E541 Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project (Draft) Table of Contents I INTRODUCTION .............................................4 1.1 BACKGROUND .............................................4. - 4 1.2 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS ..............................................5 2 PROPOSED APL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ..............................................6 2.1 OVERALL STRUCTURE OF THE STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK .............................................6 2.2 PRELIMINARY PHASING ARRANGEMENT OF THE PROPOSED APL PROGRAMME .........................................7 2.2.1 P hase O ne ...........................................................................7 2.2.2 Phase Two ............................................................................9 2.2.3 Phase Three ............................................................................. 12 2.3 SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED APL PROJECT ................................................... ........................... 13 3 ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED APL STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK ........................................ 15 3.1 ANALYSIS OF COMPATIBILITY OF APL STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK WITH SHANGHAI MASTER PLAN .......... 1 5 3.2 COMPATIBILITY WITH COMPREHENSIVE REDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ALONG MVERSIDES OF THE HUANGPU RIVER .............................................................................. 17 3.2.1 Briefing on Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme aiong Riversides of the Huangpu River 17 3.2.2 Analysis of Compatibility ofAPL Strategic Framework with Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme of Riversides along the Huangpu ........................................................................... 18 3.3 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ON REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY IN SHANGHAI .............................. . 1 9 3.3.1 Regional Environmental Objectives in Shanghai .......................................................................... 19 3.3.2 Actions Planned to Improve Local Environmene in Shanghai ............................... ...................... 20 3.3.3 Potential Impact of the Strategic Framework on Regional Environment ............... ...................... 21 3.4 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL IMPACT .................... ........................................................... 22 3.41 Potential Impact of Land Acquisition ............................ 22 3.4.2 Impact on Living Standard of Resettlers ............................ 23 3.4.3 Impact on Population Distribution ........................... 24 3.4.4 Impact on Scenery Views ............................ 24 3.4.5 Impact on Cultural Property ............................ 24 IAPL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -I-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e Environmental Assessment for Shang Urban Environment Project 3.4.6 Impact of Policy and Institutional Reform .................................................................... 25 3.4.7 Influence on the World Bank ................................................................... 25 4 DESCRIPTION OF SHUEP IN APL PROGRAMME PHASE ONE COMPONENTS .. 26 4.1 GENERAL ..................................................................... 26 4.2 SHANGHAI SEWERAGE PROJECT III . . . ................................................................ 26 4.2.1 Service Area ........................................... 27 4.2.2 Main Elements of the SSP-III ........................................... 27 4.2.3 Sewage and Storm Runoff Collection System and Diversion . .......................................... . 27 4.2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant ..................................... : 28 4.2.5 Environmental Measures Planned ..................................... . 31 4.2.6 Total Loading of Pollution Derivedfrom the SSP -I1 ..................................... 32 4.3 LAOGANG LANDFILL EXPANSION PROJECT IV . . . .32 4.3.1 Status of Previous Laogang Landfill Projects ....................................... 32 4.3.2 Briefing of the Laogang Landfill Expansion Project IV ....................................... 34 4.3.3 Project Scheme ........................................ 34 4.3.4 Environmental Measures Planned ............................................. - v 36 4.3.5 Management of Site Closing and Its Ultimate Use .. 38 4.3.6 Total Loads of Pollutant Emission .. 38 4.4 UPPER HUANGPU PROTECTION WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT (FIG 6) . . . .39 4.4.1 Jinshan Sewerage Project ..39 4.4.2 Fengjing Wastewater Treatment Plant ..39 4.4.3 Fengxian South Sewer Wastewater Treatment Plant ..40 4.5 SHANGHAI OLD TowN GREENBELT RING PROJECT . . . .40 4.5.1 Location and Scale of the Project ......................................... .. ............ 40 4.5.2 Resettlement..41 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT .42 5.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ..42 5. 1.1 General.42 5.1.2 Aquatic Environment .42 5.2 BIOLOGICALENVIRONMENT ..43 5.2. I Terrestrial Ecosystem .43 5.2.2 Aquatic Ecosystem.44 5.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..44 5.3.1I Population.44 5.3.2 Industries.45 5.3.3 Infrastructure .46 5.3.4 Living Standard.47 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ..47 5.4. I Water Pollution Loadings .47 5.4.2 Water Pollution.47 5.5 COMPONENT SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ..47 5.5.1 . Environmental Condition at Laogang Landfill .47 (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) 2 - Environmental Assessment for Shanhai Urban Environment Project 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES OF THE PROJECT ................................................................... 49 6.1 ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT SITING ALTERNATIVES ......................................................... 49 6.1.1 Comparison of Project Scale and Investment ................................................................. 49 6.1.2 Compatibility Comparison with Planning ................................................................. 50 6.1.3 Capacity Comparison of Effluent Receiving Water Bodies ............................................................ 51 6.1.4 Preliminary Conclusion of Siting Alternative Comparison ........................................................... 52 6.2 ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR REFUSE LANDFILL LEACHATE . . 52 7 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT .......................................... 55 7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SHANGHAI SEWERAGE PROJECT PHASE 11 ........................ ......... 55 7.1.1 Impacts on the Huangpu River and Chang Jiang Estuary ......... 55 7.1.2 Impacts on Air and Acoustic Environment ......... 55 7.1.3 Impacts on Social Environment ......... 56 7.1.4 Impacts on Sludge Transport ......... 57 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LAOGANG LANDFILL PROJECT IV ... . ..... 57 7.2.1 Impact on Ambient Air ............................................. 57 7.2.2 Impact on Surface Water ............................................. 57 7.2.3 Impact on Groundwater ............................................. 58 7.2.4 Impact on Soil ............................................. 58 7.2.5 Impact on Ecosystem .............................................. 58 7.2.6 Impact on Fly s Density in the Vicinity of Laogang Landfill Site ............................................. 59 7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF UPPER HUANGPU WASTEWATER TREATMENT ............................................ 59 7.3.1 Impact of Fengxian South Sewer Wastewater Treatment Plant ..................................................... 59 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF OLD TOwN GREENBELT RING PROJECT ..................................................... 59 7.4.1 Impact on Socio-Economic Condition ......................................................... 59 7.4.2 Impact on Ambient Environment ......................................................... 60 7.4.3 Preservation of Cultural Properties .......................................................... 60 7.4.4 Implication in Pest Management .......................................................... 60 8 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ........................................................... 61 8.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SSP- III ............................................................ 61 8.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN LAOGANG LANDFILL PROJECT .................................... ....................... 61 8.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN OLD TOWN GREENBELT RING PROJECT ........................................................... 62 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................... .63 9.1 MITIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ....................................... 63 9.1.1 Recommended Mitigation Measures for Shanghai Sewerage Project-Il .63 9.2 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING AND TRAINING ..63 9.3 MONITORING..63 9.3.1 Monitoring Requirementfor Shanghai Sewerage Project-II .63 9.3.2 Monitoring Programmefor Laogang Landfill Expansion Project IV .63 10 CONCLUSION.68 (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -3- Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project (Draft) 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The Shanghai Municipal Government (SMG) has adopted an ambitious and for-ward looking Five Year Development Plan in which it seeks to enhance the economic, financial, trade and manufacturing stature of Shanghai, with Shanghai becoming a sustainable global competitive city-region, and an international economic, trade and shipping centre at the heart of the important Yangtze Delta. The SMG places a high priority on meeting six overall goals: 1) developing Shanghai's economic strengths, keeping a sustainable, rapid and sound economic growth; 2) developing Shanghai's services sector, particularly its functions as a centre of international trade and high value-added manufacturing, building Shanghai as a city with plenty of business opportunities and comparatively low cost for both domestic and foreign investors; 3) improving Shanghai's environmental conditions towards a Liveable City, to enhance the living conditions of the city's citizens, and to attract foreign and domestic investment; 4) developing Shanghai's innovation capacities, particularly education and R+D; 5) improving urban management, exploring new measures to manage this emerging modern city; and 6) improving the citizen's quality of life. Attainment of these goals will require substantial investments and improvements in urban environmental management and in urban development management. The policies and programs through which these goals are being addressed are outlined in sector master plans for wastewater management, solid waste management, and forestation. The recent revision of these plans has all been completed, and is currently being reviewed by the government. They are expected to be approved for implementation very soon. Based on SMG's Long Term Development Strategy, and the comprehensive Tenth Five Year Plan, very specific performance targets and action plans have been prepared in each of these revised (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -4- Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project sector master plans. These sector master plans have outlined the specific targets, and provided a solid foundation for the proposed Shanghai Urban Environment Project (SHUEP). Collaboration with the World Bank in urban infrastructure and environment investments during the last decade has been very successful. The Shanghai Municipal Government wishes to continue this collaboration through an integrated program of investments and associated reforms under a proposed Adaptable Program Loan (APL). 