siltation in water harvesting structures v Rehabilitation of stream bank protection . Reduced soil . Pesticide & insecticide pollution in water village ponds * Water harvesting with erosion including harvesting structures with consequent W water harvesting and eco-engineering devices soil & nutrient change in water quality reuse of rainwater - check dams, dugout loss rodside erofaionw r sunken ponds, recharge Increased Change in soil regime control pits, etc. perenniality of Check dam failures Village pond and tank streams . Increased erosion & siltation rates due construction / . Reduced runoff to construction activities and floods . Altering soil biota . Change in landscape . Village ponds/farm ponds attract mosquito breeding . water borne diseases . Non-point source of pollution from surface runoff . Impacts due to demand on construction matenals * Algal growth and eutrophication due to Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xv PROJECT ACTIVIES POSITIVE IMPACTS N11OEATMIE IMPACS/RISKS COMPONINT increased levels of nutrients in surface waterbodies Change in micro-dimatological conditions Stagnation of water in surface streams resulting in change in taste & increase in odour Water logging conditions due to increased groundwater table Agriculture & Allied Conservation measures . Increased fodder . Pesticide & insecticide pollution Activities - vegetative field production Agriculture run-off Vegetative fieldboundaries, reuse ofReudsrfc . Vegetative field harvested water, furrow Reduced surface Increased use of water boundaries contour cultivation loss * Decrease in forest cover On-farm fodder . Production measures -losDceeinfrtcvr prmd fodder roduction masuros . Improved crop Soil fertility depletion due to extensive production ~~~~organic farmning, cropcutviofamn . Rainfed crop demonstrabon, rainfed cultivation farming demonstration crop demonstration, on practices Drainage congestion farm fodder and Enhanced soil biomass production moisture . Intensive Farming . Sericulture . Fishery Dryland Horticulture & . Rainfed horticulture - Increased . Fruit crops may compete with food Agroforestry demonstrations, production base, producing crops l Rainfed horticulture marginal land biomass Mono horticulture may cause disease & demonstration Silvihorticulture production & coM pest problems perennial coverpetrolm . Rainfed horticulture . Agroforestry . Direct economic Increase in use of pesticides (marginal land) benefits . Competition for water, nutrient level . Agroforestry Reduced soil may increase erosion due to increased vegetative cover Animal Husbandry . Livestock management . Improved . Increased returns from animal livestock / milk husbandry could increase the livestock bLivestock reduction edAnimal health carer/ production population aggravating pressure on . Natural & artificial breeding centersfodder resources breeding centers . Stall feeding - . Reduced fde eore Animalng ealthecare cStrucdiong - exploitation of . Bacterial and parasitic diseases rehabilitation of forest areas Better breed of livestock require better Construction& C Greater and more expensive fodder feeding fodder resources o Lack of nutritious forage may decline . Stall feeding of the productivity of improved cattle animals a aPre and post natal care Supplementary f Post project maintenance of animal livestock feeding health programme fodder sf Change in gene habits and behaviour . Bacterial and parasitic diseases . Increase in ticks, lice . Need for preservation of vaccines in cryogenic conditions Forestry . Afforestation / . Increase in . Introduction of exotic species could have . Afforestation reforestation vegetative cover adverse impacts * Production . Silvipasture . Increase in . Change in diversity of flora and fauna Component Vegetative shrub infiltration I Increase in vector borne diseases .bSilvipasturesReduction in soil . Increased risk of forest fires, habitat . Vegetative shrub . Pasture land erosion including and grazing resources loss barriers in contour evelopmen soil & nutnent trenches . Production loss . Pasture land improvement . Reduction in run- development off Rural Infrastructure . Rural roads Improved . Construction activities would result in accessibility to increased erosion rates . Rural roads Cottage industries markets Possibility of natural drainage pattern Marketing & post Marketing and post . Improved quality being disrupted harvesting harvest infrastructure Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xix PRO0ECT ACTIVMTXES POSr1IVE IMPACTS NEGATIVE IMPACTS/R1SKS COMPONENT infrastructure * Potable water supply of life * Increased accident risk * Potable water supply * Energy * Greater . Additional land employment requirement/encroachment in * Energy . Social infrastructure generation agricultural & forest lands * Reemoval of vegetation during road construction * Increase in roadside soil erosion * Increase in human movement and ethnic conflicts * Migration and transmission of diseases * Change in water consumptive pattern & sanitation 7.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 7.1 After the identification and screening of the potential impacts of the project components on the environmental components, the impacts have been assessed using a Modified Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (MRIAM). This is a new tool for assessment of impacts using a structural matrix to allow for such judgments (both subjective and those based on quantitative data) made on a like-by-like basis, and provides a transparent and permanent record of the objective judgments made. The problem of subjectivity has been addressed by this method by defining precisely how that judgments subjectivity can be minimized. The subjectivity of judgment needs to be transparent and it becomes necessary to define very carefully how the analysis should be carried out and the criteria by which judgments are made. The MRIAM provides a system by which development options and scenarios can be rapidly evaluated. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary XX 7.2 Environmental and Social Impacts - Without Project Scenario 0 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ................. .......... ... ... .... B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ D 0~~~~~~~~~U0 >.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ u cLu t5o c E 0 cx- o CZ Ln 2~~~~~ L 0 < 0 u 0 Lfl -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O UU N: No change A: Marginal positive /negative impacts B: Moderate positive /negative impacts C: Significant positive / negative impacts D.: Major positive / negative impacts The above Chart shows the positive and negative impacts for each project component without the project and indicates the importance of each project component's effect on the environment if it is not implemented. This is only indicative since the impacts of each project component cannot be seen in isolation as the impacts of the components are interrelated. The high negative Environmental and Social Scores emphasizes the need for comprehensive watershed development in the region. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive SummaryXX 7.3 Environmental and Social Impacts - With Project Scenario D---------- ....... A A B C D 0 L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 i 0 V . CZ'- n _ . W~~~ E -~~~ ~~~ u~~. = - ..c 0) v fo ±e : - .~C -- 0~-~0 t -~~~~~~~~L C3E w - u- )l C.) E N: No ch ange A: Marginal positive / negative impacts B: Moderate positive /negative impacts C: Significant positive / negative impacts D: Major positive / negative impacts The Environmental and Social Scores are evaluated by converting them into the Range Band (RB) defined earlier Chart shows the positive and negative impacts for each project component with the project. It is quite evident from the chart that the beneficial impacts of the project, both social as well as environmental, are very significant and the overall quality of life in the region can be improved with the project. 7.4 It is evident from the above analysis that the project area without any intervention, would have a cumulative negative score of -485. This is attributed to lack of soil and moisture conservation measures, absence of forestry activities and low productivity. The cumulative positive score of 185 is due to the activities already being carried out at present. The negative impacts are far higher than the positive impacts. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xxii The positive impact score of 826, with the project, show that the project area will significantly benefit from the proposed watershed interventions. However, there would be marginal negative impacts of -211 due to construction activities, increased application of fertilizers and pesticides, shift in social dynamics, etc. These are addressed through mitigation measures in the Environmental and Social Management Guidelines. 8.0 PAST EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS LEARNT 8.1 Watershed development projects have been taken up under different programmes and projects launched by the Government of India. The programmes undertaken along the lines of watershed development are: * The Drought Prone Area programme (DPAP)-1987 by MoRD; * The Desert Development Programme (DDP)- 1987 by MoRD; * The Integrated Wasteland Development Project (IWDP)-1989 by MoRD; . National Watershed Development Programme in Rain fed Areas (NWDPRA)-1990 by MoA * Watershed Development in Shifting Cultivation Areas (WDSCA) by MoA; and * Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) by MoRD. The DDP focused on reforestation to arrest the growth of hot and cold deserts while the Drought Prone Areas Programme concentrated on non-arable lands and drainage lines for in- situ soil and moisture conservation, agro-forestry, pasture development, horticulture and alternate land uses. The IWDP, on the other hand, made silvipasture, soil and moisture conservation on wastelands the predominant activity. The NWDPRA was implemented with a major thrust on arable land treatment, non-arable land treatment, and drainage line treatment and livestock development. 8.2 Some of the shortcomings in the watershed projects implemented so far in India are: a) In few watersheds, communication of the approved action plan and release of funds was delayed, which in turn affected timely implementation especially with regard to vegetative measures and crop demonstration activities; b) About 65 watersheds studied in NWDPRA plan with regard to the cost ceiling norms, approved action plan, grants released and amount spent have ultimately resulted in not fulfilling the integrated watershed approach; c) Only 50 to 60% of the allocated amount for arable land, contour vegetative and gully control measures with vegetative support has been spent and desired attention is not focused on this important and crucial subcomponent; d) Systematic efforts were not focused on demonstrations to beneficiaries as per the concept of demonstrations; and e) The required level of importance was not given for drainage line treatment of middle and upper reaches, i.e., integrated approach with regards to drainage line treatment in the order of upper, middle and lower reaches has not been adopted in a majority of the watersheds. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xxiii 8.3 It has been realized over the past decades that the major shortcoming of watershed approach was lack of people's participation in the programme. It is difficult to implement the project interventions without involvement of local people. Those projects implemented without people participation have faced the following problems: poor communications between beneficiaries and maintenance authorities, high implementation costs, lack of knowledge and misconceptions on ownership, have diminished community participation. The only way to accelerate the pace of the watershed development programme is to bring out village level operations, maintenance and management, which in turn helps people to participate in the programme. Sharing of the cost for watershed treatment also gives the people a sense of ownership, whi,ch increases their participation. 8.4. Watershed development had initially adopted a sectoral approach. The stakeholder departments like forestry, agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, soil conservation, land use planning etc., were involved in implementing large catchments independently and there was little inter-sectoral linkage in time and space between these programmes. Further, the project implementation was slow, partly due to the innovative nature of many aspects of the project and the learning required for many stakeholders. In the initial stages of the project, there were long delays in processing, involving the community and subsequent construction was not as planned. However, in NWDPRA programme, where an integrated approach has been adopted, the entire project components are being implemented through a cohesive watershed development team having expertise in all the sectors, for whom the learning process form each sector was not needed. 8.5 Table below presents a summary of strengths and weaknesses in the past projects on watershed development in Karnataka. Table 8.1: Strengths and Constraints Watershed Development Projects in Karnataka Components Strengths Constraints/weaknesses Technical component . Need based micro planning * Microscopic approach . Integration of multi-disciplinary * Weak extension centres for transfer of appropriate component technology . Single window system for . Linkages with the line departments providing necessary goods . Poor knowledge base for specific issues /services . Lack of indigenous knowledge . Sequential treatment * Weak replicability of technology . Emphasis on water/soil * Poor repair and maintenance work conservation * Technology against villagers choice . Easily adoptable technologies * Less operational flexibility C Cluster approach Community Cost and benefits sharing Departmental execution Participation (CP) Local institutions . Inadequate time for community * Cultural and Political issues . Lack of Definite strategy on community participation . Lack of active role of women groups Research . Provision for on farm research . Funds not earmarked . Inadequate research . Lack of co-ordination between research scientists and professionals/farmer . Under utilization of rainfed farming technology Monitoring and * Guidelines of M & E * Unquanitifiable performance indicators Evaluation * No role to beneficiaries . Under utilized GIS facility, latest technology . Ineffective co-ordination Sustainability . Training camps in co-ordination * No cost sharing with Agricultural, Soil, Social and . Lack of ownership Sericulture Depts. . Injudicious use of subsidy Lack of innovative approach and professional inputs Training and Capacity . Training programmes at various . Training in O&M is neglected Building levels strengthen the project . Non-involvement of all user groups implementation * Improper assessment of training and capacity building Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxiv Executive Summary Components Strenoths Constraints/weaknesses * Inadequate community participation * Low allocations to traininq and caDacity buildind Implementation * Involvement of all interest * Experimentation of mechanisms Mechanism groups, including vulnerable * Absence of proper mechanism with well defined roles, sections functions and responsibilities . LOw replicability value * Involvement of too many institutions with different approaches NGO jnvolvement . Involvement of NGOs with * Adoption of different approaches and methodologies hands on experience * Non-existence of unified action Networking among NGOs Involvement of * Involvement of all vulnerable * Lack of orientation marred their participation vulnerable groups sections Cost sharing * Introduction of the concept in * Inadequacy of motivation and non-acceptance of the concept villages by the communities Integration of SA & REA . SA & REA integration at the * Excesstve dependence on secondary data/information macro level * Lack of direct interaction with village communities and benefidary groups 9.0 ANALYSIS OF STAKEHOLDERS To determine the socio-economic and cultural profile of the primary stakeholders the analysis was carried out through two levels of consultative process- through PRA and Household survey. The limitation of this study is that the sample size is very small. A random sample of 15% households was carried out in 63 villages spread over 5 districts. The survey involved informal discussions with the householders using checklist method to elicit frank and uninhibited response. 10.0 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 10.1 The stakeholders involved in the Watershed Development Projects in Karnataka are fall under two major groups: Formal; and Informal. The institutions fall under Formal Groups may further be grouped into two sub-groups, viz., Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs); and Line Departments. The informal group of institutions, generally, operates at the village level. Table 10.1 presents these informal and formal groups of institutions under all four levels (State, District, Watershed and Village) in Karnataka. 10.2 EXISTING FORMAL AND INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS AT VILLAGE LEVEL | °rq.nxzatiem | aesponsibilitl.. Implementation of the government schemes a: village level - Identification of beneficiaries - Implementation of the special schemes for SC and STs. c, * Formation and maintenance of the village roads, _ PRIs Gram Panchayat/PRIs drains and streetlights, teach Gram tanchayat receives Rs. 2 iakh grant per a-nnu to take up _ works like formation of roads, drains etc, . Other ..n.me sources are househo.d tax 1 olletzon). Awareness campaign on the importance of hygiene and sanitatton. Redress of public grievances DELINE Representatives as Carry out ExCtension Serv:ces as per the d;rections, targets AGENC E extension workers from received from District Line Agencies taluk level Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Executive Summary xxv organization Responsibilities Self Help Groups: These are the voluntary groups set up by the NGOs to act as micrc f:nance institLitions. The main roles and responsibilities of the SHGs are Tc save at least the minimum amount agreed upon Self Help Groups (SHGs) by the group, every week. * To disburse the loan to the members of the group based on the priorilty . To participate in the community development activities * Mill Procurement and Distribution Dairy Cooperative Society * Provision of Feeds, Fodder, Veterinary Service * Loan Disbursement for purchase o0 Catties Cc-operative societies with shareholder members. The major Farmers Service roles are to procure and distribution cf the seeds and Farmers v Service fertilizers. Recently many VSSNs were upgraded and offering Cooperative Society (VSSN! bank facilities to the farmers. They disburse crop loans too. These are the cultural groups by the group of village youths. The major activities of these grouDs are to conduct vz cultural programmes, cleaning drives and sport events. They o Youth Mandal also acts for social mobillzation towards village En development activities, awareness campaign on health and 0- sanitation etc,. 0- * Provision of Pre-School Educatloon 2 * Creation of Health and Snitationi Awareness among AnganwadL. community * Teacners fcrn. SHGs Water User Committee/Tank * Distribution of Water User Group * Tank Management for Irrigation c* tcllection of Irrigation Water C.'ss Joint Forest Management Develop Block Plantation for Vegetative Cover CommitteeManenc * Sharing of Forest produce e Collection of contribution for improving Scnool onool Be- terment infrastructure Committee * Conduct training proqramme for teachers * Voluntary Group help creating awareness among S_. Weaker Section Society ST and other socially weaker sections in the s'1llag Women's Group (Mahila Voluntary Group help creating awareness among women sn the Manda; viltaae * Awareness Creation & Imp.ementation of varnous soc-o-economac & envtronmental prcgrammes Nor Governmental * Community Mobilization Organisait,ns tNGOs Conflict resolving * I.ple-etarsun. or Tooe Ge-eracio- Activities (IGA~ * Empowerment of wonen & other vulnerable groups Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxi Executive Summary 10.3 Proposed Organization Set-Up - Roles of Stakeholders SOCIAL MOBILIZ PLAN PREPARATION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION MONITORING EVALUATION A POLICY ATION PLAN . STAKEHOLDERS MAKING Facilit Technic Plan APPROVA Facilit Co- Impleme Physica Process Success ator al Making L ators ordinat ntation 1 / Advise ion Financi Project Advisory I / 14 g Committee Zilla Panchayat X X X/ X / V 14 Standing Committee District Watershed H DevelopmenT office x I I / / I / I '1 x (DWDO m M Micro Watershed Development x . / / / 1 / / / x Committee Village Watershed Development x VI x X Committee (VWDC) / (Informal Groups) X Beneficiary Committees (Informal x / I x / / / / x x Groups) NGOs x x x X X Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxii Executive Summary In line with the opinion expressed by the community and also in view of the multiplicity' of departments in watershed development, the GoK had already formed a new Department called Watershed Department. It appears that this project will work through the existing departmental structure, but build sufficient capacity in the department to sustain and expand the project-introduced processes to other watershed development programmes in the longer run. In other words, it will therefore be possible to implement through the districts and taluk level staff of the already existing Department of Watershed Development (DWD), GoK under the oversight of the Zilla Panchayat at the district lel. The key features of the proposed implementation arrangements are inter alia the following: Implementing the project through the existing DWD to ensure replicability of the institutional arrangements, and to strengthen and to expand watershed development activities In the post-project period using project-promoted approaches; Developing and strengthening local watershed and village level committees, which would be involved in participatory assessment and implementation of watershed development activities; Involving the line department staff, NGOs, and PRIs in a collaborative mode in the development process; Establishing organic linkages between the communities and the PRIs; Ensuring a comprehensive watershed development approach emanating from a convergence of schemes at the district level for the project areas; and Proposing a collaborative monitoring and evaluation by the implementing agency, by the stakeholders and by an extemal M&E agency. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxiii Executive Summary |Watershed Directorate| Technical District Watershed .i.a . anchayat Line Department at ..Advise . Development office District Level Taluk Watershed Technical Development Office Line Department at Advise Taluk Level Technical Advise, Implemen tation, Coordinat ion & Planning Gram Panchayat Micro Watershed 0 ........ ~~~~Development Committee ...................... ......._. Social Mobilization & Implementation Assistance Village Watershed Development Committee / User Committee FBene,ficiary / User Committees Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxiv Executive Summary 11.0 COST SHARING: 11.1 Cost Sharing forms the basis for community ownership of the programme and will inculcate a sense pf commitment in the maintenance of project-created assets. The project having a strong social objective is expected to be implemented, operated and maintained by the village community. Therefore, community contribution in the form of cash, labour and any other kind would give them a sense of belongingness, which will form the key to sustainability and success of the project. * To create a sense of ownership and thereby increase participation in the project; * To identify the examples of community contribution and the mechanism they have evolved; * To assess the capacity of the community for contribution and arrive at the share of cost, which the community is willing to contribute; and * To prepare the community to participate in the implementation of the project and assume responsibility in the maintenance of the assets. 11.2 A summary of cost-sharing models followed in selected projects in Karnataka is presented below. Project Cost sharing Modalities Karnataka * Minimum of 10% of total cost towards * Formation of Micro Watershed land based activities (LBAs) Watershed Sanghas Development (applicable to both private and common (MWS) - to be main ProDect lands) -to form a part of a corpus implementing agency (KAWAD) fund to remain partly with the Micro for NLBA selection (DFID Watershed Development Committees for 0 and beneficiary Assisted) & M and partly with the SHG's for selection. their use and further generation of * Formation of Micro income. Watershed * Up to 50% towards non-land based Development activities (NLBAs) from eligible Committees (MWSDC) families Karnataka * Community to share 30% costs of the Formation of VWSC's Integrated environment sanitation component Rural Water Ruraly and * Usual government schemes apply for Supply an Household tap connections and separate Environmental subsidized scheme for lavatories Sanitation Project * Collection/Recovery of O&M costs from (World Bank the users Assisted) Myrada * 20% contribution by each farmer for Formation of Watershed Kamasamudram work on private lands Development Association Project (WDA' and Implementation * Work on common lands paid entirely by WDm nIpenai project, but people would work at Committees lower wages Participatory * No direct contributions Formation SHG's and Sub- Integrated . Watershed Committees * It was decided to convert all grants Development of given by the Government to the members Micro of SHG's for agricultural inputs into watersheds loans to be returned to the comnmon (PIDOW) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxv Executive Summary (Supported by fund of each group. SDC) National 10% contribution towards corpus funds for Watershed Operation and Maintenence Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) Drought Prone * Maintenance cost to be borne by Area programme beneficiary for horticulture component (DPAP) and * 5% of the cost towards agro forestry, Employment seedlings are free Assurance Scheme (EAS) * 5% of maintenance towards water structures * 40% of cost for livestock component (Towards Artificial Insemination) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxvi Executive Summary 12.0 INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES 12.1 Watershed Development activities are usually considered as a land based activity and hence the landless and other vulnerable sections of the sbciety are not addressed. To overcome this major lacuna it is essential to devote special attention to IGA and include it as an important project component. Since the main objective of the Watershed Project is poverty alleviation through an integrated and holistic approach to development, it is imperative that special attention be paid to the earning capacities of all sections of society including the vulnerable sections, namely marginal and landless famiiies, women from these families. 12.2 Some of the income generating schemes or programmes that exist in the study area are as follows: Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) Training Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) Karnataka State women development corporation's Swashakthi Programme * Ministry of women & Child Development Department's Stree Shakthi Programme through Anganwadis. 12.3 The success of the Income Generation Plan depends on the appropriate training given to the individuals or groups. This includes providing a knowledge of forward and backward linkages as well. Participants will need training in book-keeping and accountancy, bank formalities and relevant documentation, especially in the case of group activities. For details on this input refer to chapter 12 of this report. 12.4 The observations on Income Generation Activities made in this chapter are based on initial levels of community consultations. Several more levels of consultations are required before finalizing the activities. Conditions vary from village to village and plans should be drawn up based on ground realities and requirements of each village. Some activities are suited for groups while others are suited for individuals. In a majority of villages under study, the vulnerable sections of the community were at a loss to suggest avenues for income generation. Especially the women folk were keen on taking up activities and could only come up with requests for opportunity to earn through daily wage labour. Among the younger generation some have completed High School and have gone on to finish 12 standard. But after that they are faced with a question mark at this stage. It may be worthwhile to introduce vocational streams of education at the Taluk levels Selection of income generating activities has to be such that they are complementary to the overall objective of the Watershed Development Project. The activities should be in line with the environmental and social principles and seek to enhance tthe success of the project. In instances where a conflict between the activity and the guiding principle could arise (eg. making of agricultural implements using valuable timber), alternatives have to be designed or else the activity should not be proposed. 13.0 PARTICIPATORY CONSULTATION PROCESS 13.1 Sustainability of the project is closely linked with the active participation of communities or beneficiaries. The issue of Sustainability needs urgent attention for prudent natural resource management. Active participation of stakeholders has been identified as the key for effective project implementation. Several approaches today focus on the need to involve communities in the processes of planning, implementation and management of project. Several processes have been initiated to try and enhance participatory consultations under several multilateral and bilateral projects. The community-oriented, demand-driven and cost-sharing approaches have been adopted to create 'ownership' among the community. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxvii Executive Summary 13.2 There are several examples of project successes due to overwhelming participation of the beneficiary communities. Several water supply schemes are sustainably managed by the communities, including women groups, simply because they were involved at all stages of the project and their perceptions were respected. There are some tanks managed very well by the user groups because they were made their virtual owners. The involvement of women groups has helped proper O&M of the habitat components like wash cubicles, cattle troughs, dustbins etc. In the same way, participation of the use groups in planning and implementation of the project has helped sustainable O&M of the facilities such as check dams, social forests and tanks, through their own committees. 13.3 In the same way, there are several examples of project failures due to lack of participation of the beneficiary communities. Water supply schemes are not managed properly since village communities were not involved in planning and implementation processes. Watershed projects have fallen short of expectations because perceptions of beneficiary communities were not taken in to account. Likewise, several welfare projects have failed simply because beneficiaries were considered 'takers' but not 'partners'. Therefore, there is imperative for the involvement of the potential beneficiary groups at all the stages of the project. 13.4 The lessons that can be learnt from various projects, past and present, in terms of community participation and adoption of participatory methodologies, are outlined below: PROJECT LESSON LEARNT Participatory * Realization of social and institutional Integrated Development objectives should better be left to NGOs, of Micro-Watersheds along with village communities (PIDOW) * Regular analyses and reflections by all (SDC assisted) stakeholders * Creation of awareness and mobilization is well done by NGOs and this would contribute to increased peoples' participation * Fostering of the social environment is required for sustainable productivity * Linkages between line-departments, NGO, village communities and SHGs should be encouraged * Use of participatory development techniques and initiation of organizational support helps effective implementation Integrated Watershed * Need-based micro-planning with active Development Project involvement of the community is more effective (Hills I & II) * Integration of multi-disciplinary components will produce good results, since both landed and land less would be benefited * Treatment should be sequential and the sequence may be determined by the community * Land use that responds to people's needs and land capability should be encouraged. * Community accepts cost effective and replicable conservation technologies * Watershed land users should be fully involved in the development and the management of common properties * Cost sharing will be accepted by the community if it is convinced of the benefits of the project * Local institutions and user groups play an Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxviii Executive Summary effective role in enthusing community participation ' Beneficiaries should be involved in planning, implementation and management of assets created * Involvement of local NGOs will lead to better output in terms of social mobilization, capacity building and awareness creation. Karnataka Integrated ' Active community participation will facilitate Rural Water Supply and effective planning and implementation Environmental * Local NGOs are effective in capacity building Sanitation Project * Awareness creation is a must for community (World Bank Assisted)patcaio participation * Execution of works should be monitored by the village level committee * Village level committee should be invested with adequate powers pertaining to the management of assets Watershed Development * The approach should be top down Projects in Haryana, * The process-oriented participatory approach is Punjab & Uttar Pradesh highly effective * The project should be implemented with active involvement of village community ensures the accommodation of local needs and perceptions and enhance the scope of sustainability * Local knowledge needs to be better utilized in the design and implementation of the project activities * Capacity building of community as well as officers be given top priority * The cost sharing by beneficiaries improves sustainability of the pro]ect assets 14.0 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING 14.1 The various Informal Institutions in the region that require training and capacity building are SHGs, Dairy Cooperative Societies, Farmers Service Cooperative Society, Water User Committees, JFMCs, Vulnerable Group Societies and Women Groups. The requirement foreach group vary from financial, administrative and technical training and awareness generation. 14.2 Village Panchayats, Taluk Panchayats, Zilla Panchayats and Line Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Forest, Animal Husbanday, Minor Irrigation, Fisheries and Ground Water Cell also require training on technical aspects, policy issues, holistic approach to watershed management, participatory skills, technical training on watershed development related activities, management and administrative aspects of watershed management, construction guidelines and environmental aspects, safe pesticide use and habitat management around wet lands. Training Plan Target Groups Category of Training organization Duration Timing training _ Primary Level a. Awareness NGOs 1 week Pre Building project b. Participatory NGOs 3 days Pre * Institut Training project ions at Village Level * women s Tata Energy Research Institute Groups Bangalore Centre * Watershe d Benefic; Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxix Executive Summary Target Groups Category of Training organization Duration Timing training c. Technical Local technical 1 week Pre training institutes project d. Skill based Agricultural Univ, 1 week Mid training Extension project Departments, and Specialized Final Institutes stage e. Environmental NGOs 3 days All Training stages Secondary Level a. Awareness Arranged by Dept. 1 week Pre building including project * Line cross visits to dept. projects/ sites * Extensio b. Participatory Local Institutes; 3 days Pre n training NGOs project workers * Taluk c. Technical Agri Univ. 2 weeks Mid level training project dept. d. Environmental Environmental / 3 days Pre officers Training Educational project * District Institutes level officers * NGOs Tertiary Level a. Participatory Local Institutes; 2 weeks Pre training Agri Univ. project . State level Departme b. Conceptual Local Institutes / 3 days Pre ntal training Universities project Officers and mid project * CEOs of c. Environmental Environmental / 3 days Pre ZPs Training Educational project Institutes Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxx Executive Summary 15.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 15.1 Monitoring is a continuous internal activity concerned with a project and its progress; evaluation is a periodic assessment on how a project is meeting its objectives. A bottom up process is essential for participatory monitoring and is also desirable for participatory evaluation. For pragmatic reasons evaluation in project management has generally been given more importance than monitoring, as it easily gives reliable information to the top level managers, donor agencies, etc. However, in participatory watershed management, monitoring will be more important as it will be used at the village level to continuously inform, measure and motivate. Monitoring at this level will also educate. For these reasons participatory monitoring is a powerful development tool. 15.2 Evaluation is generally defined as a periodic assessment of the performance of a project against its stated objectives. Evaluations may be carried out during the life of the project (at quarterly or annual intervals or at the mid-point of the project) or after the project has ended (ex post evaluation). 15.3 A three-stage M&E system is necessary to have complete understanding of the project implementation. These include: * Process Monitoring * Physical Monitoring * Impact Evaluation The indicators suggested are guided by the principle of SMART. They are: * Simple * Measurable * Accurate * Reliable * Time bound 16.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 16.1 The environmental management measures to enhance positive impacts for each of the proposed project components are given in the following table: Pzojsct Component: I SOIL AND MTWER COKSERVXrTON Activity Management I Mitigation Measures Erosion control * Gully inflow reduction through vegetative measures & drainage * Treatment of the gully system should start treatment downstream and progress slowly towards ups,tream contour vegetative * Design of gully control structures are to be hedges, gully prepared specific to each work site control * The site for check dams shall be site specific, measures, gully checks for low slope whereas silting basins control, contour shall be used for steep slopes bunding, geo- * The silt traps of bench types shall be provided for Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxxi Executive Summary textiles and steep slopes Jute Textiles. * Use of wire crates in vulnerable sections where. there is sudden change in slope * Vegetative measures may be combined with possible cut-off drains to prevent rapid overland flow into roadsides * For side erosions stabilization of side slopes with vegetative cover coupled with retaining walls shall be provided * Stone rip-rap or pitching, wooden piles shall be provided under conditions of high soil erosion. Water * Ideal location with sufficient catchment area harvesting with ' Provision should be made to trap transported debris devcesgiceck and bed load. Sediment traps should be located at devaces - check the inlet and easily accessible for cleaning dams, dugout sunken ponds, * Scour protection should be provided at the base of recharge pits, the overflow spillway and a stone pitched channel etc. should be provided to lead the excess water away from the structure * Maintenance procedures after construction, such as silt removal and vegetative cover for embankments, should be carried out with the help of beneficiary farmers or on cost sharing basis Village pond and * Village ponds should be lined and stone pitching tank and turfing on sides should be carried out crhabltction * Sediment traps with stone pitching and turfing should be constructed 16.2 Social Management Measures should be undertaken through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the village community and the implementing agency (Department of Watershed Development). The MoU would incorporate the basic principles for community responsibilities for plan preparation, implementation, maintenance and protection of assets along with monitoring and evaluation. The MoU essentially incorporates the broad guidelines for formation of Micro-Watershed Management Groups (MWMG). The MWMGs will be responsible for effective implementation of the VWDP as well as financial aspects. Agreements would be reached with each MWMG on sharing of watershed treatment costs before the MoU is signed. Apart from defining the roles and responsibilities of MWMGs, the MoU also delineates specific social management guidelines for soil conservation, water harvesting structures, horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry, common lands and development funds. These MoU would form a part of the implementation plans, i.e VWDPs. 