E548 February 2002 Bosnia Herzegovina Environmental Infrastructure Project Environmental Assessment and Management Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Background ..1.......................................................... II. Bosnia Herzegovina Environnemental Infrastructure (EII) Project Description ......... 7 IV. Monitoring and Enforcement .................................................. 14 V. Baseline Condition ...................................................... 15 VI. Environmental Impacts and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) .... ................ 16 VII. Analysis of Alternatives ...................................................... 45 VIII. Environmental Management Plan ............................................. 46 IX Institutional Arrangements ..................................................... 50 X Public Consultation ...................................................... 51 XI Institutional Strengthening ...................................................... 52 I. Background Administrative Structure: The political structure of Bosnia Herzegovina (BiH) is important to understand in the context of solid waste management (SWM) because there are two separate administrative structures in place. After signing of the Dayton Peace Accord ( 14. Dec. 1995 in Dayton, Ohio, USA) Bosnia- Herzegovina administratively was divided into two entities: Federation of Bosnia Herzegovina (FiBH) and Republika Srpska (RS) . Another region of Bosnia-Herzegovina is the district of Brcko which is independent of both entities. FiBH is made up of 10 cantons and 80 municipalities, with separate administrations. RS does not have cantons but has seven regions and 61 municipalities The Federation Cantons are as follows: - Una Sana - Posavina - Tuzla - Zenica-Doboj - Bosnia-Podrinje - Srednjebosanski - Herzegovina-Neretva - West Herzegovina - Sarajevo - Herzeg-Bosnia The Republika Srpska regions are the following: - Banja Luka - Doboj - Bjeljina - Sarajevo-Romanija - Trebinje On the State level, the Ministry of Civil Works and Communications, would come the closest to having some relationship to SWM, but in practice all environmental laws in BiH are produced, approved, and implemented at the Entity level. In FBiH, environmental protection is decentralized to the cantonal level. In RS, environmental protection is the responsibility of the entity level. Institutional Arrangements. In the Federation, the Ministry of Planning and Environment is responsible for waste management policy and legislation while other Ministries also play a role including: Ministry of Agriculture, Water Utility and Forestry for wastewater discharge; Ministry of Health for clinical waste management and the Ministry for Energy, Mining & Industry for industrial waste management. This structure of organization responsibility is similar at the Cantonal level in FBiH. The Cantonal Ministries are largely responsible for policy and legislation in their 1 respective fields. . In RS, the Ministry of Urban Housing, Communal Services, Civil Engineering and Ecology is responsible for waste management policy and legislation. There is no Canton structure but the organization of services in the municipalities closely resembles that of the Federation. Within the municipalities, the Communal Enterprises are usually responsible for waste management as well as collection of fees from customers. There is also an Inter-Entity Environmental Steering Committee that was established in July, 1998 made up of Government officials, professionals and academics, to coordinate environmental policy in harmonizing environmental laws between the Entities. The unevenness in SWM organizational structures, evident from the above description, along with political realities, has led to huge inefficiencies in SWM. This is most evident in the excessive number of controlled and uncontrolled landfills throughout BiH, and the related infrastructure, most of which is obsolete or poorly functioning. This project will introduce a new approach to SWM which addresses the institutional, financial, technical and environmental aspects of SWM. Legal Framework: There is no law regulating solid waste management in BiH, on the State or entity level, nor any adequate acts which would deal with SWM. There are various laws which have some relationship to SWM including the Water Law, (Draft) Environmental Protection Law, and Law on Urban Planning. Most of the laws and regulations, however, only make broad references that are not directly applicable to SWM and to environmental procedures. The EU has financed two activities which address this state of affairs. First, the European Union (EU) funded preparation of a Nationwide Solid Waste Management Strategy completed in 2001. The Strategy was the first think piece on solid waste after the war. The Strategy recommends a wide range of technical, institutional and financial upgrading over the next 15-20 years. A key part of the Strategy centers on the management of household and municipal wastes. It is based on the establishment of multi-municipal districts covering a minimum of 200,000 persons each. Wastes collected from both urban and rural areas would be transferred to larger containers via transfer stations for transportation to a multi-municipal landfill site. In the long run, it is believed that less populated regions would also join and waste would be transported to fewer but larger landfills. Recycling and introduction of waste incineration are also promoted in accordance to EU standards. Second, the European Commission (EU PHARE) has recently (2001) initiated the development of draft environmental framework legislation for all of BiH with specific framework laws related to waste management, water protection, air protection, nature protection and integrated pollution prevention and control. The waste law is built upon EU laws on waste with the intention that this leads to environmental regulatory systems that are in alignment with both of the Entities and with the requirements of the EU. This work endeavors to provide a cohesive environmental policy by presenting a clearer understanding of the principles of environmental legislation and regulation and the links between environmental regulatory mechanisms and the economy, particularly with regard to integrated pollution prevention and control. 