1.2 Legislative and Regulatory Considerations In accordance with the requirements of « and «», environmental impact assessment (EIA) shall be conducted to any proposed new construction, reconstruction or expansion projects. An environmental impact statement should be prepared to address the present environmental quality at location where a proposed project has been sited, and assess possible impacts in both construction period and after its commissioning. There have been a series of regulations and standards both at State and local levels available for governing the assessment. Besides, the environmental impact statement should include stipulated measures for pollution prevention and control. The statement shall be submitted to the administrative departments responsible for environmental protection for approval. The planning departments shall not approve a project until its environmental impact statement has been reviewed and approved. According to World Bank's policies, environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an instrument to identify and assess the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project, evaluate alternatives, and design appropriate mitigation, management, and monitoring measures. The SHUEP has been determined by the Bank to be subject to Category A EA requirements, based on the fact that a number of the individual investment components will require a Category A environmental assessment. As a topic of the environment has been concerned world-wide, the World Bank provides guidance for Bank-financed projects on EA to cover specific sectors as well as cross-sectoral issues. In the Bank statements, some of the emphasised issues that may be related to the proposed SHUEP include environmental action plans; water resources management, pest management, safeguarding cultural property, involuntary resettlement, and etc. Those topics should be addressed in the EA report. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -5- Environmental Assessment for Shangai Urban Environment ProJect 2 Proposed APL Development Programme 2.1 Overall Structure of the Strategic Framework A preliminary Development Programme for the proposed APL is based on the detailed assessment of practical demands, urgency of projects in each environmental infrastructure sub sector, status of project preparation, and careful review of a wide range of institutional and other actions proposed by the govermment's agencies that are desirable, practical and attainable as triggers in the APL. 'The SMG has adopted an ambitious and forward looking Five Year Development Plan in which it seeks to enhance the economic, financial, trade and manufacturing stature of Shanghai, with Shanghai becoming a sustainable global competitive city-region, and one of international economic, finance, trade and shipping centres at the heart of the important Yangtze Delta. The APL aims to help the government to implement its development strategy in an enviromnentally and institutionally sustainable manner, it aims to provide major long term environmental benefits to the millions of citizens and to the ecology of the greater Shanghai region, and aims to help SMG in its goal of developing innovative policies, institutional reforms and financing methods that will not only transform the way SMG operates, but more importantly will serve as- models for local government and environmental reform throughout China. Three phases are proposed. Phase One will focus on wastewater infrastructure and a first set of high priority solid waste infrastructure investments serving the City Proper (the area within the Outer Ring Road) and the Upper Huangpu Catchments Area. It will continue and expand on the strategic investments made with the World Bank on the Shanghai Environment Project (SEP) and Shanghai Sewerage Projects. In addition, redevelopment of the historic area in the city centre, and an urban landscaping component to improve Shanghai's urban environment are also included. Phase One will start in the second half of 2002 and extend to the end of 2007. Phase Two, while still addressing infrastructure and environment needs in the City Proper dominated by the investment of Solid Waste #2 and Urban Landscaping, will provide an opportunity to support the efforts of suburban District and County governments in improving the level and quality of urban infrastructure services, particularly the investment of several waste water treatment plants in the rural area. Phase Two will start a program of redeveloping large industrial communities within the city to improve the urban environment and serve SMG's strategy of building an ecological Shanghai. Innovative institutional and financing arrangements will be tested in Phase Two, both in the City Proper and in suburban Districts. Phase Two would commence in the second half of 2003 and extend to 2008. Phase Three, while continuing the efforts of redeveloping large industrial communities in the city, will focus on the air pollution management, particularly, prompting CNG for public buses to replace gasoline, and building CNG gas stations. This is one of the measures that SMG has now considered under its energy restructuring strategy to manage the emerging trend that the increasing vehicle pollution is now gradually becoming the major source of air pollution in this city. In Phase Three, priority is also given to the rehabilitation of infrastructure that has reached its useful service life in the City Proper. It is tentatively planned to commence at the start of 2006 and extend to the end of 2010. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -6 - Envir'onmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environmnent Projlect 2.2 Preliminary Phasing Arrangement of the Proposed APL Programme 2.2.1 Phase One The objectives of Phase One are to: 1) support the implementation of the goverunent's wastewater master plan by investing in strategic collection, treatment and conveyance infrastructure; 2) support the implementation of the government's solid waste management master plan by investing in two urgent projects; 3) support the implementation of SMG's landscaping master plan by investing in a large scale public green space; 4) support SMG's program to protect and improve the historic area in the city core; 5) support the government's efforts to protect the water resource in Upper Huangpu River by investing in wastewater treatment facilities in Upper Huangpu area; 6) implement improvements to automated information management that are essential for the operation of solid waste management facilities and monitoring of urban environmental infrastructure services in Shanghai. Phase One would comprise several policy, financial and institutional reform measures, including: * implementation of a comprehensive public outreach water conservation program; * a comprehensive solid waste management plan, encompassing the adoption of market-based instruments user charge instruments and waste reduction; policies and enabling regulations for service/management contracts and/or concessions; . plan and prospectuses for new forms of infrastructure and environment protection financing, and an independent mechanism for price setting for water and wastewater (regulatory authority or commission), with tariffs being reviewed and regulated by this agency. Physical urban environment investments would be in wastewater management, Upper Huangpu River wastewater management, solid waste management, urban infrastructure upgrading, urban environment improvement, environmental quality monitoring, and senior management training and institutional strengthening. The details are as follows: 1) Urban Wastewater Management. Completion of wastewater collection systems and treatment facilities to treat all wastewater generated in the Shanghai metropolitan urban area, including sludge disposal; 2) Urban Solid Waste Management. Expansion of the existing Lao Gang sanitary landfill, setting up a collection system for food waste, and developing a GIS-based computerised MIS; 3) Urban Infrastructure Upgrading. Repair and renewal of infrastructure that has served its useful life, 4) Urban Environment Improvement. Development of the first phase of a central public open (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -7 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project space in Shanghai; 5) Upper Huangpu Wastewater Management. Wastewater collection and treatment for priority towns in the Upper Huangpu River Protection Zone; and 6) Institutional Strengthening and Training. Technical assistance for municipal executive development, capacity building in implementing agencies. Five components are proposed: 1) Shanghai. Wastewater Management #3, which consists of five major infrastructure investments. 2) Solid Waste # 1, which would comprise investments in: * food services solid waste management: the city is facing a challenge of managing the wet waste caused by an unanticipated surge in small restaurants, and the growing number of small-scale food vendors; * the expansion and upgrading of the strategic Laogang landfill (Phase IV) over a four-year period; and * addition of facility management capacities to the Sanitation Bureau's GIS to improve infrastructure operations. 3) Investment in three small-scale wastewater treatment plants identified in the Upper Huangpu Protection Plan. 4) Shanghai Old Town Greenbelt Ring Project, an 8.96 ha node in north east corner of the Shanghai Old Town in Huangpu District as part of the government's ongoing program of constructing a round greenbelt enclosing the Old Town. 5) Investment to protect and rehabilitate Shanghai's historic area in former Nanshi District (now amalgamated into Huangpu District). Actions that the Shanghai Municipal Government is currently considering to propose as the "'triggers" of Phase One include: 1) Prepare a satisfactory Letter of Development Programme and related Project Program; 2) Prepare an updated Wastewater Management Plan, including the management of disposal of sludge; 3) Prepare an updated Solid Waste Management Plan; 4) Draft terms of reference for studies on following aspects: * government/private sector participation in infrastructure financing; * management. operation and routine maintenance of water resource in whole Shanghai (Shanghai Water Authority); * policies reflecting a market-oriented comprehensive solid waste management in Shanghai (to support the recycling of solid waste), and necessary institutional restructuring; * establish a pilot municipal fund serving construction of the environmental infrastructure (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -8 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environmnent Pro'ject in districts and counties. 