16.3 The criteria used for selection of sub-watersheds have been limited to five criteria given below. The natural resources of the sub-watershed like soil characteristics, water availability, vegetation, etc., have not been considered even though the project seeks to address these through various activities. It is necessary, therefore, to include these as additional criteria with weightages lower than those given for social criteria. The selection of sub-watersheds needs to be done by an overlay of these criteria so that a spatial dimension may be added to the selection process. The use of a Geographical Information System is recommended for this purpose. Criteria for selection of sub-watersheds Criteria used at present Weightage Percentage of population below 25% the poverty line 20% Rainfed area as a percentage of 15% total arable area '.3% Percent of small and marginal 5% farmers Percentage of wastelands Percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes Additional criteria Proposed Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxxii Executive Summary a! Natural Resource Status * Soil moisture 5% * Soil depth 2.5% * Soil capability 2.5% * Water availability ' Status off groundwater 2.5% development b) ?articipatory Issues 5A * Willingness to Cost 5% sharing * Post-prolect maintenance 17.0 VILLAGE WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PLAN 17.1 This is an implentation plan based on the RRA & PRA conducted for each village and is the outcome of the REA and SA studies. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxxiii Executive Summary STRUCTURE OF REA AND SA REPORTS The REA report has been presented in 17 chapters CHAPTER 1: PROJECT SCOPE AND OUTPUTS Presents an overview of the scope and objectives of the proposed Karnataka Comprehensive Watershed Development (CWDP) Project and the need for REA and SA studies. The outputs of the REA and SA of the project are also summarized. CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Presents the project area, criteria for selection for selection of sub watersheds, project objectives and details of various components and sub components to be undertaken within the project. CHAPTER 3: STUDY METHODOLOGY Gives an integrated approach for REA and SA methodologies in tune with the objectives of the study. A detailed community consultative process involving community for effective implementation and management at village level iare described in detail. CHAPTER 4: POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK Includes descriptive of the national and regional policies and acts with relevance to watershed development perspectives as component wise activities. CHAPTER 5: BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTING Examines the existing environmental and socio-economic aspects of the region with respect to various physico-biological and socio-economic components. The baseline conditions would establish the environmental degradation and social conditions in order to identify impacts due to proposed watershed development and assess the impacts so as to delineate detailed environmental and social management plans. CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SEtIING Describes the key social and environmental issues perceived by the community, potential benefits and risks of the project. The screening impacts for environmental and social components are depicted through Interactive Matrix. CHAPTER 7: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxxiv Executive Summary This chapter attempts to classify the impacts of each of the interventions "with" and "without" the project scenario on local, regional, short term/long term, reversible/irreversible impacts. The assessment alternatives. assume significance in identifying and evaluating the roles, community participation, consultation issues, technical and economic feasibilities and other interventions that need to be addressed by the project. CHAPTER 8: PAST EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS LEARNT This chapter presents briefly the important lessons learnt through the past efforts undertaken by various agencies in the area of watershed development. The review would help in adopting success stories and ensure to avoid failures of the previous watershed development projects. CHAPTER 9: SOCIO ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL PROFILE OF PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS This chapter is about compilation and collation of data from PRA and House hold surveys. This provides people's perception and various profiles of the community regarding socio-economic and cultural aspects and established linkages to watershed development. CHAPTER 10: INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS The chapter presents the list of stakeholders, formal and informal institutions and their roles and responsibilities at various levels. This also suggests the adequate institutional arrangements for the planning and implementation of the proposed project. CHAPTER 11: COST SHARING The concept of sharing is vital for sustainability of the project. The current practices of community contributions and their willingness to contribute for the proposed project is delineated. CHAPTER 12: INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES Deals with the felt needs and objectives for IGA and briefly discusses current practices, gaps and deficiencies, so as to identify the possible future interventions. CHAPTER 13: PARTICIPATORY CONSULTATIVE PROCESS Adequately provides an account of different participatory approaches adopted by various agencies and a model participatory framework has also been formulated based on the above experiences, which will be used for replication and adaptation elsewhere. CHAPTER 14: TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project xxxv Executive Summary Delineates the training needs at various levels, target groups and providing training for the proposed project. Awareness building, imparting conceptual knowledge at various institutional levels towards capacity building is also discussed. CHAPTER 15: MONITORING AND EVALUATION Provides various participatory evaluation and monitoring methods to be adopted for effective project management and to ensure the measures of planned progress through various environmental and social indicators. Emphasis has also been laid through community participation for M & E. CHAPTER 16: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Deals with detail environmental and social management plans to enhance the positive actions during implementation and also helps in drawing out the final output, viz the Village Watershed Development Plans and Tribal Development Strategies. It also focuses on effective management practices and suggests appropriate technologies for Watershed Treatment. It lays special emphasis on habitat management, pest management and water balance and budgeting in the watershed. CHAPTER 17: VILLAGE WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PLAN Gives the illustrative example of one final output of the project, a village development plan incorporating the village statistics, resource base, problem analysis and proposed interventions as suggested by the villagers. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Scope and Outputs 1-l 1.0 PROJECT SCOPE AND OUTPUTS The purpose of this Chapter is three fold: one, to present an overview of the scope and objectives of the proposed Karnataka Watershed Development Project; to briefly outline the scope and importance of the Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) and Social Assessment (SA); and, three, to summarise the outputs of the REA and SA in this project. 1.1 The Proposed Watershed Development Project The Government of Karnataka (GoK) has proposed a Watershed Development Project with the assistance of The World Bank. The implementing agency will be Watershed Development Department, GoK. For implementation arrangements, the GoK with the help of The World Bank has proposed a series of measures at various levels: State, Districts, Watersheds and Villages. The demand-driven approach is the key aspect of this project. In its first phase, the project proposes to cover about 800,000 hectares in 18-20 taluks in 5 districts in the state, selected based on 4 criteria - poverty, rainfed area, size of land holdings, and waste land area. It is estimated that about 400,000 families would benefit directly from the project, of which, nearly 25,000 would be landless families (Source: Watershed Development Department, GoK). With an ultimate emphasis on alleviation of rural poverty especially in the dry areas, the project aims at augmenting and sustaining productivity of both arable and non-arable land, with the involvement of local communities. This calls for a holistic approach through integrated development of agriculture, horticulture, forestry, sericulture, fisheries and livestock management through Income Generation Activities and Cost Sharing. 1.1.1 Project Components The project would include four key components: (a) Participatory Watershed Treatment; (b) Farming System Intensification; (c) Income Generation Activities for Vulnerable Groups; and (d) Institutional Strengthening. 1.2 Need for REA and SA Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Scope and Outputs 1-2 Regional Environmental and Social Assessment studies are vital components in the entire project of this nature, as they contribute substantially to an improved project design for poverty alleviation and natural resource conservation. Given the inextricably inter-twined nature of the environmental and social issues, this project proposes a integrated Environmental and Social Assessment exercise. The purpose of carrying out REA and SA studies is to address the following specific outcomes: 1. Economic Opportunity (growth in income, sustainable livelihoods, equity and justice); 2. Security (reduced vulnerability to economic and natural shocks and risks); 3. Capability (reduced mortality and improved health); and 4. Empowerment (participation in decision-making). The objectives of REA & SA would be: 1. To develop framework of screening criteria for the design and implementation of the project and provide greater exposure to social aspects of development, including training and cpacity building, monitoring of project activities and also meet legal and regulatory requirements. 2. To develop a framework for participatory processes. 3. To identify indigenous/marginalised local population in the project, disseminate information about the project benefits, develop consultative strategies for their participation in planning and implementation stage and evolve a package of economic and social benefits that are culturally compatible; and 4. To identify the linkages essential for involvement of PRIs regarding planning and monitoring and undertake assessment of capacity of PRIs so as to have convergence of investment through various schemes and propose appropriate project management structure. The causes contributing to poverty and the possible outcomes would be specifically addressed by the studies. Further, integrating environmental awareness into Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises will result in generation of community initiatives to integrate aspects of sustainability into poverty alleviation efforts, which are the main objectives of social assessment. 1.3 Scope of the Present Assignment Five districts have been selected by GoK for implementation of the project. The present assignment aims at carrying out studies on REA and SA for these districts. As specified in Terms of Reference (ToR), the study is to establish a baseline and to assess the likely social and environmental impacts, and suggest strategies and implementation arrangements. The salient aspects of scope are outlined as under: Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Scope and Outputs 1-3 * The study is confined to 63 villages across 20 watersheds, spread over five project districts, viz., Chitradurga, Dharwad, Haveri, Kolar and Tumkur; * Assessment of the strategies adopted for watershed development in the past and review of the similar studies and assessments; * Assessment of the status of land use and extent of land degradation; * Development of strategies required for different sectors viz., agriculture, horticulture, water conservation, etc; * Development of criteria for selection of sub-watersheds, components, beneficiaries and income generation activities; * Formulation of strategies and modalities for participation and consultation; * Evolvement of strategies for social inclusion of vulnerable households; and * Establishment of strategies for enhancing socio-economic & environmental impacts. The details of scope of REA and SA as listed in ToR are given below: Scope of Regional Environmental and Social Assessment *> Assessment of environmental status of the selected districts to establish the benchmarks and arrive at potential negative and positive impact of the project. Review and summarise the lessons learnt form the past experiences in the region that would be considered during the project design and implementation from environmental standpoint. Identification of negative and positive environmental impacts due to the project and to include basic analysis of alternatives to identify the marginal benefits and adverse impacts of the project. *> Carrying out environmental screening of proposed project components and to address environmental concerns. Review existing institutional and legal framework and assess the way they facilitate implementation of proposed watershed development. * Suggest Environmental Management Plan indicating appropriate mitigation measures for potential environmental impacts on all project intervention components. *> Suggest strategy for environmental monitoring and evaluation including identification monitoring and evaluation parameters. Assessment of socio-economic characteristics of the primary stakeholders through consultative meetings such as RRA and PRA in selected districts. Identification of key issues on project components through problem analysis based on community perception. * Documentation of existing level of community participation including cost-sharing in development activities and to wiliness the cost-sharing on the proposed watershed interventions. * Review and assess the Stakeholders including district line departments related to the proposed watershed development project. * Analysis of the existing institutional set-up at the village level, document the community perception on the role and responsibilities of the institutions at the village level. * Identification of level and type of training needs and suggest the agencies responsible for training. * Recommendation for project design including criteria for selection of components to be supported by the project, criteria for selection of beneficiaries for the project, strategy for participation and consultation with stakeholders in project preparation in project implementation, monitoring and evaluation arrangements. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Scope and Outputs 1-4 *> Preparation of village watershed development plans for implementation of the proposed watershed interventions. *> Preparation of tribal strategy plan 1.4 Study Outputs The major outputs of the assignment are as listed under: * Village Watershed Development Plan * Environmental and Social Management guidelines Proposed Participatory Consultative Process Framework * Proposed Institutional Strategy for project implementation * Training Needs and Capacity Building * Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy * Tribal Study. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Description 2-1 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION This chapter is structured into four sections. The first section presents specific project objectives. The criteria adopted in selection of project districts and watersheds are discussed in the second and third sections. The details of project components and sub- components are presented in the last section. 2.1 Background: The land resources of Karnataka comprise more than 70 percent of the total arable area in the state. This valuable resource is being subjected to poor land management practices that have led to a situation of deteriorating soil fertility, soil loss, declining crop yield, depletion of water resources, deforestation, denudation, destruction of natural pastures and diminishing biomass production affecting both human and natural environments. In order to address the problems of land degradation and reduction in its productive capacity, the Government of Karnataka has proposed a detailed 'Comprehensive Watershed Development Project' with assistance of The World Bank. 2.2 Objectives: The broad aim of the project is to improve the quality of life in rural areas by minimizing risk in rainfed agriculture and creating additional employment and by improving the agro- ecosystem of the watershed as a whole. The objectives include sustainable alleviation of poverty in predominantly rainfed areas of Karnataka by improving the productive potential of selected watersheds, enhancing production and livelihood systems, and strengthening community and institutional arrangements for natural resource management. An associated objective is to strengthen the capacity of communities in the project districts for participatory involvement in local level development programs, and to have the implementing department operating in a more socially inclusive manner, within the framework of a convergent watershed development plan. This will be achieved through the project's collaborative approach and capacity building initiatives, and policy agreements with the GoK. 2.2.1 Specific Project Objectives * Increasing the productivity of rainfed areas through soil and moisture conservation measures and adoption of improved crop production practices; * Augmenting the availability of fodder, fuel, green manure, etc. through scientific development and management of non-arable lands; * Stabilizing drainage lines to prevent further degradation of land; * Managing surplus run-off and creating water harvesting structures to prevent damages and to augment groundwater recharge; * Enhancing bio-mass production and return from marginal and sub-marginal lands; Making people partners in development and developing their capacities to shoulder responsibilities in the project; Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Description 2-2 * Increasing farm incomes and thereby improving the economic condition of the poor including small and marginal farmers; * Enhancing returns from private and marginal lands through alternate land use systems; Managing livestock on scientific basis; * Reducing the drudgery of rural women; * Generating employment through self sustaining agriculture and allied activities; and * Improving rural environment and ecology 2.3 Project Districts The Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka in the project, has identified and prioritized five districts, i.e., Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri and Dharwad as the project area based on criteria mentioned in Table 2-1. Table 2.1: Criteria for Selection of Districts In the Project Criteria Weighta ge Percentage of population below 40% the poverty line Rainfed area as a percentage 30% of total arable area Percent of small and marginal 20% farmers _ Percentage of wastelands 10% Source: Discussion with DWD, Kamataka. The districts of Kolar, Tumkur and Chitradurga form a contiguous stretch in the eastern part of Karnataka while the districts of Haveri and Dharwad are located in the central part of Karnataka. Davangere district, which was formed only recently in 1996, separates these two blocks. Map 2.1 shows the location of these districts in Karnataka. These drought prone districts are characterized by low rainfall, low soil moisture, poor soil fertility and low productivity. The arid conditions and erratic rainfall of the districts call for soil and water conservation efforts for increasing the productivity of the land. As mentioned earlier, the project interventions would benefit around 1400 villages spread over an area of some 8,00,000 hectares, of which 4,00,000 hectares would be directly rehabilitated and protected from further degradation. 2.4 Project Watersheds Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Description 2-3 The selection of watersheds was based on the same criteria as those used to select the districts. The size of population of Scheduled Castes and Schedule Tribes was also considered in the selection of watersheds. The weightages for selection of watersheds is given in Table 2-2. Table 2.2 Criteria for Selection of Project Sub-Watersheds Criteria Weightage Percentage of population below 30% the poverty line Rainfed area as a percentage of 30% total arable area Percent of small and marginal 20% farmers Percentage of wastelands 10% Percentage of Scheduled Castes 10% and Scheduled Tribes Source: Discussion with DWD, Kamataka. 2.5 Project Components The proposed project has four main components as under: 2.5.1 Participatory Watershed Treatment a) Social mobilization and capacity building for community, departmental staff, Panchayati Raj Institutions in selected watersheds, formation of Micro Watershed Management Group (to prepare detailed Village Watershed Development Plans) and Participatory Watershed Development Committees (to integrate the village plans into a comprehensive watershed treatment and development plan); and b) Actual treatment of the watersheds 2.5.2 Farming System Intensification a) Demonstrations in appropriate farming systems such as tillage for moisture conservation, use of improved seed varieties, production of high value fodder crops, dryland horticulture, agro-forestry and livestock development; and b) Improving knowledge (location-specific research) and dissemination (extension) through training of scientists and farmers, and on-farm trials (identification and development of alternative models of afforestation, silvi-pasture, agro-forestry and agro-horticulture suitable for specific agro-ecological zones) 2.5.3 Income Generating Activities for Vulnerable Groups Identification of specific activities to extend the project benefits to women, landless and other vulnerable groups. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Description 2-4 2.5.4 Institutional Strengthening a) Training and technical assistance (M&E, Social Assessments, Environmental Assessments, and other studies necessary during implementation); and b) Support for project management and coordination. The activities of the actual watershed treatment are given in Table 2.3. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Project Description 2-5 Table 2-3: Watershed Treatment Activities Watershed Treatment Activities Soil and Water Conservation * Erosion controj - contour vegetative hedges, gully control measures * Drainage treatment Water harvesting with eco-engineering devices - check dams, dugout sunken ponds, recharge pits, etc. * Village pond and tank construction / rehabilitation Agriculture & allied activities * Conservation measures - vegetative field boundaries, reuse of harvested water, furrow contour cultivation * Production measures - organic farming, crop demonstration, rainfed crop demonstration, on farm fodder and biomass production * Sericulture * Fishery Dryland horticulture and * Rainfed horticulture - demonstrations, marginal land Agroforestry * Silvi-horticulture * Agroforestry Animal husbandry * Livestock management * Animal health care / breeding centers * Stall feeding - construction / rehabilitation of stalls * Chalf cutters for fodder feeding Forestry * Afforestation j reforestation * Silvi-pasture * Vegetative shrub barriers * Pasture land development * Production Improvement Rural Infrastructure * Rural roads development * Marketing and post harvest infrastructure * Potable water supply & sanitation * Energy * Social infrastructure - schools, PHCs, etc. Agro-industries * Cottage industries * Agro based Small scale industries It is necessary that a satisfactory level of community involvement is achieved in implementing watershed treatments. The project components and activities related to the proposed interventions for each village would be developed in the form of a Village Watershed Development Plan (VWDP), through a consultative process. The VWDP will be an implementation document for the integrated development of the village with a special focus on watershed development. It will be mainly aimed at improvement of the quality of life in the project villages. These include, among others, land and water development, income generation activities, programmes for vulnerable sections, forestry, silvi-horticulture and pasture, livestock development, capacity building and institutional strengthening. The interventions will be such that they will provide cross-sectoral linkages so that their cause-effect is easily understood. It will contain environmental safeguards for meeting anticipated negative impacts. Any project targets that are established during project preparation would be considered as indicative, implemented flexibly, and allow the intended beneficiaries to be fully involved in the decisions on the land treatments that are most appropriate to their needs. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Study Methodology 3-1 3.0 STUDY METHODOLOGY The success of the study depends on adopting a realistic and scientific approach and methodology in line with the objectives of the study. This chapter presents the sequential tasks carried out in an integrated manner in completing the assignment of REA and Social Assessment. The scope of the work signifies the need for carrying out a detailed community consultative process as success of the KWDP lies in extent of involvement of local community in the implementation and management of the proposed watershed interventions at village levels. 3.1 REA & SA: An Integrated Exercise As discussed in the Chapter-1, given the close interdependency of the environmental and social issues, it is proposed to adopt an integrated approach in the Environmental and Social Assessment study. The overall approach is based on a consultative and participatory process to elicit the perceptions of the local communities on their problems and issues. Secondary data was collected and analyzed to establish issues at the regional level. The joint REA and SA exercise is an attempt to bring out an integrated output that would address both socio- economic and environmental issues, and get reflected in the Village Watershed Development Plans. The Social Assessment (SA) and the Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) would have many cross cutting themes. The REA would suggest outcomes of the proposed project activities, whereas the SA would develop a process and methodology to achieve them. Cross cutting themes of REA and SA Components REA SA Physical Environment • Climate / * Topography * Land use I I * Soil ./ * Geology * Surface water V * Ground water I I Biological Environment * Flora _ I * Fauna I I * Ecosystems * Sanctuaries / National Parks Socio-economic & Cultural Environment * Demography I * Employment / / * Infrastructure - Physical & Social I I * Cultural v / * Historical I I * Religicus I/ Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Study Methodology 3-2 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Study Methodology 3-3 3.2 Adopted Study Methodology The tasks accomplished in carrying out the study of REA and SA is as follows: Task -1: Review of Similar Projects; Task -2: Preliminary Environmental Socio-Economic Profile of Districts and Selection of Case Study Villages; Task -3: Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) of Selected Villages; Task -4: Assessment of Baseline Environmental Status of the Districts; Task -5: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Studies in Selected Villages; Task -6: Screening and Identification of Key Environmental and Social Issues; Task -7: Analysis of Alternatives; Task -8: Transect Walk; Task -9: Environmental and Social Management Guidelines; Task -10: Preparation of Village Watershed Development Plans (VWDP); and Task -11: Preparation of Tribal Development Strategy (TDS). A brief description of each of the tasks is detailed in the following: Task -1: Review of Similar Projects Review of literature was done to understand the national and state level watershed development perspectives, policy and institutional issues in the state, collaboration and co- ordination requirements with regard to management of the project, as well as important lessons learnt from previous and on-going projects. Task -2: Preliminary Environmental and Socio-Economic Profile of Districts and Selection of Case Study Villages Based on the secondary data, a broad analysis on the environmental and socio-economic conditions of the study districts was carried out. The officials of the district, taluk and Gram Panchayat level, were interviewed to get understanding on priority areas, potential activities, approaches and strategies. These included Chief Executive Officers of ZPs, District Watershed Development Officers, Agriculture Officers, Horticulture Officers, Forest Officers, Revenue Officers and Secretaries of Gram Panchayats. This was provided an overview of the project, and helped in planning for consultative meetings to be undertaken subsequently. These interactions also helped in selecting the villages for detailed study. A sample of 64 villages (about 12 in each district) out of 1400 villages proposed under this project were chosen for detailed study. The criteria followed in selection of sample villages are - Level of development; Socio-economic status; Proportion of people below poverty line; Extent of natural resources depletion; Environmental degradation; and Felt need for watershed development activities and potential for development. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Study Methodology 3-4 Specific attention was paid to include villages in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the 'watersheds. Task -3: Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) of Selected Villages Preliminary field visits were made to all 64 villages for carrying out RRA, to workout the methodology, and plan for the comprehensive field survey to be done. Through Rapport Building Exercise, key figures in each village were met, to seek their perception and ideas on the proposed project. They were also familiarized with the broad profile, components and objectives of the project. Task -4: Assessment of Baseline Environmental Status of the Districts An assessment of baseline parameters of the districts was carried out. This included analysis of environmental components such as climate, rainfall, topography, geology, drainage (surface and ground water), soil, fauna and flora and socio-economic environment. Using environmental mapping technique, most of the environmental components and present environmental scenario of the districts were documented. Task -5: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Studies in Selected Villages This was one of the crucial tasks in this entire assignment. PRA is a major interactive approach to facilitate information sharing, analysis gaining perception of stakeholders. Village communities were involved actively in the discussions and the whole exercise was participatory. The purpose of the PRA was: identification of key issues; assessment of inter-relationships among the stakeholders; identification of priorities, problems and prospects; state of natural resources including common property resources; ascertainment of people's perceptions; understanding of institutional structure; observation of livelihood systems; examination of the existing cost-sharing mechanism; analysis of existing O&M; and evaluation of existing Income Generating Activities. PRA included social mapping, resource mapping, time-line analysis, stakeholder analysis, beneficiary assessment, etc. With the help of the PRA, social status of the village was assessed and the needs of the village community were determined. Three levels of consultation was carried out: (a) Meeting with all local community in a common place; (b) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with selected groups including men groups, women groups and landless; and (c) Household level interview. The key objective of FGD and in-depth interviews was to ascertain their views and perceptions on possible impact of the proposed watershed components, prioritization of environmental issues of the villages, proposed activities, willingness to cost-sharing on the proposed watershed interventions, training needs, future income generating activities etc. Opinion leaders and village elders were also met for information on the life patterns in the Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Study Methodology 3-5 past and changes that have taken place over the years, especially in the area of natural resource management. Checklists were used for facilitating discussions with target groups such as women. landless and Scheduled Castes & Tribes. These groups were met separately for frank and free discussions. In the case of Household Survey, 15% of the total households were interviewed in each of the selected villages. Households were selected randomly with due weightage to diverse socio-economic parameters, including gender. Table 3-1 presents the coverage of PRA studies. The list of selected villages is given in Annexure III.1. Table 3-1: Coverage of PRA Studies by District Si. No. of No. of No. District Project PRA FGD Households Village Interviewed -1 Chitradurga 14 14 26 410 2 Dharwad 12 12 24 504 3 Haveri 13 13 26 709 4 Kolar 12 187 Tumkur 13 456 Total 64 2266 A team of professionals comprising social scientists, economists, environment specialists, development consultants and trained field functionaries were deployed to carry out the study. The data has been collected by trained professionals with the help and assistance of over 70 functionaries of the district level NGOs. Task -6: Screening and Identification of Key Environmental and Social Issues The environmental status of the districts and the PRA studies enabled us in identification of environmental and social issues that needed to be addressed. In this task, a list of key issues related to both natural environmental and socio-economic components were identified in an integrated manner and thereafter, their potential positive and negative impacts due to the project were identified. Task -7: Analysis of Alternatives The likely benefits and negative impacts of the project were assessed by the use of impact matrices and other available methods. The environmental impacts of the project have been assessed in two scenarios - with (to look at cumulative impacts, because the effect relationships, project component interfaces etc.) and without project. Task -8: Transect Walk As a third level of field survey, a village transact walk was undertaken in each village. Transects were taken around the village area to have first hand information on the status of natural resources and to ascertain the kind of interventions required. Villagers, officers from the District Watershed Department and members of the Gram Panchayat were actively involved in the exercise. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Study Methodology 3-6 During transact, many other details regarding each component was discussed with the community. This has helped in deciding a suitable location/area amongst many choices for proposed project activity. The other issues discussed include cost-benefit analysis of each of the project intervention, willingness to cost sharing arrangements, level of participation in implementation and operation and maintenance. Task -9: Environmental and Social Management Guidelines This task involved developing guidelines relating to watershed development and mitigation measures, to offset likely negative environmental impacts and to enhance potential benefits. This also included broad guidelines for the village level implementation and specific guidelines for each activity at micro level. A list of actions to be undertaken to ensure the sustainability of the project have also been identified. Task -10: Preparation of Village Watershed Development Plans (VWDP) One of the final outputs of the assignment is to evolve Village Watershed Development Plans for all 64 villages. VWDP is an implementation plan at the micro-watershed village level, is prepared based on the community needs and their own perceptions. It includes the activities proposed, target groups, contribution pattern, anticipated output, approximate outlay, etc. Care has been taken to discuss with the community all these elements before formulation of the plan. Close interaction meetings have been held with the community and target groups to make the plan relevant, representative and reflective of the situational needs. Task -11: Preparation of Tribal Strategy Plan (TSP) In view of the distribution of the tribal population across a wide area and absence of their concentration, Tribal Development Strategy is proposed in place of a Tribal Development Plan. Tribal groups, wherever found, have been met and their perceptions and problems have been taken note of. 3.3 Limitations of the Study Some of the study limitations of this study are: 1 It is to be mentioned that the entire social assessment exercise was undertaken in a systematic manner for all the five project districts. However, it relied mostly on data collected through sample villages. The sample size selected is small compared to the scale of the project (only 12 villages per district) 2. At this stage, the PRA was conducted only thrice in each villages. In fact, a realistic VWDP would be finalized only after a series of discussion with the community 3. The Watershed Development Department has been newly created and therefore the institutional set up is also a limiting factor. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangaiore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Study Methodology 3-7 4. Social Mobilization to create awareness among the community was not undertaken before conducting the PRA exercise. Hence, it could have effected active participation of the community for future planning. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-1 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 4.0 EXISTING POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAM EWORK A review of the existing institutional and policy framework relevant to Watershed development, at the National and the State levels are presented. Legislations and policies that may directly or indirectly concern the project have been analyzed. The role of existing institutions is reviewed and institutions required are suggested for successful implementation of the project in this chapter. 4.1 National Level Policies And Guidelines 4.1.1 National Level The responsibility of watershed management in most developing countries rests with the government. Much government intervention is characterized by overemphasis on technological components and a neglect of institutional concerns. Watershed development in India has been reemphasized in the light of fragility and environmental degradation, by the highest policy makers to enhance production, employment, income and to secure the natural resources base of land, water and perennial vegetation. In the light of objective analysis of varied thrusts and activities of different watershed based programmes, the Government of India had drafted Agriculture Policy in 1992, which encompasses the thrust on the watershed approach Delineation of agro-climatic regions (ACR) and agro-ecological regions (AER), have been efforts in this direction. The Planning Commission had in 1989 brought out a 15-zone agro- climatic map based largely on commonality of factors like physiography, rainfall, temperature, soil and water resources. With advancements made in technical know how, it was realized that information on soils and crop-growing period may be pertinent in developing agro-ecological zones/regions. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning of ICAR In 1990 put forth a 20 region agro-ecological map for the country. These attempts provide basic inputs for watershed development projects in the country. Evolution of National Level Guidelines Watershed Development Projects have been taken up under different programmes launched by the Government of India. The Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and the Desert Development Programme (DDP) adopted the watershed approach in 1987. The Integrated Wasteland Development Projects Scheme (IWDP) taken up by the National Wasteland Development Board in 1989 also aimed at developing wastelands on the watershed basis. This programme has now been brought under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Wastelands Development in the Ministry of Rural Development. The fourth major programme based on the watershed concept is the National Watershed Development Programme in the Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) under the Ministry of Agriculture. While the focus of these programmes may have differed, the common theme amongst these programmes has been their basic objective of land and water resource management for sustainable production. The technical committee constituted by the Ministry of Rural Development under the Chairmanship of Prof. Hanumantha Rao, studied the implementation and impact of the DPAP, DDP and also the IWDP programmes all over the country and recommended that a common set of operational guidelines, objectives, strategies and expenditure norms for watershed development projects should be evolved integrating the features of the three programmes under the Ministry of Rural Development. These guidelines have been formulated accordingly keeping in view, the following important factors that Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-2 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework underlie these three programmes - Technical Aspect, Human Factor, Funding Sources & Operational Flexibility. Programme Guidelines - Ministry of Rural Development The Watershed Development Programme in drought prone/desert/non-forest wasteland areas will be implemented by taking up projects for development of wasteland of 500 hectares each (approx) in every village in a phased manner. The aims of any project or activity comprise of a set of purposes or goals describing the benefits that would flow out of the project and the likely groups of people who would benefit and end result in concrete physical terms that would be achieved by the end of the project, and a set of norms or criteria which are measurable and quantifiable to assess whether the end result has successfully achieved the purposes or not. For each such Watershed Development Project, the project objectives, end results and success criteria would be as follows: The objectives of each watershed development project will be i To promote the economic development of the village community which is directly or indirectly dependent on the watershed through - * Optimum utilization of the watershed's natural resources like land, water, vegetation, etc., that will mitigate the adverse effects of drought and prevent further ecological degradation. Employment generation and development of the human and other economic resources of the village in order to promote savings and other income-generation activities. ii. To encourage restoration of ecological balance in the village through * Sustained community action for the operation and maintenance of assets created and further development of the natural resources potential in the watershed. * Simple, easy and affordable technological solutions and institutional arrangements that make use of, and build upon local technical knowledge and available materials. iii. Special emphasis to improve the economic and social condition of the resource-poor and the disadvantaged sections of the watershed community such as asset less and the women through * More equitable distribution of the benefits of land and water resources development and the consequent biomass production * Greater access to income generating opportunities and focus on their human resource development. Each watershed development project is expected to achieve the following results by the end of the project period i: All the works/activities that are planned for the treatment and development, of the drainage lines, arable and nonarable lands in the watershed area are completed with the active participation and contribution of the user groups ii. The user groups/Panchayats have willingly taken over the operation and maintenance of the assets created and made suitable administrative and financial arrangements for their maintenance and further development iii. All the members of the watershed development committee and staff such as watershed secretary and volunteers have been given orientation and training to improve their knowledge and upgrade technical/management and community organizational skills to a level that is appropriate for the successful discharge of their responsibilities on withdrawal of the watershed development team from the project. iv. The village community would have been organized into several homogenous self-help groups for savings and other income generation activities which would have achieved sufficient commitment from their members and built up financial resources to be self sustaining. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-3 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Although circumstances may vary greatly from- project to project, it is important that a few measurable and quantifiable success criteria with the lowest common. denominator are fixed for different categories of works/activities under the projects to evaluate their success or otherwise in terms of the stated purposes. The State Government may supplement these with more success criteria if found desirable or prescribe higher performance standards. However, care should be taken to ensure that the additional success criteria are internally consistent with the purposes and end results of the projects and also not conflict with the criteria laid down. The success criteria can be of two broad types - Technical & General. The General criteria deal with performance appraisal in terms of percentage of achievements in works, programmes, community organization and training. The guidelines also mentions about the criteria for selecting the villages has to be in accordance to the people's participation through voluntary donations/contributions and resolution from the Gram Panchayat regarding the willingness to take over, operate and maintain, and also sharing the benefits of the community assets created with the weaker sections of the society. The selection of the watersheds is based on the availability of drinking water, population of scheduled castes & tribes, preponderance of wastelands & common lands, wages in the watershed areas, previous development works, extent of area. Guidelines - The unit of planning should be the watersheds (an independent hydrologic unit) ranging from 500 ha to 2000 ha. The programme should be developed for the treatment of entire area in the watershed irrespective of its landuse. * The development of watersheds should be planned aiming for in-situ moisture conservation, water harvesting, ground water recharge, development of bio-mass and for enhancing agricultural production. The entire watershed area may be developed with full involvement of beneficiaries to achieve these objectives. * The plan for development of the watershed should be prepared in consultation with local beneficiaries adopting a bottom to top approach and thereby making it acceptable to the beneficiaries. For better appreciation of the existing problems of degraded watersheds and benefits of watershed development, the beneficiaries should be trained before the actual developmental activities are taken up. - The urgent needs of the community such as drinking water, wells, ponds, bridges, connecting roads, temples, schools etc. could be taken up as entry point activities and necessary provisions may be made in the schemes. The subject of a common approach and guidelines for all the schemes of watershed being implemented by the Central Ministries was deliberated. Since the objectives of the schemes are different, it was felt that it may not be feasible to have detailed common guidelines. However, the pooling of resources of watershed development programmes at district level may be considered to avoid overlapping and extending the reach of various programmes. This is in keeping with the current govemments initiative to integrate watershed development programmes under a common framework. • Legislative framework needs to be put in place to cater or communicate with user groups the right over utilization of Common Property Resources to avoid conflict with elected and constitutional body such as Panchayats. * The idea of flexibility in the guidelines was endorsed to meet local needs and people's demand. However, there should not be any compromise on the implementation of identified Core items of the programme, so that primary objectives of this project are not lost sight of. * The concept of development of Bio-Industrial watersheds was suggested during the 9th Five Year Plan envisaging development of watershed coupled with value addition activities for processing the Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-4 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework primary produce at village or watershed level itself. This would help producers to have enhanced benefits and reduce losses from perishable commodities due to immediate marketing problems. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-5 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 4.1.2 State Level In Karnataka, the concept of watershed development took a definite shape in 1984 with the World Bank funded Pilot Project for Watershed Development in Rainfed Areas and when an independent directorate was instituted under the Department of Agriculture to look after the watershed activities. The implementation of the first project began in 1984-85. So far, watershed development projects have been implemented in four phases. Implementation of each of the projects has been phased out over 4-5 years. Based on the experiences gained in previous projects, the area and size of watersheds are delineated on scientific lines. After delineation of the project area, it is marked on the map of watershed drawn on a toposheet. The delineated map of the watershed is used to verify whether the delineation of watersheds and sub-watersheds is properly and scientifically done. At present, several bilateral donors such as SDC, DANIDA, KfW and DFID are funding watershed development projects in the state in addition to those being implemented with Government of India and State Government funds. In addition to the Govt. of India programmes on Watershed development, a registered society, Karnataka Watershed Development Society (KAWAD) has been entrusted with the development of watershed and management of water resources in the three watersheds, which are the Chinnahagari watershed in Molakalmuru taluk of Chitradurga district, Upparahalla watershed in Kudligi taluk of Bellary district and Doddahalla watershed in Indi taluk of Bijapur district. The Department for International Development (DFID) of the Government of United Kingdom financially assists this project, over a period of five and half years. The outstanding feature of Karnataka watershed development is that it has; laid stress on innovative interventions. These include mobilization of people, involvement of NGOs and implementation of income generating activities. This is popularly known as an adaptive administrative cum technical research as they are meant to evolve technologies and means of implementing them in a location specific fashion. In Karnataka, more than 70% of the cultivable area is rainfed. The Dryland farming is characterized by traditional technology leading to lower yield and incomes; and associated with a high degree of risk and uncertainty. The Government of Karnataka decided in 1982 to develop dry lands on watershed basis on a pilot scale in all the agro-climatic zones of the state. The pilot effort envisaged watershed development projects in about 30,000 hectares in each of the 19 districts over a period of 7 years. In seeking to reverse resource based depletion, and achieve sustainable increases in the production of crops, forage, fruit, fuel and timber, the WDPs brought together the activities of the departments of agriculture, forestry and horticulture under a single umbrella. The interdepartmental collaboration finds expression at district level in the form of project / watershed development team, at divisional level in the form of Dryland development board with a multidisciplinary cell and at the state level in the form of state watershed development directorate with professionals from various departments. The guidelines and policies of the Government of Karnataka are similar to those of the Government of India. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-6 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 4.2 World Bank Requirements The World Bank environmental assessment (EA) requirements vary in scope based on classification system such as Category A, Category B and Category C as defined by the World Bank OP 4.01. The OP 4.01 is also an overarching policy that includes Environmental and Social Assessments., A project designated as Category A, requires a full Environmental Assessment (EA) Category B projects require a lesser level of environmental investigation. Category C projects require no environmental analysis beyond that determination. This project is a Category B project, which may have adverse environmental impacts that are less significant than category A impacts. Few if any of these impacts are irreversible. The impacts are not as sensitive, numerous, major, or diverse as category A impacts; remedial measures can be more easily designed. The emphasis of the World Bank for Category B project is to have separate environment assessment report outlining mitigation plans; environmental management plans during project preparation stage. This project is being developed comprehensively integrating environmental and social dimensions. The EA & SA are being carried out at the regional level. Both the EA and SA processes complement each other and the output is the VWDP, which will essentially be the implementation plan for the project. In addition, a Tribal Study is also a part of the SA process and as required OD 4.20 and analyses the status of the tribals separately. The World Bank has a set of ten safeguard policies, which need to be assessed for its applicability in any project. Considering the nature of the watershed development project, the following policies are short listed for checking whether it "triggers" the applicability - Forestry:OP 4.36, Indegenous People:OD 4.20, draft OP 4.10, Pest Management:OP4.09, Natural Habitats:OP 4.04. The following matrix checks the above mentioned policies for their applicability in this project. POLICIES TRIGGERS YES/N REMShMS Forestry - The policy is triggered by Yes The forestry component proposed in 024.36 forest sector activities and the project promotes afforestation, other Bank sponsored enhance environmental contribution interventions, which have the of forest areas and encourage potential to impact economic development. Logging significantly upon forest operations are not part of the areas. project proposal. Indegenous The policy is triggered when: No The Social Assessment study has People - OD * There are indigenous peoples found the indigenous people, i.e, 4.20, draft in th eproject area the Scheduled Tribes (ST) are all OP 4.10 * Potential adverse impacts on in the mainstream of the community. indigenous.. peoples are anticipated * Indigenous peoples are among the intended beneficiaries Pest * Procurement of pesticides or Yes This policy is triggered' only based Management - pesticide application on envisage to combat various pests 024.09 equipment is envisaged due to increase in agriculture * The project may affect pest production and change in cropping management in a way that pattern, as a result of improvement harm could be done, even in the project area in agriculture though the project is not and horticulture sectors. envisaged to procure pesticides. This includes projects that may - i. Lead to a substantial increase of pesticide use with a subsequent increase in health and environmental risk ii. Maintain or expand present pest management practices Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-7 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework that are unsustainable, not based on an IPM approach, and/or pose significant health or environmental risks Natural The Natural Habitat Policy is No Rannebennur Black :Buck Sanctuary is Habitat - OP triggered by any project the only one notified habitat for 4.04 (including any subproject under endangered species. This is around a sector investment or 15 km from the nearest watershed - financial intermediary loan) Kalledevaru Watershed in Byadgi with the potential to cause taluk. No interventions is proposed significant conversion (loss) in this sanctuary and also no or degradation of natural indirect negative impacts is habitats, whether directly envisaged. Hence this policy is not (through construction) or triggered. indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). 4.3 Legal Framework . Institution The environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines and control that may impact this project, are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. In all, as discussed in the subsequent sections, the following agencies would play important roles in this project. * Ministry Of Environment And Forests (MoEF) The primary responsibility for administration and implementation of the Government of India's policy with respect to environmental management, conservation, ecologically sustainable development and pollution control rests with the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Established in 1985, MoEF is the agency primarily responsible for the review and approval of EIAs pursuant to Gol legislation. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has set up regional offices, with each region having an office. These offices are responsible for collection and furnishing of information relating to EIA of projects, pollution control measures, methodology and status, legal and enforcement measures and environmental protection in special conservation areas such as wetlands, mangroves and biological reserves. * Departments of Environment and Forests (DoEF) They perform the functions similar to the MoEF at the state level. * State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) The SPCBs play the role of environmental management at the state level, with emphasis on air and water qualities. They are responsible for: * Advising state governments on air, water and industry issues; * Establishing standards based on National Minimum Standards; * Cess Act, etc.;Conducting and o * Organizing public hearings for projects as defined by the various Acts and as stipulated by the Amendment (April 1997) to the EIA Act; and, * Issuing No-objection Certificates (NOC) for industrial development. * Planning and executing state-level air and water initiatives; * Acts In Karnataka and in India as a whole the population growth trend has been increasing at over 2% annually. Thus, the demand for food grains, demand for biomass, land for Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-8 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework infrastructure (settlement, industry, river valley projects) and livestock grazing is likely to grow, leading to increased pressure on forest land, non-agricultural land and biomass. The future area and status of forest cover, adjacent scrub jungles, cultivable lands and pasture lands are likely to be significantly influenced by the Watershed Development programs and development policies. Thus it is necessary to understand the current policies and programs that are likely to influence future watershed program land use. Thus an attempt is made to demonstrate the relevance of current forest and land policies or programs to watershed program strategy and to adhere it suitably in pertinent levels of the project. The legal framework and its relevance to Watershed Development alongwith the various Watershed Development components are summarized below. The detailed descriptions of the Acts follows the table. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-9 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Summary of Legal Framework & its Relevance to Watershed Development NO ACTS & POLICIES SALIENT FEATURES WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS NO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PROGRAM CMOET 1 Agricultural Policies * These bill are in the Parliament and is a result of the * Dictates Economic * Forestry - National Level agreements with the WTO & GATT security * Horticulture * Agriculture * This provides the role of Central & State Governments, Provides Ecological * Livestock Biodiversity Bill District & Taluk administrations, Panchayats & Farmers integration * Silviculture * Conservation of * These Bills deals about the sharing mechanism, * Increased ecological * Soil Conservation Bio Diversity management of natural resources, scope for innovation, symbiosis (eg. * Agriculture Bill protection of indigenous & geographical resources, Pollination) * Patent Bill protection restored in the hands on the community increases production Agricultural Policies * Immediate task is to identify missions bridging the gap - State Level between actual yields and possible yields in the ten * Dr. Dwarakanath different Agro-climatic zones of the State Committee * This committee has presented its recommendations to the Govt. of Karnataka, regarding the genetically engineered seeds and their effects & impacts * Karnataka State * Industrial approach to agriculture Agricultural * Investment policy Policy - 1995 * Lending policy * Reforms in irrigation * Policy towards dryland farming * Price and market reforms * Marketing development Policy towards horticulture, floriculture, dairy and animal health * Agricultural exports policy * Policy towards infrastructure * District agricultural plan * Institutional framework for people's participation 2. Forest Conservation * All diversions of forestlands to any non-forest purpose, * Conservation of Forestry Act, 1980 even if the area is privately owned, require approval of indigenous biomass * Agriculture the central government Retards * Leases of forest land to any organizationi or individual evapotranspiration, require approval of the central government generates organic * Proposals for diversion of forest land for construction manure, increased of dwelling houses are not to be entertained soil flora & fauna 3. National Forest * Protect and enhance the yields of non-timber forest * Controlled felling * Employment Policy, 1988 products in order to generate employment and income for and transportation of generation in Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-1( Existing Policy, Legal and Adrninistrative Framework RELEVANCE TrO THE SLO ACTS & POLICIES SALIENT FEATURES WATERSHED DEVELOPENT RELEVANT WTERSHED NO _______PROGRAM CMOET forest and village communities trees forest lands 4. Joint Forest 0 Induces people's participation in forest management * Guideline on the a Forestry Management, 1993 a Sharing mechanism has been formulated to distribute the sharing mechanism * Intervention in benefits of interventions carried out on common Common Resource resources property, government lands, wastelands, etc. Property 0 Benefits are categorized into two types - ecological * Horticulture benefits and economic benefits * Pasture land development 5. Karnataka Tree * Trees should be protected and tree felling in private * Preservation of * Horticulture Preservation Act, areas are regulated and requires approval of the horticulture & * Forestry 1976 government forestry a Few species are exempted from procuring approvals - interventions Eucalyptus, Prospis Julifera, Erithrina indica, Subabul, Glyrisidia, Casuarina 6. Wildlife (Protection) * The Wildlife Protection Act has allowed the government * Preservation of bio * Forestry Act, 1972 to establish a number of National Parks and Sanctuaries diversity over the past 25 years, to protect and conserve the flora and fauna of the state. 7. The Environment * This Act encompasses all legislations providing for the * Preservation of air * Water (Protection) Act, protection of environment in the country and water quality conservation 1986 a It includes the power to direct the closure, prohibition * Control of pesticide a Agriculture or regulation of any industry, operation or process by & insecticide runoff * Forestry the Government * Control dust * Pasture lands pollution due to * Horticulture quarrying, which might harm the vegetation 8. The Water & Air * Water act includes the maintenance or restoring the (Prevention & Control wholesomeness of the water of Pollution) Acts, * Air act restricts the operation of any industrial plant 1974 & 1981 in an air pollution control area without a valid consent from the State Pollution Control Boards 9. Karnataka Land Tenure - The tenure of various land use has been completely * Any surplus land is a Horticulture Act, 1976 implemented in the Karnataka State designated as * Forestry * Any surplus land is designated as government land, which government land, * Silviculture can be converted as Common Resource Property by the which can be village community converted as Common Resource Property by _ _____________________ the village community _________________tv l e__ 10. The Ancient * The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological sites should be * Cultural safeguards Monuments, protected from any developmental activity. The area Tata Energy Research Institute R1namoInrp rfntrv Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-11 Existing Policy, Legal and Admfnistrative Framework SL. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RELEVANCE TO THE SL. ACTS & POLICIES SALIENT FEATURES WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT RELEVANT WATERSHED NO PROGRAM COMPONENTS Archaeological sites within the radii of 100 m and 300m from the 'Protected and Remains Act, 1958 property' are designated as 'Protected area' and 'Controlled area' respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting etc.,) is permitted in the 'Protected area' and developmental activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the 'controlled area' without prior permission of the Archaeological Survey of India' 11. The Karnataka * Prohibition to transfer for a specified period to * Social equality Scheduled Castes and dispose of granted lands not an unreasonable restriction Scheduled Tribes on the rights of the grantees (Prohibition of * Protection of economic interests of Scheduled Casts and Transfer of Certain Scheduled Tribes Lands) Act, 1978. 12. The Schedule Castes & * Prohibition of incidence of atrocity against scheduled * Social equality The Schedule Tribes - Tribes like untouchability, case prejudices, land Prevention of disputes, foLced & bonded labour, non-payment of minimum Atrocities Act, 1989 wages, inadequate police protection and support etc., 13. Zilla Panchayat Act * (will be provided in the final report) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-9 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 4.3.1 Forest Policy and Regulations in Karnataka Karnataka State is endowed with some of the most significant forests in the country, with nearly 38,284 sq.kms under the control of forest Department. Karnataka Forest Dept. has always been a pioneer in the country in conceiving and implementing the Forest conservation and Management Policies. These polices are normally framed at the national level and apply to the all regions. The forest policies relevant to WSD program are: A. Forest Conservation Act, 1980 B. The National Forest Policy, 1988 C. Joint Forest Planning and Management, 1993 D. Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 A. Forest Conservation Act 1980 with Amendments made in 1988 After independence, during 1950 - 80 India lost over 4 Mha of forestland due to green revolution and intensive agriculture program. This led to the strict regulation of forest exploitation and constitution of Forst Conservation Act of 1980. The Act aims to conserve forests for their ecological role, by strictly regulating forest conservation. Besides aims at restricting indiscriminate release of forestlands for non-forestry uses. Salient features of the Act are: * All diversions of forestlands to any non-forest purpose, even if the area is privately owned, require approval of the central Government. * Leases of forest land to any organization or individual require approval of the central government * Proposals for diversion of forest land for construction of dwelling houses are not to be entertained * Mining leases, and the removal of boulders and stones in forest areas as well as river beds is restricted This strong act backed by a strong administrative apparatus to enforce it has significantly contributed to reducing forest conversion to non-forest uses. a. Karnataka Forest Act, 1963 The Karnataka Forest Act 1963 is modelled on the lines of Indian Forest Act of 1927. Additionally, protection of wild life is through the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 formulated by the Centre and adopted by the State. Relevant provisions of the Cattle Trespass Act of 1871 in combination with the sections of State Forest Act govern cattle grazing in forests. However, cattle grazing are permitted in natural forests and the same has resulted in the destruction of regeneration in the forests alarmingly. The regular areas of high incidence of cattle grazing have caused run-off of rainwater and compaction of soil. Development of fodder and stall-feeding are receiving the attention of the Forest Department. The encouragement of throwing open the whole of the natural forests to grazing has resulted in a proliferation of non-productive cattle in forest rich districts, compared to the drier tracts. b. Karnataka Tree Preservation Act, 1976 This act was introduced for regulation of tree felling in private areas (will be furnished in the final report) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-10 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Land Bank: In the past lot of forest area was diverted for non-forest use. Hence, a scheme of compensatory afforestation was introduced to compensate for the loss of forest land while approving proposals for diversion of forest land for non-forest purpose under the Forest Conservation Act 1980. Wherever non-forest lands, like C&D lands, Revenue Waste lands, Gomal lands etc., are available, compensatory plantations are raised over an equivalent area of forestland released. Government of Karnataka vide its Order No. RD104.LPG.88, Bangalore, dtd 7.7.1993 has approved the proposal for transfer of 2.58 lakh hectares of C&D class of land from Revenue Dept. to Forest Dept. for the constitution of "Land Bank' to raise compensatory plantations. B. The National Forest policy, 1988 Ministry of Environment and Forests passes a new National Forest Policy in 1988 due to the success of experiments in participatory forest management systems. The policy envisages people's involvement in protection, conservation and management of forests. The policy also aims to protect and enhance the yields of non-timber forest products in order to generate employment and income for forest and village communities preferentially, so that these communities are motivated to identify themselves with the development and protection of forests. The general theme of the policy is that forest should not be looked upon as a source of revenue but as a national asset to be protected and enhanced for the well being of the people and the nation. Following the National Forest Policy 1980, the government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests passed a national resolution in June 1990 providing more specific guidelines regarding the formation, functioning, rights and responsibilities of community forest management groups. It specifies sharing arrangement son which village forest committees that "successfully protect the forests, may be given a portion of the proceeds from the sale of trees when they mature', as well a non timber forest products for subsistence. Since 1990 there have been sixteen states have already adopted this concept of Joint Forest Management. C. Joint Forest Management (JFM) In JFM approach, there are state wise variations in operational details and the share of control and forest produce between the Forest Department and rural communities. JFPM in Karnataka: People's participation is of paramount importance in the success of any forestry program. In this concept the Government of Karnataka issued an order on 12.4.93 to launch a Joint Forest Planning and Management Program (JFPM) in the state. For easier identification and management purposes of JFM forests are divided into five zones: * Zone 1 - intact and in excellent condition, these forests are to be preserved for scientific enquiry. No human interference permitted. * Zone 2 & 3 - Forests to be kept for timber extraction under the control of the Forest Department * Zone 4 - Forests with a canopy cover of less than 0.25 which are to be given to rural communities for JFM * Zone 5 - Forests under the Revenue Department and private ownership. The government order states that the Village Forest Committees (VFCs) should be established and these should help the government in protection, regeneration and development of degraded forest land with a canopy cover of 0.25 and less. The respective DeputyConservator of Forest will register the VCFCs under the Karnataka Societies Act. Ex- officio members will comprise panchayat members elected in that area, officers of Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-1l Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework government departments, the forest guard and forester and a representative of an NGO appointed by the Deputy Conservator. The ex-officio members of the panchayat may vc and contest the election for the post of chairman. The formal stipulations of the order, rurthermore, directs that Scheduled casts and tribes should have two representatives, two women, one landless and one artisan. The forester will be ex-officio member secretary and be in charge of the cashbook. The total proceeds derived from the sale of Forest produce at the notified (concessional) prices as well as in public auction shall be shared between the Government, beneficiaries and Village Forest Committees as per the ratios given below: * 50% to the Government * 25% to the beneficiaries through VFC's as perrules to be framed for this purpose and * 25% to a special fund to be called the 'Village Forest Development Fund' . This fund shall be operated by the VFC's as per the rules to be framed by the government in this regard. Tree Patta Scheme: As an innovative scheme to consolidate the gains of the Joint Forest and Management process the Tree Patta scheme was launched. The salient features of the scheme are to grant 'Tree Pattas' to the adjoining landholders both in urban and rural areas. If adjoining landowners are not available or not willing, then the tree pattas will be issued to other willing beneficiaries of VFC. Beneficiaries are entitled for 100% usufructs free of cost, provided they protect the trees. Nominal rent of Re.1 /tree /year is charged from the tree patta holder/Village Forest Committee. The final harvest shall be shared in the ratio of 75 25 between the beneficiaries and the Government. D. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 In response to the threat to Wildlife from deforestation, forest degradation and forest encroachment, the Government of India passed the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972. The Wildlife Protection Act has allowed the government to establish a number of National Parks and Sanctuaries over the past 25 years, to protect and conserve the flora and fauna of the state. E. Non-Wood Forest Product (NWFP) Tribals living in and around the forests traditionally depend up on hunting and NWFP collection for the livelihood. Consequent to the nationalization of forests in 1974, hunting was banned and NWFP collection entrusted to private contractors who employed mostly non- tribals. This was changed after a few years and collection rights were assigned to Girijan groups. Tribal cooperative societies were formed to take up NWFP collections. This arrangement has helped the tribals to secure attractive sale value for their products. 4.3.2 Karnataka Land Grant Rules A. The Mysore Land Improvement Act, 1961 This is an act to provide for the preparation and execution of schemes relating to the construction of embankments and other works, the prohibition and control of grazing for the purposes of preservation of soil, prevention of soil erosion, conservation of water resources, reclamation of tidal lands and other matters in order thereby to protect and improve lands including khar lands and crops in the State of Mysore (now, Karnataka) and for charging certain expenditure on the Consolidated Fund of the State Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-12 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework This act provides constitution of boards for preparation of Land Improvement Schemes. The Board may direct the preparation of the land improvement scheme for any area within its jurisdiction. A scheme may make provision for any of the following matters, namely: i Preservation and improvement of soil ii Prevention of soil erosion iii Conservation of water resources iv Introduction of dry farming methods v Improvement in the methods of cultivation vi Reclamation of waste, saline or waterlogged land or of land from the sea vii Prohibition or control of grazing, or reservation of land for pasture viii Planting, maintenance and control of tree growth by * Regulation or prohibition of firing of vegetation * Cultivation of waste or fallow land * Eradication of hariyali or any kind of weed or vegetation which is likely to affect injuriously, or interference with, cultivation ix Construction of earth and masonry works in fields, gullies and ravines x Development of khar lands by Construction, maintenance and preservation of embankments and other prescribed objects ix. Such other matters not inconsistent with the object of this Act as may be prescribed This Act facilitates the development and improvement of Watershed Development Programs. B. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 According to this Act, area within the radii of 100m and 300m from the "protected property" are designated as "protected area" and "controlled area" respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting) is permitted in the "protected area" and development activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the "controlled area" without prior permission of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) if the site/remains/ monuments are protected by Archeological Survey of India (ASI) or the State Department of Archaeology if these are protected by the State. C. Common Property Resources Act, (will be furnished in the final report) 4.3.3 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 is the umbrella legislation providing for the protection of environment in the country. 4.3.4 The Water and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Acts The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 resulted in the establishment of the Central and State level Pollution Control Boards whose responsibilities include managing water quality and effluent standards, as well as monitoring water quality, prosecuting offenders and issuing licenses for construction and operation of certain facilities. The SPCB is empowered to set air quality standards and monitor and prosecute offenders under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 4-13 Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 4.3.5 State Level Legislation and Other Acts Clearance from the State Department of Mining is required for establishing quarries. Clearance from the State Ground Water Boards/Authorities is required for establishment of new tube-wells/bore-holes, etc. 4.3.6 The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain Lands) Act, 1978. Land is the principal source of livelihood for tribals. The development of tribals, therefore, is linked with the development of their lands. Many non-tribal immigrants have fraudulently alienated large areas of tribals, who are ignorant and helpless. Scheduled Tribes grantees have been exploited by persons belonging to the affluent and powerful sections, to obtain sales or mortgages either for a nominal consideration or for no consideration at all and they have become the victims of circumstances. Therefore, alienation of land has been a serious problem faced by the tribals in Karnataka. To fulfil the purposes of the grant, the land even if it has been alienated, should be restored to the original grantee or his heirs. The state is fully aware of this problem and has taken a number of measures to check land alienation. In 1978, the Karnataka Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain Lands) Act was passed by the Legislative Assembly to prohibit transfer of lands by members of ST to non-tribals and for restoration of land alienated by such members. The Act has been amended in 1984, 1985 and 1992 to give enough teeth to the enforcement authorities. The' 1984 amendment provided for disposal of the appeals from the aggrieved persons. It was further amended in 1992 to remove the legal bottlenecks and strengthen the enforcement of the Act. It also laid down the manner of presenting and disposal of appeals. The Act provides for an invalidation of all land-transferred transactions from STs to Non-STs. The Act is expected to address fully issues related to land alienation of tribal lands. 4.3.7 The Scheduled Castes & the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Tribals have never faced the problem of atrocities. They are relatively safe and secured. But, there are sporadic attempts by non-tribals to cow down the tribals for selfish reasons. Therefore, the Government of Karnataka has passed necessary legislation for the prevention of atrocities against tribals. Administrative measures have also been initiated to protect the interests of the tribal groups. However, in Karnataka, especially in the project districts of Chitradurga, Dharwad, Haveri, Kolar and Tumkur, tribals do not seem to face any problems. 4.4 Recommendations for Policy Changes Joint Forest Management Policy can be utilized for sharing the benefits procured from interventions carried out in forest sector, where there is a strict law of non-harvest of produce by people. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-1 5.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTING This chapter describes in broad terms the present condition of the physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the region. This would help in the understanding of the resources available and the environmental issues in the region. The outline of baseline conditions and degradation trend would establish benchmarks to assist in assessment of potential positive and negative impacts of the proposed project. The issues identified in this chapter are linked with the primary profile of the region descrbed in subsequent chapters. 