2 The Bank has asked for this new piece of legislation to clarify the responsibilities of solid waste agencies within both Entities and the Cantonal and municipal governments and make clear the roles and responsibilities for SWM from the municipalities to the State level by addressing the following: (a) the responsibilities of agencies involved in waste management; (b) the roles of the waste producers, collectors, transporters disposers; (c) hazardous/clinical wastes; (d) agricultural/forestry wastes; (e) licensing and penalties; and (f) import/export and transit of wastes. The draft waste law is currently in review in both entities. Like the rest of the environmental legislation prepared under the EU funded activity, there will be considerable inter-entity debate regarding the law. To maintain consistency, the Environmental Infrastructure Improvement (ElI) Project will not provide additional support for the legislative improvements in SWM, leaving that to the EU. However, the ElI project approach builds upon the principles of the draft Waste Management Law, and ultimately, when the new law is passed, the ElI will have a head-start in implementing the new approach to SWM. Operational Structure: In both entities, waste collection is usually performed by the Communal Enterprise or any given municipality (CE), and sometimes its associated rural communities. The CE has a wide range of municipal responsibilities besides SWM including street cleaning, snow clearance, watering and maintenance of gardens/parks and sometimes funeral services, road maintenance, safeguarding of car parking lots, etc. CE staff are public sector employees and highly dependent on the municipality for office space and capital. CEs generally do not have a formal contract with the city for collection of municipal waste. However for "special " wastes such as that from hospitals, industries and commercial/retail businesses, CE perform their services under separate contracts. Waste Collection and Disposal: The collection of domestic waste is somewhat satisfactory in urban areas with waste collection (approximately 45% of the municipalities) despite the old vehicles and lack of containers. Rural areas usually don't have waste collection services. For both urban and rural situations, however, waste disposal is significantly inadequate and poses a major potential health and environmental problem. There are two landfills in BiH would could be classified as "sanitary". These are Uborak (in Mostar canton) and a small landfill in Tesanj. In both cases, these landfills have been upgraded and rehabilitated by donors, bringing them to sanitary landfill standards. The remainder of the municipal landfills (25 in RS; x in FBiH) do not meet sanitary standards. Current waste collection and disposal capacities are inadequate to keep up with waste production. This has led to significant quantities of waste being discarded in unofficial sites called "wild" or "illegal" dumps which been "established" on roadsides, in small villages, along/or in rivers, and in otherwise abandoned mines. Rural areas particularly rely on these illegal dumps with most villages having their own. These illegal dump sites contain various household, industrial, hazardous and clinical wastes. Industrial waste is usually disposed of with communal waste, although in rare cases there are industrial depots specialize for certain typoes of banned wastes. BiH has 3 no legal industrial waste dump sites. Waste incineration is very minor. Some hospitals, like industries, have their own waste management systems, but this is rare and often these wastes are mixed with municipal waste. Resource reuse and recycling are envisioned for the future, in Phase 2 of the Government's SWM strategy, but currently, in the absence of markets for the recycled products, these activities are not viable. The project will test the markets and opportunities for recycling, on a pilot basis, in one region where recycling is of interest, Livno, as described later. Cost Recovery. Most waste services fee collections are done by the Communal Enterprises. In most municipalities, all communal services (waste management, water supply, street cleaning, etc.) are covered by one invoice to households. In several large cities including Sarajevo, Mostar, Tesanj, and Banja Luka, municipal services are provided by a single utility and these large cities have high bill collection rates for waste collection and disposal theoretically giving them the potential to be financially viable. But in many other municipalities there is no legally binding provision to pay service fees. As a result, the average bill collection rate is as low as 40% and the utility is not financially viable. Poor bill collection rates have led to a situation where most Communal Enterprises are vastly underfunded, resulting in virtually no maintenance or new equipment purchase. The Communal Enterprises collect waste removal fees from hospitals and industry based on floor space. Neither the industries nor the hospitals consider this a fair system and, as a result, the majority are unwilling to pay their bills. This is exacerbated by that fact that the collected revenue is not managed properly. In a