5) Launch the water resource protection plan; 6) Agree in principle on the following: * extend the role of Shanghai Water Authority to become a Greater Shanghai Water Management Authority with overall responsibility for the planning and co-ordination of all water sector management policies and interventions throughout the area of the Shanghai Municipality; * raise domestic capital using appropriate financial instruments, and creating requ-ired environment; * seek private sector participation in service provision (through bidding process) and remove impediments over time. 7) Extend the current solid waste charges to cover restaurants for food waste. In addition to the DRA assistance currently being provided through the World Bank's PHRD, SMG is considering possible additional requirements for technical assistance in: 1 ) Institutional capacity building and training; 2) Urban environment infrastructure assets operation and management (water supply, wastewater and solid waste); 3) Pollution Permit Trading; 4) Technical services for the Survey of Agricultural Pollution in Upper Huangpu Water Resource Protection Region; 5) Metropolitan Water Resource Management & Policy; 6) Metropolitan Solid Waste Management and technical services on the topic of solid waste tariff, solid waste minimisation, Government's Monitoring of Non-State Service Delivery/Operation; 7) Management and treatment technology of Food Waste; and 8) Design and operation of Rural Environmental Infrastructure Investment Revolving Fund (the Rural Water Resource Protection Pilot Fund). 2.2.2 Phase Two The objectives of Phase Two are to: 1) Continue support for the implementation of the solid waste management master plan; 2) Support the implementation of the government's Landscaping and Forestation Master Plan outside the Outer Ring Road; and 3) Introduce and test innovative approaches to redeveloping of large-scale industrial communities in the city, and introduce innovative approaches to the financing of environmental infrastructure in both the City Proper and in suburban districts. Phase Two would include further policy and institutional reform measures, including: (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) g9- Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project * completion of implementation of the first stage of water conservation and sludge management programs; * Corporatisation of some 50 % of solid waste services, and upgraded institutional arrangements for service providers/producers implemented; . implementation of upgraded municipal solid waste management program, and a demonstrated (at least 20% social capital ownership and financing) level of social capital participation and new financing approach in the water supply, wastewater and solid waste sectors; * with long term domestic bonds routinely issued for infrastructure financing. Physical investments in urban wastewater management, Upper Huangpu River wastewater management, urban solid waste management, urban infrastructure upgrading, urban environment improvement, and institutional strengthening. Four components are under consideration: 1) Solid Waste # 2 which would comprise investments in: * Containerisation of solid waste and improvements in transport to landfill, composting and incineration facilities; * Separation of solid wastes at source, and transfer to collection stations; * Improvements to solid waste haulage from collection stations through fleet upgrading and selected road improvements at regional receiving sites; and * Centralised treatment facilities of ordinary industrial solid waste and hospital disposals. 2) Forestation, consisting of three investments: * Continue investment in the government's ongoing program of constructing a 500 meter greenbelt along the Outer Ring Road; * Reforestation in a strategic corridor along the Upper Huangpu River; and * Landscaping along the transportation corridor from Shanghai through Chongming Island, to Northern Jiangsu. 3) To assist the rural district government in their investment of wastewater treatment plants. Priority will be given to the key areas such as Upper Huangpu Water Resource Zone, new seaport area in Nanhui District, and Chongming County. Subject to the approval from central government, an innovative pooled financing vehicle: a pilot Rural Water Resource Area Protection Fund (an Infrastructure Revolving Fund capitalised by SMG under the APL, and from which UDICs and infrastructure operating companies in suburban districts could borrow for capital investments of wastewater management infrastructures) will be explored, and ideally would be tested to finance one wastewater plant in the rural region if feasible. 4) Focusing on redeveloping a large industrial community in the City Proper. SMG has been strongly supporting the redevelopment of sub-standard residential areas throughout the city during the past decade. It is interested in proceeding to the next stage of renewal by addressing the many complex issues surrounding the redevelopment of large tracts of land (APL EA Drafi En 0202.doc) - 10- Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project occupied by municipally-owned industrial SOEs. These large areas comprise not only industrial sites but also extensive residential and public facilities and supporting infrastructure. Innovative approaches to redevelopment of these areas will be explored, including the codification and transfer of property rights, asset valuation, and the formation of public-private land development corporations to access non-state financing. The site for this component need to be identified, but the industrial communities in Yangpu District is recommended at this point with a consideration that sewage system of this area will be improved under Wastewater Management #3 in APL Phase 1, it would make more sense if a urban redevelopment component would follow. Actions that SMG is currently considering to propose as triggers to Phase Two include: 1) Approval of Huangpu Water Resource Protection Master Plan and Catchment Management Plan, including control of all pollution sources within the catchment area, and the related institutional framework; 2) Implementation of a comprehensive public outreach water conservation program; 3) Approval of a comprehensive solid waste management plan, including the adoption of market-based instruments for user charges, treatment, disposal and tipping fees, service pricing policies, waste reduction, recycling, resource recovery and the handling and disposal of hazardous and hospital waste; 4) Completion of policy and enabling regulation for service/management contracts and/or a concession, and the signing of a social capital participation contract (BOT or concession) for a wastewater treatment facility; 5) Completion of plan and prospectus for the issuance of long term domestic bonds for infrastructure financing. Shanghai will make its best efforts to obtain approval of the national government; 6) Studies on the policies and plans for establishing pilot municipal fund for water resource protection; 7) Regulation drafted and submitted for municipal approval for agricultural pollution control in greater Shanghai area. Technical assistance requirements for Phase Two could include: 1) Continue TA on institutional capacity building and training; 2) Advisory services on Urban Landscaping and Large Scale Public Green Space focused on the issues of physical planning, financing & investment management, cost sharing and recovery, relocation and O+M mechanism; 3) Wastewater Sludge Management; 4) Private Participation in Service Delivery, and Commercialisation of Infrastructure Service Delivery, (in particular the performance monitoring for non-state delivery); 5) Advisory services on Regional Service Delivery Mechanisms; and 6) Other necessary TAs that might be identified during the APL implementation. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project 2.2.3 Phase Three The objectives of Phase Three are to: 1) support government's program of redeveloping large industrial conmmunities within the city that are undergoing pressures from industrial re-structuring; 2) support the implementation of SMG's CNG program under its energy restructuring strategy targeted for improving the air quality in the city, and 3) rehabilitation and upgrading of the more and more existing over-run wastewater treatment facilities in the old city proper. Phase Three would include physical investments in Upper Huangpu River wastewater management, urban infrastructure upgrading, urban environment improvement, and institutional strengthening. Three components are being considered: 1) Industrial Community Redevelopment #2. Project site is to be identified close to the end of Industrial Community Redevelopment #1 under APL Phase Two. Possible sites could be an expanded area in Yangpu District (if Yangpu is selected for Industrial Community Redevelopment #1 under APL Phase Two) or communities in Wusong and Taopu industrial areas within the city proper (in Outer Ring Road). 2) Municipal environment improvement project including city greening phase 3 and the investment of renovation of public buses for CNG construction of CNG gas stations, coal de-sulphuring and probably the CNG thermnal power plants. SMG gave a high priority to this component in Phase Three so as to manage the growing pressure of vehicle pollution to the city's air quality in addition to the other measures that the government has put in place such as new standards of exhaust gas for automobiles, etc. 3) Wastewater Infrastructure Rehabilitation. A considerable proportion of collection networks in older urban areas is becoming obsolete, and need to be upgraded. In addition, older wastewater treatment facilities in selected areas are occupying what has become valuable land; their relocation, consolidation or closure could be undertaken in this component of the APL. Actions that the government is currently considering to trigger Phase Three include: 1) Completion of implementation of the first stage water conservation and sludge management programs; 2) Corporatisation of 30% to 50% of solid waste services, and upgraded institutional arrangements for service providers/producers implemented; 3) Implementation of upgraded municipal solid waste management program, including waste minimisation, recycling, residential user charges and tipping fees; 4) Level of social capital participation and new financing approach in water supply, wastewater and solid waste sectors reaches to 10% to 20%; 5) Under the precondition of obtaining the approval from the State government, the planned long term domestic bonds will be issued; (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 12- Environmental Assessment for Shanzhai Urban Environment Projlect 6) Under the precondition of obtaining the approval from the State goverrnent, water resource protection funds will be established; 7) The 10th Five Year Plan targets relating to water, wastewater, solid waste, and environmental pollution control service levels and benchmarks met. Technical assistance that could be required for Phase Three includes: 1 ) Continue TA on institutional capacity building and training; 2) Advisory services on Urban Energy Restructuring Strategy, focused on the issues of CNG buses and CNG thermal power plant; coal de-sulphuring, and other clean energy technology, international best practice, etc; 3) Urban Redevelopment Advisory; 4) Design and Issuance of Long Term Revenue Bond to finance urban environmental infrastructure investment; and 5) Other necessary TAs that might be identified during the APL implementation. 