5.1 Physical Environment 5.1.1 Location and setting The five districts of Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri & Dharwad lie between latitudes 15.50N & 12.750 N and between longitudes 74.480 E & 78.580 E. The study area spans a total of 36,290 sq. km and is mainly located in the eastern plains of Karnataka State. Distric Location Area t (sq. km) Kolar Located in the Southern mardan (plains) region of the State 8,223 and is the eastern-most district of the state; Bounded by Bangalore and Tumkur districts on the west and by the States of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil nadu on the other sides. Tumkur Located in the Eastern belt in the southern half of the 10,59 State; 8 Bounded on the east by Kolar & Bangalore districts, on the south by Mandya district, on the west & north west by Hassan & Chitradurga districts and on the north by the State of Andhra Pradesh. Chitrad Located in the Central sector of the State and forms part of 8,388 urga the southern portion of the Deccan Peninsula; Bounded on the north by Bellary district, on the northern half of the eastern side by the state of Andhra Pradesh, on the southern half of the eastern side and eastern half of the southern side by Tumkur district, on the western half of the southern side and south west by Chikmagalur district, on the west by Shimoga district and for a short stretch on the north west by Dharwad district. Havern Located in the Western sector of the northern half of 4,851 Karnataka State; Bounded on the north by Dharwad and Haveri districts, on the east by Bellary and Davangere, on the south by Shimoga and by Uttara Kannada on the west. Dharwad Located in the Western sector of the northern half of 4,230 Karnataka State; Tata Energy Research Institute Bangaiore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-2 Distric Location Area t (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sq. kmn) , . Bounded on the north by Belgaum, on the east by Gadag, on the south by Haveri and by Uttar Kannada in the west. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-3 5.1.2 Agro-climatic Zones There are a total of six Agro-climatic zones in the region as under. Characteritics_of_th Aa o-climatic Zones in the region Agro- Averag Elevatio Coefficie Soil type Water Districts climatic e n above nt of holding Zone rainfa MSL variation capacity 11 (%) (cm) (mm) Northern Dry 465- 450- 30.8 Shallow, medium 20 cm in Parts of Zone (Zone 786 900 and deep. Black deep Dharwad 3) soils cover about soils, 10 and 80% of the area. cm in Haveri Red loamy and medium & sandy soils make black up the remaining soils, 7 cm in shallow soils and 6 cm in red soils Central Dry 454- 450- 25.6 Sandy loam with 10-15 cm Chitradur Zone (Zone 718 900 lesser depth ga & 4) parts of Tumkur Eastern Dry 679- 800- 25.6 Red loamy in 14-20 cm Kolar Zone (Zone 889 1500 major areas, 5) laterite in few areas Southern Dry 671- 450- 25.6 Red sandy loam 8-10 cm in Parts of Zone (Zone 889 900 and black soils red soils, Tumkur 10-15 cm in black soils Northern 619- 450- 23.0 Medium to deep 25-27 cm Parts of Transition 1303 800 black make up 40- in black Dharwad Zone (Zone 50% of the soils soils, 5-6 and 8) and red soils cm in red Haver make up the rest soils Hilly Zone 904- 450- Low Deep red clayey, 18-20 cm Parts of (Zone 9) 3695 900 gravelly, Dharwad lateritic and and Brown Forest soil Haveri Low average rainfall (583 - 768mm), high coefficient of variation, erratic rainfall, deficient soil fertility and low water holding capacity of soils is the major issues of these agricultural zones. 5.1.3 Climate The districts of Kolar, Tumkur and southern Chitradurga experience hot, seasonally dry tropical savanna climate while Haveri, Dharwad and northern Chitradurga experiences hot, semi-arid, tropical steppe type of climate. The temperatures of the region increase northwards and there are areas that experience high temperatures of up to 410C and dry spells. The year is usually divided into four seasons: * Summer from March to May; * Southwest monsoon from June to September; * Northeast monsoon between October and November; and; * Winter or dry season from December to February. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-4 The average rainfall varies from 565 mm in Chitradurga district to 772 mm in Dharwad district. The rainfall in Tumkur and-Kolar is subject to considerable fluctuations from year. The isohyets are shown in Map 5.1 (a-e). Average Rainfall in the Project Districts (1901-71) District Average rainfall (mm) Kolar 744.0 Tumkur 686.0 Chitradurga 565.0 Haveri 754.0 Dharwad 772.0 Source: Rainfall & Agricultural Situation in Karnataka-1999, Drought Monitoring Cell, Bangalore 5.1.4 Topography The topography of the region is made up of undulating plains interspersed with hills of varying heights. The elevations of the plains and plateaus range from 600 - 900 metres above MSL and the prominent hill peaks vary from 800 - 1500 metres above MSL. The slopes are very gentle (1%-5%) to gentle (3%-8%) and are associated with moderately sloping land (5%-15%). The slopes are shown in Maps 5.2 (a-e). Siltation in valleys and uneven fertility due to varying soil depths and water holding capacity are the main issues due to the terrain. 5.1.5 Geology The predominant rock formations in the region are schists and gneisses. Laterite, dolerite dykes, newer granites and outcrops of basal igneous complexes are also found. The geological formations are shown in Maps 5.3 (a-e). District Formation Groups Composition Minerals Dharwar schists Dark hornblendic Gold, graphitic clay, schists sillimanite, kaolin, Gneissic complex Two phases of limestone, feldspar, Kolar granite intrusions ochre, lime kankar, Dolerite dykes garnet, corundum, Laterite building and decorative ._____________ ______________________ stones, road metal Chitradurga schist Chloritic schists, Gold, manganese, (Crystalline schists) micaceous schists, sillimanite, asbestos, quartzites, corundum, feldspar, limestones and garnet, quartz, ochres, ferruginuous clay, silver sand, Tumkur quartzites soapstone, Building and Gneissic complex Banded gneisses, decorative stones granitic gneisses, gneissic granites and granites Newer granites Granitic gneisses Coarse grey and pink Iron, manganese, copper, porphytic granites asbestos, bauxite, Crystalline schists Hornblendic schists kyanite and limestone, Chitradurga with some quartzites building and decorative and ferruginous stones quartzites Newer granites Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-5 District Formation Groups Composition Minerals Basal archaen complex Ancient gneisses and Gold, copper, iron, schists, phyllites, manganese and building argillites, felsite, construction material haematite-quartzites Haveri & and limestones Dharwad Outcrop of 2 bands of Granite, felsite, Dharwar system apatite, quartzites and schists Outcrops of basal igneous complex Source: District Gazetteers of Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga and Dharwad 5.1.6 Drainage and Surface water A majority of the rivers in the region are small and seasonal. A list of important rivers in the region are given below: Drainage and Surface water District Basin Main rivers Important tributaries Kolar Cauvery Palar, North Pinakini, South Arkavathi, Chitravathi, Nangihole, Kumar, Pinakini Kushavathi, Markandaya, Papaghni, Vrishabhavathi, Vardamanhole Tumkur Cauvery Shimsha, Jayamangali, Naga, Nagini, Doddahalla, Chik Tore Suvarnamukhi Chitradurga Krishna Vedavati & Tungabhadra Janagahalla, Suvarnamukhi, Syagahalia, (perennial) Garani, Nayakanhatti Haveri and Krishna Malaprabha & Tungabhadra Bennihalla, Shalmala (west flowing), Varada, Dharwad (perennial) Kumudvati, Dharma A number of these rivers and rivulets have been harnessed for the purposes of irrigation. There are a number of irrigation tanks in the region that were constructed hundreds of years ago, particularly in Kolar, Tumkur, Haveri and Dharwad districts. However, these are in very poor condition, with large number of them in disuse because of siltation and poor maintenance. 5.1.7 Ground water The status of groundwater utilization for the five districts is given in the following table. The talukwise status is shown in Map 5.4 (a-e): Groundwater utilization in the region, 1994 District Groundwater Category utilization (%) Kolar 89 D Tumkur 82 G Chitradurga 51 W Haveri 34 W Dharwad 12 W The erratic rainfall conditions and rapid increase in the number of groundwater structures has resulted in declining groundwater levels in many parts of the region. Most of the dug wells, though deepened sufficiently, have become dry and have been replaced by borewells. In certain parts, even shallow borewells have become dry and are a cause for concern. Tata Energy Research Institute BIangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-6 The dependence on groundwater is very high in Kolar and Tumkur districts as there are no perennial rivers and also no major irrigation projects. The net area irrigated in the study area is given in the following table: Irrigation in the Project Districts, 1997-98 District Canals Tanks Wells Borewel Lift Other Net % Net (%) (%) (%) ls Irrigat source area area (%) ion s irrigat irrigat M%) (%) ed (Ha) ed Kolar - 12.1 36.0 51.9 - - 76,854 21.19 Tumkur 0.3 26.7 17.0 55.9 0.1 99,962 19.49 Chitradurga* 41.3 0.3 2.6 50.4 5.4 - 122,346 21.47 Haveri & 34.4 12.5 6.8 29.2 11.7 5.3 169,555 16.33 Dharwad ** KazS ataka 38.2 10.1 19.1 17.4 4.7 10.5 2,362,6 23.45 State 61 * Includes Davangere ** Includes Gadag Source: Karnataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK 5.1.8 Soil The soils found in the region are predominantly red and black. The textures vary from sandy to loamy though gravelly and clayey soils are also found. The depths of the soils also vary from shallow to very deep. Red soils on higher elevations are characterized by high infiltration, more runoff and low water holding capacity. Black soils are rich in organic content and are characterized by high water holding capacity and low infiltration. The high acidic nature of the soil may be ameliorated using gypsum in all the five districts. Soil capability, Soil depth, Soil erodibility, Soil Available Water Capacity (AWC) and Soil texture maps are shown in Maps 5.5 (a-e) - 5.9 (a-e). District Soils Kolar The eastern part of the district has patches of red and dark soils with a good deal of black cotton soils. The red loam soil is very easy for cultivation purposes and responds to good manure and other treatments. The soil is particularly suitable for growing vegetables. Gravelly soil is found in the northern, southern and central parts of the district. Clay loam is found in the north western and central taluks of the district. These soils have good moisture-retentive capacity and allow deep furrowing and are suitable for paddy, sugarcane, chillies and tobacco cultivation. Tumkur The soils of the district are hard and poor in general. The soil is acidic with low to medium soil fertility status during wet conditions. Red, gravelly, sandy, clay, loam, black soil, sandy loam and sandy clay are the main types of soil found in various parts of the district. Chitradurga The major soil group in the district is red sandy soil followed by mixed red and black soil, deep black soil, red loamy soil and medium black soil. The soils are moderately fertile. Haveri & The predominant soil that occupies the greatest part of the district is Dharwad black cotton soil. The other varieties of soils found in the district are brown soil, red soil, sandy soil, paddy soil and alluvial soil. The black cotton soils are admirably suited to the dry climate of the tableland. The moisture retentive capacity of this soil enables the crops to bear unharmed during seasons of drought, which would prove fatal to the crops on the red soil. This black soil is suitable for raising cotton, wheat, gram, ragi, jowar and oilseeds - the crops for which the district is famci The western part of the district, the malnad portion, is noted fo- Is paddy soil, which varies from red in the extreme west to a light coloured clayey mould in the east. These Tata Energy Research Institute Bangakore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Sening 5-7 District Soils soils are also quite fertile and can yield paddy. Source: District Gazetteers of Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga and Dharwad 5.2 Biological Environment 5.2.1 Forests The type of soil, meager rainfall, and high temperatures have resulted in very poor forest cover in most areas of the five districts and consists mainly of scrub and thorny vegetation. A few forest areas in Tumkur may be termed as dry deciduous forests. The western fringe of about 20-30 km width of Dharwad and Haveri districts has a typical malnad climate dominated by low hills, meandering streams, moderate to heavy rainfall and dense vegetation. To the east of this region lies the transition belt of about 20-35 km in width and characterized by acacia or thorn forests. Scrub forests make up the remaining areas of the districts. The area under forest in the five districts is much less than the State average as can be seen:- Forest cover in the Renion, 1997-98 District Geographical Area Forest Area (Ha) Forest area (Ha) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Kolar 779,467 70,324 9.02 |Tumkur 1,064,755 44,984 4.23 Chitradurga* 1,015,505 90,829 8.94 Haveri & Dharwad** 1,378,200 115,303 8.3i [Study area | 4,237,927 | 321,440 7.5'3 Karnataka State 19,049,836 3,062,913 16.08 - Includes Davangere "*Includes Gadag Source: Kamataka at a glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK The forest regions are found mostly on the lower slopes of hill ranges. The forests are mostly open and consist of mixed species varying from dry deciduous to thorny bushes. The scanty rainfall has resulted in the trees being short, twisted, knotty and full of branches. The forests contain very few timber species and the wood that is generally available is fit for use only as fuel. These forests have been over-exploited for decades and the free grazing facility permitted therein has had an inimical effect on natural and artificial regeneration. The forest cover in the five districts is less than 50/0 of the forest area. The high demand for fuelwood has caused severe degradation of the existing forests over the last few decades. 5.2.2 Wildlife Habitats and Ecosystems The Ranibennur Black Buck Sanctuary is the most important wildlife habitat of the region. The Sanctuary is located in Haveri district and is home to the Black Buck and Great Indian Bustard, which are both endangered species. The sanctuary is shown in Map 5.10. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangulore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-8 The interventions of the project do not require clearance from the Ministry of Environment & Forest. 5.2.3 Flora and fauna The soil, rainfall and climatic conditions are not favourable for the growth of rich and variegated vegetation. The predominant vegetation in the region consists of thorny shrubs, bushes and rough grasses. Bamboo bushes and stunted teak can also be found in the region. The thorn forests in Dharwad and Haveri that lie in the Transition zone consist mainly of acacias and cassias. These are relatively abundant along the banks of rivers and streams. In the absence of adequate forest cover, the district has very few species of wild animals. The tiger, panther and cheetah have now totally out migrated from these forests. The bear, wild boar, hyena, fox, spotted deer and rabbit are the important species of wild animals found in Tumkur district. The leopard, bear, wolf, hyena, jackal, Indian fox and the deer are the wild animals found in Dharwad district. 5.3 Socio-Economic Environment 5.3.1 Administrative Boundaries The districts were reorganized during 1996-97 and six new districts were formed. Haveri and Gadag districts were new districts formed from Dharwad and Raichur districts. The 1991 census for Dharwad would therefore include Haveri, parts of Gadag and Dharwad. Similarly, Davangere district was part of Chitradurga district. The five districts of the study area comprise the following taluks as of 2001: District Taluks Kolar Bagepalli, Bangarpet, Chikkaballapur, Chinthamani, Gowribidanur, Gudibanda, Kolar, Malur, Mulbagal, Sidlaghatta, Srinivasapura Tumkur CN Halli, Gubbi, Koratagere, Kunigal, Madhugiri, Pavagada, Sira, Tiptur, Tumkur, Turuvkere Chitradurga Challakere, Chiradurga, Hiriyur, Holaiakere, Hosadurga, Molakalmuru Haveri Byadagi, Hanagal, Haveri, Hirekerur, Ranibennur, Savanur, Shiggaon Dharwaa Dharwad, Hublo, Kalghatgi, Kundgol, Navalgund The taluks are shown in Map 5.11 (a-e). Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Seling 5-9 5.3.2 Demography Population As per the 1991 census, the rural population in the study area is higher than the State average of 69.1%. The percentage of rural population of Dharwad district is rnuch below the State average while it is significantly higher in the other districts. The density of population in the study area is the same as the State average of 235 persons per square kilometer. This varies across the region with the population density of Dharwad being the highest among the five districts and Chitradurga the lowest. The share of SC and ST population in the region is also higher than the State average. The share of SC and ST population of Dharwad is considerably lower than the State average, while the other districts have higher percentages of SC and ST populations. Kolar district has the highest percentage of SC's and Chitradurga the highest percentage of STs. Population characteristics of the region, 1991 Kolar Tuakur Chitradu Haveri Dharwad Study Kaxnatak i _________________ _________ | _____ |__ rga l area a State Population l_l_ Total 2,216,8 2,305,8 1,312,71 1,269,2 1,374,89 8,479,5 44,977,2 __________________ 89 19 7 13 5 33 01 Males 1,128,3 1,177,2 672,849 655,426 710,671 4,344,4 22,951,9 ________________ 16 33 95 17 Females 1,088,5 1,128,5 639,868 613,787 664,224 4,135,0 22,025,2 73 86 38 84 Rural 76.7 83.4 83.4 84.0 47.5 75.9 69.1 Population (%) Decennial 16.34 16.58 - - - 21.12 Growth Rate (%) (1981-91) Area (sq. km) 8,223.0 10,598. 8,388.0 4,851 4,230.0 36,290 191,791. 0 0 Density 270 218 156 262 325 234 235 (persons / sq. km.)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Sex ratio 965 959 951 936 935 952 960 (females per 1000 males) SC Population 25.73 17.72 21.8 13.2 9.1 18 .4 1 66.38 ST Population 6.90 7.27 17.0 4.8 1,7 7.4 4. 2 6 Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 Literacy The literacy rate in the study area does not vary much from the State average and the female literacy rate in the region is only slightly lower than the State average. Dharwad and Haveri districts have literacy rates higher than the State average. Female literacy rates are also higher in Dharwad, though lower than male literacy. Female literacy for all the districts is lower than male literacy rates. Literacy rate in the region, 1991 Literacy Kolar I Tumkur I Chitradurga I Haveri I Dharwad I Study Carnataka Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-10 Area State ITotal (%) 50.5 54.5 1 52.3 56.1 162.7 J 55.2 56.0 Males (%) 627- 66.5 64.5 68.0 74.2 67.2 67.3 Females (%) 37. 41.9 39.4 43.3 50.4 42.6 44.3 Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 5.3.3 Employment The Workers Participation Ratio in the study area is 39.19%, which is slightly higher than the State average of 38.45%. The percentage of marginal workers in the study area is higher than the State average of 3.54%0. Tumkur has a very high percentage at 7.950/a and the percentage for Chitradurga is also higher than the State average. Workers in th region, 199 Workers By Category Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga* Haveri & Study Karnataka Dharwad** Area State Main Workers (%) Total 39.76 39.74 38.70 38.54 39.19 38.45 Males 54.40 55.27 53.21 52.81 53.92 53.53 Females 24.59 23.53 23.33 23.40 23.71 22.73 Marginal Workers (%) Total 3.66 7.95 7> 4.34 3.60 4.89 3.54 Males 0.65 1.64 0.72 0.60 0.90 0.56 Females 6.78 14.53 8.17 6.78 9.07 6.66 Non-workers (%) Total 1 56.58 52.31 56.96 7'.85 55.92 58.01 Males 44.95 43.09 46.96 46.59 45.40 45.91 Females 68.63 61.94 68.50 69.82 67.22 70.61 * Includes Davangere t Includes Gadag Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 Almost three fourths of the main workers in the study area are engaged in primary activities. This is higher than the State average of 67.37%. This holds true for all the districts in the study area. The percentage of workers in the tertiary sector in the region is below the state average. Kolar and Tumkur have very low percentages of workers in this sector. Break up of main workers in the region, 1991 Pategory Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga Haveri Study Karnatak . * Dharwad** Area a State Primary activities 77.76 78.4 72.09 70.65 74.73 67.37 Manufacturing and 6.76 6.84 8.24 8.91 7.69 10.70 industrial activities (%) Services (i<) 15.48 14.76 19.67 20.44 17.59 21.93 * Includes Davangere ** Includes Gadag Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 Per capita income The per capita income in the region is lower than the State average. Chitradurga district has the highest per capita income and Tumkur the lowest. The low economic status of the region is due to poor natural resources and low opportunities for employment. Per capita income in the region Kolar I Tumkur I Chitradurga* I Haveri Study Karnataka Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-11 I I ~~~~~Dharwad** area State SAt current 10,013 9,011 10,989 10,397 10,103 13,621. prices (97-98)l At constant 7,338 6,643 -8,416 7,977 7,594 10,200 prices (93-94) * Includes Davangere ** Includes Gadag Source: Kamataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK 5.3.4 Land use The land utilization in the five districts for 1997-98 is given in the following table. The extent of Barren land in the project area is slightly higher than the State average of 4.21%. This percentage for Kolar and Tumkur districts is quite high at 8.11% and 6.34% respectively. The percentage of cultivable wasteland in the study area is slightly higher compared with the State average and very high in Tumkur. The percentage of land under permanent pasture in the region is also higher than the State average. However, Haveri and Dharwad districts have a very small area under permanent pasture. The net area sown in Kolar and Tumkur districts is lower than the State average while Haveri and Dharwad districts have very high areas that are sown. The study area as a whole has a slightly higher percentage of area sown than the State average. The percentage area sown more than once in Haveri and Dharwad districts is very high at 20.12% while it is only 2.67% and 2.89% in Kolar and Tumkur districts. On an average, the percentage area sown more than once in the study area is almost as much as the State average. Land utilization in the region (%), 1997-98 Category Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga* Haveri Study Area Karnataka _____________________ _______________ O~~~~~~~harwad** State H,rest 9.C2 4.22 s. 4 _3 .64 :6.08 Land not availaLle for cultivation Ncn agrizultural 9.4e -.7E 63 . . r.74 Barren 8.11 6.34 3.1 1.CI5 4..5 4.21 Other uncultivated lanr -ultivable waste 1.61 6.34 '.66 .22 .5 2.31 Permanent pasture 14.33 9.36 l.16 1.36 S.80 5.28 Trees and groves 1.B9 1.49 .17 1.32 1.64 Fallow land_ -urrent fallows 7.97 12.60 8.49 6.42 S.S8 8.70 O)tnel fallows i.23 .41 2.74 1.71 .2 2.09 Area sown Net 46.53 48. 17 se.12 75.35 56.54 52.89 I-lore -nan once 2.67 2.89 8.27 20.12 S.4F 8.51 Includes Davangere Includes Gadag Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 and Karnataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK The landuse maps for the districts are shown in Map 5.12(a-e). Land holdings The areas of land holdings in the study area are similar to those of the State as a whole. However, the marginal land holdings in Kolar and Tumkur are quite high. Dharwad and Haveri have a smaller percentage of marginal land holdings. The percentage of medium land holdings in these districts is higher than the State average. The small land holdings are due to subdivisions and poor economic conditions of the people in the region. Land holdings (% of area), 1995-96 Kolar Tumkur | Chitradurga* Haveri E Study Area KXrnatak I I I I Dharwad** State Marainal (< 1 Ha) 20.0 14.0 _ | 7.6 3.8 11.3H 10.3 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-12 Srtail (i-.. Ha, 125192 '. 27.ie 2C.5 Senr1-mediuri (2-4 Hal 26.1 2___2 227.2 2ci,3 27.45 27.2 Medium (4-10 Ha) 2:.6 _26.4 30.4 34.1 28.13 26.8 Large (> 10 Ha) 7.2 10.6 15.6 14.2 11.90 13.2 Total area of holdings 4 6i 368 691,770 750,226 1,125, 4 94 3.028,858 12,108,66- ~Ha)t * Includes Davangere $ Includes Gadag Source: Karnataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-13 Cropping pattern and productivity The main crops grown during the kharif and rabi seasons in the region is given below. TYpe Of CrOp J Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga Haveri I Dharwad Kharif Cereals Ragi, maize, rice Ragi, rice, maize Ragi, maize, bajra, Maize, rice, jowar, Rice, maize, jowar rice raci Pulses Tur , horsegram Tur, greengram Horsegram, tur Greengram, tur, Greengram, tur cowpea, avare horsegram, avare greengram, avare horsegram, horsegram, cowpea, cowpea, blackgram blackgram Oil seed crops Groundnut Groundnut Groundnut Groundnut, Groundnut, sunflower, niaer sovabean Cash crops Sugarcane Sugarcane, cotton Cotton, Sugarcane Cotton, sugarcane Cotton Rabi Cereals Maize, ragi Ragi_ jowar )owar Jowar Jowar, wheat Pulses Horsegram Horsegram Horsegram, Horsegram, Bengaigram, bengalgram bengalgram, horsegram greengram Oil seed crops Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower, Sunflower, Safflower, safflower safflower sunflower linseed Cash crops - Tobacco Cotton, tobacco Cotton Cotton Only about 6% of the total sown area for the year as a whole is sown during summer. Groundnut and sunflower are the only crops grown in summer. Almost half the area sown in the study area is used for growing cash crops. Cereals are grown in a fourth of the total area sown. Cash crops like sugarcane and tobacco are high water consuming crops and are inappropriate in the water scarce region. There is also poor crop rotation in the region. Cropping pattern in the study area (0/% area sown), 1999-2000 Kolar Tumkur Chltradurga Haver Dharwad Studv area Cereals 25.6 23.7 20.7 34.5 31.3 26.5 Pulses 10.4 8.5 5.8 7.0 12.7 8.5 Oil seed crops 16.0 20.0 26.9 7.7 10.4 17.2 Cash crops 48.0 47.8 46.7 50.8 45.6 47.8 Source: Rainfall & agricultural situation in Karnataka, 1999, Drought Monitoring Cell, Bangalore Land productivity The decade of 1980's witnessed frequent droughts in the State. As a result, there was stagnancy in food grain production in the state during this decade. The mean annual food grain production, which was 72.69 lakh tonnes during 1977 to 1980, declined to 66.42 lakh tonnes during the 1980's. However, mean food grain production increased to 86.25 lakh tonnes between 1991-93 and 1996-97. Thus, the decade of 1990's was in general good with respect to agricultural activity in the state. The land productivity in the study area is very poor with respect to the State average. This is due to low soil fertility, poor agricultural practices and lack of technology. Haveri, Dharwad and Tumkur districts have very low productivities for most crops. The use of chemical fertilizers shows an increasing trend and this has also caused land to degrade in several areas. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Baseline Environmental and Social Setting 5-14 Land productivity in the region, 1997-98 t/Ha) Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga* Haverl & Study Area Karnataka Dharwad** _ State Cereals and minor 1.76 1.32 1.95 1.12 1.44 1.40 m illets _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Pulses 0.34 0.41 0.50 0.31 0.36 0.30 Other crops (groundnut, 3.91 2.27 5.52 2.03 3.20 16.39 suoarcane, cotton) Total land productivity 2.31 1.40 3.01 1.29 2.00 4.31 * Includes Davangere ** Includes Gadag Source: Karnataka at a Glance, 1999-2000, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK 5.3.5 Livestock The livestock density of the study area is higher than the State average. Kolar and Tumkur have high livestock populations as well as high densities. Dharwad district has the lowest livestock population as well as density. The percentage of sheep and goats in Dharwad is also very low compared to the other districts and the State average. The large population of livestock cannot be sustained (limits to growth). Livestock in the regio , 1997 Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga Haveri Dharwad Study Karnataka ________________ _________ _________ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~Area State Cattle & buffaloes 673,998 837,927 479,741 466,797 297,147 2,755,610 14,375,024 (%c) (39.4) (37.3) (31.4) (50.3) (65.5) (40.0) (50.2) Sheep & goats 877,504 1,239,225 978,606 413,999 115,738 3,625,072 11,894,883 ")/0 (51.3) (55.1) (64.1) (44.7) (25.5) (52.8) (41.5) Others 160,526 171,431 67,778 46,082 40,716 486,533 2,382,204 (0/o) (9.3) (7.6) (4.5) (5.0) (9.0) (7.1) (8.3) Total livestock 1,712,028 2,248,583 1,526,125 926,878 453,601 6,867,215 28,652,111 (0/%) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) Livestock density 208.2 212.2 181.9 191.1 107.2 189.2 149.4 Source: Karnataka at a Glance, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, GoK The large population of livestock coupled with low forest resources has caused a shortage of fodder in the region. The existing forests are under severe stress due to this. S.3.6 Infrastructure and Facilities While education, drinking water, power supply, communications and approach roads appear to be satisfactory in most districts in the study area, market and medical facilities are very poor across the five districts. Rural opulation served by different Amenities 0/, 1991 Kolar Tumkur Chitradurga* Haveri & Study area Dharwad** Education 93.3 97.4 99.4 99.1 973 Medical 13.7 19.8 32.3 49.8 28.9 Drinking water 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Post & telegraph 32.5 48.0 59.6 68.5 52.2 Market 10.6 13.0 14.4 27.3 .16.3 Communications 71.8 68.8 85.2 95.0 80.2 Approach by pucca 63.1 67.6 86.0 90.7 76.9 road__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Power supply 99.9 99.9 98.3 100.0 99.5 * Includes Davangere Includes Gadag Source: District Census Handbooks, 1991 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Environmental and Social Screening 6-1 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING This chapter describes the more common social and environmental concerns existing in the project area across the five districts evident from the baseline status as well as those perceived by the people. An interactive matrix for developing the environmental and social screening of impacts of different project components/activities on key environmental and social components has also been presented. 6.1 Introduction Environmental and social screening is aimed at identifying risk issues involved in the implementation of the project and to list the potential environmental and socio-economic benefits of the proposed project. The environmental and social issues have been identified at the regional level through the baseline status based on secondary information. The perceptions of the local people on their social and environmental problems have also been identified through a consultative process. The project activities in the Village Watershed Development Plans would address only issues relevant to the objectives of the project. It would only be in certain cases that an issue absolutely essential to the community and outside the scope of watershed activities might be treated as an entry-point activity. 6.2 Environmental And Social Issues The important environmental and social issues identified through the baseline status are summarized below: * Erratic and low rainfall * Small and non-perennial streams Depleting groundwater levels * Poor fertility of soils i Low water holding capacity of soils i High to moderate erodibility of soils * Siltation of tanks V very low forest cover * Poor vegetation in forests Degradation of forests due to anthropogenic activities - Low opportunities for employment Small land holdings High livestock population Shortage of fodder Shortage of fuelwood 6.3 Social And Environmental Issues Perceived By The People The consultative process involved household visits and individual interactions, consultations with peer groups, discussions with focus groups, Participatory Rural Appraisal and transect. The officers of the Watershed Development Department and Zilla Panchayat were also consulted to elicit their concern on existing key environmental issues and on those that may crop up during the implementation of the project. The social and environmental problems identified by the people during the consultative process are given in the following table. The problems have been ranked by the people on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 representing a major problem and 10 representing the least problem for that district. The following table is based on a sample of 64 villages and will be built upon as the project develops and the consultative exercises are to be carried out for all the 1400 villages of the project area. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Environmental and Social Screening Problem Turk Kol Chitradu Haveri Dharwad ur ar rga Land-Use Depleting groundwater X3 6 1 5 5 Soil Erosion 1 8 3 1 2 Reduction in soil productivity 5 3 3 4 3 Reduction in vegetative cover 2 1 5 2 1 Lack of pastureland 3 4 2 5 5 Mono-cropping 5 45 - Scarcity of Fodder 5 7 3 7 Scarcity of Fuel 8 27_3_3 Basic amenities Lack of Roads 2_ 7 6 6 6 Drinking water problem 2 - 6 1 4 3 Lack of Health facilities 1 2 3 3 2 Lack of Education 2 1 4 1 1 Lack of Market facilities 5 3 6 2 3 Electricity problem 4 4 2 7 6 Lack of financial institutions o 4 5 5 7 CPR's Management of tanks I 1 2 1 1 Misuse of forestland 3 1 3 2 1 1 2 Encroachment of community land 2 | 1 3 3 3 Institutional arrangement Lack of interest in village 5 3 3 4 4 developmental activities 3_3_3 Lack of unity 3 2 Lack of unity among users 3 4 1 1 Community participation levels 2 5 2 2 2 Low representation of women 1 1 1 5 5 Environmental Issues Lack of Drainage 2 1 3 1 1 Misuse of water bodies (ponds,. 4 2 1 2 2 kalyani etc.) _ Contamination at water sources 3 - 4 3 3 Solid Waste Management/ improper 1 3 2 4 4 disposal of garbage . 1 - Major problem, 10 - Marginal or no problem Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Environmental and Social Screening 6-3 Problem Ranking by People - Chart 1 PROBLEM RANKING BY PEOPLE a - 9 E 7 ^ 5, E_ 5 _. c O 7 - C.a 3. Problenm Problem Rankino b3 People - Chart 2 _ _ _ _ _____ _ __ __ PROBLEM RANKING BY PEOPLE 6 ~) 5 _ c 2 Problem Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-4 Environmental and Social Screning Observations from Problems Ranked by People The above two charts gives a pictorial overview of the problems detailed below: * Soil erosion is perceived as a major problem in all the districts, which could be attributed to depletion of forests and lack of adoption of soil and water conservation measures by the farmers * Depletion in ground water ranks as a high problem in Chitradurga, Kolar and Tumkur Districts * An overall reduction in the vegetative cover is perceived and is evident in the districts of Tumkur, Haveri and Dharwad. * Haveri and Dharwad districts face a scarcity of fuel. Haveri also has a scarcity of fodder. * The community also perceived an overall reduction in the soil productivity owing to reasons like loss of topsoil, excess use of chemicals and mono-cropping practices in all the project districts. * All the project districts lack adequate health facilities and education/literacy levels are generally low. * Drinking water shortage was perceived as a problem in Chitradurga and Tumkur * Electricity related problems like regular voltage fluctuations, power-cuts, etc. is perceived in all the sampled villages but was ranked as a major problem in Chitradurga. * Encroachment of community land and improper management of tanks was evident and perceived in all sampled villages * Low participation levels were observed in general among the community * Representation of women was low in Tumkur, Kolar and Chitradurga with regard to the institutional setup. * Lack of unity and less interest in developmental activities was also perceived as a common feature. * Lack of drainage facilities and misuse of water bodies ranked high as environmental problems faced by the community. * Non- availability of good seeds; Lack of improved implements; Low yields; Low price for produce; Lack of information on improved practices; Lack of veterinary services; Low milk yield; Livestock diseases; Lack of dairy cooperatives (except Kolar District) 6.4 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE REGION The environmental and social issues in the region, based on secondary information as well the consultative process, is presented below. Environmental issues are not isolated since they have social implications as well. On the contrary, Social issues too, have environmental implications and are listed together. There are environmental issues that are perceived by the people and there are certain others that are not perceived as risks. For instance, water stagnation, use of bio-mass for domestic Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-5 Environmental and Social Screening purpose, garbage burning, use and burning of plastics, stagnation and choking of drains, etc., carry high health risks. However, only the key environmental and social issues as perceived by the local people are summarized below: Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-6 Environmental and Social Screening | Ey ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES DESCRIPTION ^ There is scarcity of water for irrigation and drinking purposes. The main causes are shallow soil WATER AVAILABIUTY depth and low moisture retention capacity of soils. The groundwater level is decreasing at a rapid rate due to low recharge & increased abstraction. Siltation of tanks has also reduced recharge. Overgrazing and loss of vegetative cover results in reduction of permeability, which also results in severe surface runoff. Inappropriate choice of crops (especially cash crops requiring large quantities of water) has increased the consumption of water. The social impacts due to this would be increased drudgery to fetch water, especially for women, poor hygienic conditions due to less water available for cleaning & washing and low economic conditions due to less agricultural activity. SOIL EROSION The red soils in the region have a tendency to form a crust, which is easily eroded during rainfall. Denudation of perennial vegetation due to cultivation, overgrazing and fuel wood felling has caused substantial soil loss & denudation. Soil erosion has resulted in low soil fertility, high soil temperature, reduced root activity and less moisture content. The low productivity due to erosion would lead to low incomes and poor economic conditions Karnataka Watershed Development Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-7 Environmental and Social Screening LAND DEGRADATION Loss of protective & supporting forest cover through deforestation and encroachment has caused severe stress on the land. These have directly or indirectly resulted in soil erosion and loss of productive land. The decreased productivity has induced the use of chemical fertilizers, which has resulted in further loss of soil fertility as well as being the cause of non- point sources of pollution. The shallow soils, mineralisation of soils & low organic content have affected land degradation & productivity. There would be stress on women because of increased drudgery of fuelwood and fodder collection as the vegetative cover has been degraded. There would also be less employment opportunities due to less land available for cultivation. SMALL LAND HOLDINGS The rapid decline in percapita availability of land as well as small land holdings in the region has reduced productivity and increased the vulnerability of farmers. The non availability of improved seeds & machinery, fluctuation in yields, high production costs and low price for the produce has been cited by the farmers as reasons for their vulnerability. This has compelled farmers to take up animal husbandry increasing the cattle/livestock population and the demand for fodder. Small land holders are less accessible to agriculture credit and they would not be able to afford expensive inputs necessary for production. Sustainability of these small holdings is very low and there are greater chances of migration to cities in search of other employment. The increase in livestock population would also increase the demand for fodder in the region. There are also likely to be conflicts among land holders. UNDULATING TOPOGRAPHY The undulating terrain interspersed with hills and with variations in slope lengths & slope degrees does not provide easily replicable solutions to contain soil erosion & land degradation. Siltation and variable fertility due to the terrain would require higher input cost. The returns from the land would be low and result in poor economic conditions. Karnataka Watershed Development Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-8 Environmental and Social Screening SOIL BIOTA / DECLINE IN SOIL FERTILITY The low soil fertility in the region is due to low organic content of the soil, which is a major constraint to higher biomass productivity. This has direct relevance to extremely low soil microbial activities. This also limits the effectiveness of fertilizers. The soils are also deficient in micro & macronutrients. The low organic content is also the cause of a lower resistance to soil erosion because of low binding. The poor soil structure and low soil moisture increases soil temperature and causes a decline in fertility. Low soil fertility would require higher inputs and productivity would be less. Food security would be lessened in the region and tlI e would be a need to import food crops. Karnataka Watershed Development Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-9 Environmental and Social Screening | LACK OF FODDER & FUEL 1 The already small forests and poor vegetation has been subjected to overexploitation for fodder and fuel during the last few decades. Land designated as pasture lands has been encroached upon and put to other uses. This coupled with an increase in animal husbandry has only increased the demand for fodder. Fuelwood demand too, has increased and the overexploitation of forest resources has caused an acute shortage as well as degradation. This would cause stress on the people, especially women, to collect fodder and fuelwood. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY The denudation and degradation of land has resulted in the loss of biodiversity, which is so essential for fertility of soil and preserving the hydrological status of the watershed. POOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS The small land holdings, lack of irrigation facilities, high input costs, fluctuating yields and low price for produce are causes of poor economic conditions of the farmers. The low literacy rates, social stratification and lack of unity amongst the community are other factors contributing to their condition. The poor socio-economic conditions are a cause of poor hygiene and poor health. LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION A majority of the people is of the opinion that there is a lack of community intere7stin management of common property resources and tank resources. There are hindrances in community participation due to the socio-economic conditions of disadvantage groups, inadequate traininq & knowledqe of development proqrams. Karnataka Watershed Development Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-1( Environmental and Social Screening Karnataka Watershed Development Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-11 Environmental and Social Screening INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure facilities like roads, markets, primary health centres, schools and other services are inadequate in some areas resulting in slow process of development. Poor infrastructure facilities result in low health and literacy levels. Inadequate marketing, transportation and communication facilities retard progress and development GENDER PARTICIPATION The role of women in creating resources and utilizing them is being neglected in most villages in the region. The participation of women in decision making as well as their representation in institutional systems is also very low. Low participation of women would have poor management of resources, poor nutrition among children and less employment due to an absence of agro-forestry based industries VULNERABLE GROUPS These groups are not in the mainstream and are backward in terms of their socio-economic status. Their levels of education are poor and they lack adequate skills. They have no lands and depend only on natural resources. There is no resource management and this could cause stress on the environment. AWARENESS & SKILL DEVELOPMENT The current level of awareness about land management is heavily oriented towards increasing production from lands including forests. Strategic interventions are more focused in this direction. The concern for healthy eco-systems and risk free environments for sustained management of these lands has not received the desired attention either from the communities or the project implementing authorities. Similarly, skill to modify and adopt new technologies to give an environmental dimension to all interventions is generally lacking at all levels. ThisKcan result in or envir ental management. The Institutions would not be able to deliver ~an3 prorm ere 1Id be no safety net. Lack of public participation and training for implementing authorities would result in policy weakness. Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6,-12 Environmental and Social Screening Karnataka Watershed Development Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-9 Fnvironmenta/ and Social Screening 6.5 Potential Benefits Of The Proposed Project The proposed project interventions are likely to contribute to reasonable environmental conservation and enhancement, and to improve the productivity of land under different primary production systems. Vegetative cover treatment supported under the project and the management of common lands would enhance the supply situation of fodder, fuelwood and food crops. The project would treat and protect the watersheds from further degradation as well as rehabilitate and upgrade existing infrastructure. The potential environmental and socio- economic benefits of the proposed project are given below. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS & OPPORTUNMES FOR ENHANCEMENT - DIRECT BENEFITS D Increase in vegetative cover D Reduction in soil erosion Reduction in soil & nutrient loss o Preservation of soil biota n Increased pereniality of streams D Clean water for drinking purpose Increased groundwater recharge & groundwater availability Improvement in soil moisture regime and hence better vegetative growth Enlarged areas under biomass production system Increased biodiversity and enhanced environmental biodiversity Increased organic matter build-up including soil structure improvement o Better agricultural practices Improved quality of life More employment opportunities o Increased household income and reduction in poverty Better education facilities Improved live stock/dairy production o Better possibilities of developing water resources for irrigation o Possibilities of using micro irrigation systems for higher water reuse efficiency Increased market value of land Formation of user groups at village level INDIRECT BENEFITS Improvement in microclimate and moderation of temperature extremes Improved infrastructure facilities D Gender-in-development o Better human health, less infant morbidity & mortality o More biomass based enterprises o Use of improved chullas and bio-gas energy Karnataka Watershed Development Pro)ect Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-10 Fnvironmental and Social Screening D Increase in fertility rate through family planning and health awareness Good social interaction o Improved cultural activities a Envisioning of rural society o Less social tension D Reduction in malnutrition 6.6 Potential Environmental Impacts And Risks Of The Proposed Project Activities The interventions of the proposed project are not likely to have any significant adverse environmental impacts. There are certain risks, however, that are associated with these activities if they are carried out without certain precautionary measures. Soil and water conservation interventions like check-dam construction, rainwater harvesting structures and tank/pond construction would alter the surface run-off patterns spatially and temporally. Some of the perceived risks may not be encountered if adequate adherence to technical specifications related to the interventions is ensured. For example, soil and water conservation intervention brings in the benefits of groundwater recharge, irrigation, a check on soil erosion, etc., but it has the associated risk of siltation in water harvesting structures and reduction in water downstream. This shall be only in the initial stages but later these risks disappear as the water holding capacity of the structure is saturated and as the water flows down unhindered. The potential positive and negative impacts of the proposed project activities are listed in Table 6.1. Karnataka Watershed Development Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-11 Fnvironmental and Social Screening 6.7 Environmental And Social Screening Of Impacts The screening of impacts of different activities proposed in the project on environmental and social components is represented in the form of an Interactive matrix. This is the first step towards identification and evaluation of the magnitude of the potential impacts. The impacts are indicative of their regional significance and may vary from individual project villages. The level of significance of these impacts is also altered by the potential environmental risks associated with different project components. The magnitude of the impacts has been classified into three categories - marginal, significant and major. The Interactive matrix has the representation of impacts of the proposed project activities on Environmental Components and vice-versa and indicates the interrelationship between the two. For example, Soil and Moisture conservation measures would have a significant impact on Arable lands in terms of productivity, water availability, etc., and conversely, arable lands would have an impact on erosion, etc. The Interactive Matrix is given in Table 6.2. Karnataka Watershed Development Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-12 Environmental and Social Screening Table 6.1: Potential Environmental Impacts and Risks of the proposed project activities PR JC? ACTMTIZS EOSIVIV II4PACTS *UQM?IV xkGAcT8/P.XS; 8 Soil s Water Conservation * Erosion control - contour * InIcreased groundwater * Change in surface runoff patterns / water logginq vegetative hedges, qully recharge and * Gully stabilization control measures, road side availability * Reduction in water downstream tVillage pond and tank erosion control * Improved irriqation * Change in groundwater conditions construction * Drainage treatriment, stream facilities * Siltation in water harvestinq structures Rehabilitation of bank protection * Reduced soil erosion * Pesticide & insecticide pollution in water harvesting village ponds * Water harvesting with e(,o- includinq soil 6 structures with consequent chanige in water quality * Water harvesting and erngineering devices - check nutrient loss reuse of rainwater dams, dugout sunken ponds, * Change in soil regime recharge pits, etc. I Icreased* perennialitC * Roadside erosion control of Streams Check dam failures tVillage pond a/id tarik * Roduced rujrioff and * Increased erosion i siltation rates due to rehabilitationr f loods construction activities * Alteting soil biota * Change in landscape * Village ponds/farm ponds attract mosquito breeding * Water borne diseases * Non-point source of pollution from surface ruinoff * Impacts due to demand on construction materials * Algal growth and eutrophication due to increased levels of nutrients in surface waterbodies * Change in micro-climatological conditions * Stagnation of water in surface streams resulting in charnge in taste & increase irn odour * Water logging conditions due to increased groundwater table Agriculture £ Allied * Conservation seanoires * Increased fodder * Pesticide & insecticide pollution Activities vegetative fi o]d boundaries, produoct ior* Agriculture run-off * Vegetative field furrow u cortof r cultivatir, * R-i'-dod nirface rTn-off * bolindaries irI3 i Increased use of water * On -tarsr foddo r Production moasuro - * lrrpr -.- ro * Decprease in forest cover productiur demonstratiorn, rainfedp c, ti-atiolM practircs * Soil fertility depletion due to extensive farming * Rainfed rr op deIrIorIstration, onr f-rm * Fon In od no i I moistuIre * Drainage rongestion demon stratino fodder and biomass product ion * Intensive Parminq * Sericultujre Tata Energy Research Institute Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-13 Environmental and Social Screening PROJECT ACTIVITIES POSITIVE IMPACTS SeQATIvE nMPACt/RISKS * Fishery Dryland Horticulture C * Rainfed horticulture * Iricreased production * Fruit crops may compete with food producing crops Agroforestry demonstrations, marginal hase, biomass land production & perennial * Mono horticulture may cause disease & pest problems demonst ration * Silvihorticulttore cover * Increase in use of pesticides * Rainfed horticuiture * AgroforPstrr * Direct eronomic * Competitionr for water, nuitrient level may increase Rainfed horticulture Agroforestry bRnef-,ts (marginal land) * Reduced soil erosion * Agroforestry duo to increased vegetati ve cover Animal Hiusbandry * Livestock management * Improved livestock / * Increased returns from animal husbandry could milk production increase the livestock population aggravating * Livestock reduction* Animal health care / pesr nfde eore breeding centers * Reduced exploitation of * Natural 6 artificial forest aTeas * Bacterial and parasitic diseases breeding centers * Stall feeding - construction . rehabilitation of stalls * Greater management of * Better breed of livestock require better and more * Animal health care fodder resources expensive fodder * Chalf cutters for fodder * Construction & rehabilitation of stalls feeding * Lack of nutritious forage may decline the productivity of improved cattle * Stall feeding of animals * Pre and post natal care Supplementary livestock* Post project maintenarice of animal health programme * Chaff cutters for fodder * Change in gene habits and behaviour * Bacterial and parasitic diseases * Increase in ticks, lice * Need for preservation of vaccines in cryogenic corirdit ions Forestry * Afforestation / * Increase in vegetativ- * Introduction of exotic species could have adverse reforestatiorn Cro.Vr impacts * Afforestat inn * Silvipasture increso rtirn moist*ure Change in diversity of flora and fauna * Production Compon~nt- inifi i t rat ionn * Silvipast ure * Vegetative shriuh barri-rs * P*dction in soil Increase in vector borne diseases * Vegetative shrub * Pasrure lani devei-prnlt e including oil * Incrca2et risk of forest fires, habitat ani qrao ieg barriers in contour * Producticrn improvement & nmtrient loss resources loss treriches * Peduction in rtun-otf * Pasture land development Rural Infrastructure * Rural roads * Improved accessibility * Construction activities would result in increased to markets erosion rates * Rural roads * Cottage industries * Improved quality of * Possibility of natural drainage pattern being * Marketing & post * Marketing and post harvest life disrupted harvesting _ . Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-14 Environmental and Social Screening Pp'e Tecc aCTIVITIES POSITIVE iMPACTS M/AVR I)P t8/tS:8 COM4PONENT infrastructure infrastructure * Greater employment * Increased accident risk * Potable water sujpply * Potable water spply generation * Additional land requirement/encroachment in * Energy * Enerqy agricultural & forest larnds * Social irnfrastructure * Removal of vegetation during road cornstruction * Increase in roadside soil erosion * Increase in human movement and ethnic conflicts * Migration and transmission of diseases * Change in water consumptive pattern & sanitation Tata Energy Research Institute Karnataka Watershed Development Project 6-15 Environmental and Social Screening Table 6.2: INTERACTIVE MATRIX - Environmental and Social Screening Of Impacts LAJND HVIRONKENT Arable Lands |0 0 | * Non-Arable Lands I I I * | o Forest Lands 0 0 o0 | Land Productivity 0 * | S | Land Slopes 0 0 0 0 0 o SOIL RWIRONMRWE Soil Erosion 0 | 0 | * | Soil Fertility | 0 0 o 0 Soil biota I I 0 0 0 Soil Moisture | * 0 0 | 0 BIOLOGICAL EUVROMNkT Flora & Micro Flora 0 0 0 0 | 0 Fauna & Micro Fauna 0 o | o | | - marginal |- significant | *-major Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Environmental and Social Screening 6 16 WATER E)WIRONMENT Surface hydrology * * o o 0 Groundwater * 0 o o o Water Quality 0 0 o o o o Silt Deposition 3 0 0 o Transport of I 3 o 0 0 Sediments Industrial Activities3 3 3 o u 3 Anithropogenic 3 3 0 3 o 3 Activities ENERGY Fuel wood 0 | Renewable Energy 0 0 o | SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONT Income Generation I I I * o 3 3 Food Security 0 0 0 0 Provision of Services 0 * Nutrition Value I I I Anthropogenic I 3 0 3 o 0 Activi ties Vu i.groups incl. o * 0 0 0 o women Livelihood 0 3 0 | - marginal | 3- significant *-major Tata Energy Research Institute Karnataka Watershed Development Project Analysis ofAlternatives 7-1 7.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES This chapter attempts to classify the impacts of each of the interventions with and without the proposed project on the environment as local or regional, direct or indirect, short-term or long-tenr, reversible or irreversible as well as to also give a quantitative indication of the significance of these impacts. This would help in identifying the role of each of the proposed interventions, though at a very broad level, in indirectly improving the quality of life and reducing poverty levels in the region. In addition, the assessment of impacts of each of the proposed project activities would serve as an additional guideline for modifying or streamlining the activities to minimize the negative environmental impacts. The project activities would be defined for each village based on the consultative process as well as their techno-economic feasibilities in the Village Watershed Development Plan. 7.1 Assessment Method After the identification and screening of the potential impacts of the project components on the environmental components, the impacts have been assessed using a Modified Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (MRIAM). This is a new tool for assessment of impacts using a structural matrix to allow for such judgments (both subjective and those based on quantitative data) made on a like-by-like basis, and provides a transparent and permanent record of the objective judgments made. The problem of subjectivity has been addressed by this method by defining precisely how that judgments subjectivity can be minimized. The subjectivity of judgment needs to be transparent and it becomes necessary to define very carefully how the analysis should be carried out and the criteria by which judgments are made. The MRIAM provides a system by which development options and scenarios can be rapidly evaluated. The MRIAM method is based on a standard definition of important assessment criteria, as well as the means by which semi-quantitative values for each of these criteria can be collated, to provide an accurate and independent score for each condition. The impacts of project activities are evaluated against the environmental components, and for each component a score (using the defined criteria) is determined, which provides a measure of the impact expected from the component. The important assessment criteria fall into two groups: * Importance of the impact to the State, region, or local area; Magnitude of the impacts (positive and negative) - These can individually change the Score obtained * Permanence of the impact; Reversibility of the impact - These can not individually be capable of changing the score obtained but would be a weightage to the above criteria Assessment Criteria Criteria Scale Description GROUP A 4 Important to state interests 3 Important to regional interests Al: IpracofcnImportant to areas immediately outside the local Al: Importance of condition 21 condition 0 Important only to the local condition No importance +3 Major positive benefit A2: Magnitude of change / +2 Significant improvement in status quo effect +1 Improvement in status quo 0 No change / status quo Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Analysis of Alternatives 7-2 Criteria Scale Description -1 Marginal negative change to status quo -2 Significant negative change -3 Major negative change GROUP B 1 No change / not applicable B1: Permanence 2 Short term 3 Long term 1 No change / not applicable B2: Reversibility 2 Reversible 1 3 Irreversible The scoring system requires a simple multiplication of the scores given to each of the criteria in Group A. Scores for Group B are added together to provide a single number, which acts as a weightage factor that depends upon the value of each criteria. The Environmental and Social Score (ESS) for each criterion is arrived at by multiplying these two values and is indicative of the positive and negative impacts of that project activity on the environment. The process for the MRIAM used is given below: (al) x (a2) = aT (bl) + (b2) = bT ESS = (aT) x (bT) The impacts of each activity of the project components on the environment as a whole have been quantified using the MRIAM. The impacts of the project components on each environmental and social components have been identified in terms of their significance in the last chapter. The assessment has been carried out for two alternative scenarios - 'without project' and 'with project'. 7.2 Without Project Scenario Table 8.1 shows the potential impacts on the environment without the project. This assumes that the existing baseline continues in its present state without the project keeping in view the growing population and consequent growing demands, which would ultimately result in the exploitation of already scarce resources. There would be no impetus given for income generating activities and poverty levels in the region would continue to remain low if not increase. 7.2.1 Assessment of impacts Al: Importance of condition The impacts on the environment without the project would have implications on the areas immediately outside the local condition. Though there would be some amount of regional influence and it is felt that, on an average, the effect would be limited to an indirect area of influence. It is only in certain cases such as water harvesting devices, agricultural production, cottage industries and small-scale agro-industries, that the impacts would be felt at the regional level. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Analysis ofAlternatives 7-3 A2: Magnitude of change /effect The existing scenario does not promise much for the future as there are few or no activities that would encourage sustainable development in the region. It is assumed that the marginal activities being carried out, each in isolation and without any planned approach, would yield only marginal positive impacts. If this trend were allowed to continue without the proposed project interventions, the existing baseline conditions would deteriorate further and there is likely to be significant negative impacts in terms of: * Increased erosion * Siltation of existing tanks * Poor productivity * Increased population of unproductive livestock and therefore fodder demand * Decreased fuelwood resources from forests coupled with increased demand * Poor water supply and sanitation facilities in villages resulting in a poor quality of life * Increase in unemployment The existing cropping practices of growing cash crops that require large quantities of water, high fertilizer use and poor utilization of land would result in a major negative impact on the production of the region. Inadequate accessibility, poor marketing and few agro-industries would only have a small or moderate negative impact, as the productivity of the area would not receive any thrust for improvement. B1: Permanence The positive impacts without the project would mostly be short-term. It would only be in the cases of whatever few activities like rainfed horticulture on marginal land, animal health care centers, stall feeding and afforestation that would have long-term positive impacts. However, the long-term negative impacts without the project are far more in number. The lack of adequate soil conservation measures in the large areas susceptible to soil erosion, inadequate drainage line treatment and no water harvesting measures would have far reaching long-term negative impacts on soil and water regimes. The negative impacts on land productivity would also be long-term, as would be the negative impacts of improper livestock management and inadequate stall-feeding. The lack of any interventions for forest and pasture land development would only increase the gap between demand and supply for fuel-wood and fodder. This too, would be a long-term impact. The negative impacts of not developing rural infrastructure would be long-term in terms of affecting accessibility, marketing, per-capita incomes, health, literacy levels and quality of life. B2: Reversibility While the impacts on the environment without the project are many, they are all reversible. 7.2.2 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Scores The Environmental and Social Scores have been computed for each activity as given in Section 7.1. For Example, referring to Table 7.1 (Without the Project), the activity Erosion control: contour vegetative, gully control measures would be important only to areas immediately outside the local conditions; (A1=2). There would be no positive impacts without the project; Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Analysis of Alternatives 7-4 A2(+)=O, but negative impacts are significant; A2(-)=-2. The negative impacts are long term and reversible; B1(-)=3 and B2(-)=2. The permanence and reversibility of the positive impacts are not applicable; B1(+)=land B2(+)=1. (Refer to Assessment Criteria for description of Al, A2, B1 and B2) For this activity (Erosion control without the Project) * ESS(+) is [A1*A2(+)]*[Bl(+)+B2(+)]= (2*0]*[1+1] = 0 * ESS(-) is [Al*A2(-)]*[Bl(-)+B2(-)]= [2*-2]*[3+2] = -20 The Environmental and Social Scores are evaluated by converting them into a Range Band (RB) defined below. Environmental and Social Scores Range Bands (ESS) (RB) Description of Range Bands +36 to +72 +D Major positive change +19 to +35 +C Significant positive change +10 to +18 +B Moderate positive change +1 to +9 +A Marginal positive change 0 N No change / status quo -1 to -9 -A Marginal negative change -10 to -18 -B Moderate negative change ,-19 to -35 -C Significant negative change 1-36 to -72 -D Major negative change Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Analysis of Allernalives 7-5 Table 7.1: Environmental and Social impacs - Without Project Scenario Project Activity Al IA2(+ A2( Bl+ Bl(- B2(+ B2 ESS+ ESS(- Sil and Water Conservation I.- 1___(~j______ Erosion control - contour vegetative -2 11 2 hedges, gully control measures Drainage treatment, bank protection 21 0 -21 1 31 1 2 0; -20 Water harvesting with eco-engineering evices - check dams, dugout sunken 30- 3 ponds, recharge pits, percolation trenches, etc. Village pond and tank construction 2/1 122B rehabilitation 2 .- 1 r~aicunue & allied activities F Conservation measures - vegetative field boundaries, reuse of harvested water, 3 1 -II 2 1! 2 1 12! -6 furwcontour cultivationI Production measures - organic farming, crop demonstration, rainfed crop demonstration, on farm fodder and 31-123221 4 biomass production Sericulture 1 2 12 1 12 0 Fishery 2 1: O 2 II__ 2 1 8. 0 Dryland horticulture and Agroforestry-I. . Rainfed horticulture - demonstrations,21103 marginal land- 112 - 1100 ISilvihorticulture 21 1' 0' 21 12 2 8: 0 Agroforestry 2 1 0 2 1! 8; 0 Al: Importance (al) x (a2) =aT A2: Magnitude of positive! negative impacts (bl) + (b2) =bT ESS = (aT) x (bT) Bi: Permanence of impacts B32: Reversibility of impacts ESS: Environmental & Social Score =(A1xA2) x (13l+12) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Analysis ofAftern atives 7-6 'Project Activity Al A2 () A2 () BI (+l8 B 2 (+_ 2_- ESS () ESS - F Animal husbandry Livestock management 2 1 -2 2 32 2 8 -20 Animal health care/ breeding centers 2 1 0 3 1 2 1 10 0 iStall feeding - construction /21- ~rehabilitation of stalls 3221 2 iChalf cutters for fodder feeding 10 -1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -2 L --krestry .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EE-- 7 Afforestatlon /reforestation 3 1 -2 3 3 2 2 I 15 -30 Silvipasture 2 1 -2 2 1 2 2 8 -12 Vegetative shrub barriers *2 1 -2 2 3 2 2 8 -20 'Pasture land development 2 1 -2 2 3 2 2 8 -20 'Production improvement 2 1 -2 2 322 8 -20 I rl nfrastuctre development 20-1 Rural roads 2 0 -1 310 0 'Marketing and post harvest infrastructure' 2 0 -1 13 1 20-1 .Potable water supply &sanitation 2 1 -2 1 3 1 2 j4 20 Energy 2 0 -2 1 3 1 2 0O- -20 ;Social infrastructure - schools, PHCs, et. 21 -1 1 3 1 2 4 -10 ~golndustrles t 9- --- .--It1 Cottage industries 3 0 -1 1 2 2 0 -1 Agro based Small scale industries 3 0 -1 1 2 1 2 0 -12 Al: Importance Cal) x (a2) =aT A2: Magnitude of positive /negative impacts (bl) + (b2) =bT ESS = (aT) x (bT) Bi: Permanence of impacts 132: Reversibility of impacts ESS: Environmental & Social Score (AlxA2) roctActivity Al..2 1 B B2B a S T-~~~~- Community Participation 1 0-2 2 2 2 2 0 -8 womnen's participation 2 0 -2 2 2 2 2 0 -16 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Analysis of Alternatives 7.-7 vulnerable groups participation 2 0 -2 2 2 2 2 0 -16 Shift in Social Dynamics 2 0 - 2 2 2 2 0 -8 Gene:ation -- - . 77IIhi7~~~ __ -~ _____ ---------- :Resource Utility 2 1 }2 2 2 2 2 8 -16 ~Women & vulnerable Groups 2 1 -l 2 2 2 2 j 8 -8 ty Uling and Trairing j 'Empowerment of women i 2 0 -l 2 2 2 [ 0 -8 Empowerment of vulnerable groups 2 0 -l 2 2 2 2 I 0 -8 !Tnstitutional Strengthening 2 1 -l 2 2 2 2 8 -8 Commnityparticipation 20 -1 2 2 2 2 0 -8 Trransparency and accountability 30 -l 2 2 2 2 0. -12 'O&M of created assets 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 Cumulative ESS 85 -485 Al: Importance (al) x (a2) aT A2: Magnitude of positive /negative impacts (bl) + (b2) =bT ESS = (aT) x (bT) Bi: Permanence of impacts B32: Reversibility of impacts ESS: Environmental & Social Score =(AlxA2) x (131+132) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project78 Analysis of Alternatives Chart 7.1: Environmental and Social Impacts - Without Project Scenario A B C D ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 inC 2n '0 '0 c O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Q 7Z- eV LL 0 0 ~ ~ -' r- L) Q N:N change1 A: Marginal positive / negative~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ impacts B: Moderate positive / negative~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U impact C:0 Sinfcn poitve/neatv pat D: Major positive /~~~~~~~~~~~~~ neatv ipat Chr .1sos h ostv adngaieimat fo eac pojec copnnUihuh N: No changeaa nrg Rserh nsitt A: Marginal positive negatniveorimCentr Karnataka Watershed Development Project 7 9 Analysis of Alternatives 7.3 With Project Scenario Table 8.2 shows the potential impacts on the environment with the project. In this scenario, the project components have been assumed to be implemented to the required levels. There would be significant benefits as is indicated in the table. There would also be some marginal negative impacts. 7.3.1 Assessment of impacts Al: Importance of condition The impacts on the environment with the project would be the same as without. It is only the magnitude of the impacts that would vary, as would the permanence and reversibility of the impacts. A2: Magnitude of change / effect The positive impacts of the project would be major in terms of erosion control and improved productivity of land & livestock. Forestry, horticulture and agroforestry would have significant benefits due to the bridging of the gap between supply and demand of fodder and fuel wood. The significant benefits derived out of improved rural infrastructure and agro-industries would increase the per capita incomes and also improve the quality of life in the region. The negative impacts of the project would mainly be during construction activities, which would be only marginal in magnitude. Erosion control and drainage treatment could alter the surface run-off pattern and soil structure. Water stagnation in water harvesting structures could lead to algal growth and increased nutrient accumulation. There could also be marginal negative impacts due to production measures that could induce introduction of exotic species and increased use of fertilizers & pesticides. This could cause a change in diversity and depletion of soil fertility respectively. Silvi-horticulture and Agroforestry would also have only marginal negative impacts in terms of fruit crops competing with food crops, greater competition for water and nutrients, introduction of exotic species and risk of introduction of flora & fauna. Bl: Permanence Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 7-10 Analysis of Alternatives The positive impacts with the project would mostly be short-term unless the implementation is carried out sustainably and over a long period of time. The impacts have been taken as short-term for the purpose of evaluation. It would only be in the case of rural infrastructure that would have long-term positive impacts by increasing accessibility, literacy levels, health status and quality of life. The introduction of exotic species for silvi-horticulture, agro-forestry and even for livestock could have long-term negative impacts. These however, are only small in magnitude. The negative impacts of better water supply facilities would change the consumption pattern of water use. The increased demand for water would be a long-term negative impact. The other negative impacts of the project would be short-term. B2: Reversibility The impacts on the environment with the project are all reversible. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 7-11 Analysis of Alterniatives Table 7.2: Environmental and Social impacts - With Project Scenario iProject Activity Al A2 +) A2 C- 6 (+1B (- 82 (+) 2 () ESS () ESS ( PoladWater Conservation . .iI >_ Erosion control - contour vegetative 2 :12 2 ,22 24 -8 :hedges, gully control measures- -- 'Drainage treatment, bank protection 2 12 2 2 2 24 -8 Water harvesting with eco-engineering .3 !3 -1 2 2 2 2 36 -12 devices - check dams, dugout sunken lponds, recharge pits, percolation trenches, etc. ---___ Village pond and tank construction / 1 :2 2 12224- irehabilitation __ Wgricalure& allied actIvities Conservation measures - vegetative field :3 3 -1 2 2 2 236-12 iboundaries, reuse of harvested water, furwcontour cultivation Prodution easurs - rganic farming, 313 -12 2 2 2 36 -12 crop demonstration, rainfed crop dlemonstration, on farm fodder andI :biomass production 'Sericulture 3 ~~~~ ~ ~~~~2 :,2 1 2 124 0 'Fishery - 2 1 .0 :2 1 21 8 0 yland horticulture and Agroforestryi . :Rainfed horticulture - demonstrations, I marginal land I2 - 02l 2 _ 1 160 Silvihorticulture 2: 2'- 3, 2 211 -10: Agroforestry 2:i 21 -1 23; 2, 2 -rn(Y Al: Importance (al) x (a2) = aT A2: Magnitude of positive /negative impacts (bl) + (b2) = bT ESS = (aT) x (bT) Bi: Permanence of impacts B32: Reversibility of impacts ESS: Environmental and Social Score =(A1xA2) x (131+132) Tata Energy Research institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 7I12 Analysis ofAlfernatives Project Activity Al A2(+ A2(- Bl+ Bl- B2(+ B2( ESS(+ ESS) Animal husbandry Livestock management 2 3 -1 2 3 2 2 11 24 -10 Animal health care /breeding centers 2 2 0 2 1 1 1 12 0 tall feeding - construction /rehabilitation )fstalls 2 3 -1 2 2 22 24 -8 -half cutters for fodder feeding 1I 0 2 j 1 2 1 4 0 fforestation/reforestation 3 - 2 -1 2 3 2 2 b 24 -15 Silvipasture 2 2 -1 2 3 2 2 16 -10 Vegetative shrub barriers 2 20 21 2 - 1 0 Pasture land development 2 2 0 2 1 2 { 1 16 0 Production ietprovement J 2 2 1 0 21 -~2 1 16 0 u in Inrstructure development Rural roads 2 1 -1 i 3 2 3 2 12 -8 Marketing and post harvest infrastructure 2 1 -132 2 2 10. -8 Potable water supply &sanitation 2 2 -1 3 3 2 2 20 -10 Energy 2 2 ~* -1 3 2 2 3 20 -10 ocial infrastructure - schools, PHCs, etc. gw-lndustrles ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~2 2 0 3 1 31 j24 0 Cottage industries 3 I 2 0 2 1 2 1 24 0 Agro based Small scale industries 32 0 212124 0 Al: Importance (al) x (a2) aT A2: Magnitude of positive/ negative impacts (bl) + (b2) bT ESS = (aT) x (bT) F1 - Permanence of impacts Reversibility of impacts ESS: Environmental and Social Score = (AlxA2) x (Bl+B2) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 71 Analysis ofAlternatives Project Activity i Al A2 () A2(- 131+ Bl( BZ+ B2(- ESS(+ ESS(- ,I Mobililsatlon --_ Community Participation 1 2 0 2 1 2 Women's participation 2 ~* 3 0 3 1 31 36 0 _ y/ulnerable groups participation 2 3 0 3 1 31 36 0 :Shift in Social Dynamics 2 j 2 -2 2 2 2 2 _ 16 -16 Resurc Utility 2. 2 -1 I 2 2 2 2 a Womnen & Vulnerable Groups 2 2 0 2 -- 1 2 1 36 0 t Building and Training j- Empowerment of women 2 -031318 0 Emoemn fvunrbegop 2 2 0 3 1 3 136 _ 0 lutional Strengthening -20212~1 Institutional Strengthening 2_2__2__2`___ 0 haring anaconaiiy3- -2-1 -Community participation 2 -1 2 2 2 2 36-8 T~ransparency an-conaiiy3 122222 1 !O&M of created assets 2 2 -1 2 2 2 [ 2 16 -8 - ~~~~Cumulative ESS -826 -211 Al: Importance (al) x (a2) =aT A2: Magnitude of positive /negative impacts (bi1) + (b2) =bT ES = (aT) x (bT) 81: Permanence of impacts B32: Reversibility of impacts ESS: Environmental and Social Score =(A1xA2) x (1B1+12) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Analysis of Allernahlves 7-14 Chart 7.2: Environmental and Social Impacts - With Project Scenario A B C 0~~~~~~~~~~0 D 2C 0)0 0) C U ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V 1C C ~~~~~~ ..~~~~~~~~~~~-E 'E E 75 LA :3~~~~~~~~f. ~ - ~0 ~~~~~~~0) I 0 C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DŽ >~~(l L) -0, 0 r IC.2 0) U 1 4Z < 0 C: 0 n -' = "C -C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ------- .... - U-- - N: No change A: Marginal positive /negative impacts B: Moderate positive /negative impacts C: Significant positive / negative impacts D: Major positive / negative impacts 7.3.2 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Scores The Environmental and Social Scores are evaluated by converting them into the Range Band (RB) defined earlier (refer section 7.2.2). Chart 7.2 shows the positive and negative impacts for each project component with the project. It is quite evident from the chart that the beneficial impacts of the project, both social as well as environmental, are very significant and the overall quality of life in the region can be improved with the project. Tata Energy Research Institute Blangalore Centre ._...__.. . __.._ _-.*-r*-- -~ Analysis ofAlternatives 7-15 7.4 Conclusion It is evident from the above analysis that the project area without any intervention, would have a cumulative negative score of -485. This is attributed to lack of soil and moisture conservation measures, absence of forestry activities and low productivity. The cumulative positive score of 185 is due to the activities already being carried out at present. The negative impacts are far higher than the positive impacts. The positive impact score of 826, with the project, show that the project area will significantly benefit from the proposed watershed interventions. However, there would be marginal negative impacts of -211 due to construction activities, increased application of fertilizers and pesticides, shift in social dynamics, etc. These are addressed through mitigation measures in the Environmental and Social Management Guidelines. Tata Energy Research Institute Sangalore Centre Past Experience and Lessons Learnt 8-1 8.0 PAST EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS LEARNT This chapter presents a briefly the lessons learned through the past efforts undertaken by the Central and State Governments in the area of Watershed Development. The review would help in examining the feasibility of adopting the success stories and ensuring the causes of failures in the previous projects must be addressed carefully in the proposed KWDP of Karnataka. 8.1 Background Bulk of country's cultivable land comes under rainfed farming, depending on vagaries of monsoon and full of uncertainties. One of the initiatives sponsored by the Government of India was the implementation of a National Level Project/Programmes for the development of rainfed areas through watershed approach. This approach was aimed at augmentation and stabilization of production and productivity, minimizing ecological degradation, reduction in regional disparity, opening up of greater opportunities for employment of rural poor in the rainfed areas. A similar approach has been adopted for developing the more resource poor areas - drought prone, desert and wastelands - and to provide sustainable means of livelihoods to the rural poor in these areas. Planning Commission in its recent Perspective Plan recommended the need for holistic and integrated development of rainfed areas in India. The Plan envisaged a treatment of about 63 million hectares of land involving an estimated outlay of IRS 760,000 million through various watershed development projects and programmes. These include the Watershed Development Projects of the three Central Ministries (Agriculture, Rural Development, Environment and Forests) as well as several externally aided projects. 8.2 Watershed Development Projects - Lack Of Common Approach The various organizations involved in watershed development projects across the country are: The Ministry of Agriculture with 1475 national watersheds The Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Environment & Forests . The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) involved in 47 Operational Research Projects (ORPs) * Individual State Governments (e.g. Karnataka state government managing 19 sites) * Eternal aid agencies such as World Bank, SDC, DANIDA, KFW, DFID etc. Non-Government Organizations have also managed several sites for watershed protection Watershed development projects have been taken up under different programmes and projects launched by the Government of India. The programmes undertaken along the lines of watershed development are: * The Drought Prone Area programme (DPAP)-1987 by MoRD; * The Desert Development Programme (DDP)- 1987 by MoRD; * The Integrated Wasteland Development Project (IWDP)-1989 by MoRD; National Watershed Development Programme in Rain fed Areas (NWDPRA)-1990 by MoA * Watershed Development in Shifting Cultivation Areas (WDSCA) by MoA; and * Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) by MoRD. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Past Experience and Lessons Learnt 8-2 The DDP focused on reforestation to arrest the growth of hot and cold deserts while the Drought Prone Areas Programme concentrated on non-arable lands and draiinage lines for in-situ soil and moisture conservation, agro-forestry, pasture development, horticulture and alternate land uses. The IWDP, on the other hand, made silvipasture, soil and moisture conservation on wastelands the predominant activity. The NWDPRA was implemented with a major thrust on arable land treatment, non-arable land treatment, and drainage line treatment and livestock development. Having implemented several above mentioned watershed projects, the Govt. of India realized recently the need to bring about convergence and harmonization in the implementation of various development projects. So far, it has not been impossible so far as the aims and objectives of these projects are different and the watershed approach-because it is holistic, scientific and sustainable-has been adopted under these projects to achieve their varied objectives. The later include development of degraded arable rainfed areas, desert and drought prone areas, wastelands, catchments of River Valley Projects and Flood Prone Rivers, reclamation of alkaline soils and ravine lands, shifting cultivation areas etc. While some of these projects had a very specialized focus resulting in special norms as well as delivery mechanisms geared to meet those needs, the above mentioned six major projects/programmes had elements of convergence and a considerable common geographical area of operation. Significantly, these six projects/programmes also account for nearly 70% of the funds and area under watershed programmes in the country. In this context, the Union Finance Minister's Budget Speech in 1999 emphasized the need for unification of the multiplicity of watershed development programmes within the framework of a single rationale initiative. By follow up of this speech, Planning Commission had set up Sub-Committees to evolve guidelines for watershed development. As per the Committees recommendation, the MoA will be drafting a Manual of Operational Guidelines for the use all institutions and agencies involved in the execution of watershed development projects. 8.3 Watershed Development Projects - Mixed Results The review of the watershed projects in India indicates a mixed response. On one hand, there are outstanding examples of success at Ralegaon Sidhi and Adgaon in Maharashtra, Kabbanala and Mittemari in Karnataka and Jhabua in Madhya Pradesh, all of which highlight the achievements of watershed development interventions. The last decade has witnessed several positive achievements in the above mentioned project areas, including decrease in drought through protection of land from degradation, increase in the adoption of water conservation techniques, increase in agricultural productivity, and increase in income of the beneficiaries. These projects were implemented with motivated and dedicated leadership from the administrators and involvement of NGOs together with participation of local people. Some of the limitations of the watershed projects implemented so far in India are: a) In few watersheds, communication of the approved action plan and release of funds was delayed, which in turn affected timely implementation especially with regard to vegetative measures and crop demonstration activities; b) About 65 watersheds studied in NWDPRA plan with regard to the cost ceiling norms, approved action plan, grants released and amount spent have ultimately resulted in not fulfilling the integrated watershed approach; Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Past Experience and Lessons Learnt 8-3 c) Only 50 to 60% of the allocated amount for arable land, contour vegetative and gully control measures with vegetative support has been spent and desired attention is not focused on this important and crucial subcomponent; d) Systematic efforts were not focused on demonstrations to beneficiaries as per the concept of demonstrations; and e). The required level of importance was not given for drainage line treatment of middle and upper reaches, i.e., integrated approach with regards to drainage line treatment in the order of upper, middle and lower reaches has not been adopted in a majority of the watersheds. 8.4 Key Issues Limiting The Success Of Projects In The Past Some of the key issues affecting the programmes and limiting their success are briefly discussed in the following sections. 8.4.1 Microscopic Coverage • During the process of delineation of watersheds, problem identification, development of action plans and their implementation in the field, major attention was concentrated on programme content, conservation techniques, project implementation, supervision, monitoring etc. Somehow, the relationship of the watershed area with the total problem was neglected. * In fact, the project content received total attention and the programme context was relegated to the background. As a result, in most of the watershed manaciement projects, the area coverage has been microscopic due to which the national objectives of river siltation control, mitigation of floods and drought proofing of the vulnerable areas, are still to be achieved. As a matter of fact, a perspective Plan for treating the entire problematic rainfed areas in a foreseeable time frame would have to be developed to achieve the watershed development objectives. 8.4.2 Lack of People's Participation It has been realized over the past decades that the major shortcoming of watershed approach was lack of people's participation in the programme. It is difficult to implement the project interventions without involvement of local people. Those projects implemented without people participation have faced the following problems: poor communications between beneficiaries and maintenance authorities, high implementation costs, lack of knowledge and misconceptions on ownership, have diminished community participation. The only way to accelerate the pace of the watershed development programme is to bring out village level operations, maintenance and management, which in turn helps people to participate in the programme. Sharing of the cost for watershed treatment also gives the people a sense of ownership, which increases their participation. 8.4.3 Sectoral approach Watershed development had initially adopted a sectoral approach. The stakeholder departments like forestry, agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, soil conservation, land use planning etc., were involved in implementing large catchments independently and there was little inter-sectoral linkage in time and space between these programmes. Further, the project implementation was slow, partly due to the innovative nature of many aspects of the project and the learning required for many stakeholders. In the initial stages of the project, there were long delays in processing, involving the community and subsequent construction was not as planned. However, in NWDPRA programme, where an integrated approach has been adopted, the entire project components are being implemented through a cohesive watershed development team having expertise in all the sectors, for whom the learning process form each sector was not needed. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Past Experience and Lessons Learnt 8-4 8.5 Review Of Past Projects In Karnataka Karnataka initiated an experiment with watershed development in 1984 with the World Bank funded pilot project for Watershed Development in rainfed areas. At present, several bilateral donors including SDC, DANIDA, KFW and DFID are funding watershed projects in the state, in addition to those being implemented with Government of India and the State Government funds. Chapter-15 presents a comprehensive table indicating the nature of people participation and its associated issues in selected projects funded by the external agencies. In Karnataka, in the case of Central and State funded projects, watershed development programmes were till recently (mid 2000) implemented by the Department of Agriculture with the involvement of related departments such as forestry, horticulture, animal husbandry and rural development. Some of the major issues faced by the projects in Karnataka state are: * In many cases, the farmers/villagers have not shown much enthusiasm in adopting the watershed treatment such as check dams, percolation/irrigation tanks, vegetative barriers, contour bunds etc. The reasons are high initial investments, high operation/maintenance costs or high technical input. On the other hand, the villagers have evolved their own technologies based on local knowledge and materials which are simple, cost-effective and easy to operate and maintain. * Inappropriate administrative arrangements or inadequate management skills of the project staff were the main reasons for the failure to achieve the targets. Even in cases where progress has been satisfactory, development has not been sustainable in terms of operation and maintenance of assets created and common property resources because of inadequate participation by the village communities. * There is a need to coordinate activities related to watershed management and introduce an integrated and holistic approach. Implementation of the various components by diverse departments has led to unavoidable delays, duplication of efforts and tardy progress. Formation of district co-ordination committees at district level and village watershed development committees at village level are proposed for further interventions. * Significant care needs to be taken to orient village communities, upgrade their skills and to motivate them. The project staff needs training in technical content as well as the skill to recognize and improve upon the indigenous technical knowledge. They also need to be trained in the tools and techniques of project management, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods, community organization and other administrative and accounting procedures. * The villagers need training and exposure to modern scientific and technical methods, entrepreneurial skills to identify and exploit opportunities, community organization and team building to work in user groups. In most of the projects, desirable objectives laid down in the guidelines, such as people's participation, have been completely neglected. The experiences of successful watershed programmes need to be documented so that they can be replicated in other areas. The much-needed coordination between financial institutions, Project Implementation Agencies (PlAs) and the watershed beneficiaries requires a thorough overhaul. Panchayats, NGOs and village communities need capacity building and training in technical and non-technical areas. * Project components need appropriate changes and improvements and these include vegetative technologies, crop demonstration, use of irrigation facilities, horticulture and floriculture, management of common property resources, livestock improvement and water management. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Past Experience and Lessons Learnt 8-5 * Income generation activities have to be linked with watershed activities for generation of employment and raising income levels of the disadvantaged groups. A participatory mechanism for regular monitoring is found highly desirable in all the projects. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Past Experience and Lessons Learnt 8-6 Table 8.1 presents a summary of strengths and weaknesses in the past projects on watershed development in Karnataka. Table 8.1: Strengths and Constraints Watershed Development Projects in Karnataka Components Strengths Constraints/weaknesses Technical * Need based micro planning * Microscopic approach component * Integration of multi- * Weak extension centres for transfer of disciplinary component appropriate technology * Single window system for * Linkages with the line departments providing necessary goods * Poor knowledge base for specific issues /services * Lack of indigenous knowledge * Sequential treatment * Weak replicability of technology * Emphasis on water/soil * Poor repair and maintenance work conservation * Technology against villagers choice * Easily adoptable * Less operational flexibility technologies * Cluster approach Community * Cost and benefits sharing * Departmental execution Participation * Local institutions * Inadequate time for community (CP) * Cultural and Political issues * Lack of Definite strategy on community participation * Lack of active role of women groups Research * Provision for on farm * Funds not earmarked research * Inadequate research * Lack of co-ordination between research scientists and professionals/farmer * Under utilization of rainfed farming technology Monitoring and * Guidelines of M & E * Unquanitifiable performance indicators Evaluation * No role to beneficiaries * Under utilized GIS facility, latest technology * Ineffective co-ordination Sustainability * Training camps in co- * No cost sharing ordination with . Lack of ownership Agricultural, Soil, * Injudicious use of subsidy Social and Sericulture * Lack of innovative approach and professional Depts. inputs Training and * Training programmes at * Training in O&M is neglected Capacity various levels strengthen * Non-involvement of all user groups Building the project * Improper assessment of training and capacity implementation buildinc * Inadequate community participation * Low allocations to training and capacity building Implementation * Involvement of all * Experimentation of mechanisms Mechanism interest groups, * Absence of proper mechanism with well defined including vulnerable roles, functions and responsibilities sections * Low replicability value * Involvement of too many institutions with different approaches NGO involvement * Involvement of NGOs with * Adoption of different approaches and hands on experience methodologies * Networking among NGOs * Non-existence of unified action Involvement of * Involvement of all * Lack of orientation marred their vulnerable vulnerable sections participation groups Cost sharing * Introduction of the * Inadequacy of motivation and non-acceptance concept in villages of the concept by the communities Integration of * SA & REA integration at * Excessive dependence on secondary SA & REA the macro level data/information * Lack of direct interaction with village communities and beneficiary groups Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Past Experience and Lessons Learnt 8-7 Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-1 9.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL PROFILE OF PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS This chapter involves the details of the socio-economic and cultural status of the primary stakeholders collected from the 1991 census data, PRA studies and household surveys. 9.1 Background To determine the socio-economic and cultural profile of the primary stakeholders the analysis was carried out through two levels of consultative process- through PRA and Household survey. The limitation of this study is that the sample size is very small. A random sample of 15% households was carried out in 63 villages spread over 5 districts. The survey involved informal discussions with the householders using checklist method to elicit frank and uninhibited response. Emphasis was laid for the vulnerable groups and gender analysis. A detailed analysis of the tribals in the project area was also carried out to understand the existing situation and to explore the need for the preparation of tribal development strategy / tribal sub plan in accordance with World Bank O.D. 4.20. A separate document "Tribal study" gives the details. The study indicates that the tribals are very much in the mainstream and do not require a separate development plan. However, there are other groups categorized as Backward Classes (Kadugolla in Tumkur, Lambanis in Dharawad and Haveri and Gowlis in Dharwad district), who exhibit indigenous people's characteristics and who live in isolation from the general community. A need for preparation of sub plans for these groups is felt. The details of the study are given separately. 9.2 Demographic Status 9.2.1 Population: The following table gives the population of the sample villages as per 1991 census data. Table 9.1: Population of the Sample Village as per 1991 Census Data Distric ' Talik Vil No*. of Population- Tota.2 t - -.. a ous.hol .o- .p t do {male daS Il ion Tumkur Tumkur Chikkagundagal 113 271 276 547 Tumkur Tirumalpalya 74 200 192 392 Tumkur Kempanadodderi 153 410 408 818 Tumkur Hanchihalli 86 204 197 401 Sira Chengavara 477 1328 1180 2508 Sira Kamagondanahalli 405 1125 1119 2244 Sira Nadur 1046 2952 2787 5739 Madugiri Kavanadala 279 723 682 1405 Sira Bevinahalli 680 1773 1712 3485 Madhugiri Sidadaragal 289 765 716 1481 Madhugiri Sheebanayanapaly 61 151 152 303 a Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-2 Korategere Chikkannanahalli 87 209 240 0 449 Korategere Negalala 252 636 602 . 2.8 District Total 4002 10747 10263 21010 Kolar Mulbagal Kenchanahalli 18 58 52 110 Mulbagal J. Vommasandra 19 71 74 145 Chintamani Munthakadirenaha 85 225 216 441 lli Chintamani Upparalahalli 69 192 214 406 Chintamani Bonda kota 86 186 206 392 Siddlaghat Gejjiganahalli 75 268 257 525 ta Siddlaghat Kadrinayakanahal 116 358 361 719 ta li Siddlaghat Pindipanahalli 115 325 353 678 ta Siddlaghat Hujaguru 68 212 211 423 ta Siddlaghat Goramadugu 164 444 469 913 ta Siddlaghat A. Hunasenahalli 84 299 275 574 ta District Total 899 2638 2688 5326 Dharwad Dharawad Baad 265 790 733 1523 Dharawad Mugad 747 2172 2013 4185 Dharawad Amblikoppa 128 375 352 727 Hubli Tarihal 313 957 884 1841 Hubli Anchatageri 499 1514 1357 2871 Hubli Devaragudihal 159 470 510 980 Kalaghatag Sangameshwara 254 882 826 1708 i Kalaghatag Hullambi 233 638 655 1293 i Kalaghatag Hulkoppa 280 847 798 1645 i Kundagol Devanur 358 133 1163 2466 Kundagol Bilebal 156 554 498 1052 Navalagund Bhadrapura 487 1437 1319 2756 a District Total 3879 10769 11108 23047 Haveri Savanur Baradur 134 472 399 871 Savanur Kurabaramallur 179 613 560 1173 Savanur Mannangi 174 633 555 1188 Savanur Hosa Neeralagi 148 553 549 1102 Shiggav Jakkanakatti 257 711 673 1384 Shiggav Gangibhavi 195 657 680 1337 Byadagi Motaebennur 1253 3740 3468 7208 Byadagi Bidarakatti 736 2408 2194 4602 (Sidenur) Ranibennur Airani 466 1595 1453 3053 Ranibennur Magod 284 962 925 1887 Hirekerur Kanavisiddageri 182 657 581 1238 Hirekerur Makari 406 1250 1223 2473 District Total 4414 14251 13265 27516 Chitrad Challakere Channamma 259 713 705 1418 urga Nagathi Halli Challakere Devareddihalli 247 679 657 1336 Challakere Purlehalli 149 429 414 843 Chitradurg Beeravara 123 356 371 727 a Chitradurg Gowrammanahalli 136 515 453 968 a Chitradurg Chikkabennur 289 742 724 1466 a Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profrle of Primary Stakeholders 9-3 Di*tric Taluk villages | No of Population Total t Househol popula.t .-. ds -male FMal ion Chitradurg B R Halli 30 81 93 174 a .. Chitradurg Chikka Jagalur 27 91 95 186 Molakalmur B G Kere 624 1789 1665 3454-. Molakalmur Marammanahalli 167 547 506 1053 Molakalmur Mogalahalli 214 604 572 1176 Molakalmur Ramasagara 128 368 362 730 Molakalmur Chikkanahalli 93 299 275 574 District Total 2486 7213 6892 14105 The highest population in the surveyed villages is found in Haveri district and lowest in Kolar district. The average family size is found to be highest in Haveri district (6.23) followed by Dharawad (5.94), Kolar (5.92), Chitradurga (5.67) and Tumkur (5.25). Gender Analysis With regard to sex ratio, Dharawad district has a higher female population (1031 females for 1000 male), followed by Kolar (1018), Chitradurga ( 955), Tumkur (954) and Haveri (930). Table 9.2: Vulnerable Groups: District Taluk Villages Population Total SC Population |Total ST of SC populati of ST populati- Hal Vona on Mal Frua on e 1. a is Tumkur Tumkur Chikkagundagal 97 79 17 6 0 0 0 Tumkur Tirumalpalya 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tumkur Kempanadodderi 77 77 154 82 8_ 163 Tumkur Hanchihalli 30 23 53 0 0 0 Sira Chengavara 193 163 356 140 133 273 Sira Kamagondanahalli 194 172 366 4 6 10 Sira Nadur 558 490 1048 58 54 112 Sira Kavanadala 212 180 392 87 84 171 Sira Bevinahalli 141 147 288 37 24 61 Madhuciri Sidadaragal 201 180 381 35 35 70 Madhuciri Sheebanayanapaly 5 2 7 18 18 36 a Korategere Chrkkannanahalli 29 32 61 16 13 29 Korateaere Negalala 83 90 1-73 9' 83 180 District Total 318 304 622 166 149 315 Kolar Mulbagal Kenchanahalli 3 2 5 0 0 0 Mulbagal J. Vommasandra 20 27 47 0 C 0 Chintamani Munthakadirenaha 125 116 241 0 C 0 lli Chintamani Upparalahalli 29 34 63 88 93 183 Chintamani Bonda kota 49 50 99 0 C 0 Siddlaghat GeDjiganahalli 119 11O 229 55 59 114 ta Siddlaghat Kadrinayakanahal 30 30 60 43 47 90 ta ii Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-4 a.ati.ot Ta ^ .uk Vill: :2 ages Pojff 't.o5cTotal SC' 'o 1laio 'Tta .28 ofD.;g!v ScU,:. ppulati of ST >aT S., 1. A.eS 1.=,.w Siddlaghat Pindipanahalli 56 62 118 17 17 ta I Siddlaghat Hujaguru 56 46 102 0 0 ta _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Siddlaghat Goramadugu 293 277 570 0 0 ta Siddlaghat A. Hunasenahalli 33 30 63 198 181 se7 ta District Total 790 755 1545 401 399 800 Dharwad Dharawad Baad 23 32 55 0 0 0 Dharawad Mugad 380 379 759 34 33 67 Dharawad Amblikoppa 42 37 79 0 0 0 Hubli Tarihal 46 47 93 0 0 0 Hubli Anchatageri 308 305 613 55 34 89 Hubli Devaragudihal 39 52 91 0 0 0 Kalaghatag Sangameshwara 59 47 106 0 0 0 i Kalaghatag Hullambi 19 25 44 0 0 0 i Kalaghatag Hulkoppa 24 22 46 7 5 12 i Kundagol Devanur 33 23 56 0 0 0 Kundagol Bilebal 78 68 146 0 0 0 Navalagund Bhadrapura 101 83 134 56 55 111 a District Total 115 1120 2272 152 127 279 2 Haveri Savanur Baradur 43 29 72 0 0 0 Savanur Kurbaramallur 23 30 53 173 147 320 Savanur Manangi (old) 67 59 126 0 0 0 Savanur Hosaneerallag 30 20 50 0 0 0 Shiggav Jakanakatti 389 391 780 25 15 40 thanda Shiggav Gangibhavi 66 61 137 62 72 134 Byadagi Mutaebennur 366 348 714 476 437 913 Byadagi Beedarakatti 483 388 871 60 48 108 (Sidenur) Ranibennur Airani 231 218 449 26 23 49 Ranibennur Magod 121 117 238 111 109 220 Hirekerur Kanavisidageri 48 65 113 26 19 45 Hirekerur Makari 102 115 217 103 86 189 District Total 196 1841 3820 106 956 2018 9 2 Chitradur Challakere Channamma 193 208 401 84 66 150 ga Nagathi Halli Cha_lakere Devareddihalli 163 159 322 65 67 132 Challakere Purlehalli 89 78 167 37 53 90 Chitradurg Beeravara 128 131 259 82 79 161 a Chitradurg Gowrammanahalli i8 13 31 0 0 0 a _ _ _ _ Chitradurg Chikkabennur 147 163 310 127 118 245 a Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-5 Dis.trit a luk ' Villagea. . pulat4n 'Total SC 'PopAt1on Total ST aSC -o-ulati :,,'of ST plati Chitradurg B R Halli 23 21 44 0 0 a Chitradurg Chikka Jagalur 0 0 0 88 90 a Molakalmur B G Kere 573 524 1097 460 407 i Molakalmur Marammanahalli 57 66 123 488 437 Molakalmur Mogalahalli 148 133 281 50 363 Molakalmur Ramasagara 41 56 97 289 271 _ Molakalmur Chikkanahalli 119 106 225 31 20 51 District Total 169 1658 3357 180 1644 3445 9 1 * The table shows that the proportion of Schedule Castes to the total population is highest in Kolar (29 %) followed by Chitradurga (23.8 %), Haveri (13.9%), Dharawad (9.9%) and Tumkur (3.0%). * The proportion of Scheduled Tribes to the total population is found to be highest in Chitradurga (24.4 %) followed by Kolar (15 %) and Haveri (7.3 %). The proportion of ST population is low in Tumkur (1.5 %) and Dharawad (1.2 %). * Lambanis are a group of SCs found in Haveri and Chitradurga, who exhibit tribal characteristics. * The major ST group in the sampled villages is Nayak (more than 95 % of the ST population). The other ST groups include Kadu kuruba, Meda, Iruliga and Hakki-pikki. Other vulnerable groups: * Other than the SCs and STs, the study area has vulnerable groups belonging to other Backward Classes. * Backward tribes form a sizable population in Tumkur district, especially in Sira Taluk. Kadu gollaru is a distinct group of people who belong to this category. * Dharwad district has a group named Gowlis, who belong to general category, but exhibit indigenous peoples characteristics. They are mainly found in Kalahatagi taluk of the study area and form about 6-7 % of the total population in the taluk. Gender Analysis * Female population is marginally less than male population both in SCs and STs. * Among SCs highest sex ratio was found in Chitradurga district (976 females to 1000 males), followed by Dharawad (972), Tumkur and Kolar (955 each) and Haveri (935) * Among STs, highest sex ratio was found in Kolar district of (995) followed by Chitradurga (913), Haveri (900), Tumkur (897) and Dharawad (835). 9.2.2 Literacy levels: Table 9.3 - Literacy Levels Vtotsa No -di 4 'otal" so or 4 Total Mo6, i .. iter Lit. - . Mats. Lit. F4al*. cf 1 e' *to, -a.~Uter rat* I popula10kl Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-6 8~~~~~~ ' Tumkur Tumkur Chikkagundag 547 262 48 271 16' 62 276 95 34 Tumkur Tirumalpalya 392 183 47 200 118 59 192 65 34 Tumkur Kempanadodde 818 314 38 410 197 48 408 117 29 ri Tunkur Hanchihalli 401 231 58 204 131 64 ;97 100 51 Sira Chengavara 2508 832 33 1328 598 45 1180 234 20 Sira Kamagondanah 2244 1002 45 1125 675 60 1119 327 29 alli Sira Nadur 5739 2493 43 2952 1629 21 2787 864 31 Madugir- Kavanadala 1405 819 58 723 524 72 682 295 43 S_ra Bevinahalli 3485 997 28 1773 708 40 1712 289 17 Madhuqir Sidadaragal 1481 644 43 765 415 54 716 229 32 Madhugir Sheebanayana 303 70 2-3 151 53 35 152 1 1i _________ palya Koratege hikkannanah 449 129 29 209 83 42 240 46 19 re alli Koratege Negaiala 1238 565 46 636 366 58 6021 199 33 re District Total 3471 1408 41 1761 917 52 1710 491 29 Koar Mulbagal Kenchanahall 11 28 25 58 20 34 52 8 15 Mulbaaal J. 14_ 44 30 71 32 4G 74 12 16 Vorra sandra Chintama Munthakacire 441 94 21 225 70 31 216 24 11 nzi nahalli CnIntama Upparalahall 406 112 28 192 68 35 214 44 21 Chinrtama Bonda kota 392 68 17 186 53 28 206 15 7 r.i Sidai.agn Ge'iiaanahal 325 202 38 268 12' 4' 257 48 18 atra ii Siddlagh Kadrinayakan 719 191 2' 358 146 41 361 45 12 atta ahallii Siddiagh Pindipanahal 67E 302 45 325 193 59 353 129 31 atta ii Siddlagh Hutaguru 423 168 40 212 132 62 211 36 17 atta Siddlagh Goramadugu 913 201 22 444 129 29 464 72 15 alta Siddlagh A. 574 330 5' 299 205 t,& 27' 125 45 atta Hunasenahall i District Total 5071 1901 37 2509 971 39 2562 730 28 Dharwad Dharawad Baad 1523 590 39 790 389 49 7c 3 201 27 Dharawad Mugad 4185 1508 36 2172 1024 47 2013 484 24 Dharawad Amblikoppa 72? 35 5 375 21 6 352 14 4 Hubli Tarihal 1841 581 32 957 419 44 884 162 18 Hubli Anchatageri 2871 959 33 1514 683 45 1357 276 20 Hubli Devaragudiha 980 266 27 470 198 42 310 68 13 1 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Prorile of Primary Stakeholders 9-7 0 iat3ri4 VXaeW ..> rt - O ' dabbr o_itsty'* Kalaghat 1708 651 38 882 475 54 826 176 21 Kalaghat 1293 495 38 638 310 49 655 185 28 Kalaghat 1645 7 4 5 45 84 7 4 63 55 798 2832 35 Kundagol 2 466 952 39 657 133 4940 1163 295 25 Kundagol 1052 466 4,4 554 329 59 498 137 28 Navalagu 2756 1223 44 1437 845 59 1319 378 29 nda ~_ _ _ _ District Total 23047 8471 37 10769 5813 54 11108 2658 24 Haveri Savanur Baradur 871 405 46 472 284 60 399 121 30 Savanur Kurbaramallu 1173 565 48 613 386 63 560 179 32 r Savanur Manangi 1188 652 55 633 420 6E 555 232 42 (oid)I Savanur Hosaneeralia 1l10 420 38 553 296 54 549 124 23 g Shiggav Jakanakatti 1384 251 18 711 153 22 673 98 15 thanda Shiggav Gangibhavi 1337 698 52 657 407 62 680 291 43 2yadagi Mutaebennur 208 3525 49 3740 2_66 58 3468 1359 39 Byaoagi Beedarakatti 46C02 2379 51 2408 1512 63 2194 867 39 (Sidenur) Ranibenn Airani 3053 1079 35 1595 698 44 1458 381 26 Ur Ranibenn Magod 1987 921 49 962 604 63 9_5 317 34 ur H3reKeru Kanavisadaae 1238 255 21 657 200 30 581 55 9 r ri HEreKeru Makari 24-3 1153 47 125C 751 60 1223 402 33 r District Total 8651 3408 39 4464 2253 50 4187 1155 28 Chitrad Cnaliake Channamma 1418 511 36 713 347 49 705 164 23 urga re Nagathi Challake Devareddihal 133E 602 45 679 385 5- 65' 217 33 re ii Challake Purlehalli 843 299 35 429 203 47 414 96 23 re Chitradu Beeravara 72 _7 312 4 3 358 200 56 37 1 112 30 rga Critradu Gowrammanaha 968 732 '6 515 398 77 4.3 336 74 rga lii Chitradu Chikkarennur 1466 868 59 742 508 68 724 362 50 rga Chitradu B R Halli 174 0 0 81 0 C 93 0 0 rga Ch2tradu Chikka 186 41 22 91 36 40 95 I rga Jagalur Molakalm B G Kere 3454 1442 42 1789 926 512 1665 516 31 ur Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-8 v Molakaim ~~~1053 222 21 547 173 32 506 49 10 Mulakm *1176 4 50 38 604 306 51 572 1 4 4 5 Mclakalm M 730 90 12 368 61 22 362 9 2 Molakalnm Chikkanahalli 574 128 22 '99 102 34 175 26 9 District Total 14105 5697 40 7213 3661 51 6892 2036 30 The literacy level in the sampled village var widely from as low as 5 per cent in Amblikoppa village of Dharawad district to as - -i as 76 per cent in Gowrammanahalli of Chitradurga district. The district-wise analysis revealed that, the literacy level ranged between 37 to 41 percent in the project districts. Gender Analysis * The gender wise literacy analysis shows highest percentage of male literates in Dharawad (54 0/%) followed by Tumkur, Chitradurga and Haveri (52, 51 and 50 0/0 respectively). * Kolar has the lowest percentage of male literates (39 %). * Womens literacy levels are found to be less than 30 per cent in all the project districts. * It varies from 24 per cent in Dharawad to 30 per cent in Chitradurga. * Among sampled villages, highest percentage of literate women was found in Gowrammanahalli village of Chitradurga district (74 0/%) and lowest in Amblikoppa village of Dharawad district (4 %). Vulnerable Groups * The literacy level of the vulnerable groups was found to be low. As per 1991 census, the literacy was 29 per cent in STs (39 % for male and 19 % for female) and 31 per cent I SCs(42 % in male and 20 % for female) at state level. * During PRA, it was found that the literacy level among SCs & STs was around 10 per cent for female and about 20-25 per cent for male. 9.3 Cultural Status: Religion: Majority of the project area comprises of Hindus. Muslims constitute a major population in Sira Taluk of Tumkur and Sidalagata Taluk of Kolar District. Very few Christains and Jains are seen in the project districts. The Hindu law, inheritance being in the male line, governs all Hindu caste and communities in the districts. Affiliation of a son-in-law in the family is aito prevalent in some castes. A custom of 'manevalitana" where the resident son- in-law receives equal share of his father-in-laws property exists among a section of Aki Karnatakas, Beads, Bestas, Voddas, Gollas and a section of Vokkaligas. Caste Groups: The major caste groups in the project area include Lingayats, Vokkaligas, Reddys, Maratas, Kurubas, Kumbara and Muslims. The Scheduled castes include Vaddaru, Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Soc,o-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-9 Lambanis, Adi Karnataka and Bovis. Among Scheduled Tribes Nayak community is predominant. The other ST groups include Meda, Hakki-pikki, Kadukuruba (blanket making) and Iruligas. Other vulnerable groups classified as Backward classes include Kadu Go/las (mainly in Tumkur). The characteristic feature of this group is migration for 6 months in a year to Malnad regions and they own 500 to 2000 sheep. Gowlis are a group seen in Dharwad and exhibit tribal characteristics but are categorized under the general category. Communal harmony is generally seen among the various castes with only a few cases of disharmony among the castes. Lambanis or Banjaras may be classed among the gypsies. They have a good stature and fair complexion and speak a peculiar Indo-Aryan dialect. They are Vaishnavites and worship Krishna and also goddess Banashankari. They live in detached clusters or huts called 'Tandas' which are pitched away from the village. Their traditional occupation was transport of grains and other produce by means of bullocks' especially in less accessible hilly and forest tracts. Due to the change of mode of transport, most of them were thrown out of profession. Presently most of this community is settled and work as labour. The Lambani outcastes comprise a sub-division called Dhalya who are drumbeaters and live in detached habitats. Caste 'Panchayats: Caste panchayats of some kind or the other was universal in the past, its powers and jurisdiction have now been mostly taken away from them and given to the civil courts. At present, the caste panchayats usually consider only issues relating to marriage, food, and admission of outsiders into the caste and like matters. Their hold on these matters too is also becoming less. The existence of informal village leaders called panchas is seen in Dharwad and Haveri Districts. Kondavada: This is a system to penalize the farmers whose cattle stray into others fields. The animal is locked in the 'kondavada' and released only after payment of the fine. The fine varies with the type of cattle. This system is more prevalent in Dharwad District. Language: The major language spoken in the project area is Kannada and the districts have their own characteristic dialect. In parts of Kolar, Telugu is also spoken. Marati is spoken in parts of Dharwad and Haveri. Social life: Joint family system is gradually disappearing in the village socilety. However in Dharwad, Haveri and Tumkur this system still prevails. Men and women equally contribute towards family income, but decision making is limited to male members. Literacy levels are low among women. Marriage and related customs: Traditional systems of marriages are followed in all districts and ceremonies are held for at least a period of two days, inter-caste marriages are rarely seen. Cross-cousin marriages are permitted among several communities. The Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-10 maternal uncle enjoys a prominent place in the family. The social outlook is lowly changing; formerly child marriages or pre-puberty marriages were conducted but now is not practices due to social reforms. However the practice of dowry still prevails. Among certain castes, the bridegroom's family has to pay 'tera' to the bride's family. The binding portion of the marriage is invariably tying the 'tati' followed by 'dhare' (pouring milk onto the joined hands of the couple). Among Banjaras, going around the milk post is an operative part of the ceremony. Marriage ceremonies used to be elaborate and lasted for at least five days. Among Kadu Gollas, a peculiar custom of conducting marriages outside the hamlet is practiced and those who attend the marriage enter their houses only after taking a bath. Presently marriage ceremonies are greatly simplified. Polygamy was prevalent before the Hindu marriage Act, 1995. A sort of compulsory polygamy was practiced among the castes like Banjara where a man had to marry his elder brother's widow. Widow remarriage is not allowed in most of the castes. Among Kadu Gollas, who traditionally believe that a woman after losing her husband becomes the bride of their deity, the feeling against remarriage is intense and the widow is allowed to wear bangles and tali as usual. Festivals: All major festivals like Ugadi, Shivaratri, Sankranti, Ganesh chaturthi, Deepavali, Dasara are celebrated by the Hindu community. Chief Muslim festivals include Id-ul-Fitar (Ramzan), and Id-ul-Zuha (Bakrid). In almost all the towns of Karnataka, Navaratir, Nada habba is observed for nine days on a large scale. This festival is dedicated to Nada Devi or Kannada mathe(mother) on the last day of Navaratri. A framed picture of Nada devi is taken out in procession. During these days, lectures, dramas, competitions in elocution, music are arranged. Village festivals include car festivals or jatras, which are village/region specific ceremonies held to worship the village gods. Mylaralingeshwara car festival is held every year, by Lingayat, Kuruba and Ganiga communities. About 2-3 lakh people gather for this festival and it lasts for 2-3 days. Cattle fairs are also conducted and they serve as a trading system of livestock. Spirit Worship: A form of popular religion is what is known as animism or spirit worship which essentially consists of a belief in the existence of spirits. Spirits worshipped usually take the form of goddesses; each village has its own 'Grama devate'. Some goddesses are associated with epidemics like cholera and small pox, the function of these Grama devatas is often to protect her devotees from such epidemics. Sacrifices were practiced widely but are slowly losing importance. Food Habits: The staple food of Dharwad and Haveri districts is Jowar roti with pulses and rice. Kolar, Tumkur and Chitradurga ragi roti and ragi balls form the staple diet. Millets were also cultivated traditionally but is now not being practiced due to less demand for the same and replacement by jowar and rice. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-11 Dress/clothing: Haveri and Dharwad districts have a distinct dress style with a Maharastra influence. The women wear the typical 9-yard Maharastrian sari. The men wear dhoti/panche and kurta. In Tumkur, Kolar and Chitradurga districts, women wear sari (Mysore style) and men wear dhoti and kurta. The younger generation wears pant and shirt. Lambanis have a distinctive dressing style. The women wear a langa or gown of stout coarse print, a tartan petticoat and a mantle, often elaborately embroidered which also covers the head and the upper part of the body. The hair is worn in ringlets of plaits hanging down each side of the face and is decorated with small shells and silver ornaments. Bangles made of brass bones and other materials cover the arms and anklets. The men wear white or red turban and a pair of white breaches reaching a little below the knees. Nowadays, the men's dress has changed and is similar to that of others, the women have retained their old dress. 9.4 Economic Base: 9.4.1 Occupational Status: The survey has tried to assess the source of the livelihood of the population. A district-wise summary is given below: Table 9.4: Occupational Status DistrIe TwTukur Kolar Dhrwad Have tadr g District bDiitri6t District District District S0urof Income. __%_____ Agriculture 68.5 54.8 78.0 54.4 79.5 Labour (Agri & Non- 37.9 64.0 45.2 54.7 5.3 agri) Silk work rearing 1.0 15.2 2.3 1.2 4.2 Dairy 4.9 19.3 £2.5 20.9 0.8 Poultry 0.7 15.7 7.8 8.9 2.0 Business 6.2 5.1 12.7 9.6 9.8 Sheepary 7.9 11.2 1.0 5.4 3.9 Floriculture 4.9 1.5 8.8 1.5 2.0 Basket making C.2 0.0 3.4 0.5 0.3 Service (Government) 6.9 3.0 6.5 8.4 6.5 tisan . 5.4 2.0 12.1 5.9 5.3 Bedi rolling 3.0 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.0 thers 3.2 1.5 1.6 8.6 7.6 * Agriculture is the mainstay in all the five districts of the project area. * About 54 to 78 percent of the population in all the project districts is engaged in agriculture. * Labour (Agri as well as non-agri) forms an important source of income next to agriculture. Many small and marginal farmers also work as agricultural labour. * In Dharawad, Haveri and Kolar districts, dairy also serves as an important source of income. * Some of the households could have more than one source of income. Gender Analysis * Both by men and women engage in the agriculture, livestock and agricultural labour activities. * While men do ploughing, women helps in weeding, fertilizer and pesticide application, harvesting and other inter cultivation activities. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-12 There exists disparity with wage rate between male and female. It was Rs. 35 to 60 for men and Rs. 20-40 for women. In parts of Dharawad district it was observed that the wage rates are equal. * The activities like leaf plate making, beedi rolling was done mainly by women. Vulnerable Groups * About 60 per cent of the vulnerable groups had cultivable lands and are practicing agriculture. About 70 per cent of vulnerable groups also work as labour (agriculture as well as non-agriculture) since income form agriculture was inadequate. * Meda Community (ST) practice basket making, Bhovi community (SC) engaged in fish culture, and vaddaru(SC) community put in stone crushing activities. * Few SC and ST families in the project villages are in government services like conductors, drivers etc,. 9.4.2 Land ownership: An analysis of status of land ownership in the villages of five districts in the project area is given below. Table 9.5: Land Ownership Land - Own 60.6 72.1 68.5 62.3 72.2 Land - Tenancy 2.0 6.6 10.6 12.3 3.1 Land less 37.4 21.3 20.9 25.4 24.7 In the project districts, about 60 to 72 per cent households have own agricultural land. The cultivation in tenancy land is found to be high in the districts of Haveri and Dharawad. Landless are highest in Tumkur distrct (37.4 °/0) followed by Haveri (25.4 %) and Chitradurga (24.7 %) Table 9.6 Type of land holding .V Distric,Wt li5mkir, ,CoiY,rt Dbarwud Ctrduia L nd In us _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ Irrigated Land - Own 26.6 19.3 14.2 15.0 26.7 Irrigated Land - Tenancy 2.0 2.0 1.3 4.4 1.1 Dry Land - Own 48.0 56.3 48.1 52.2 67.7 Dry Land - Tenancy 1.0 4.6 7.0 10.6 3.7 * Majority of the villagers own dry land in all the project districts and are therefore totally dependent on rains for agriculture. * The percentage of households having own irrigated land is significantly low owing to the lack of assured irrigation facilities. Vulnerable Groups Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Prof/le of Primary Stakeholders 9-13 * Though about 60 per cent of the vulnerable groups had cultivable lands, their land holding was uneconomical. * About 95 per cent of them had less than 4 acres of dry land. * In one of the project village i.e., Baad, the average landholding of the Nayak community (ST) was less than 0.4 acres. * Few SC & ST households have pumpsets provided under various government Schemes. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-14 9.4.3 Sources of irrigation: Among the percentage of households having access to irrigation facilities, the different sources of irrigation are as follows: Table 9.7: Sources of Irrigation 4S --d istrfict; .; ;|/$ gTuni$<,,kur G AI(la Dharw Have uh wau (a) Canal 3.7 0.5 2.2 3.2 1.7 Bore Well 14.5 17.3 9.6 7.6 11.0 Tank 11.3 2.5 10.3 1.5 1.1 Lift irrigation 0.7 0.0 3.6 0.5 0.0 Open Well 5.2 7.6 0.0 0.5 1.4 * Borewells form the major source of irrigation in the dry land followed by tanks * The use of irrigation tanks is also prevalent in all the districts. However only one crops is being irrigated through tanks owning to the less water holding in the tanks. Table 9.8: Status of Ground water source District;i Tumkur Kolar Dharwad Havern Chitradurga Distric t District :District. t6District District Depth of the Bore In feet _ _ _ a___i V_ (a) <100 1.5 1.5 0.8 2.0 1.7 100-200 2.7 1.0 6.5 1.5 13.2 200-300 6.2 6.6 8.8 4.4 4.5 >300 7.4 21.3 2.3 2.2 1.1 * The groundwater table is depleted to more than 300 feet in Kolar district. * In Tumkur district also the water is available at the depth of 200 feet and above only. * In case of Dharawad and Chitradurga districts the water is available at the depth of 100 to 300 feet. 9.4.4 Agricultural Practices: The survey has tried to identify the extent of inadequacies / problems faced, particularly with regard to agriculture in the villages of the five districts in the project area. A summary of this is given below in Table. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-15 Table 9.9: Problems - Agriculture . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ oa . itct. is ,.. j -.Thamd&; - ai :Qitrdtqa- . ; I . . . ,? v- e. -":, jz * !! ',, ;u/ !.' at -' --- (a) Non availability of 69.0 45.2 54 .5 42 4 70.5 improved seeds Lack of irrigation 64.3 63.5 61.5 45.1 47.5 Financial problem 73.4 62.4 56.3 54.9 68.3 Non availability of oved 64.5 42.6 52.7 25.1 65.2 machinery Lack of market 67.0 52.3 54.8 26.1 66.0 Lack of information on 65.0 48.2 55.6 51.5 65.7 agriculture Low price for produce 70.0 46.7 62.5 49.5 68.3 Fluctuation in yield 65.3 48.7 60.2 52.2 65.7 Electricity problem 58.6 52.3 46.3 41.6 45.8 Fragmentation of land 52.7 16.8 37.2 20.9 49.4 ing I__ _ _ I__ _ I__ __ _ I__ _ _ __ _ _ _ Reduced soil fertility 61.6 48.2 46. 3 42 .4 62.6 High production cost 54.4 33.5 39.3 31.0 43.3 * Lack of irrigation is the major problem in the sampled villages. * Financial problems due to low economic status resulting in low investment in agriculture is also perceived as a major problem. * Fluctuation in crop yield and low price for the farm produce is a regular problem faced by the villagers. * Significant loss of topsoil, excess use of chemicals and improper soil management has led to the reduced soil fertility in the sample villages. * Fragmentation of land holdings is lower in Kolar, Dharwad and Haveri districts owing to joint family system still being practiced 9.4.5 Livestock: An inventory of the existing livestock in the project villages and the source and problems related to fodder are as given below. Table 9.10: Livestock Status (fa) s 185 18.3 22.2 . 2 3 . 3 Cows 11_3 46.2 39.0 31.8 30.9 Bullocks 6.4 15.2 46.5 42.4 44.9 Goats 22.4 17.8 8.8 9.1 8.1 Sheep 23.6 23.9 1.8 8.1 6.5 Pigs 1.0 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.3 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-16 Chicken | 4.2 28.4 | 12.1 | 21.7 4.2 * About 60-70 percent households have livestock for milch as well as draught purpose. * The major livestock are bullocks, cows and buffaloes * Sheep and goat rearing are practiced in Tumkur and Kolar districts * About 25 -30 percent households are engaged in poultry in Haveri and Kolar Districts Table 9.11: Source of fodder (a) Own Field 49 8 87. 9 69.3 67. 6 61 .2 Community 5.2 11.2 14.7 3.0 1.7 Forests 7.1 13.2 32.3 4.9 1.7 Market 16.0 12.7 14.5 14.8 11.5 * Crop residues like paddy, wheat and ragi straw from the own agricultural fields form the main source of income. Fodder maize is also being grown as a source of green fodder. * Open grazing in community land and forestland is also observed to an extent of 50% in Dharawad district and about 10-12 percent in other districts. e During lean period, fodder (straw, concentrate) is purchased from the nearby villages/market Table 9.12: Availability of fodder Disrict mr ~ ~ ~~umu Kol m'wmad; > Xawri chixad fodder (a) Non Availability in the near 10.3 43.7 32.8 29.3 8.7 vicinity Inadequate ;6.7 45.2 30.7 34.2 8.4 nsive/unaffordable 16.0 31.5 28.2 24.4 9.3 Seasonal 7.1 32.0 20.4 17.2 7.6 No problem 11.6 12.7 26.9 21.7 43.5 * Scarcity of fodder is observed in the districts of Kolar, Haveri and Dharwad. The problem is moderate in Tumkur and Chitradurga districts. * Reduced community/pasture land/ forestland in the project districts has led to the non-availability in the near vicinity. In Dharwad district, though the villages are in the vicinity of Reserve forests, villagers are denied access by the Forest Department. * The availability of fodder is seasonal. During summer, the farmer has to purchase the fodder which is expensive (especially concentrates). Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-17 9.4.6 Potential Farm/Non-farm Activities: An analysis was carried out to identify the potential farm / non-farm income generation activities in the sample villages of the five districts. A district-wise summary is given below. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-18 Table 9.13: Farm/Non Farm Income Status Raising nurseries 38.9 24.4 65.6 70.2 4.2 o Keeping 35.5 32.5 14.1 20.4 0.3 ermi compost/ Compost 42.4 12.2 77.0 71.4 0.6 ing . riculture Implements 21.9 14.2 17.5 8.6 4.5 king ______ asket making 29.1 30.5 17.8 4.9 10.4 airy 53.7 57.4 87.1 81.3 18.0 loriculture 44.3 0.5 27.9 8.6 8.4 il Extraction 38.7 1.5 18.9 3.4 5.1 ood processing 30.3 3.6 30.5 10.8 0.8 Silk reeling/ twisting 29.6 26.9 8.0 3.0 9.8 Waving 29.6 21.8 14.2 3.2 6.5 Scented stick making 51.5 22.3 18.8 14.8 15.2 * In Tumkur district, the potential income generating activities as perceived by the communities are dairy, scented stick making (Agarabathi), floriculture, vermicompost/compost making and oil extraction mills. * In Kolar district, dairy is the most potential activity followed by basket making sericulture and raising nurseries. In Dharwad and Haveri districts, dairy, compost/vermicompost making and raising nurseries are the potential activities. * In Chitradurga District, although the table shows low figures for proposed activities to be taken up, it does not show selfsufficiency but reflects low levels of awareness among the people. The District has potential for dairy, agarbathi making and basket making. 9.5 Common Property Resources & Management: The survey has tried to assess the availability and problems associated with the common property resources at village level. The table below gives the CPR baseline data. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socro Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-19 Table 9.14: Availability of Common Property Resources Dharawad Village Anchetegeri Devaragudi Tarihal shad Mugad Amblikop Hullako Hulam Sangameshwa Devan Bile Bhadrap alla pa ppa bi ra ur al r Community Tank Tank Tank Tank, Tank Tank Tank Tank, Gomal Tank Tank Tank Property (pollute omal land d by land industri al effluent * Pasture/ 18 Ac- 12 ac (not Nil Nil 42 ac Nil Nil Nil 25 Ac il Nil il Gomal land encroached sed) (partly used under Ashraya ____ ____ ___ ___ ____ __ _ ____ ___ ___ ____ scheme) * Village Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Forest land I I * ownership Panchayat Panchayat NA A Panchaya NA NA Nil NA NA NA A of t community property Maintenanc Poor Poor NA A Poor NA NA NA NA Poor NA A e of community property * Only 4 of the sample villages have community land ranging from less than 2 acres to 42 acres. * Most of this community land serves as pasture land for livestock. In one of the village the available pastureland has been encroached by industries coming up in the vicinity. * No village forests are observed, however in Kalaghatagi and Dharawad Taluks reserve forest exists which is maintained by the Karnataka Forest department. * Ownership of the community property is with the Panchayat * The maintenance of the existing CPR is poor. * A lack of concern for vegetative cover maintenance is observed. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-20 Table 9.15: Availability of Common Property Resources Haveri Village Baradur Kurbaramallu Manangi Hosaneeralla Jakanakatt Gangibhav Mutaebennur Beedarak Aira Magod Kanavisid Makar r (old) gi i thanda i atti ni ageri i Pasture Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 1136.11 Nil Nil Nil 3 Ac 156 land (taken over Ac by Forest Department for afforestati Village Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Forest land Ownersh NA NA No NA NA NA Forest NA NA NA GP GP ip of maintenan Department communi ce ty propert Mainten NA NA Poor NA NA NA Good Medium NA NA Medium Mediu ance of m communi propert * The community lands are in existence in four villages and serves as pasture land. CPRs are in the verge of occupation by well off and for development purposes * The available CPRs are owned and maintained by Gram Panchayat and their maintenance is satisfactory * There exists some awareness on common property resources but due to lack of clearcut policy of the government community are not able to initiate concrete steps for the sustainable management. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-21 Table 9.16- Availability of Common Property Resources Chitradurca Village Biravara Gowramnanahalli Chikkabennur Chikkajag .R.hall BGkere Mogalahalli Maramanahalli Ramasagar Chikanahall DevareddyhalliPurlehall Chenammana alur 1 i i gathihalli Community Property Gomal land, an,k, Gomal Tank Gomal G _ _ omal land - _ temple land land, Gokatte l arid -2 Ac 50-l0e Ac 48 Ac: ii Nil 58 Ac, lil Nil ril Nil 148.13 Ni Nil Village Forest MliI I N il Nil NilINil Niil 1iJ Nil Nil ii Nii land Owriership of GP ram Samiti Revenue Dept Gram ,ram GP Village Cram Samiti Gram Gram Samiti GP ram Revenue commullity Samiti Samiti school Samithi Samiti Dept property committee Maintenance of I4edium Good medium -Iedium Medilm Medium Medium Medium Medium -Tedium Medium Medium Medium community property * Majority of the sample villages have community land and being used as a pastureland. * There are no village forestlands. * The ownership and maintenance of the CPR is with the Gram Panchayat and revenue department. In one of the village the school committee maintains the CPR • The maintenance of the CPR is observed to be satisfactory. Tata Energy Research Institute R;nvn,anroa rca"-ra Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-22 Table 9.17: Availability of Common Property Resources Kolar J.vommasan Bonda Munthakadiren Upparala sathanu Kenchanah Hujagur Pindipana Kadrinay A. Gejjigana Goramadugu dra kota ahalli halli r alli u halli akanahal Hunasenahalli alli Gokatte Gokatte Tank, Gokatte Tank, Gokatte Gokatte Gokatte community Gokatte( Gokatte, Property l 4) Gokatte Tank Gokatte Gokaate Gokatte . * Pasture Ni 1 Ni 1 i 1 Ni1 Nil il 200 (encroa * Pasture ii ii ched) land Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ched) * Forest Nil Nil il Nil Nil il Nil land Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil * Ownership Nil GP S No body No body GP GP No body No body GP P GP of community property * Maintenan Nil ot ot Not Not Satisfact Not Not ot good Not good ce of good Satisfactory Satisfac Satisfa ory SatisfaSatisfact tory ctory ctory ory community Satisfac property tory Satisfactory * Kolar has a very high number of tanks. But among the villages in the study area, only 3 have tanks as part of the CPR. * The old tradition of maintaining and desilting does not prevail any more * Gokattes or ponds are not maintained very well, mainly because of lack of joint community action * None of the villages have forestland in their CPR Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders 9-23 Table 9.18: Availability of Common Property Resources Tumkur Village Chikkagundaga Tirumalapal Kmipanodderi Hanchihal Chengavar Kamagondanahall Nadur Brahmasandra Sidadarag Sheebnainapaly Negilala Chikkanna 1 ya li a i al a nahalli Community Property ,omal land, Tank, Tarik, Kalyani, Gundu Tank Gomal Tank, 2 Talapurgi Village Kalyani, Tank, Tank, Village Katte, Village Tank thope, lanid, 2 Gokattes, (Spring), forest, Gokatte, Gomal forest, Gundu Village forest, Gomal Gokatte Village Gomal Gokatte, Gundu tank, land, thope forest Guindu thope land, s, Forest, Land, thope Gomal Village Trnak Village Gundu thope Gundu land, forest, Forest, thope Village Gundu _undu Village forest, thope thope forest Gundu * Paqture/G,o - -- 100 ars-80 Ni'l 1.5 Nil 50 Ac 1.5Acres mal land Acres guntas * Forest 30 Ac 300- 35 Ac Encroache Focroache Encroached 25 30 Ac 200 to300 500 acres 150 Ac 80Acres land 600acres d d Acres acres * Ownership - Forest Dept CG People Nil Nil GP _ Nil Nil Forest Village of Departmen leaders community t, GP property * Maioitenanc Poor Moderate Poor Good eModerate Mdoderate 4oderat NA Poor Moderate Good Moderate e of e community property * Most of the villages had Gomal lands, which were mainly in the upper reaches of the micro watersheds. * These lands have now been encroached and are being cultivated. This has resulted in siltation of the tanks in the lower reaches. * Gundu thope(community orchards)is a special type of community land found in Tumkur District. This is usually small holdings ( 2 to 5 Acres) which is found in the vicinity of the Gram Thana. Tata Energy Research Institute Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders Table 9.19: Perceptions on management of Common Property Resources , ,9 -e . J ' 4 .S - - - . tvvFi . :hit=dr i~~~~~ ts 4 ,- .. r.--a- Lack of community int-rest in tank 49.3 44.7 62.5 57.9 23.0 Tank siltation 40.6 39.1 73.9 63.8 22.5 isuse of forest land 56.4 31.5 46.3 55.7 40.7 Encroachmnent on 6. 91 3. 10 5. community property ___ ____ *The encroachments of community land for purposes like housing schemes, setting up of industries, brick bhattis etc. is perceived as a major problem * Indiscriminate use of the existing forestlands for fuel and fodder has led to Its depletion. * Improper management of tanks is perceived in almost all the villages, high rates of soil erosion has led to siltation of the existing water bodies. 9.6 Livelihood systems: 9.6.1 Housing Status: A survey of the housing status - by type, ownership and household latrine toilet in all the villages studied in the project area Of the five districts is summarized below: Table 9.20: Housing Status !-;*±~ W.lstset- Dtrict .itr anksilatin 06 9. 3.* 6. 2. Kchha 56.7 58.4 49.6 47.0 18.8 ncca < X _ 34 .7 0 51.4 3. 0 78. 1 Huts 8.6 5.6 0.0 0.0 3.1 o6ollod 22.2 9.6 17.8 22.2 9.0 aentuse : * It is observed that more than 50 percent of the houses are of pucca type in the districts of chitradurga, Haveni and Dharawad. In Tumikur and Kolar districts about 60 per cent houses are of katcha type. Huts are observed in the districts of Tumkur, Kolar and chitradurga. * The highest percentage of household latrine was observed in the districts of Tumkur and Haveni (22 %) followed by Dharawad (18 0). In the districts of Kolare and chitradurga, very less number of households has toilet facilities. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders Nearly 95 per cent of the community has own houses. In the villages close to the taluk/district head quarters 5-10 percent of the families living in the rented houses. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socao-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakehofders 9.6.2 Possession of other assets: An analysis of households in possession of other assets, is given below: Table 9.21: Possession of Assets < Z ,> ,-tsa aus r J, -lo'1w 40 ,1 ,X, 1- ' '5' 4~~~~~~~~~~ Tractors 3.4 2.0 7.5 7.9 1.7 Pump Set 9.1 13.7 7.0 28.1 13.6 Thresher 0.2 0 1.6 0.2 0.0 Telephone 1.2 5.1 10.9 4.4 4.2 TV 16.0 26.9 29.7 13.5 19.9 Car 1.2 0.5 4.1 3.9 0.0 cooter/motor 6.7 12.2 9.0 3.2 5.3 CcleI * The more number of households in Dharawad and Haveri district have tractors. l Just about 7 percent of the households in Dharwad district have irrigation pumpsets installed, and it is as much as 28.1% in Haveri district. * Regarding possession of TV sets, it is found to be highest in Dharwad district at 29.7%/o, and the lowest in Haveri district at 13.5% of the households. * In Dharawad districts more number of households have telephone compared to other districts. T The possession of two wheelers was found highest in kolar district. Table 9.22: Problems - Basic Amenities IDistrict Tumksr Kolar Dharwad Haverx1 Chita roa. aAsic Amenitie8:-- . '- ±Lstriet - District District District- Diotrict. (a) Improper road system 61.8 59.4 84.8 66.5 47.8 Scarcity of drinking water 19.5 36.0 49.6 52.5 59.6 Lack of marketing facilities 48.8 69.5 81.4 49.3 72.8 Problem of electricity 50.0 61.4 80.6 72.7 74.4 Lack of banking facilities 58.1 67.0 56.8 70.0 74.7 Lack of education facilities 51.0 51.3 36.7 70.7 55.9 Lack of transport facilities 43.6 60.4 43.4 57.1 51.7 ccess to veterinary services? 27.1 48.7 54.0 32.3 20.8 * Fluctuation in power supply and low voltage is the major problem as perceived by the community. * Improper road network is also important problem as it bears effect on marketing of farm produce and connectivity to the taluk and district centers. * Lack of banking / financial institutions in the villages is also perceived. 9.6.3 Drinking Water Availability: Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders The household survey has tried to identify sources of water supply quality of water, and distance traversed to fetch water, for the sample villages in the project area and summarized below: Table 9.23: Water Availability House Connection (piped) 18.5 1 17.8 64.6 36.9 20.2 Hand pump! MWS 67 7 78.7 41.3 69.5 69.9 Open well (community) 1.2 17.3 5.4 0.0 0.6 Open well/ pump set 3.2 3.0 2.3 0.7 0.8 canal 0.0 0 0.8 0.2 0.0 Tank/ pond 0.2 3.6 10.3 0.5 0.0 Average distance to inking water source 102 79.0 54.3 75.0 57.0 (meters) In Dharwad district, while more than 60% of the households appear to have piped water supply, it is lowest in Kolar district, where the percentage of households having piped water supply is just 17 .8% A very significant number of households appear to be depending on hand pumps installed by Municipal Water Supply, the highest being in Kolar district at 78.7%, and lowest being in Dharwad district at 41.3% households. * This has direct co-relation with the piped water supply, those households which have piped water supply do not depend on hand pumps and vice versa. * Rest of the sources are very small, except in Kolar where 17.3% of households depend on open wells. In Dharwad district, nearly 10.3% households depend on Tanks / Ponds water sources. * The average distance to the drinking source is found to be highest in Tumkur district owing to less percentage of piped water supply and lowest in Dharawad district. Table 9.24: Water Quality 7 7777 i-0SD4stsiC 7mkii _ 3a, D hexw Baveri C.tmdai@wga 0IDt"c ; stxl C*tmstr±oiet D 0 I>it trict Good 81.8 67.0 47.8 64.8 84.6 Satisfactory 10.6 32.0 49.6 31.5 12.4 Unsatisfactory 2.2 0.5 2.3 3.0 1. 7 * Regarding water quality, the number of households where the water quality is unsatisfactory, appears to be very insignificant. 9.6.4 Cooking Device and Source of Fuel: Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Soc,o-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders An analysis of different types of cooking devices and fuels used in households in the villages surveyed is given below: Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Economic & Cultural Profile of Primary Stakeholders Table 9.25: Cooking Device & Source of Fuel rraditional 78.3 94.4 95.6 91Av 88.5 Kerosene Stove 8.4 15.7 16.3 3.7 14.6 Improved Chulha 16.7 4.6 2.1 2.0 8.7 LPG 2.2 1.5 2.8 2.5 3.1 Bio Gas 0.7 1.5 9.3 3.0 0.8 Electric Stove 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 * Majority of the households in the sample villages, use traditional hearth as cooking device. T The use of improved Chullas is quite insignificant owing to high firewood consumption as perceived by the villagers. * The use of kerosene stoves is also not very significant. In Dharwad district use of kerosene stove is about 16.3% households and in Haveri district only 3.7% households use kerosene stoves. * The use of other types of cooking devices is negligible. Table 9.26: Types of fuel Oiutaic 'mkut 2 KolukuOharwad .vr t''42 chita:'c Dung Cake 4.4 10.7 2.9 9.4 0.8 Firewood / Logs 88.4 97.0 94.8 86.0 96.9 Twigs/Bushes/Crop 31.3 1.5 72.4 41.6 2.8 Residue LPG 2.7 1.0 2.6 4.7 3.4 Kerosene 7.6 25.9 34.4 16.3 14.6 Biogar 0.5 0.5 7.8 2.7 2.0 * Fire woods appears to have been the largest source of fuel. The villagers depend on Bellary jail (Acacia sp), which grows widely along nala and degraded land. * Bio-waste like crop residues of cotton, red gram etc, are also used in high quantities in Dharawad, Haveri and Tumkur districts. * The use of kerosene as cooking fuel is also significant in some districts. * The use of bio-gas was found more in Dharawad district. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Socio-Econom,c & Cultural Profhle of Primary Stakeholders 9.6.5 Village Health & Sanitation: An analysis of the existing health and sanitation issues reveal the following: Table 9.27: Problems - Village Sanitation ~ba~va4 vaw~ ack of drainage 66.3 90.9 89.4 84.7 87.1 Lack of hygiene 16.5 64.5 28.7 38.2 57.0 around water points * Lack of drainage appears to be a major cause of concern as majority households express this view. * The other issue of concern is the lack of hygiene around water point. * Lack of household latrines in the village is also observed owing to the less awareness on basic health and hygiene issues. W With regard to garbage disposal, it was observed that no proper mechanism exists in the villages. All the waste materials are composted and used as manure. The use of plastic is low. Table 9.28: Water Borne Diseases .~ District rUukU olar . narvw,d avori Chitardra -District District Dstri±et D cstrit Distrlat Water-borna .tUsa..s . >.;^.. -;,; rQ.o.n t pa ,t ) ._ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.., . .. Diarrhea 13.8 5.6 3.4 7.7 0.3 Cholera 6.6 3.0 2.1 5.4 0.8 Jaundie _0.5 0.5 2.1 2.2 2.0 Typhoid 3.2 9.6 3.9 2.0 2.0 Malaria 1.5 3.6 0.5 8.6 3.7 Fileria 1.7 0.5 0.0 1.0 2.5 Polio 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 C.3 Gastroonteritis 0.2 4.1 7.8 6.4 C.3 None 71.5 72.1 79.7 66.2 88.1 The main water borne diseases observed in the recent past include diarrhea, gastroenteritis and cholera. Chitradurga has least occurrences of diseases. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10-1 InstitutionalAnalysis 10.0 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS The purpose of this Chapter is two fold: one, to understand existing roles and responsibilities of formal and informal Institutions (secondary stakeholders) and to assess the perception of the community on the role and function of the formal institutions at the village level; and two, to suggest a suitable institutional arrangements for effective participatory planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of the proposed watershed project. The first part is based on the PRA exercse conducted at 64 villages in five project districts. The second part includes a detailed proposed set-up at state, district, taluk and village levels Including their roles and responsibilities, nature of linkages etc. in co-ordination, planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of project activities. Though comprehensively covered, due to limited Information, the roles and responsibiliftfes of each of the line departments at various levels are not covered in detail, which would be met in the final report. Though the term includes both community especially target groups and beneficiaries (may be called as primary stakeholders) and institutions involved in planning, implementation and management of watershed interventions this chapter attempts to discuss in details the secondary status of secondary stakeholders, ie., institutions in watershed development project. 10.1 Background Planning and Implementation of Watershed Development Programmes based on participatory approach in rainfed areas is a most challenging task. This is mainly due to the involvement of a large number of stakeholders from State level to the village level communities. The success of the implementation of watershed programmes lies in effective coordination all stakeholders/partners of development. 10.2 Institutions The institutions involved in the Watershed Development Projects in Karnataka fall under two major groups: Formal; and Informal. The institutions falling under Formal Groups may further be grouped into two sub-groups, viz., Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs); and Line Departments. The informal group of institutions, generally, operates at the village level. Table 10.1 presents these informal and formal groups of institutions under all four levels (State, District, Watershed and Village) in Karnataka. Table 10.1: Formal and Informal Institutions Involved in Watershed Development LEVEL/GROUP TYPE OF NAME OF INSTITUTIONS I INSTITUTIONS VILLAGE LEVEL PRIs Gram Panchayat FORMAL Line Agencies Representation from taluk level as extension GROUPS workers. About 4-5 villages are grouped together for representation. INFORMAL Small Groups Self Help Groups (SHGs), Dairy Cooperative GROUPS Society, Farmers Service Cooperative Society (VSSN), Youth Mandal, Anganwadi, Water User Committee/Tank User Group, Joint Forest Management Committee, School Betterment Committee, Weaker Section Society, Women's Group Tata Energy Research Institute, Bangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10-2 InstitutionalAnalysis LEVEL/GROUP TYPE OF NAME OF INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS (Mahila Mandal) hATERSHED LEVEL FORMAL GROUP PRIs Taluk Panchayat Line Agencies Agriculture, Horticulture, Forests, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Small Irrigation. DISTRICT LEVEL PRI s FORMAL GROUP Line Agencies Department of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Department of Forest, Department of Animal Husbandry, Minor Irrigation Department STATE LEVEL FORMAL GROUP Line Agencies Department of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Department of Forest, Department of Animal Husbandry, Minor Irrigation Department 10.3 Role and Responsibilities of the Institutions Tables 10.2 and 10.3 present the existing role and responsibilities of all the institutions at all four levels. Tata Energy Research Institute, Bangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10-3 Institutional Analysis Table 10.2: EXISTING FORMAL AND INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS AT VILLAGE LEVEL ___________ ~~Organization Responsibilities * implementation of the government schemes at village level - Identification of beneficiaries - Implementation of the X) special schemes for SC and STs. z * Formation and maintenance of the village roads, drains and streetlights. (each Gram Panchayat receives Rs. 2 lakh X O PRIs Gram Panchayat/PRIs grant per annum to take up works like formation of roads, drains etc,. Other income sources are household tax 2: D collection). -0 ¢* Awareness campaign on the importance of hygiene and sanitation. LINE DEPT. Representatives as extensionworkersfrom * Redress of public grievances LINE DEPT. Representatives as extension workers from Carry out Extension Services as per the directions, targets received from District Line Agencies ____ AGENCIES taluk level Self Help Groups: These are the voluntary groups set up by the NGOs to act as micro finance institutlons. The main roles and responsibilities of the SHGs are: Self Help Groups (SHGs) * To save at least the minimum amount agreed upon by the group, every week. * To disburse the loan to the members of the group based on the priority * To participate In the community development activities * Milk Procurement and Distribution Dairy Cooperative Society Provision of Feeds, Fodder, Veterinary Service * Loan Disbursement for purchase of Cattles Co-operative societies with shareholder members. The major roles are to procure and distribution of the seeds and Farmers Service Cooperative Society (VSSN) fertilizers. Recently many VSSNs were upgraded and offerlng bank facilities to the farmers. They disburse crop loans too. u7 _ These are the cultural groups by the group of village youths. The major activitles of these groups are to conduct cultural z Youth Mandal programmes, cleaning drives and sport events. They also acts for soclal mobilizatlon towards village development activities, awareness campaign on health and sanitation etc,. * Provision of Pre-School Education I Anganwadi * Creation of Health and Snitatlon Awareness among community * Teachers form SHGs Water User Committee/Tank User Group * Distribution of Water <: * Tank Management for Irrigatlon E * Collection of Irrigatlon Water Cess o Develop Block Plantation for Vegetative Cover Joint Forest Management Committee * Maintenance * Sharing of Forest produce School Betterment Committee Collection of contribution for Improving School infrastructure * Conduct training programme for teachers Weaker Section Society Voluntary Group help creating awareness among SC, ST and other soclally weaker sections in the village Women's Group MahilaMandal _ Voluntary Group help creating awareness among women In the village * Awareness Creation & Implementation of various socio-economic & environmental programmes * Community Mobilization Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) * Conflict resolving * Implementation of Income Generation Activities (IGA) * Empowerment of women & other vulnerable groups Tata Energy Research Institute, Bangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 104 Institutional Analysis Table 10.3: EXISTING FORMAL INSTITUTIONS AT ABOVE VILLAGE LEVEL LEVEL TYPE ORGANIZATION RESPONSIBILITIES PRIs Taluk Panchayat Elected Body responsible for implementatlon of State and Centrally Sponsored Schemes at rural areas he .J Line Agriculture, Horticulture, Forests, Carry out Extension Services as per the directions, targets received from District Line Agencies .- > Agencies Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and -J 'Small Irrigation. Watershed Development Department Carry out Extension Services as per the directions, targets received from District Watershed Department PRIs District Panchayat Elected Body responsible for Implementation of State and Centrally Sponsored Schemes at rural areas * Provision of extension services * Planning and Implementation of the programmes related to soil conservation, water resource development, watershed development, crop monitorlng, environment, etc. Department of Agriculture * Supply of seeds, tools and farm Inputs * Support to agricultural marketing * Development of nurseries . M&E * Identification and development of lands for horticulture development Department of Horticulture Support to horticuiturists by supplying the plants, nursery, seedlings, flnance etc * Promotion and regulation of horticulture development * M&E * Protection, conservation and development of forests * Protection of flora and fauna > X * Afforestation U * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Social forestry C Department of Forest ,i c Department of Forest Nursery ralsing and supply of plants/seediings/bio-technology ot * . Education & research a u . 3JFPMs IC,~~~~~~~& {n i M & E Livestock development Al and upgradation of the quality of livestock * Enhancement of productivity Department of Animal Husbandry * Veterinary services . Dairy * Market support to dairy and animal products * M&E * Protectlon and development of water resources at the village level Minor Irrigation Department 0* Implementation of minor irrigation projects Minor Irrigation Department * Development of water harvesting structures ___________ * M&E District Watershed Development * Planning & Implementation of various watershed development programmes Office (DWDO) . M&E * Plan and Policy formulation «i * Programme Identification >i -U Agriculture, Horticulture, Forests, Approval of District Level Programmes Funding for District Level Programmes In respective Sector lu l: Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and * Technical Advise to District Level Officers S r Small Irrigation. * Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Programmes * Research and Develoment * Training to District Level Officers Tata Energy Research Institute, Bangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10-5 Institutional Analysis 10.4 Performance Of Existing Institutions The roles and responsibilities of all the institutions directly and indirectly involved in watershed development/other development in Karnataka state have been presented in the previous Chapter. An effective institutional arrangement is essential to achieve the success of the proposed watershed development project. However, it is important to first understand the performance of these institutions as perceived by the local community before suggesting any viable institutional arrangements. The performance of the formal institutions such as Gram Panchayat and informal ones such as community-based groups were assessed from the point of local communities' viewpoint. Opinions were ascertained from various sections of the community such as men, women and vulnerable groups in the village. They were asked to rate the institutions based on performance indicators such as inclusiveness, transparency, extent of community participation and training. The assessment not only helped to assess the performance of the institutions but also facilitated to rank them based on their performance from communities' view. The details of the same by each village are presented in the Village Watershed Development Plan. Some of the salient observations are: Formal Institutions * General trust in government department is low because of past experience. However, in view of emphasis placed of participative approach, it is likely that there would be more positive attitude towards the project from the community. i Regarding transparency and accountability by the formal institutions, people appear to have highly unsatisfied. i Local community also expressed that there is very little community participation in the activities undertaken by the formal institutions such as Gram Panchayat. The Government Departments do not appraise the villagers about the developmental activities to be undertaken in the village. They do not involve the community in deciding the usefulness of the programme. Most often, the site selection for the developmental work is also decided by the officials without involving the community. * The level of participation that could be achieved by the Project would depend a lot on the quality of initial training input given to the project personnel in the participatory process development with the local community. In this regard, the organization would take up intensive preparatory phase trainings and exposure visits for the staff followed by Phase training, workshops, experience sharing sessions and informalmeetings. * By and large, they are also not satisfied about the physical works undertaken by the Gram Panchayat, Soil Conservation Departments. * The villagers feel that the village which houses the Panchayat always has a better say in receiving the benefits, whereas the others get a raw deal. The benefits from the panchayat in the villages, which do not house it, depend on the strength of elected members who represent them. The villagers are of the opinion that most often the Panchayats complain that there are no adequate funds for developmental works. Tata Energy Research Institute, Bangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10-6 Institutional Analysis * There exists a gap in communication between Government and the village level institutions and as a result the Government programmes are not received with the enthusiasm they deserve. At present, there appears to be little convergence of interests between the Government programmes (which are target driven or area-specific) at the apex level and community requirements at the village level. Informal Institutions As far as performance of the informal institutions, there exits a mixed response. According to them some are good in something, while others are not. However, they are relatively satisfied with the community participatory approach being adopted by many of these community-based groups. They were also asked regarding the need to set-up a new institution for the proposed project and the monitoring agency (see Table 10.4). Table 10.4: Institutional Issues Tumkur Kolar Dharwad Haveri Chitradurga All District tems District District District District District (Average) Need for a Separate Institution for 48.0 84.8 87.9 92.1 57.6 74.1 nstitution to be made Responsible for Monitoring of Project Beneficiary committee 36.5 31.5 58.9 89.7 41.3 51.6 Gram Panchayat 3.0 17.3 17.6 2.2 7.3 9.5 Agriculture Department 5.4 3.6 40.1 2.5 20.5 14.4 Community Based 46.1 21.3 43.4 0.7 8.4 24.0 Others 1.7 27.4 4.1 0.0 2.5 j 7.2 About 74% of households suggest that a separate body should be set up to oversee the Watershed Development activities. Households in Haveri have overwhelmingly opined that separate institution should be set up for Watershed Development Programme. 10.5 Suggested Institutional Set-Up In line with the opinion expressed by the community and also in view of the multiplicity of departments in watershed development, the GoK had already formed a new Department called Watershed Department. It appears that this project will work through the existing departmental structure, but build sufficient capacity in the department to sustain and expand the project-introduced processes to other watershed development programmes in the longer run. In other words, it will therefore be possible to implement through the districts and taluk level staff of the already existing Department of Watershed Development (DWD), GoK under the oversight of the Zilla Panchayat at the district level. The key features of the proposed implementation arrangements are inter alia the following: * Implementing the project through the existing DWD to ensure replicability of the institutional arrangements, and to strengthen to expand watershed development activities in the post-project period using project-promoted approaches; * Developing and strengthening local watershed and village level committees, which would be involved in participatory assessment and implementation of watershed development activities; * Involving the line department staff, NGOs, and PRIs in a collaborative mode in the development process; * Establishing organic linkages between the communities and the PRIs; Tata Energy Research Institute, Bangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10-7 Institutional Analysis * Ensuring a comprehensive watershed development approach emanating from a convergence of schemes at the district level for the project areas; and * Proposing a collaborative monitoring and evaluation by the implementing agency, by the stakeholders and by an external M&E agency. Fig. 10.1 presents the Suggested Organizational Framework for the project. The role and responsibilities of each institution is presented in Table 10.5 and 10.6. Tata Energy Research Institute, Sangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10-7 Institutional Analysis _ ____________ Table 10.5: Proposed Organization Set- p - Roles And Responsibilities Organization Constitution Role Responsibilities Addl. Chief Secy, Government of Karnataka * Policy Formulation Members Include: & Secy. Agriculture; Secy. Finance; Secy-Fores; Secy- * Coordination * Management of all watersheds In the state "> Rural Development; Heads of Line Departments * Overall Guidance * Overall guidance in implementation performance of the watershed development J Project Advisory (Director) of Agriculture, Horticulture, Forest, Animal * Approval for State programmes i" Committee Husbandry & Sericulture; Watershed * Dissemination of good practices and learning from failures C Development * Carry out internal M&E of the Programmes Project * Flnancial Management * Policy Support * Financial Support Zilla Panchayat CEO of ZP - Head (As per the Panchayati Raj Advise Micro Watershed Development Committees at the Watershed Levels i- Standing Act) * in Mlizint the Watershed Plans CAJ Committee Members include Representatives from DWDO * Coordination & M * elp innal the Wrshe wU D s Waershe Repes nat onat a talk levls eded b Ass. * echnial&AEiseReview Annual Work Programme District>Watershed Headed by: -i Distrt areDepnOirTc Review Work Progress J Development Office mevelof Gram P & e* Innical of Help resolving Implementation Problems (DWDO) Representation at all taluk levels, headed by Asst. * Technical Advise to MWDC in finalizing Taluk Watershed Plans _ ComiteNOspojctcraedaseDirectors_s Headed by: Asst. Director of Watershed Dev. Dept. iu .J Two Ex-officio members of Gram Panchayat & Integration of Village Watershed Development Plans and prepare Watershed a Micro Watershed Representative from: Level Plan 'u Development PRLs Implementation Ensure local village participation in planning, Implementing and maintaining U) Committee N 'GOs project-created assets ma * CBOs * Ensure to Incorporate transparency, collaboration and bottom-up approach in Village Forest Committeeathe development process 3 * ~~~~~VRMCs VilageWaersed Team selected from the Community by MWMGS DevelopepeialyWmentGous Motivate different community groups in participatory process In planning, J Commit tee (VWDC) MembeFrsoinclue: , SHGs, Village Institutions, Imlmnain implementation and monitoring and evaluation > (Informal Groups) village Groups ma Beneflciary Team selected from VWDC Implementation & Ipeetto oioigI vlaino ahatvte n otmblzto Committees Members include beneficiaries for each watershed ImlmnainOMnioigi&Mlain fec ciiisan otmblzto > (Informal Groups) interventions. & NGOs _______________________ Social Mobilization Right from planning to Implementation stage, motivation of the community. Tata Energy Research Institute, Blangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10-8 Inslitutional .4nalysis Table 10.6: Pr posed Organization Set-Up - Roles of Stakeholders SOCIAL MOBILIZ PLAN PREPARATION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION MONITORING EVALUATION POLICY ATION PLAN STAKEHOLDERS MAKING Facilit Technic Plan APPROVA Facilit Co- Impleme Physica Process Success ator al Making L ators ordinat ntation 1 / Advise ion Financi __________ __________ __________ a l E- Project Advisory / I/// CC | Committee x X X Zilla Panchayat / // // L) Standing Committee " District Watershed DevelopmenT office x / / I I / / I /X (DWDO m - Micro Watershed Development x I / I / 1 1 1 1 .x Committee Village Watershed Development X Committee (VWDC) (Informal Groups) X Beneficiary Committees (Informal x I I I x / / I I x x Groups) NGOs X x X x Tata Energy Research Institute, flangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project 10.9 Institutional Analysis Watershed Directorate | N G O s l ~~~~~........ ................... ............. Technical District Watershed Z;;a.............. Z anc Line Department at s Development office District Level. Taluk Watershed Technical Development Office Line Department at Ae vs at AdV....jgiSe........ Taluk Level Technical Advise, Implemen tation, Coordinat ion & Planning , | Gram Panchayat Micro Watershed Development Committee Social Mobilization & Implementation Assistance Village Watershed Development Committee |Beneficiary l Committees l Tata Energy Research Institute, Bangalore Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-1 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-1 11.0 COST SHARING This chapter presents the concept of cost sharing, current practices of community contribution by the primary stakeholders and their willingness to contribute for the proposed watershed project. The discussion presented in this chapter primarily depends on information gathered from PRA exercises in 63 villages in the districts. 11.1 Background Cost Sharing forms the basis for community ownership of the programme and will build community commitment to maintenance of project-created essets in the post-development period. Willingness to cost-sharing is a subjective issue, which would vary from village to village, community to community and even household to household depending upon the socio- cultural and socio-economic environment of the community on one hand and what the project actually means to the local communities with regard to the access and control of natural resources and other resources for their short term and long term, tangible and intangible benefits. As mentioned earlier, this project has a strong social objective, which would be implemented, operated and maintained by the village level local community. Therefore, community contribution in the form of cash, labour and any other kind would give the community a sense of belongingness, which will form the key to sustainability and success of the project. In this study, the effort has been to achieve the following through the consultative process. * To create a sense of ownership and thereby increase participation in the project; e To identify the examples of community contribution and the mechanism they have evolved; * To assess the capacity of the community for contribution and arrive at the share of cost, which the community is willing to contribute; and • To prepare the community to participate in the implementation of the project and assume responsibility in the maintenance of the assets. 11.2 Process Adopted In Assessing The Willingness To Cost Sharing In order to ensure that the community is convinced about contributing towards the project, the consultative process plays a critical role right through the following stages. Initial identification of resources; Identification of areas requiring interventions; Arriving at a consensus about the contribution the community is willing to make; Identifying the direct beneficiaries as well as indirect or community beneficiaries, especially to decide the proportion of contribution; and To establish the criteria for transparency and accountability during the implementation as well as operation and maintenance phase Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-2 11.3 A Review Of Cost Sharing Models In Other Projects A summary of cost-sharing models followed in selected projects in Karnataka is presented below. Project Cost sharing Modalities Karnataka * Minimum of 10% of total cost towards land * Formation of Micro Watershed based activities (LBAs) (applicable to Watershed Sanghas (MWSi Development both private and common lands) -to form a - to be main Project (KAWAD) part of a corpus fund to remain partly implementing agency for (DFID Assisted) with the Micro Watershed Development NLBA selection and Committees for 0 & M and partly with the beneficiary selection. SHG's for their use and further generation of income. * Formation of Micro Watershed Development * Up to 50% towards non-land based Committees (MWSDC) activities (NLBAs) from eligible families Karnataka Rural * Ccmmunity to share 30% costs of the Formation of VWSC's Water Supply environment sanitation component and Environmental * Usual government schemes apply for Sanitation Household tap connections and separate Project subsidized scheme for lavatories (World bank * Collection/Recovery of O&M costs from the Assisted) users Myrada * 20% contribution by each farmer for work Formation of Watershed Kamasamudram on private lands Development Association Project (WDA! and Implementation * Work on common lands paid entirely by Committees project, but people would work at lower wages Participatory * No direct contributions Formation SHG's and Sub- Integrated Watershed Committees Development of * It was decided to convert all grants Micro given by the Government to the members of watersheds SHG's for agricultural inputs into loans (PIDOW) to be returned to the common fund of each (Supported by group. SDC) National 10% contribution towards corpus funds for Watershed Operation and Maintenence Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) Drought Prone * Maintenance cost to be borne by Area programme beneficiary for horticulture component (DPAP) and Employment * 5¢ of the cost towards agro forestry, Assurance seedlings are free Scheme (EAS) * 5% of maintenance towards water structures * 40% of cost for livestock component (Towards Artificial Insemination) 11.4 Instances Of Cost-Sharing Practice In The Project Districts Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-3 An attempt has been made in this section to present the previous instances in development projects, where the community contributed cash, labour, materials and other kind. The responses from the PRA carried out in all the sample villages, are presented at the end of this section (Page 11-4 to 11-13). 11.5 Overall Observations Following are findings from the initial level of community consultation and serve as broad indications of the response of the people. Responses about the contribution (especially cash) vary vastly from village to village and differs from kind/size of total project cost. It would be an over-simplification of ground reality to arrive at an over-all average figure and hence trends and range of willingness to share has been indicated. Field experience in almost all the villages has been that people - across the board, irrespective of their ability to pay - are on the defensive when community contribution is mentioned; e Subsequent levels of participatory discussions assume importance because people need to be convinced that making contributions earns them rights, which in turn carries duties with it. Especially in the case of regular operation and maintenance it is essential for the community to take on responsibility in order to sustain the benefits from the scheme; The communities expressed that the direct beneficiaries should make a greater share of contribution, in comparison to those receiving indirect benefits. The big farmers subscribe to this view and agree to this view and agree to contribute the stipulated share ranging between 10 to 15% in cash, provided the work is executed by their own committees; * The contribution in cash was for interventions which give direct benefits to the community. Afforestation and other activities, which are beneficial to the community as a whole, did not receive good response for making contribution; The indirect beneficiaries, including landless labourers, may not be able to afford to contribute. They will participate in the project by contributing voluntary labour The contribution by the direct beneficiaries may be based on the size of the holding receiving the land treatment; * There is willingness to contribute towards operation and maintenance; * The quantum of contribution for the same intervention ranges between 5% to 20% 11.6 Recommendations Cost sharing has to be broached very cautiously since this is a concept which has yet to find acceptance especially in the rural areas. The role of the NGO or Community-based Organisations (CBO) becomes a critical one for ensuring genuine participation of the community. In community-driven projects, fixed rules for the individual share of the contribution can not be made and sometimes it should be left to the social dynamics within the community to decide on the mode and quantum of payment Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-4 Collection of contribution agreed to by the community is not a very easy process. A schedule of payment has to be worked out and responsibility for collection should be integrated into the system. Tata Energy Research Institute Sangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-1 11.0 COST SHARING rhis chapter presents the concept of cost sharing, current practices of community contribution by the primary stakeholders and their willingness to contribute for the proposed watershed project. The discussion presented in this chapter primarily depends on information gathered from PRA exercises in 63 villages in the districts. 11.1 Background Cost Sharing forms the basis for community ownership of the programme and will build community commitment to maintenance of project-created assets in the post-development period. Willingness to cost-sharing is a subjective issue, which would vary from village to village, community to community and even household to household depending upon the socio- cultural and socio-economic environment of the community on one hand and what the project actually means to the local communities with regard to the access and control of natural resources and other resources for their short term and long term, tangible and intangible benefits. As mentioned earlier, this project has a strong social objective, which would be implemented, operated and maintained by the village level local community. Therefore, community contribution in the form of cash, labour and any other kind would give the community a sense of belongingness, which will form the key to sustainability and success of the project. In this study, the effort has been to achieve the following through the consultative process. - To create a sense of ownership and thereby increase participation in the project; To identify the examples of community contribution and the mechanism they have evolved; * To assess the capacity of the community for contribution and arrive at the share of cost, which the community is willing to contribute; and * To prepare the community to participate in the implementation of the project and assume responsibility in the maintenance of the assets. 11.2 Process Adopted In Assessing The Willingness To Cost Sharing In order to ensure that the community is convinced about contributing towards the project, the consultative process plays a critical role right through the following stages. Initial identification of resources; Identification of areas requiring interventions; Arriving at a consensus about the contribution the community is willing to make; Identifying the direct beneficiaries as well as indirect or community beneficiaries, especially to decide the proportion of contribution; and To establish the criteria for transparency and accountability during the implementation as well as operation and maintenance phase Tata Energy Research Institute Bangulore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-2 11.3 A Review Of Cost Sharing Models In Other Projects A summary of cost-sharing models followed in selected projects in Karnataka is presented below. Project Cost sharing Modalities Karnataka * Minimum of 10% of total cost towards land * Formation of Micro Watershed based activities (LBAs) (applicable to Watershed Sanghas (MWS) Development both private and cormon lands) -to form a - to be main Project (KAWAD) part of a corpus fund to remain partly implementing agency for (DFID Assisted) with the Micro Watershed Development NLBA selection and Committees for 0 & M and partly with the beneficiary selection. SHG's for their use and further generation of income. * Formation of Micro Watershed Development * Up to 50% towards non-land based Committees (MWSDC) activities (NLBAs) from eligible families Karnataka Rural * Community to share 30% costs of the Formation of VWSC's Water Supply environment sanitation component and Environmental * Usual government schemes apply for Sanitation Household tap connections and separate Project subsidized scheme for lavatories (World bank * Collection/Recovery of O&M costs from the Assisted) users Myrada * 20% contribution by each farmer for work Formation of Watershed Kamasamudram on private lands Development Association Project (WDA) and Implementation * Work on common lands paid entirely by Committees project, but people would work at lower wages Participatory * No direct contributions Formation SHG's and Sub- Integrated Watershed Committees Development of * It was decided to convert all grants Micro given by the Government to the members of watersheds SHG's for agricultural inputs into loans (PIDOW) to be returned to the common fund of each (Supported by group. SDC) National 10% contribution towards corpus funds for Watershed Operation and Maintenence Development Project in Rainfed Areas ENWDPRA) Drought Prone * Maintenance cost to be borne by Area programme beneficiary for horticulture component (DPAP) and Employment * 5% of the cost towards agro forestry, Assurance seedlings are free Scheme (EAS) * 5% of maintenance towards water structures * 40% of cost for livestock component (Towards Artificial Insemination) 11.4 Instances Of Cost-Sharing Practice In The Project Districts Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-3 An attempt has been made in this section to present the previous instances in development projects, where the community contributed cash, labour, materials and other kind. The responses from the PRA carried out in all the sample villages, are presented at the end of this section (Page 11-4 to 11-13). 11.5 Overall Observations Following are findings from the initial level of community consultation and serve as broad indications of the response of the people. Responses about the contribution (especially cash) vary vastly from village to village and differs from kind/size of total project cost. It would be an over-simplification of ground reality to arrive at an over-all average figure and hence trends and range of willingness to share has been indicated. Field experience in almost all the villages has been that people - across the board, irrespective of their ability to pay - are on the defensive when community contribution is mentioned; * Subsequent levels of participatory discussions assume importance because people need to be convinced that making contributions earns them rights, which in turn carries duties with it. Especially in the case of regular operation and maintenance it is essential for the community to take on responsibility in order to sustain the benefits from the scheme; The communities expressed that the direct beneficiaries should make a greater share of contribution, in comparison to those receiving indirect benefits. The big farmers subscribe to this view and agree to this view and agree to contribute the stipulated share ranging between 10 to 150/0 in cash, provided the work is executed by their own committees; * The contribution in cash was for interventions which give direct benefits to the community. Afforestation and other activities, which are beneficial to the community as a whole, did not receive good response for making contribution; * The indirect beneficiaries, including landless labourers, may not be able to afford to contribute. They will participate in the project by contributing voluntary labour * The contribution by the direct beneficiaries may be based on the size of the holding receiving the land treatment; * There is willingness to contribute towards operation and maintenance; The quantum of contribution for the same intervention ranges between 5% to 20% 11.6 Recommendations Cost sharing has to be broached very cautiously since this is a concept which has yet to find acceptance especially in the rural areas. The role of the NGO or Community-based Organisations (CBO) becomes a critical one for ensuring genuine participation of the community. In community-driven projects, fixed rules for the individual share of the contribution can not be made and sometimes it should be left to the social dynamics within the community to decide on the mode and quantum of payment Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka W1atershed Development Project Cost Slharing 11-4 DHARWAD DISTRICT Contributions Made By The Community For Existing Facilities/Services Activities Name of the village Community contribution Remarks Basic amenities Drinking water supply All 12 villages Nil Implemented under Government Schemes. Service charge of about Rs 15/- per annum paid by the users for piped water supply Sanitation facilities All 12 villages Nil Implemented under Nirmala Grama Yojane. A subsidy (Toilets) of Rs 1600/- per unit is provided and the rest of the cost is paid by the beneficiaries Drains All 12 villages Nil Pucca drains construction taken up in few villages by the Gram Panchayat. Housing All 12 villages Nil Constructed under Government schemes like Ashraya Infrastructure Anganwadi Under Government Scheme School Bilebal, Hulkoppa, Contribution by individuals according to Activities initiated by School Betterment Committees Sangameshwara, their capacities Bhadrapura Community hall Hullambi Labour As a part of Gram Panchayat's development activities Places of worship Anchetagiri, Mugad, Only by eligible families ranging from Villagers are willing to contribute in the form of labour Devaragudihalla 10-50 % at least towards this activity which is seen prevalent in almost all villages. Festivals/Ceremonies Mugad, Tarihal Upto 2 lakhs collected from all the Conducted once in 4 years households, each paying according to the individual capacities. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-5 CHITRADURGA DISTRICT Contributions Made By The Community For Existing Facilities/Services Activities Name of the village Community Remarks I I contribution I Basic amenities Drinking water supply BG Kere, Mogalahalli 10 % of total cost Danida assisted Rural Water supply and Sanitation Marammanahalli project Sanitation facilities (Toilets) BG Kere, Mogalahalli The amount excluding Danida assisted Rural Water supply and Sanitation Marammanahalli a subsidy of Rs 1200 project to Rs 1800 Drains Nil Pucca drains construction taken up in few villages by t Gram Panchayat. Housing Nil Constructed under Government schemes like Ashraya Infrastructure Anganwadi Under Government Scheme School Chikkanahalli Contributed in terms of Towards purchase of furniture materials Community hall Nil Places of worship Channamma nagathihalli, Contribution from all Villagers are willing to contribute in the form of labour Gowramanahalli households according least towards this, activity, which, is seen prevalent in to individual capacities almost all villages. Festivals/Ceremonies Ramasagara, Chikkanahalli, Contribution according Major car festival conducted once in five years Mogalahalli, Maramanahalli to individual capacities The community cleans up the streets, drains etc. throt and also through shramdan during this festival sharamadana Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-6 KOLAR DISTRICT Contributions Made By The Community For Existing Facilities/Services Activities Name of the village Community Remarks I I contribution Basic amenities Drinking water supply Kenchanahalli, Rs 5000/- per village Danida assisted Rural Water supply and Sanitation J.Vommasundra, Sathunur project Sanitation facilities (Toilets) Bondakota Nil Danida assisted Rural Water supply and Sanitation project Drains Bondakota Nil Pucca drains construction taken up in few villages by the Gram Panchayat. Housing All 12 villages Nil Constructed under Government schemes like Ashraya, Rajiv Gandhi, Indira Awas Yojana Infrastructure Anganwadi Constructed under Government Scheme School Sathanur Land donated by Constructed under Government Schemes villagers Community hall Goramadugu (Ranga Labour Built on common property mandir) Places of worship Munthakadirenahalli, Contribution from all Villagers are willing to contribute in the form of Sathanur, Kenchanahalli, households according labour at least towards this activity Gejjigenahalli to individual capacities Festivals/Ceremonies All the villages Contribution from all households according to individual capacities Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-7 HAVERI DISTRICT Contributions Made By The Community For Existing Facilities/Services Activities Name of the village Community contribution Remarks Basic amenities Drinking water supply Sanitation facilities (Toilets) N Drains Nl Implemented under Government Schemes Housing . Infrastructure Anaanwadi School Nil Community hall Places of worship Magodu Contribution from all households Villagers are willing to contribute in the form _according to individual capacities of labour at least towards this activity Festivals/Ceremonies All the villages Contribution according to individual capacities Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cosi Sharing 11-8 Activities Name of the village Community lTRemarks contribution Infrastructure TUMKUR DISTRICT B3 maMienities Sidadaragal(repair 20% Rest from GP Drinking water Supply B asandra 10% 2 Borewells; only bY those who can afford Drains Kempandodderl (repair 30% Rest fOthEConey allotted by TP Housina asandra 10% For 2 to3 landless who have no homes.Partly by ashraya, Ambedkar Schemes and the rest by the community. Contributions Made By The Community For Existing Facilities/Services Infrastructure School Primary School Sidadaragal 20% Rest by GP Chikkannanahalli 20% Rest by GP kempandodderi 10% Rest by GP Community Hall Hanchihalli 100% Cost of construction was about 2.5 lakhs including the temple. Places of Worship Hanchihalli 100% Built Ramatemple.the cost of construction was about 2.5 lakhs including the community hall Tirumalpalya 100% Built Anjaneya Temple Nagalala 100I/% Built Devi temple Brahmasandra 70%/o Built a Shiva temple Festivals/ceremonies All the 11 villages for Rs. 10 to Rs. 1000 As per the capacity of the individual Ganesh chaturthoi,Maramma, Car festival Others Brahmasandra 100% Rs.50000/- Construction of Sidadaragal 100% Not known Ashwath Katte Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-9 DHARWAD DISTRICT Community Willingness To Cost Sharing In Project Districts Name of the Village Vegetative Intervention Arable Land Non-arable land Livestock Treatment treatment Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Private Common lands lands Hulkoppa 0 All villages 10 0 20 0 10 0 Hullambi 0 are willing 20 0 25 0 15 50 Sangameshwara 0 to 5-10 0 25 0 20 Mugad 0 contribute 20 0 20 0 5 Baad 10 100% 10 0 10 0 0 Amblikoppa 20 labour 30 5 10 0 5 Bilebal 30 0 30 30 10 30 Devanur 0 5-10 0 20 0 5 z z Tarihal 0 5 0 20 0 5 Anchetegiri 0 5 5 20 0 5 Devaragudihalla 0 5 0 15 0 5 Bhadrapura 0 0 5 15 0 5 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-10 Note: Both cash and kind are percentage of the total Observations: Vegetative Intervention - 9 of the villages showed no willingness to contribute any cash; 3 villages agreed to amounts ranging between 10% and 30% All the villages are willing to contribute the entire labour input, especially in private land. Arable Land Treatment - Again cash contribution is agreed to only in 4 villages, tending towards 5% Non-arable Land Treatment - Only 1 village agreed to 10% cash contribution, and labour inputs ranging from 0% to 30% CHITRADURGA DISTRICT Community Willingness To Cost Sharing In Project Districts Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-1 Name of the Village Vegetative Intervention Arable Land Non-arable land Livestock Treatment treatment Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind % of total % oftotal Private Common lands lands Channamma Nagathi 10-20 All villages 10 0 5-20 0 15-20 10-15 Halli are willing Chikaabennur 10-15 to 5 0 10-15 0 15-20 5-10 Biravara 10-15 contribute 10 0 10 0 10-15 10-15 Gowrammanahalli 10-15 100% 5 0 5-10 0 10-15 10-15 - Chikkajagalurur 5-10 labour 5 0 5-10 0 15-20 10-15 - BR Halli 10 5 0 5 0 5-10 5-10 - BG kere 10-15 10 0 5-10 0 5-10 5-10 - Mogalahalli 10- 15 5 0 5 0 5-10 5-10 - Marammanahalli 5-10 5 0 5-10 0 5-10 5-10 Ramasagar 5 5 0 5-10 0 10-15 5-10 - -Chikkana halli 5-10 5 0 5-10 0 5-10 5-10 - Devaraddihalli 10 5 0 5-10 0 10-20 5-10 - Purlahalli 10 5 0 5-10 10-20 5-10 - Note: Both cash an kind are percentage of the total Observations: Vegetative Intervention - Cash component varies between 5% and 20%. Again they have agreed to contribute all the labour inputs for private land and only 5% to 10% for common lands. Arable Land Treatment - No village has agreed to cash contribution. Contribution in kind ranges between 5% and 20% Same for non- arable land treatment Livestock - It is noteworthy that there is willingness to contribute 5% to 15% cash KOLAR DISTRICT Community Willingness To Cost Sharing In Project Districts Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-12 Name of the Village Vegetative Intervention Arable Land Non-arable land Livestock Treatment treatment Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Private Common lands lands Kenchanahalli 10 All villages 10 _ 5 C _ _ 0 are willing _ ].Vommasandra 5 to 10 0 5 0 5 0 _ Sathanur 0 contribute 10 0 5 0 5 0 Munthakadirenahalli 0 100% 10 0 10 0 10 5 Upparalahalli 0 labour 0 0 0 5 10 10 Bondakota 5 10 5 10 5 10 0 Gejiiganahalli 5 10 5 10 0 10 0 Kadrinayakanahalli 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 Pindipapanahalli 10 5 5 5 10 5 0 Hujaguru 5 10 0 5 5 5 0 Goramadugu 0 20 5 15 5 10 010 A. Hunasenahalli 5 10 0 5 5 10 0 _ Note: Contributions in cash and kind are percentages of the total Observations: Vegetative Intervention: All the villages have agreed to contribute the entire labour input for private land; and half of the villages have agreed to contribute cash ranging from 5% to 10% Arable Land Treatment - There is offer to pay cash of 5% only in 4 villages. All are willing to contrilbute labour between 5% to 15% The same holds true for non-arable land treatment. Livestock - Very low cash component has emerged. HAVERI DISTRICT Community Willingness To Cost Sharing In Project Districts Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-13 Name of the Village Vegetative Intervention Arable Land Treatment Non-arable land Livestock ._________ treatment Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Private Common lands lands All 12 villages Nil All villages Nil All villages All villages Nil 5 Nil are willing to to to contribute contribute contribute upto 10 upto 25 1 000/ labour Note: Contributions in Cash and kind are percentages of the total Observations: Vegetative Intervention - As in other districts, all villages are willing to contribute the entire labour input Arable Land treatment- 10% cash contributon and upto 25% in kind Non-arable Land Treatment- Contributon in kind upto 5% Livestock- No contribution from any of the villages TUMKUR DISTRICT Community Willingness To Cost Sharing In Project Districts Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Cost Sharing 11-14 Name of the Village Vegetative Intervention Arable Land Non-arable land Livestock Treatment treatment Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Cash Kind Private Common lands lands l Chikkagundagal =10 All villages 20 All 5 10 ._=_._0 = Tirumalpalya 10 are willing 20 villages 10 20 - Kempandodderi 10 to 20 are willing 10 20 Hanchihalli 25 contribute 10 to 10 20 . Chengavara 10 100% 10 contribute 20 10 20 Kamagogondanahalli 10 labour 30 10% 10 5 10 Nadur 5 10 10 20 Brahmasandra 10 20 10 10 20 Sidadaragal 5 60 30 10 30 5 Sheebnainapalya 5 20 5 10 Chikkananahalli 10 20 10 10 20 Negalala 10 20 20 10 20 Kavandala 5 10 5 5 5 Note: The cash and kind contributions are percentages of the total Observations: Vegetative Intervention- There is a willingness to contribute cash ranging between 5% and 10% with only one village agreeing to 25% contribution.Interestingly even on common land the are willing for labour contribution up to 30% Arable Land Treatment - Across the board all villages are willing to contribute 10 % cash. Non-arable Land Treatment- There is a willingness to pay upto 10% in cash and a like amount in kind. Livestock- Only one village is willing to pay 5% in cash Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generation Activities 12-1 12.0 INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES This chapter outlines the need and objectives for Income Generation Activities (IGA), the current practices, its strength and weaknesses and to identify the possible activities that could be taken up as a part of the Karnataka Watershed Development Programme. 12.1 Background The pattern, which emerges from the sample of 63 villages surveyed is that, the predominant source of livelihood is agriculture. Approximately 33% of the population in these villages are landless families, for whom the major occupation again is land based - they earn as daily wage agricultural labour, engaged directly in cultivation as well as processes such as threshing, cleaning, milling, etc. Other land-based but non-agriculture sources of income are dairying and sericulture. A very small percentage depends entirely on non land-based activities such as carpentry, smithy, pottery and so on. 12.2 Key Factors For Inclusion If IGA As A Project Component Watershed Development activities are usually considered as a land based activity and hence the landless and other vulnerable sections of the society are not addressed. To overcome this major lacuna it is essential to devote special attention to IGA and include it as an important project component. * Since the main objective of the Watershed Project is poverty alleviation through an integrated and holistic approach to development, it is imperative that special attention be paid to the earning capacities of all sections of society including the vulnerable sections, namely marginal and landless families, women from these families. 12.3 Objectives * To-identify currently practiced income generating activities in the villages * To identify members of the vulnerable sections of the community Through a consultative process and preliminary assessment, arrive at a list of preferred activities for income generation To study the feasibility of each activity. * To prepare an initial report/write-up on the availability of raw materials, the investment required and the training essential. To study the forward and backward linkages required. * To recommend the training and capacity building which will be required for sustaining these income-generating activities. 12.4 Existing Programmes/ Schemes Some of the income generating schemes or programmes that exist in the study area are as follows: * Integrated Rural Development (IRDP) * Training Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) * National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) * Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) Tata Energy Research Institute Bangaiore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Genera1ion Activities 12-2 * Karnataka State Women development corporation's Swashakthi Programme Ministry of Women & Child Development Department's Stree Shakthi Programme through Anganwadis. 12.4.1 IRDP The main activity under IRDP is giving loans to farmers through service area banks for purchasing agricultural implements, cattle, poultry, fertilizers, pesticides, sheep, pig, etc., Observations: * Rate of repayment in these schemes is the lowest. Maximum defaulters. * Selection of beneficiaries is done through Gram Sabhas. Hence it is good. However, political interferences are noticed. * Not sustainable as the farmers sell their cattle, poultry etc., and make quick money. Thos has become more of a grant than a loan. 12.4.2 TRYSEM Under this programme women have been given training in tailoring and thereafter, financial assistance is given for the purchase of sewing machines. Observations: * Very few have successfully made use of this scheme. * Women being poor were not able to give their share to buy sewing machines. As a result, well to do people have used this facility. They have bought sewing machines from the poor who have availed the facility. * Even the women who have availed the scheme are not happy about the system. 12.4.3 NREP & RLEGP In some villages desilting of tanks, building check dams, Gokattes and riveting nalas have been taken up under this scheme. Several community assets have been created. Observations: These have been implemented mainly as employment generation activity measures. The landless and the poor are benefited. Hence, the main output observed is immediate wages rather than concrete work of desired levels. In many villages watershed management activities carried out have been substandard. 12.4.4 Swashakthi And Streeshakthi Programmes Under Swashakthi and Streeshakthi programmes, many SHGs have been formed and many NGOs have taken up the training of women in the areas of savings and self-employment. Observations: * This programme has helped women to organize themselves into groups and work as a team rather than as individuals. This has helped them to share their problems and find solutions. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generation Activities 12-3 This programmes has been effective in empowering women. * Some of the government departments, who have started this scheme under various programmes like Watershed Development Departments, have not strictly adhered to the norms of the SHGs. They have not trained the women. There is insufficient follow up and hence have failed. * Many SHGs have failed, as the motive has been to borrow rather than to save for income generation activity/investment. 12.5 Currently Practiced Income Generating Activities Table 12.1: Current Income Generating activities in TUMKUR Name of the Village Activities Approx.No. Of Households Chikkagundagal Livestock rearing; 1 Nursery 2 Tirumalpalya Livestock rearing 25 Kempandodderi Tailoring; 5 Agarbathi making; 6 Hanchihalli Pap pad making; 1 mat making; 2 sericulture; 4 lime making; 1 Chengavara Beedimaking; 10 floriculture; 6 Dairy Animal 3 _ Husbandry Kamagondanahalli Beedimaking; 6 Sericulture; 3 Dairy Animal 5 Husbandrv; Mat making 21 Nadur Beedi making; Mat weaving; agarbathi making; Brahmasandra Beedi making; 8 Leather chappals; 1 Leaf plate making; 6 Selling tamarind and 7 honge seeds; Sidadaragal Floriculture; 8 Sericulture; 5 Beedi making; 6 Aracenut Making; 10 Selling Beetle 4 leaves; Dairy Animal 5 Husbandry Sheebnainapalya _ Chikkannanahalli Sericulture; 5 Broom making; 2 Leaf plate making; 9 Crushing and selling 9 Tamarind seeds Negalala Leaf plate making 8 Cup making 5 Beedi making 3 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generation Activities 12-4 Table 12.2: Current Income Generating activities in KOLAR Name of the village Activities No. of households/ persons involved (approx) J.Vommasandra Sericulture, 15 Dairy 25 Kenchanahalli Dairy, 20 Broom making 3 Sathanur Sericulture, 65 Dairy 25 Broom making 4 Munthakadirenahalli Carpentry 1 Mason 1 Stone crushing- 4 Upparalahalli Mason 1 Sheep Iearing 25 Bondakota Sericulture, 15 Dairy 20 Gejjiganahalli Sericulture 35 Brick making 1 Cobbler 1 Dairy Kadrinayakanahalli Dairy 85 Sericulture 30 Pindipapanahalli Sericulture 40 Silk weaving Gold smith Cobbler 1 Dairy 85- Hujaguru Sericulture 35 Dairy Goramadugu Cobbler 1 Mat making I Broom making 3 Dairy f E5 A.Hunasenahalli Dairy, 65 Sericulture 45 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generation Activities 12-5 Table 12.3: Current Income Generating Activities in DHARWAD Na-e of the village Activities No. of households( approx) Hullakoppa Live stock 150 rearing/dairy Leaf plate making 20 Basket making 10 Pisciculture 1 Tailoring 5-6 Rearing goats 45 Stone crushing 45 Beedi rolling 20 Hullambi Live stock 100 rearing/dairy Brick making 20 Leaf plate making 4-5 Pisciculture 1 Kasuthi work 25 Tailoring 15 Sangameshwara Live stock 75 rearing/dairy Brick making 10 Basket making 4-5 Anchetegiri Live stock 40 rearing/dairy Mugad Live stock 75 rearing/dairy Pottery 25 Leaf plate making 500 Basket making 20 Pisciculture 45 Kasuthi work 25 Tailoring 10 Lime making 10 Stone crushing 50 Carpentry 5 Rearing goats 10 Poultry 1 Artisan 5 Baad Brick making 150 Carpentry 5-10 Poultry 1 Bhadrapura Pottery 20 Tailoring 15 Carpentry 5-10 Lime making 5-10 Devanur Carpentry 5-10 Sheep rearing 4-5 Flourmills 2-3 Bilebal Flourmills 2-3 Tata Energy Research Institute Bangaiore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generation Activities 12-6 Table 12.4: Current Income Generating activities in CHITRADURGA Name of the Activities No. of households village ( approx) Chikkabennur Brick making 10 Sand business 8 Carpentry 5 Gowrammanahalli Mechanics 2 Petty shops 42 Contractors/masons 8 Devaraddihalli Mechanics 5 Sericulture 7 Band set people 10 Chikkanahalli Sheep rearing 10 Vegetable/fruit 15 vending Beeravara Sheep rearing 20 Nagasamudra Sheep rearing 150 Blanket making 40 Mogalahalli Tailoring 3 Band set people 8 Traditional Doctors Marammanahalli Poultry 5 Chikkajagalar Band set people 20 Fire wood selling 10 B.G.Kere Sericulture 3 Coir related works 5 Leather processing 12 Purlahalli Black smith 7 Stone cutting 10 Tamarind seed 20 extraction B.R.halli Flower vending 25 Ramasagara Sheep rearing 20 Vegetable/fruit 15 vending Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generationt A cliviies 12-7 12.6 Proposed Income Generation Activities Table 12.5: Proposed Income Generation Activities KOLAR DISTRICT Activit Name of Support Required Unit sale price ies village Raw Investment Training Marketing materials Pickle Kenchanahall Raw mango Rs 5000 for spices, oil, packing On Improved Mulbagal town; To be determined Making i available in materials etc techniques KVIC J.Vommasandr the village a Sathanur Leaf Kenchanahall Leaves of Rs. 10,000 for heating and Skill up gradation Taluk HQ as Rs 6-10 for 100 plate i Butea pressing machine and about Rs. for operation of well as tie-up plates making J.Vommasandr monosperma 2000 for training machines with choultries a Sathanur Bee A.Hunasenaha Boxes, bees, To be determined Required District HQ and To be determined Keeping Ili flowering KVIC species Agarbha Munthakadire Ranges from Rs 2,000 onwards Cooperatives Ranges from Rs 3.50 thi nahalli need tobe set onwards Making Pindipapanah up;sell in alli taluk towns Nursery Bondakota Red soil, Rs. 50,000 for purchase of Required on Nearby Rs 25/- for mango, Gejjiganahal Saplings, mango, sapota and other raising saplings, villages, taluk Rs 20/- for sapota Ii covers, horticultural and forest species grafting HQ and Govt saplings, Rs 5-10 Sathanur manure along with irrigation facilities techniques, pest depts for other types of Hujaguru and other equipment control etc. plants Kenchanahall i Shccp A I 1 12 Rs 1,500 per animal Required Neighbouring Rs 2000 per animal rearing villages villages Blanket Bondakota Wool To be determined Required Taluk HQ Rs 60 per piece making Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generation Activities 12-8 Table 12.6: Proposed Income Generation Activities TUMKUR DISTRICT Activities Name of village Support Required _ Unit Raw materials Investment Training Marketing sale Floricultur Sidadaragal, Kavandala, Saplings, manure Rs 10,000/- Grafting techniques, Taluk e Kempanadodderi excluding land pest control etc. Headquaters Leaf Plate All villages Leaves of Butea Rs. 10,000 for Skill up-gradation for Rs 6-10 for making monosperma heating and operation of machines 100 plates pressing machine and about Rs. 2000 for training Tamarind All villages Tamarind fruits Labour of Rs 200/- Skill up-gradation Tumkur, Sira Rs Crushing for 1 quintal 500/- plucking per quintal Food Hanchihalli, Jack fruit and rice Rs. 60/ per kg Improved techniques Taluk Rs 100/ processing Chikkagundagal, flour Headquaters kg (papad Chikkannahalli making) Lime making Hanchihalli, Limestone Locally and - Chikkannahalli, nearby rural Sheebnainapalya markets Honge* All villages Honge seeds Rs. 25,000/- for On oil extraction and Local, Taluk % units (selling, machinery plucking headquaters of oil seeds extraction) for 1 unit of oil (Barter system) Animal All villages Good breeds of Rs 1.5 lakhs On Diary management, Dairy Rs 10- husbandry cows/buffaloes, disease control, societies, 15 for green grass, dry milking, storage, nearby towns one fodder, feed transport etc. litre concentrate milk Shikaikai Negalala, Hanchihalli, Fruits, seeds Powder machine - Rs Powdering and Local, processing Sidadaragal, 5000- Rs 10,000 packaging, Skill up- nearby towns Chikkannahalli, Labour Rs 200/- for gradation for advanced Sheebnainapalya, one quintal products like shampoo, Kempendodderi plucking soap etc. Sericulture All villages Mulberry, silkworm Rs 10,000/- for Improved techniques Bangalore, eggs materials and raw Ramanagara, materials Sidalagata I Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generation A ctitities 12-9 Lichen Negalala, Chikkanahalli Lichen Rs 5/- for 10 kgs Processing 1 kg - processing Rs 25/- Piscicultiir All villages Water body, fish Rs 5000/- for On varieties of fish, Local Rs 25- e seed, stock, fishnet purchase of raw stocking density, markets 30/- and other equipment materials, manuring and artificial per kg equipments feeding, de-weeding _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e t c . *Forward linkages need to be established, now barter system is being followed. Tata Energy Research Institute Bangalore Centre Karnataka Watershed Development Project Income Generation Activilies 12-10 Table 12.7: Proposed Income Generation Activities DHARWAD DISTRICT Activities N~ame of . Support Required Unit sale village Raw materials Investment Training Marketing price Leaf Plate Hulkoppa, Leaves of Butea Rs. 10,000 for Skill upgradation for Hubli, Dharwad, Rs 6-10 for making Hullambi, monosperma heating and pressing operation of machines belgaum 100 plates (Improved) Sangameshwara, machine and about Mugad, Rs. 2000 for Amblikoppa training .. Animal All 12 Good breeds of Rs 1.5 lakhs On Diary management, KMF- Dharwad, Hubli, Rs 10-15/- Husbandry villages cows/buffaloes, disease control, Direct consumers per litre of green grass, milking, storage, milk dry fodder, transport etc. feed concentrate Basket Kalahatagi and Bamboo (mesha