number of municipalities, because of the breadth of the CE responsibilities, their revenue is used to fund services such as street cleaning, maintenance of parks, etc. and that diverted to SWM is incalculable. With the new approach to SWM promoted by the Government and the ElI project, described below, the long term objective is for the SWM companies to become autonomous and self-financing through user charges, as is the case in Saraejvo and Tesanj Private Sector. Due to the general decrease in public spending after the war and greatly reduced donor financing, there is less funding for the Government to allocate directly for public services. The Entity Governments have held discussions seeking ways to introduce private sector participation in services including waste collection, rehabilitation and closure of dumps. Currently, opportunities in waste management involving the private sector are being explored (e.g. battery recycling factory in Tesanj, buy-back of aluminum in Mostar) and will be further developed, largely with foreign companies. However, prior to involvement of the private sector in providing municipal services, it is essential that the municipalities establish commercial discipline in maintaining their finances and operations. This is fundamental given the present limited shortage of management skills in municipalities and uncertainty regarding revenue sources. The ElI project will include activities to strengthen the municipalities commercial practices. Government Approach. The Government recognizes the need to significantly strengthen BiH's capacity to safely manage its solid wastes and has identified this as a 4 priority in its Economic Development Strategy Global Framework (EDSGF). The EDSGF is the Bosnian-owned strategy replacing the donor-led Priority Reconstruction and Recovery Programs for Policy and Development Assistance. The EDSGF states that solid waste sites have to be restricted to a relatively small number due to the limited available resources and that, in most cases, one site should be used by several adjacent urban and associated rural areas. The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), an inter-entity environmental strategy, is in preparation. The NEAP priorities have already indicated that solid waste management is a key environmental priority for BiH. The Government has adapted the EU SWM Strategy in the context of affordability and implementation capacity in BiH. The Government is keen to implement the EU prepared SWM Strategy's recommendation of establishing waste management districts through co-operation between several municipalities as it is recognized that the overall costs for running significantly smaller sanitary landfills in many single municipalities will rise and as a result, become even less affordable. Clearly the EU standards are beyond the reach of BiH currently, and a phased approach is needed. Thus, the Government intends to proceed with a priority first phase (2001-2005), a second phase (2005-2010) and a long-term plan (2010-2015). The Government has asked the World Bank to assist with the first phase of SWM implementation which focuses on landfill rehabilitation; safe methods of disposal; public awareness; training of sector staff; and expanded collection coverage. The Government seeks to develop multi-municipal disposal districts where a single landfill site can be rehabilitated and used for disposal of the waste generated by several municipalities. The rationale for this approach is that the number of sites should be consolidated to minimize expenses for landfills and waste disposal management. With the possible exception of Sarajevo, it is apparent that few if any municipalities in BiH generate enough waste to develop and operate their own independent sanitary landfills in a cost-effective and safe manner. Small municipalities generate limited quantities of waste and it is not economically viable for small individual municipalities to operate their own landfills. The multi-municipal concept involving one site for several urban and associated rural areas is seen as a viable approach to the current solid waste management problem, since shared waste treatment and disposal sites are expected to result in significant economies of scale. As municipalities start to share landfill sites, there will be a need to establish transfer stations to provide cost effective transportation of wastes to landfills. Transfer stations can take many forms and the Government favors low-cost transfer stations that are simple in design to reduce transport costs to sites and to optimize local vehicle time for waste collection. In terms of landfill rehabilitation, the Government approach is to focus on existing landfill rehabilitation as opposed to construction of new landfills. This will allow investments to be targeted to maximize current strengths, i.e., the existence of adequate landfill disposal capacity. This strategy reflects a calculated decision not to 5 invest in costly high-technology waste processing options at this stage. The ElI Project design supports this approach. Environmental Consequences: Water, air and land pollution are the most frequent negative environmental consequences associated with poor SWM. The most frequently cited environmental concerns in BiH in relationship to SWM is water pollution. In particularly, runoff and leachate infiltration from landfills, legal and illegal, are potential hazards for the groundwater aquifers in some areas of BiH that provide the main source of water supply. The aesthetic properties of landfills, particularly illegal dumps, including odors and unsightliness discourage are a nuisance to the local population and may hinder economic development in the immediate vicinity of these dumps. The full range of potential environmental impacts is described in more detail below in reference to the specific sites included in this project. Since there is virtually no environmental monitoring data since the war began to date, over ten years, there is no concrete evidence of negative environmental impacts related to SWM. The ElI project will contribute significantly to establishing a baseline against which to monitor impacts of solid waste management on the environment. 