2.3 Summary of the Proposed APL Project Here is a summary of the strategic framework and development programme of the SHUEP (Table 2-1). Table 2-1 Summary of Strategic Framework and Development Programme of SHUEP Phase Project component (tentative) Cost/WB Loan Institutional strengthening measures No. (million USD) Phase 1. Shanghai Sewerage Project III 684.7 /250 1. Approval of Water Resources One 2. Solid Waste Management # 1: Master Plan; (2002 - (I) Laogang Landfill Expansion IV; 2. Cost recovery from service fees 2007) levied on users; (2) Food waste collection system; 3. Social capital participation in (3) GIS-based computerised MIS. supply of public services; 3. Upper Huangpu wastewater treatment plants: 4. Issuance of a domestic bond for (I) Fengjing Wastewater Treatment Plant; infrastructure financing (2) Xinjiang Wastewater Treatment Plant; 5. Set-up of an independent mechanism for price setting for (3) Fengxian South Sewer Treatment Plant. water and wastewater 4. Urban Environment Improvement # 1: Shanghai Old Town Greenbelt Ring Project. tAPL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -13 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project Phase 1. Solid Waste Management #2: --- /250 1. Completion of implementation of Two . the first stage of water ( - ) Containerization and upgradng transpor system; conservation and sludge (20038 (2) Sorting. collection and transfer management programmes; 2008) (3) Renovation and upgrading of containerised land- and 2. Corporatisation of 50 % of solid sea-transport system waste services; 2. Urban Environment Improvement #2: NW Park 3. At least 20% social capital 3. Upper Huangpu wastewater treatment plants; ownership and financing in public services; 4. Urban infrastructure upgrading; 4. Long term domestic bonds 5. Environmental quality monitoring. routinely issued for infrastructure financing. Phase 1. Renovation of old industrial areas; -- /200 Three 2. Urban Environment Improvement #3 (2006 - 3. Upper Huangpu wastewater treatment plants, 2010 4. Urban infrastructure upgrading. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 14 - Environmnental Assessment for Shan&hai Urban Environment Project 3 Assessment of the Proposed APL Strategic Framework 3.1 Analysis of Compatibility of APL Strategic Framework with Shanghai Master Plan It is stated in Article 29 of Planning Law of P. R. China that all the land use and construction within the city planning area shall comply with the city planning, and following related administration. Based on Shanghai City Master Plan (1999 - 2020) and Instruction for Shanghai City Master Plan (2010) endorsed by China State Council in May 2001, the assessment will address the compatibility of the strategic framework for APL Shanghai Urban Environment Project with Shanghai City Master Plan. The analysis shows that APL strategic framework is in full compatibility with Shanghai City Master Plan (Table 3-1). Table 3-1 Comparison of APL Strategic Framework with Shanghai City Master Plan APL Strategic Framework Shanghai City Master Plan Development objective Item 7 Feature of the City: Shanghai is the largest economic and shipping centre, as well as a national historical city in China. Shanghai is targeted to be an intemational centre for economy. finance, trade and shipping. Implementation period Item 4, Chapter I of Instruction: To close the linkage between Shanghai Master Plan and National Economic and Social Development Plan, ending term for Shanghai Master Plan is set to be 2010. Implementation: Item 64 Sewerage System 1. Set-up of sewage collection, Centralised sewage treatment, a major approach, will be set up combining with treatment and disposal facilities. decentralised sewerage system. Sewerage system will be improved for drinking including WWTPs at Upper water source protection and water environment improvement. Huangpu catchment For Upper Huangpu catchment, regional centralised WWTPs will be setup, and treated wastewater will be discharged into nearby water body. At Upper Huangpu drinking water protection zone, projects with sewage discharge will be strictly controlled, meanwhile, higher waste treatment level is required. Item 39 Environmental Protection and Sanitation: Enhance protection at upper Huangpu drinking water protection zone Increase full use of water resource, control over total mass load of urban wastewater, increase centralised treatment of urban wastewater, and reduce discharge of industrial wastewater Implementation: Item 39 Environmental Protection and Sanitalion: Solid waste management 2. Providing environmental-safe Landfill, incineration, bio-treatment and comprehensive utilisation will be the facilities for solid waste treatment major options for treating and disposal of domestic refuse in an and disposal environmental-friendly way. Garbage sorting and collection system will be set up together with a waste minimisation, recycling and reusing system. A safety landfill for hazardous wastes will be set up. Shanghai will basically realise non-hazardous disposal of domestic wastes and comprehensive utilisation of industrial solid wastes based on a wide waste management network. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 15 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Pro'ject APL Strategic Framework Shanghai City Master Plan Implementation: Item 35 Objectives for Landscape: With greening, environmental improvement and 3. Environment protection and pollution control projects, the overall environmental quality in Shanghai will be greening project improved. Landscape design, together with heritage conservation, will be improved to perfect the visual appearance, and form an eco-environment with human and nature in harmony. Item 36 Greening: Following the strategy of harmonious cohabitant of human and nature, greening landscapes will be optimised. Ring, notch, corridor or round shaped greening landscapes in downtown areas together with large coverage of man-made forests in rural areas will form the greening landscape in Shanghai, greatly improve the eco-environment. By 2020, per capita public green space in Shanghai will be over 10 m2, per capita green land index will be over 21 m2, and green coverage will be greater than 35%. Some green landscapes, larger than I ha with service radius of 500 m, will be set up in downtown area to fill the area vacant of greening. For districts in central areas, one more pieces of 20 ha is required. Each district will own a green space at least 4 ha in size and each neighbourhood community will own at least I ha green space. Each town in the rural area will own a public green space above 3 ha and a forest belt of 50 m wide surrounding the town. Item 41: Principle for Historical Site Preservation Shanghai is a national historical city. Historical site and cultural heritage will be preserved and co-existed with modem development. Shanghai will become a city with rich history and various culture combinations. Item 43 Historical Site Preservation Tradition Old Town of Shanghai. located at Renmin Road and Zhonghua Road, will be preserved. Yu Garden, Chenxiang Pavilion, Wen Miao (Culture Temple) and Dajing Pavilion, and etc. will be the preservation targets. Implementation: Item 57 Overall Objectives for Infrastructure Construction: With comprehensive 4. Infrastructure construction planning and proper layout, infrastructure construction will be upgraded to catch up with the level of mid-developed countries at the same period in general. Item 1, Chapter 11 of Instruction: Infrastructure in Shanghai. both of its quantity and quality, shall be satisfied with the growing demand from economic and social development as well as living improvement for fulfilling the long term development objectives and solidifying foundations for future growth. By 2010, infrastructures such as water supply, power, gas. communication, sewerage facilities will meet related demands. Planning and construction of key infrastructures need to comply with the city's sustainable development. Implementation: Item 90 Planning Implementation Mechanism: Improve policy mechanism for city 5. Improvement of city-wide water planning implementation. With law, administrative and economic instruments, resource management and solid planning will be implemented in a proper way. waste management. strengthening of institutional arrangement for environmental protection 6. Set-up of financing mechanism for environmental infrastructure (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 16 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project 3.2 Compatibility with Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme along Riversides of the Huangpu River 3.2.1 Briefing on Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme along Riversides of the Huangpu River The municipal government of Shanghai formally launched a Comprehensive Development Programme on Riverside along the Huangpu River on the 10th Jan 2002. It will be another ambitious project following Pudong development started 12 years ago in Shanghai. The project aims to developing riversides along the Huangpu River into an international-level one, demonstrating the city's image. The riversides will be shifted from current warehouses and docks to financial and trade zone, tourist attraction, and residential areas. It will help Shanghai to reach its long-term objective, i.e., an international centre of economy, finance, trade, and shipping. Total investment is expected to be 100 billion yuan RMB. The ambitious project will cross five administrative districts as Pudong, Luwan, Huangpu, Hongkou and Yangpu. Total planning area is 2,260 ha with riverbank of 20 km long. Four areas are planned to be the focal points: * Yangpu Bridge: This area, 1.99 kM2, will be a residential area as well as an education, science & technology park. * Shanghai shipyard to north Bund: This area, 1.06 km2, will be renovated focusing on shipyard rebuilding and international water transport centre setup. Docks at Shanghai Shipping Yard will be rebuilt into a tourist and entertainment site, meanwhile, office and residential buildings will be set up along the riverside. These constructions at the crossing of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek together with buildings at Bund and Liujiazui Financing and Trade Zone will form a unique landscape in Shanghai. * Shiliu Pu to Dongchang Area: This area, 0.35 kin2, will be developed into a residential area. Existing water transport station will be removed, and some warehouses will be rebuilt into a holiday market. An Old Town will be set up as a new tourist and shopping centre among the traditional architectures of Yu Garden. The Old town and new development zone, past and future will be linked here. * Nanpu Daqiao: This area is about 3.43 km2 large. It will be developed into an area for living, working and entertainment. The site of 2010 Expo will be the hot spot in this area. It is planned that a man-made isle will be set up, like Fuxing Isle at downstream of the Huangpu. When all the development projects along the Huangpu are completed, two axes in the City will come into being. One is a east-to-west axis from Century Park in Pudong to Hongqiao Development Zone in Puxi, and the other is a north-to-south axis that is along the city's artery, Huangpu River, and will be the shining star demonstrating Shanghai's development in the 21st century. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 17 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project 3.2.2 Analysis of Compatibility of APL Strategic Framework with Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme of Riversides along the Huangpu Comprehensive redevelopment of riverside of the Huangpu is the core project for Shanghai to implement the City Master Plan in the new century. Therefore, all the construction projects shall be in line with this core task, helpful to the environmental improvement and functional change of the Huangpu River. 1) Sharing common development target These two projects are bearing the common strategic objectives that are to build Shanghai into an international centre of economy, trade, finance and shipping, to improve the overall environmental quality and living standard, and to upgrade the sustainability of Shanghai. The two projects are compatible and supplementary to each other. 2) SHUEP in APL Programme will facilitate the comprehensive redevelopment on riverbank site along Huangpu * The service area of SSP-III covers Baoshan, Hongkou, Yangpu and Pudong districts. Except Baoshan District, the rest areas are included in the major redevelopment zone in Huangpu River project; * Construction of WWTPs at Upper Huangpu aims to protect drinking water source and improve water quality at water intake. Downstream users will be benefited; * Solid waste management project will provide a sound solution for the domestic refuse, restaurant wastes, hospital wastes through waste minimisation, reusing and recycling; * The Old Town project, listed in the SHUEP, is also suggested in Huangpu River redevelopment project. • Some urban infrastructure engineering and rehabilitation of industrial zones are also covered in Huangpu River redevelopment project. 3) Policy mechanism for Huangpu River redevelopment project is just what is advocated in APL strategic framework To facilitate the comprehensive redevelopment of riversides along Huangpu River, the SMG has released a group of favourite policies. The role of government will be changed with planning, policy support and service as major tasks. Shanghai has established Huangpu River Redevelopment Investment (Group) Ltd. to care the project physical operation. In the APL strategic framework it is stressed that the role of government should be changed from an investor of environmental infrastructure and a direct service provider into an organiser and a mediator. Financing through various sources and establishing environmental industries to provide services are advocated. In fact, China's entry into WTO has already laid a common platform for the SHUEP in APL Programme and Comprehensive Redevelopment Project of Riversides along Huangpu River. These two projects are with same innovative policy mechanism. (APL EA Draflt En 0202.doc) Environmental Assessment for Shanlhai Urban Environment Proj'ect 3.3 Assessment of Impact on Regional Environment Quality in Shanghai 3.3.1 Regional Environmental Objectives in Shanghai 3.3.1.1 Objective of Ambient Air Quality An integrated objective of ambient air quality by 2005 is to make Shanghai a metropolis with good ambient air quality, suitable for business development and living whilst the main index of ambient air quality should reach the average level of same kind of metropolis in developed countries in mid 1990s. By 2010, the main index of ambient air quality will reach the same level of developed countries. 3.3.1.2 Objective of Surface Water Quality Objective of water quality in the end of "the tenth five year" period is to let the black and stink be eliminated in main waterways in city proper area, the pollution of suburban waterways be arrested, water quality of Suzhou Creek and The Huangpu River improve continuously, so as to improve the aquatic ecosystem step by step, and let fishes return in river. A long-term objective is to overall meet the requirement for water environmental functions, let fishes appear in rivers with beautiful scenery along rivers, so as to create a good ecological environment in Shanghai. 3.3.1.3 Objective of Acoustic Environment Short-term objective of the acoustic environment is: 100% compliance for regional ambient noise; 90% compliance for traffic noise; * 90% compliance for stationary sources; * 15 more neighbourhoods and areas in compliance. Long-term objective: * 100% compliance for regional ambient noise; * 95% compliance for traffic noise; * 100% compliance for stationary sources; * 28 more neighbourhoods and areas in compliance. 3.3.1.4 Objective of Solid Waste Disposal Focused on no harm disposal of domestic garbage, to establish a service system of sorting. collection and minimisation and reusing, to construct secure landfill site for hazardous wastes, thus form a sanitary management and garbage disposal system for a mega-metropolis. By 2005, 90% of city proper area will practise sorted collection of domestic garbage, the garbage reuse rate will reach 64%. In the "tenth five year" period, it is planned to invest 8.4 billion yuan to construct 53 garbage handling facilities and 11 comprehensive solid waste treatment plants basically to realise the no harm of domestic garbage and comprehensive utilisation of industrial solid wastes. 3.3.1.5 Objective of Greening Planning The new round of integrated planning objective is to readjust the layout of green land, compliment (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 19- Environmental Assessment for Shanzhai Urban Environment Project types of green land, make city scenic spots abundant, and improve urban environment quality. The objective is to form a large greening system in urban environment of city proper which take "circulation, insertion, gallery, garden" as the basic, combining with forest land at seashore, green land in beaches, shelter green land and greening along both sides of main traffic roads and the corridor of high tension lines, greening belts along rivers, orchards, economical forests, scenery areas and special green lands. Near-term objective is to achieve over 6 m2 of public green space per capita, over 12 m2 of green space per capita, and greening rate > 18%, greening coverage rate > 30%. 2 Long-term objective by 2020 is to reach public green space per capita > 10 m2, green space per capita > 21 m , greening coverage rate > 35%. 3.3.2 Actions Planned to Improve Local Environment in Shanghai To continuously improve the environment and provide a sound environmental infrastructure for living and business in Shanghai, an environmental planning, the objectives for medium and long term environmental protection, as well as the action plan for 2001 - 2005 have been set out in Shanghai based on the city master plan. The implementation of projects according to APL strategic framework along with city renewal will push the city-wide implementation of the environmental plan. 3.3.2.1 Actions for Ambient Air Protection The actions planned to improve ambient air will be: * to relocate polluting enterprises within the city centre; * to make balanced use of energy such as prohibiting new installation of coal-fired facilities within Inner Ring Road and promote electricity-based energy consumption; * to renovate coal-fired industrial boilers of small-and-medium size with natural gas fired ones; * to introduce clean coal technology and establish co-generation facilities within the area between Inner Ring Road and Outer Ring Road; and * to promote cleaner production technology and enhance pollution control over existing point sources. To ensure the roadside air quality compliant with Class 2 level of National Ambient Air Quality Standard, following measures will be implemented: To enforce a more rigid vehicle exhaust standard for new vehicle, European III standard will be enforced on light-duty vehicles by the year 2008, while for heavy-duty vehicles and motorcycles, it is required that the emission standard shall be in line with the international practice by the year 2010. * To improve inspection and maintenance on the vehicles in use; To promote cleaner fuel application for vehicles; * To boost mass transportation and implement a regional traffic volume control programme, and etc. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -20 - Enviromnmental Assessment for Shangha Urban Environment Projlect 3.3.2.2 Actions for Water Environment Protection Following actions planned will be implemented for the water environment improvement: * The industries with direct discharge of effluent into The Huangpu River will be relocated; * Dry weather flow being discharged into The Huangpu River via pumping stations will be intercepted into the sewerage system; * Sewage interception system for Pudong section of SSP-II will collect the sewage which is currently directly discharged into The Huangpu River, and completed during 2001 - 2005; * The existing hydraulic infrastructure will be fully deployed to regulate the water flow in some small-and-medium sized waterways; * Land areas between Nanpu and Yangpu Bridges will be rehabilitated based on the scheme approved by SMG. 3.3.3 Potential Impact of the Strategic Framework on Regional Environment 3.3.3.1 Improvement on Air Quality As the air pollution is quite concerned in Shanghai, SMG gave a high priority to it. An air pollution control component could be included in APL Programme. This could comprise the conversion of boilers used for district heating, and conversion of buses and taxis for use of cleaner fuel, e.g., CNG, etc. to deal with the growing pressure of vehicle pollution to the city's air quality. Such kind of action is actually a part of the planned measures to be taken for improving the ambient air, and will no doubt benefit the environment in Shanghai. In addition, in connection with the proposed components in the programme, a series of different sectoral actions are closely related to the improvement of local air quality. Those could include the upgrading of operation process in collection, transport and disposal of garbage by solid waste management, greening and landscaping for city centre upgrading by urban rehabilitation, eliminating of the black and stink in the waterways in the city proper by wastewater management, and so on. 3.3.3.2 Improvement on Water Environment It is expected that the implementation of proposed APL strategic framework will reduce sewage of considerable amount directly discharged into the Huangpu River and its tributaries. This will somewhat improve the water quality. If the implementation of projects of APL is coincided with Shanghai Tenth Five-Year Water Environmental Plan, there will be a great improvement in the water environment in Shanghai. At that time, over 70% of direct loadings in the middle and lower reaches of The Huangpu River could be reduced to result in the water quality there meeting Category IV level; whilst over 40% of direct loadings in the upper Huangpu would be cut down to make the water quality achieving Category III. For the major waterways in the City Proper, Category V level could be met. Meanwhile, the rehabilitation on land area along the downtown section of The Huangpu River will be synchronically implemented. Bustling downtown together with rivers and green pedestrian corridors will be a unique feature for Shanghai, a city by water. iAPL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 21 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project 3.3.3.3 Improvement on Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste The implementation of the SHUEP will form an overall process management system for handling solid waste from its source to the ultimate disposal. Sorting collection, containerised transport, recycling and reuse, sanitary landfill, incineration, biochemical treatment, and etc. will be applied. By 2010, the sorting collection of domestic refuse in the urban area of Shanghai would be near to 98%, recycling for reuse 20%, compacting collection 95%, thus, the transport of refuse will be basically sealed and containerised. In the whole city proper, the reuse of domestic refuse could be expected to reach* 70%, non-hazardous disposal 100%, and 75% night soil disposal would be conveyed by sewers. By 2010, the sorting collection of domestic refuse in the rural area of Shanghai would be near to 98%, recycling for reuse 15.2%, compacting collection 80%, and the collection system of refuse will be all established in all villages. In the whole rural area, the reuse of domestic refuse could be expected to reach 75.1%, non-hazardous disposal 100%, and 50% night soil disposal in towns would be conveyed by sewers. 