6 II. Bosnia Herzegovina Environnemental Infrastructure (ElI) Project Description The EII project will assist in the development of the regional waste disposal districts approach to SWM in BiH, as proposed by the EU and supported by the Government. This approach is based on the cooperation of multiple municipalities to rehabilitate and share existing landfills for disposal of the waste generated within their district. Consolidation of existing landfills is necessary for Bosnia Herzegovina (BiH) in affording sanitary landfills. The ElI project focuses on the most urgent investments for institutional strengthening, rehabilitation of existing landfill sites, safe methods of disposal, public awareness raising, training of sector staff, and extension of collection services to areas that are not presently covered. The strategy reflects a calculated decision not to invest in costly high-technology waste processing options. The project will lay the groundwork for subsequent implementation of the 15 year Government program, described above. The project will finance planning for the second phase of the strategy, under the institutional strengthening component. The practical experience gained with this project would serve as input for the further development of the BiH SWM strategy and the finalization of the solid waste management legislation. The project's objectives are to: (a) improve solid waste services cost effectively in participating priority areas; (b) increase administrative and technical capacity for solid waste management at the local and entity level; (c) improve the cost recovery mechanism of the sector to encourage private sector involvement; and (d) correct environmental problems and reduce health hazards caused by inadequate waste collection and disposal systems. The project components are: Component A. Waste Management Component Rehabilitation of existing disposal sites: Four landfills, in three "regions" have been identified during project preparation for rehabilitation to meet sanitary standards. The three regions, Tuzla, Livno and Mostar, and their respective landfills to be rehabilitated are: Region Landfill to be rehabilitated TUZLA VISCA TUZLA LAKAVACKA RJEKA MOSTAR UBORAK LIVNO l Banja Luka, the capital and largest city in RS, applied late in project preparation for consideration for including (Banj Luka landfill) in the project. Up to 35% of the credit is set aside for additional sites to be added to the EII project during implementation, and this will include consideration of the Banja Luka site. An additional 1-2 landfills could be added later in implementation to the project. 7 Illegal (Wild) Dump closures: This environmental assessment (EA) included an inventory of all illegal dumps in the three project regions. This was the first such inventory of its kind in BiH, and provides very useful information. The inventory of illegal dumps can be found in Annex x. This component will finance the equipment and civil works needed to permanently close illegal dump sites in an environmentally sound way and institute long tenr environmental monitoring. region The goods used for this component would eventually be reassigned to other landfill sites once the closures are complete. Approximately 35 illegal dumps will be closed in the three regions. Collection Infrastructure and Support Equipment: The EII project will finance SWM equipment including collection bins, support vehicles, and other related equipment in the three project regions. Transfer Stations: The ElI project will finance a limited number of economical transfer stations handling residential, commercial and institutional waste for consolidation to regional landfill sites. Transfer stations will be built on the sites of illegal dumpsites which have been closed by the project. Component B. Institutional Strengthening Community Participation and Public Education Program: This sub-component will support community activities required for efficient operation of the solid waste system. A community communications strategy which includes public awareness and education on solid waste issues will be financed. Public awareness raising will focus on the topics of the need for safe collection and disposal of household refuse and potential health/environmental problems created by inappropriate disposal of wastes in wild dumps, rivers and mines. The sub- component will also provide information on the project and hold public consultations during project implementation. This sub-component includes professional training for sector personnel, Business Plan - medium term: This sub-component will support preparation of a Government strategic plan for the medium-term development of the SWM system. The plan would address the medium-term approaches and investments required to maintain the SWM system and its upgrading to international standards. This sub-component would also involve development of financial management capacity for the system to operate on a commercial basis and measures to be taken to be ultimately privatized as appropriate. This sub- component includes training related to SWM including disposal, landfill operations, decommissioning of landfills, design of future landfill designs, and environmental assessment, monitoring, and enforcement. Project Assistance and Management: This sub-component will assist project management activities to include financial management , preparation of bidding 8 documents to purchase goods and implementation of works, as well as hiring of consultants to carry out the various studies under this sub-component. Component C: Eneineering Services/Investments Engineering Services/Investments. This component will finance technical assistance for the feasibility studies, and the financial, environmental and social assessments of landfill sites yet to be identified. It will finance preparation of the final designs and bidding documents; and provide support with the bidding procedures, for the investments and services provided under Components A and B. Investments would be chosen based on operational priority and cost. This component would also fund equipment and services for environmental monitoring programs at all project sites. 