3.3.3.4 Improvement on Ecological Condition Greening and landscaping will form a variety of beautiful scenery. It will help Shanghai improve bio-diversity and create a better eco-environment. 1) To alleviate "heat island" effect in city Because of the thermal pollution from industrial and scarcity of green space, the city proper has a serious "heat island" effect regardless of the waterways such as the Huangpu River, Suzhou Creek traversing. The vegetation, especially big trees, is a useful tool to regulate the air humidity and temperature, prevent strong wind, and improve local climate. According to a research on the effect of Yanzhong Green Space in the downtown in 2001, it has been found that the green space is capable of alleviating the intensity of local heat island by decreasing 0.6°C of the air temperature. Greening project of APL Programme will increase the green coverage and improve the local eco-environment. It will play an important role in alleviate local "heat island" effect and create a comfortable living surroundings. 2) To beautify the city The Old City and others are the areas mixed with industries, residents and docks at present, and are all planned to renew. The APL Programme will improve those areas for providing good entertainment and relaxation sites for the citizens and visitors. 3) To clean air and reduce noise Green plants have a unique function in respect to cleaning the air. They can reduce dust, absorb toxic or harmful gases, and release healthy negative ions. A green corridor can also reduce noise as well. 3.4 Assessment of Social Impact 3.4.1 Potential Impact of Land Acquisition 1) To accomplish the renewal of areas which land is to be acquired (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 22 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment ProJect The land to be acquired in the projects in APL Programme is mostly in the areas, which are old and mess with lack of availability of good infrastructure and green space in Shanghai. In the new round of Shanghai Master Plan, they have been prioritised to rehabilitation. The implementation of the APL Programme will speed up this plan to realise and enable those areas to shift their functions more rational. 2) To raise land value It is estimated that the price of real estate may several folds increase in such as Old Town Greenbelt Ring, NW Park and their vicinity. The steep rising for the price of properties along the riversides due to the successful project of Suzhou Creek Rehabilitation and establishment of Lujiazui Financial and Trade Centre are convincing examples. 3.4.2 Impact on Living Standard of Resettlers In the proposed sites to be acquired in the projects of APL Programme, most residents are living in old houses, and some even in sheds and shacks. Incomplete infrastructure, dense population and environmental degradation result in unsatisfactory living conditions for residents. All of the industrial polluters, together will those old residential houses will be relocated. The residents will move into some larger residential areas, constructed according to the city master plan. Taking a certain residential area in the Old City as the example, the living condition there is compared with another one for resettlement located between Inner Ring Road and Outer Ring Road (Table 3-2). Table 3-2 Example for Comparison of Living Conditions before and after Resettlement Item An old residential area A residential area near Outer Ring Road Environment Type of land Mixed with residences, stores. Large residential area factories Environmental Per capita green space is zero, with 30% green coverage with quiet and quality noise and poor sanitation comfortable surroundings Housing Per capita living area 4-5 m2 About 20 m2 Type of housing Old 1-2 story building or shacks Six story building with good sunshine Facilities With town gas. but no sanitation, Town gas, sanitation, individual shared kitchen kitchen Shops Shop scale Various, from large to small Medium and small sized shop, enough for living necessities Shopping convenient Not bad Education Schools Various school, primary. secondary, Primary school and middle school, but high school and professional school. rather far away in short distance. Education quality good Normal Communicatio Mass transport many bus lines Limited bus line APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -23 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project ns Road condition congested Smooth Health care Hospital level hospitals at municipal. district or hospitals at district or neighbourhood neighbourhood level level Entertainment Amount Many, cinema, shopping mall and Scarce cafeteria. and etc. It is illustrated there will be a great improvement regarding living environment and housing, however, education, communications, health care and entertainment facilities will be not so convenient and facilitated as the downtown areas. However, the overall living conditions for the resettlers will be greatly improved. 3.4.3 Impact on Population Distribution The SMG is making efforts to optimise the population structure and improve citizen's quality. Reduction of the population density, particularly in the downtown area, is one of the tasks. The resettlement at such as Old Town Greenbelt Ring is in line with this trend. There will be a great change regards to the population distribution and structure in this area. 3.4.4 Impact on Scenery Views The Old Town Greenbelt Ring and upgrading of wastewater management and solid waste management systems are also parts of the comprehensive development project along the Huangpu River. The Huangpu River is the major waterway in Shanghai. The waterway rehabilitation together with greening and landscaping programme has been prioritised in the Shanghai Master Plan. This is the first largest landscaping project in Shanghai for the new century. This is a planning at higher standard and higher level. The waterways will create a harmonious and dynamic environment for Shanghai. According to this master plan, some key industrial polluters like shipyards, steel plants, and construction material plants will be removed. The areas along the Huangpu River will be redeveloped into a relaxation and recreation site for visitors and citizen. It will become a key scenery spot and a symbol of Shanghai in the 2l1 5 century. It will be no doubt to support and promote the realisation of this ambitious plan by providing with adequate infrastructure through implementation of the APL Programme. 3.4.5 Impact on Cultural Property A city's architecture is the showcase of its history. The Old Town Greenbelt Ring in the APL Programme, for instance, is to be located in the old town, which represents the unique tradition of Shanghai. Yu Garden and Chenxiang Pavilion are the state-level preserve properties, together with 10 city and district level ones, and some tradition residential areas and shops. Surrounded by Yu Garden on the north, Wen Miao (Culture Temple) on the south, and Shuyin Pavilion on the east, this whole area is preserved as a small traditional old town of Shanghai. In particular, the proposed site of the Old Town Greenbelt Ring will be closely linked with the Bund Historic and Cultural Style Preserve Zone and its opposite, the Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone, across the Huangpu River. The Bund is an outstanding architectural showcase, and nearby Shanghai General Post Office is another state-level preserve building. Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone is the demonstration of the city's recent development since 1990. It is a picture of modem Shanghai. From Yu Garden, Old (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 24 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project Town, the Bund, to Lujiazui, and other development projects along the riversides of the Huangpu River, it is a track of five-hundred-year development and history of Shanghai. Therefore, the APL Programme will actively promote the historic and cultural property preservation in this area. 3.4.6 Impact of Policy and Institutional Reform The development target of SHUEP in APL Programme will come true through a package of measures in policy, institutional and financial reform, and physical project investment. The reason why the World Bank wishes to provide loan to SMG depends to a considerable degree upon the innovation capacity in respect to policies, institutional arrangement, and Shanghai's wish to become an example for other cities in China. Just as the preparation for the APL project, the SMG is continuing to change from a direct service provider to more of a regulator and facilitator, and to implement the project according to market operational mechanism. Shanghai is seeking for domestic and overseas outstanding enterprises, qualified personnel and capital to participate in development of projects, and to promote the construction for urban environment in Shanghai. Therefore, the APL strategic framework will certainly give Shanghai impetus to further reform and opening. Besides, the APL is an appropriate vehicle to improve the management of the Huangpu River catchment. A catchment should be managed as a whole regardless of its extent across the administrative boundaries. There has been a lot of lessons by the responsibilities for water resources management split among different agencies. The APL Programme may be expected to give impetus to change such a situation. It could greatly benefit the whole catchment. 3.4.7 Influence on the World Bank Now, Asia-Pacific region is taking a leading role in the global economic development. China has become one of the countries with highest economic growth and highest international investment. Shanghai is the leading city and the most dynamic areas in China. Selecting Shanghai to implement the APL Programme would be a sensible choice. Shanghai, as so called a "dragon's head" of the Chang Jiang, has an enormous influential capacity to the inland part of China. As Shanghai is situated at the middle of the western coastline of Pacific Ocean, it can play an example role in developing countries all over the world through the widespread exchange with the global community for the latest 200 years. The SMG is one of the strongest local governments possessing market consciousness and highest efficiency. All of these would be of great advantage to ensuring the security of World Bank loan, and to managing the implementation and finally to realising the development targets of APL Programme. Therefore, the implementation of APL Programme in Shanghai could further promote the influence of APL itself as well as the World Bank in the world. It can become a bridge to connect the whole world. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 25 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project 4 Description of SHUEP in APL Programme Phase One Components 4.1 General Phase One of SHUEP in APL Programme is composed of five components. Table 4-1 lists the characters of those sub-projects. Table 4-1 Characters of five sub-projects Name of project Construction site Project scale and scope of service Character Shanghai Sewerage Project Baoshan, Hongkou, Yangpu Total service scope: 167.61 km' Wastewater (Phase 111) Districts, and Pudong New and 2.13 million population. collection and Area Project includes: sewage treatment treatment project plant (design capacity 0.50 million m3/d). 