9 III. Project Location The criteria for the regions to be included in the ElI project, agreed upon with the Government and entity authorities, were: (i) a signed memorandum of agreement on willingness to share a regional waste disposal site covering a minimum of 150,000 people; (ii) willingness to levy appropriate user charges to recover costs; (iii) a commitment to cover operation and maintenance costs and ability to repay any borrowings over an extended period of time; (iv) the appropriate physical and geographic conditions of the landfill proposed for rehabilitation; and (v) environmental soundness. Feasibility studies for the rehabilitation of the landfills and financial analysis of the utilities' finances were conducted, under project preparation, for the proposed regions and associated landfills. Initially the regions which indicated interest in the project were only in FbiH . Subsequently RS has submitted a proposed site, which will be evaluated during project implementation. With the site selection narrowed down to three regions, social and environmental assessments were made of each. The feasibility study for each landfill site included a description of SWM systems, infrastructure inventory and assessment, and environmental concerns related to each site. This EA elaborates upon the environment findings of the feasibility studies for each of the four landfills included in the project in the three regions of interest: Tuzla, Livno and Mostar. Inventories of the illegal dump sites, including potential for environmental impacts, in these three regions were made as part of this EA. Descriptions of the regions, landfills, and the most notable potential negative environmental impacts are provided below. Descriptions of the mitigation measures for the potential environmental impacts can be found in Section VI of this report. For ElI project regions/landfills which will be determined during project implementation, the same criteria as provided above will be applied. Feasibility studies and environmental assessments following the same methodology as that used during project preparation will be conducted. The project implementing team (PIT) will be responsible for conducting these studies. (Since the project covers several cities and both entities, a PIT has been established within each entity Ministries of environment. The PIT will work with solid waste sector staff in different regions to serve as facilitators between the task team and local government/utilities. The PIT will oversee the environmental assessment and monitoring component of the project with the Ministries of environment responsive for enforcement.) Tuzla region : Tuzla is one of the ten cantons in FbiH. It is located in the Northeast portion of Bosnia-Herzegovina and is composed of 13 municipalities. These municipalities are: Tuzla, Lukavac, Gradacac, Gracanica, Doboj East, Srebrenik,Celi6, Teocak, Sapna, Kalesija, Zivinice, Banovi6i, and Kladanj. Each of the municipalities has their own Communal Enterprise which is in charge of 10 collection and disposal of solid waste. The largest city in the Canton is Tuzla, with 135,000 inhabitants: Tuzla is the administrative center for the Canton and was also a very strong industrial zone. Due to the large amount of industrial activities that occurred in this region, before the war, Tuzla is now facing a difficult environmental situation. Emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere cause low air quality, frequent emissions into the surface waters cause declining water quality, depletion of subsurface resources such as salt caused geological degradation. Dumpsites for industry as well as municipal waste are in the open and are not usually properly managed. The Tuzla region has a large number of unsanitary landfills (essentially open dump sites) as well as illegal dumps throughout the 13 municipalities. The solid waste management system is highly disorganized with no proper and strictly enforced control. Some of the dump sites are in close proximity to surface waters but their effect on groundwater is largely ignored. The points of interest regarding Tuzla are the fact that Lake Modrac is a designated drinking water source so it is important the ensure safety of the water supply. The two suggested landfills for the project site are both located in former surface pits from the mining industry. They are located in areas sufficiently removed from the Lake with one " Vis6a" located upstream and one is located upstream " Lukavacka rijeka", in a small village. This site is also located by a large artificial lake made by the mining processes. The environmental impacts on water quality and village residents are taken into particular account in the environmental management plan (EMP) found in Section VIII. The Mostar region, as defined in the project description, encompasses two Cantons in FBiH, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton and West-Herzegovina