19 sewage pump stations, and 16 storm drainage ones Laogang Landfill Expansion Laogang Town of Nanhui Design capacity: 4,900 t/d. service Domestic solid Project (Phase IV) District area: urban area and Nanhui waste disposal District project Greening and historical city Huangpu District Construction area: 89,600 m2. with Historical zone park around old zone 5.357 households and 254 units to reformed and be resettled greening project Fengjing Wastewater Fengjing Town of Jinshan Design capacity: 14,000 m3/d Wastewater Treatment Plant District collection and treatment project Jinshan Xinjiang Tinglin, Jinshanwei, Wastewater Wastewater Treatment Plant Shanyang and Zejing, 4 collection and Towns of Jinshan District treatment project Fengxian South Sewer 13 towns of Fengxian District Wastewater Treatment Plant collection and treatment project 4.2 Shanghai Sewerage Project III Since 1 980s the SMG has reinforced the input on environrmental programmes, the SSP-I and SSP-II were completed, improving the water quality of the Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek. But sewages from some areas of Suzhou Creek catchments and parts of Huangpu, Baoshan, Zhabei Districts as well as part of Pudong Area still discharged to the Huangpu River, to damage the water environment and to restrict the sustainable development of Shanghai. In order to improve the drainage system, solve the problem of mixing of sewage and storm runoff, the SSP-III is expected to effectively solve the problem of handling the sewage of North and Northeast parts of urban area. It also provides the solution to the intercepted sewage from tributaries of Suzhou Creek and Hongkou Gang and Yangpu Gang areas, and then improves water quality of Suzhou Creek, Huangpu River and their tributaries. APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 26 - Environ-mental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project 4.2.1 Service Area Total service area is 163.34 km2 to serve population of 2.39 million with a sewage flow rate of 1.06 million m3/d. The service area mainly consists of three parts, i.e.: Area A: South of Shidong Kou sewage discharge system (Yunzao Bang as boundary), north of service area of SSP-I. Its service area covers 117.2 km2 serving population of 1.41 million. Area B: North of Suzhou Creek, west of the Huangpu river, south of service area of the SSP-1. Its 2 total service area covers 31.56 km serving population of 0.88 million. Area C: North of Zhaojia Gou in Pudong which is not served by the SSP-I. Its total service area is 14.58 km2 serving population of 93,100. Fig. 2 and 3 illustrate the range and geographical positions of various service areas. Table 4-2 Gives the service areas and population of this engineering and planned sewage quantity. Table 4-2 Service areas of SSP-III Planned sewage flow Area Service area (km2) Service population (million) (Mm3/d) A 121.58 1.4126 0.6000 B 31.56 0.8802 0.4052 C 14.58 0.0931 0.0547 Sum 163.34 2.3859 1.06 4.2.2 Main Elements of the SSP-III 1) Sewage collection system: Trunk sewer and link sewers in sub-service areas, main storm runoff drainage system in Baoshan District. 2) Construction of Minxing Sewage Treatment Plant, or No.2 Zhuyuan Sewage Treatment Plant: Wastewater treatment - sewage treatment plant; Wastewater discharge - outlet pumping station and outfall. 4.2.3 Sewage and Storm Runoff Collection System and Diversion 4.2.3.1 Area A 1) Collection system and pipe alignment Most part of this area is using separate system. In order to avoid re-excavating the roads due to laying sewage sewer and storm drainage sewer not at same time, the construction of both systems will carried out at same time. It will serve the area south of Yunzao Bang (including the area in Zhabei District which has not been served by the SSP-I and the Suzhou Creek tributary catchment interception project). (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -27 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project Total service area is 55.56 km2 with population of 0.5511 million and design capacity of 0.2334 million m3/d. 134.63 km trunk sewer will be build, meanwhile 3 sewage pump stations at Minzhu, Wenshui and Zhangmiao will be build. Of 136.45 km storm draining pipes, 82.515 km will be laid in the near future whilst the rest 53.93 km will be in the far future. Of total 16 storm drainage pump stations, 10 ones will be built in the near future. 2) Sewage discharge To utilise the spare capacity of the SSP-I and Shidong Kou Sewage Treatment Plant, they may receive 0.40 million m /d and 0.60 million m3/d of sewage flows respectively. 4.2.3.2 Area B 1) Discharge option There are two options for discharge in the Area B: Option 1: On-site treatment by construction of a sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 0.50 million m3/d to meet the requirement for Class 2 of Shanghai Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard and then discharge its effluent into the Huangpu River. Option 2: Conveyance of the sewage in the Area B to Zhuyuan where the Zhuyuan No.2 Sewage Treatment Plant to be facilitated to meet the requirement for Class 2 of Shanghai Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard and then discharge its effluent into Chang Jiang 2) Collection system and pipe alignment Service area of the collection system is Changbai, Kongjiang, Da Dinghai, Zhoujiazui and Fuxing M2 Isle drainage systems, east of Yangpu Gang, covering an area of 11.37 km with population of 0.307 million and design capacity of 1.63 million m3/d. 6 trunk sewers are to be laid with a length of 9.54 km in total, and a sewage pump station at the Jiamusi Road is to be built. If the sewage is sent to Minxing Sewage Treatment Plant, 3.554 km long trunk sewer in 3,500 mm in diameter will be built whereas 13.524 km trunk sewer in 2,700 - 3,500 mm in diameter for the Option 2. 4.2.3.3 Sewage Collection System in Area C and Pudong New Area It will be implemented by near-term and long-term steps: Near-term: the secondary trunk sewer (including pump station) is designed based on projected sewage flow, 5 pieces with 34.2 km long in total and 7 midway lifting pump stations will be constructed. Long term: the tertiary trunk sewer with 248.28 km long in total for all towns, and 8 local pump stations are to be built. 4.2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant A sewage treatment plant is to treat the sewage from the Area B. There are two options: on-site treatment and diversion to outside. On-site treatment is to build a sewage treatment plant beside the (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 28 - Envirornmental Assessment for Shangha Urban Environment Pro'ject Huangpu River and release its effluent into it. Diversion to outside is to collect the sewage and send to Zhuyuan, then discharge into Chang Jiang after being treated. Siting of the sewage treatment plant has two options: Minxing Sewage Treatment Plant and Zhuyuan No 2 Sewage Treatment Plant. 4.2.4.1 Design capacity The design capacity is 0.5 million m3/s with average dry weather flow of 5.79 m3/s, dry weather peak flow of 7.52 m3/s and minimum flow of 3.47 m3/d, and storm peak flow of 21.26 m3/s. 4.2.4.2 Design Strength of Influent and Effluent Based on the survey of sewage water, the strength of influent is proposed. The effluent strength ;should be in compliance with Class 2 of the Shanghai local discharge standard (Table 4-3). Table 4-3 Design strength of influent and effluent of the sewage treatment plant Item CODcE BOD | SS NH3-N TP Influent strength (mg/L) 300 150 200 25 4.0 Class 2 of local standard (mg/L) 120 30 30 10 1.0 4.2.4.3 Sewage Treatment Plant Site Alternatives Option 1: The location is selected at the area east of Jungong Road, north of Minxing Road, south of Gongqing Nursery, west of planned road (Fig. 3). Option 2: The location of the plant is selected at south side of Zhuyuan No.1 Sewage Treatment Plant. The land is under reservation by Zhuyuan No 1 Sewage Treatment Plant (Fig. 3). 4.2.4.4 Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives 1) Minxing Sewage Treatment Plant Secondary treatment process is adopted, plus nitrification and phosphorus removal, the effluent is to be disinfected prior to being discharged and partly be recycled. There are three options for the sewage treatment scheme: a. A2/O nitrogen and phosphorus removal technology is adopted, the effluent reused for landscape. b. High efficiency sedimentation pond + bio-filtration treatment, half underground. c. High efficiency sedimentation pond + bio-filtration treatment, underground. 2) Zhuyuan No 2 Sewage Treatment Plant A2/0 nitrogen and phosphorus removal technology is adopted. 4.2.4.5 Comparison of Alternative Technologies Two different treatment technologies at the same location is compared (Table 4-4). It seems that both sewage treatment technologies all could meet the requirement for «Shanghai Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard>), thus both are feasible. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -29- Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project 4.2.4.6 Discharge Outlet 1) Discharge into Chang Jiang The sewage collected from the Area B is to discharge into Chang Jiang at Zhuyuan, just south of the existing outfall of the SSP-1. A head tank would be combined with that of the outlet pump station into one located at inside 100 m from of the dyke. The discharge mode would be beside the bank. When an emergency discharge happens, a deep outfall would be used. (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -30 - Environment Assessment for Shanzhai Urban Environment Project Table 44 Comparison of alternative treatment technology No Comparison content Chemical sedimentation A2/O nitrogen and + bio-filtration phosphorus removal I Total investment (million yuan) 609.8005 635.8212 2 Unit investment (yuan/m3/d) 1,220 1,272 3 Staffing (person) 106 110 4 Dosage of polypropylene acylamide (kg/d) 725 325 5 Dosage of liquid poly-aluminum (kgld) 45,000 6 Unit power consumption (kWh/m3) 0.348 0.189 7 Annual electric consumption (MWh/a) 63507.1 34446.5 8 Sludge quantity (m3/d) 271 186 9 Annual total cost (million yuan) 104.9881 109.6415 10 Unit cost (yuan/m3) 0.58 0.60 11 Annual running cost (million yuan) (not 75.6719 79.0746 including depreciation or amortisation) 12 Unit running cost (yuan/m3) 0.41 0.43 13 Use of environmental capacity Partly Partly 14 Meet the requirement for Class 2 of Shanghai Effluent compliance dshresadr discharge standard 16 Operation management more complex simple * not including depreciation or amortisation :2) Discharge into the Huangpu River The outlet is to be set below the average level split into 2 - 3 ones with 30 m interval in between. The size of the outlet is 3,500 mm in diameter. During the dry season, the average flow rate is at 3 - 4 m3/s each. When an emergency happens, the sewage is to directly discharge into the Huangpu River via a bypass. 4.2.4.7 Treatment and Disposal of Sludge The sludge generated in the process of high efficiency sedimentation plus bio-filtration treatment will be 271.4m3/d with water content of 65%; whilst in the process of A2/O nitrogen and phosphorus removal will be 186 m3/d with the same water content. Sludge treatment will use mechanical concentrating and dewatering process; and its disposal will use barges or vehicles to send to a sludge treatment works at Bailong Gang. 4.2.5 Environmental Measures Planned 4.2.5.1 Treatment of Stink 1) Minxing Sewage Treatment Plant (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 31 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project The foul smell generated from the sewage treatment plant will be collected and treated with bio-filtrator, and finally emitted through a 16 m high stack. The biological technology could decompose pollutants in the waste gas into CO2 and H20 so as to avoid causing the secondary pollution. The installation of this process will need certain area but can be under the ground and covered as the top keeps the same level of the ground. 