Canton. Within these two cantons 12 municipalities are included. The largest city in this region is the city of Mostar, with more than 100.000 inhabitants. Mostar is now the administrative center for the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. It also has a university, and before the war it had a well-developed industry. The major companies were Alumini- Aluminum electrolysis industry, Soko army aircraft industry, and Hepok agricultural complex. The major environmental issue in this region is protection of the Neretva River, which is a landmark, tourist attraction, hydro-power source, and an important water resource. Neretva is very important in agricultural irrigation. Neretva is also used as a drinking water supply, both in Bosnia-Herzegovina and neighboring Croatia. The Neretva flows almost through the entire Canton, through Croatia and discharges into the Adriatic Sea. Within the Mostar region there are a number of unsanitary landfills (legal) and illegal dumpsites. None of these sites have pollution-prevention measures that would safeguard the environment or the health and welfare of the local population and animals. Mostar itself is divided into 6 city municipalities, West, South West, South, North, South East and Stari Grad. Within these 6 city municipalities two public works organizations are functioning. Those are: Parkovi which is in charge of waste 11 collection for West, Southwest and South with no sanitary landfill as a final disposal site and Komos, the proprietor of the Uborak landfill that operates in the municipalities of North, South East and Stari Grad. Upon visiting the Uborak landfill site, which is the landfill to be rehabilitated under the ElI project, it was noted that this landfill is a fully sanitary landfill (donors have supported several millions of dollars of investments in Uborak). The pit is lined with impermeable foils, the gas release pipes are installed and so is a leachate collection- circulation system. The landfill encompasses an area of 7 hectares, with an additional 4.2 hectares designated for recycling and another 8 hectares for future expansion of the landfill. Uborak also has an incinerator on site, which is not egiuipped with exhaust fumes treatment. The capacity of the existing pit is 440,000 m, while the daily amount deposited amounts to 30 tons. Uborak is located some 10 km from Mostar, off the main road - M 17. It is fairly distant from the road. The nearby villages, for the most part, have been abandoned during the war, and there are no public institutions or designated public areas in the vicinity. The landfill is also free of any old war materials, explosives, mines and weapons. Livno region encompasses two Cantons in FbiH in the south-western portion of the country. The Herzeg-Bosnian Canton and the West Herzegovina Canton. These two Cantons have 6 and 4 municipalities respectively. Each of these municipalities has a Communal enterprise which currently handles SWM system. However, most of them do not cover the entire local population with their services, especially in the less urban areas. The Livno region, like the others in the project, has an array of dumpsites. Some are licensed sites, fenced, and operated with some skill, e.g. spread and level delivered waste; cover the compacted waste with a 0.7 meter of soil when the waste depth reaches 1.5 meters. Access is controlled. On the other end of the spectrum, there are a number of illegal dumpsites, some located close to rivers. In between, are a number of "open" dumps sites, which operate somewhat unofficially, are not enclosed, and access is uncontrolled. Each municipality has its own landfill, always located outside of the urban area, usually in small or large depression or abandoned borrowing pits. An encouraging development in this region is the existence of a company which is conducting some work in recycling of secondary materials. They are operating on a small scale right now but have exhibited a desire to expand. Since the West Herzegovina Canton is also included in the Mostar region prior to Board date, a decision needs to be made in terms of which region this Canton should join with. The landfill to be rehabilitated in Livno (Livno landfill) is the best functioning landfill in terms of location, operation, capacity, and with the least potential for environmental impacts. The illegal landfills, or wild dumps, to be closed are those within the regions to be serviced by the landfill sites supported by the project. This supports the strategy that with a well-functioning, sanitary landfill, transfer and collection system in place, illegal landfills will not be necessary. Approximately 30-40 transfer stations will be 12 funded by the project. Transfer stations will be sited on existing illegal dump sites closed under the project. The investments financed will not affect any known archeological or historical site or any natural habitat, nor affect indigenous people. The social assessment has determined that there are no scavengers active in the landfills included in the project; and there are no people living on the existing landfills or illegal dumps. 