2) Pumping Stations The grid basin in the pumping stations will be covered with shelters, in which the foul stink gases would be concentrated and drawn to the treatment cabins before exhausted into the air. 4.2.5.2 Noise Prevention 1) Minxing Sewage Treatment Plant All the installations are to be set under the ground thus to mitigate the noise disturbance. 2) Pumping Stations Basically, submersible pumps are to be used in the pumping stations. The noise intensity of such kind of pumps will be 15 dB(A) lower than that of ordinary axial pumps. Meanwhile, the sound insulated doors and windows of the pump houses are to be used to greatly reduce the impact of noise to the surroundings. 4.2.6 Total Loading of Pollution Derived from the SSP-II1 The release of pollution loads from the SSP-III has been estimated (Table 4-5). 4.3 Laogang Landfill Expansion Project IV 4.3.1 Status of Previous Laogang Landfill Projects The Laogang Landfill started to construct in 1985, and its Phase I was commissioned in 1990 with an operation area of 1.5 km2. Since then, the Phase II was completed in the end of 1993, and the Phase III was in the early 2000. The total investment for the three phases amounted to 320 million yuan RMB, and the Landfill has covered an area of 3.2 km2 and a disposal capacity increased from 2,500 t/d to 7,500 tJd as a whole. At present, its actual capacity has reached 9,500 t/d. It is the only scaled landfill site for disposal of 90% of domestic refuse in Shanghai. In the present time the Laogang Landfill has not met the requirement for a sanitary landfill site. The major problems are as follows: no reliable anti-permeating measures in the landfill site; * the treatment of leachate incompliant with a discharge standard; * serious stink due to the exposure to the air when handling refuse on docks and filling work area; no separate drainage system facilitated to finished landfill cells; * water quality in the harbour basin polluted; * offensive smell emitted from leachate treatment system and regulating pond; no overall plan for the utilisation of the finished landfill site. IAPL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 32 - Enviromnmental Assessment for Shangai Urban Environment Projlect In 2001, the annual wastewater discharge from the Laogang Landfill amounted to 3.865 m3, in which, 0.365 million m3 were leachate, 36,500 m3 were domestic wastewater, and the rest was the amount for changing the water in harbour basin. The annual pollution loads amounted to 1,091 t of CODCr, 279 t of BOB5, 0.16 t of petrol, 151 t of NH3-N, and 817 t of SS. Table 4-5 Estimates of pollution loading of the SSP-III Type Item Option I Option 2 Option 3 | Option 4 CODc, (t/d) ¸60 BOD5 (tld) < 15 Wastewater NH3-N (tld) ¸ 5 TP (t/d) ¸0.5 SS (tld) 15 Solid waste Grit 4.4t/d (water 80%) Sediment 2.9t/d (water 60%) Sludge (water 65%) 271.4 186 186 271.4 (M3 /d) Spoil (mi3) 924418 774803 846049 876879 Foul/storm conveying 72-85 pump Inlet pump house 80-85 Aeration bio-filter 95-100 | 1 95-100 Sludge scrapper 85-90 Noise [dB(A)] Air blower (A2/O) 95-100 |95-100 Outlet pump house 80-85 Sludge dewatering 90-100 house Sludge recycle pump 75-85 Residue sludge pump 75-85 Stink pollutants H2S (kg/h) 0.144 Sewage NH3 (kg/h) 0.540 treatment plant Stink intensity 2000 (no dimension) Pump station H2S (mg/h) 124-1533 The gases generated from the filled area of the Laogang Landfill amounted to 23.98 million m3 annum, in which 13.19 million mi3 were methane, 7.19 million m3 were carbon dioxide, 3,000 mi3 (APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 33 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project were hydrogen sulphide, and 0.206 million m3 were ammonia. 4.3.2 Briefing of the Laogang Landfill Expansion Project IV Laogang Landfill Expansion Project Phase IV for disposal of 4,900 t/d of domestic refuse is to be located on the reclaimed shoals east of the previous landfills (Fig. 4). The proposed area will cover 3.36 million m2 (4,200 m from north to south, and 800 m from east to west) to fill up from +2 m to +13 m with a volume of 35 million m3. Its expectation life will be 18 years. The total investment will be 973.389 yuan RMB, and it will be completed and commissioning in 2004. The technical standard of sanitary landfill is taken as technical requirements for construction and operation of the Project. Vertical barrier and HDPE liner as an artificial anti permeating system will be built to enclose the operation area, and a separate drainage system and leachate treatment system will be facilitated as well. The way of transporting garbage will gradually be containerised. The filling operation uses such processes of compacting by layers, daily covering, interim covering and finishing covering after slope filling. The gas will be exhausted in the early stage, and collected and utilised to evaporate the leachate later. The refuse to be disposed of by the Project is mainly domestic from the urban area, and could be something additional from rural area and residues from reusing process after 2005. The composition of domestic refuse to be disposed of could be different from time to time (Table 4-6). Table 4-6 Composition of domestic refuse in the different periods Unit: % of wet weight - _ ~~~~Year 2005 2010 2015 Food waste & peel 62.37 58.76 55.78 Debris 2.17 1.92 1.79 Paper 10.83 12.82 15.44 Plastics 13.21 12.98 12.62 Textile 3.21 4.41 5.28 Wood & bamboo 1.93 2.49 2.86 Glass 5.45 5.64 5.36 Metals 0.83 0.98 0.87 4.3.3 Project Scheme 4.3.3.1 Layout of the Phase IV Landfill Zone The base of landfill zone is at a level of about 3.4 m above the datum enclosed by a cofferdam with a top elevation of 8.0 m. The area of filling zone is over 320 ha. The main road system consists of the roads in direction from east to west and from north to south connected with a circular round on the top of the cofferdam to form a complete round line. The {APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) - 34 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project landfill site is by those roads divided into four sub-zones each with two anti-permeating subzones in a size of 500 m (N-S) x 800 m (E-W) The anti-permeating subzones are separated by E-W dikes with 5.0 m in width on the top at the elevation of 4.5m and 1:2 side slope, and N-S dikes with 1.0 m in width on the top at the elevation of 4.5m and 1:2 side slope. Thus, an operation unit is in size of 500 m (N-S) x 133 m (E-W). 4.3.3.2 Anti-Permeating System Vertical permeation prevention is to build a vertical barrier enclosing the sites of the Landfills I, II and III. The barrier will be based on a natural horizontal anti-permeating layer existing at the elevation of -10 m to effectively cut off the connection of inside contaminated groundwater from the outside. Horizontal permeation prevention is structured in a consecutive order from bottom to top as follows (Fig. 5): groundwater collecting system, 20 cm thick sand drainage layer, up to 25 cm thick clay layer, base of anti-permeating film (400 g/m2 long fibre polyester geo textile with a permeability K< x IO-12 cm/s), 2 mm thick HDPE anti-permneating film, covering layer (400 g/m2 long fibre polyester geo textile), duct for draining leachate, 10 cm thick earth net, 20 cm thick sand layer, and 10 cm thick gravel layer. 4.3.3.3 Separate Drainage and Storm Runoff Diversion Three keys in the separate drainage for wastewater and rainwater in the Phase IV are to control that during operation, after the formation of interrnediate covering, and after finished covering. Thus, the measures to be taken are to drain the runoffs in the underground intruding the layer beneath the anti-permeating layer, in the base between filled and unfilled units, on road surface, on the intermediate covering surface and finished covering surface. 4.3.3.4 Options for Discharge of Storm Runoff Along the outside of Phase III cofferdam, an open ditch is to lay for collecting the runoff from the finished covering of the previous three Phases into an open drainage channel discharging to the East China Sea. The runoff generated in the four units from north to south of the Phase IV will be collected by gravity into either open ditches along the outside of Phase III cofferdam or the inside of eastern cofferdam of Phase IV, and then released into the open drainage channel. 4.3.3.5 Filling Operation and Covering 1) Transport of refuse Based on the current situation, the transport of refuse will be in compatible mode by using ,containers and in bulk. Having left docks, transfer trucks will be driven eastwards along the trunk roads across the zones of the previous Phases. Then the trucks pass the roads on the unit separate dikes via those on the main separate dykes and enter a filling operation unit to unload refuse. 2) Filling operation The filling operation can be done in two working spots simultaneously. Three bulldozers at each spot and three compacting rollers shared by three spots will be equipped. Bulldozers will spread and level a 0.6 m thick single layer, and conduct primary compacting before a special compacting imachine rolls 3 times to reach a dry compacting density not less than 0.6 t/m3 (corresponding to 1.1 *- 1.2 t/m3 of wet weight based on the present garbage composition). Then, refuse spreading and 4'APL EA Draft En 0202.doc) -35 - Environmental Assessment for Shanghai Urban Environment Project compacting on the next layer will be repeated. Corresponding to the three operational elevations (+4.5 m, +8 m and +13 m), the filling operation will adopt a scheme to reach the final level through two stages. Thus, the loading can be increased on the foundation stage by stage to suit the characters of lower bearing capacity and higher subsidence in the filling zones, as well as to help reduce the wastewater generation and ease the separate draining, collecting and discharging. Refuse landfill operation at the first stage is accomplished in two steps, i.e., filling up to +4.5 m elevation in the first step and then filling from +4.5 m to +8 m elevation in the second step. The first step of filling operation (+4.5 m elevation) adopts pit-filling method while the second one (+4.5 m to +8 m elevation) adopts piling method on an inclined plane. The second stage of filling operation (+8 m - +13 m elevation) adopts piling method on a inclined plane with 5 m thick refuse filling layer. 3) Covering There are three types of covering in the refuse landfill process: * Daily covering - After the filling operation has been finished every day, daily covering should be conducted with the material of degradable plastic membrane (degraded within one year) by a special scroll mounted at the back end of the bulldozer as a laying tool. * Intermediate covering - When the first stage of landfill started from the bottom of a unit is up to the top of the main separate dyke, the intermediate covering should be carried out with a 30 cm thick compacted earth layer. * Slope piling and finished covering - When the first stage of landfill is finished in a landfill zone, the slope piling will be started until the final elevation of +13 m reached and then a finished covering will be made. The surface area of the final covering of the Phase IV will be about 2.80 million mi2. The top covering will be 50 cm thick soil layer and 20 cm nutrient soil. 4.3.4 Environmental Measures Planned 4.3.4.1 Treatment and Discharge of Wastewater It is an expansion project. Wastewater in the landfill could be from three sources: leachate from filled units, leachate from the units of the Phase IV being filled, and washing water from docks. The wastewater amounts to 2,600 m/d in total with average strength of 10,000 mg/L of CODc,. 2,500 mg/L of BOD5, 1,200 mg/L of NH3-N, and 500 mg/L of SS. In the feasibility study report, it is indicated that the option by treatment to meet the Grade 3 of ,