13 IV. Monitoring and Enforcement The Environmental Assessments of each site includes analysis of the site's location and environmental quality, when available. Currently, there is no indication that the groundwater is contaminated by the leachate at any of the landfills intended for rehabilitation. However, throughout the period of the operation of the landfill, there will be an increase in the leachate discharge. It is important to monitor the quantity and quality of the leachate to prevent potential groundwater contamination. Upon organizing the multi-municipal SWM program the Cantonal Ministries in the regions of interest shall organize an overseeing board. This board shall be composed of representatives of each involved municipality, and as such, will have the power to influence, if not bring about the major decisions regarding the management of this concept. This board will oversee most of the activities dealing with SWM. Monitoring will most likely be included in their scope, and will be controlled by periodically scheduled on-site inspections and/or reports. Some of the visual/observatory monitoring activities may be conducted by the trained staff at the site. However, when dealing with monitoring that requires laboratory analyses, it is not cost efficient to have one lab per region conducting these analyses. The project intends that all the tests be conducted in one-two central laboratories for the entire country. The capacity of the laboratories to conduct these analyses would lead to the possibility of involving the well-equipped Institute of Hydro-engineering at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Sarajevo, and the Institute for Public Health in Sarajevo. Air quality can be analyzed at the Ex- Jugoinspekt laboratory in Kakanj. The parameters to be monitored are: - Leachate quality on site - Groundwater quality in surrounding and downstream areas - Surface water quality in surrounding and downstream areas - Soil quality in surrounding areas - Gas emissions from the site - Incinerator emissions - Weight of the waste - Composition of the waste - Disposal suitability of the waste (Hazardous waste) - Construction activities - After decommissioning monitoring 14 V. Baseline Condition In Bosnia-Herzegovina there is no central agency that might provide baseline environmental quality information, nor is there any available written evidence. The data that is not available contains surface water, groundwater monitoring, and air quality, leachate and gas measurements. The number of trucks, equipment and waste composition at each site has been given in detail within the Feasibility Studies for each site as well as waste composition, volume, and weight.t, GWCC and IHTM studies). An inventory of the landfills, legal and illegal, for each site can be found in Annex 1. 15 VI. Environmental Impacts and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) By improved collection, transfer, and disposal of solid waste, and the reduction of illegal dumping in environmentally sensitive areas, the project is expected to have positive benefits to human health and to reduce adverse environmental impacts of waste disposal. Additional positive impacts include: (i) improved waste collection would lessen the quantity of uncollected waste; (ii) improved collection methods, landfill design and management practices will separate municipal wastes from medical wastes and provide for the separate, and proper disposal of each; and (iii) closure of illegal dumps will eliminate future contamination and health hazards. While resource recovery and recycling are desirable in the long term, there is currently no market that will provide adequate payment for recyclables to fund the additional costs associated with waste separation. Recycling, including composting of solid waste, will only be considered for inclusion in the project scope if there is solid evidence of a long-term market potential and customer willingness to pay. Potential negative environmental impacts associated with solid waste management include contamination of soil, groundwater, surface water and air quality. These impacts would be associated with construction; collection, transfer and storage; operation of the landfill; leachate and gas emissions from landfills and transfer stations; and decommissioning of the landfills. Improper landfill siting is not a consideration as no new construction is planned. Of the three components of the ElI project, only "Component A. Waste Management" includes activities which may have potential for negative environmental impact. The sub-components of rehabilitation of landfills, closing of landfills, and transfer stations may have potential negative environmental impacts. Rehabilitation activities will vary from site to site. One landfill, Uborek, requires minimal rehabilitation. The following tables provide the specifics for each region/site and mitigation measures 16 Please note, under the column of institutional responsibility when the listed institution is Communal enterprise this means the authority on the landfill or the authority for transport, which shall be determined once the overseeing body has been formed. When governmental authorities are mentioned this means the entity or regional authorities which would govern SWM legislation. It has also been deemed necessary to set up some sort of public education campaign for the general local population. This campaign shall entail billboard advertisements, TV advertisements and flyers. This is listed as education done by the government authorities. LOCATION: MOSTAR UBORAK LANDFILL Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate The Communal enterprise Clandestine dumping Sanitation of existing wild Varies by in charge of a given Operation causes widespread dumps, or collection of the location region envro. a .pollution such waste, Penalizing for and For serious cases the environmental illegal dumping conditions government intervention should be included The government . The waste is scattered Education and raising authorities ( FBiH or around the collection environmental awareness Education: Cantonal) should conduct Operation containers causing of local population US$ 1on the educational campaign aesthetic degradation and Efficient waste collection , Communal enterprise increase in disease vectors intervals should improve collection _________________________ _ rate Waste collection in open- Meshing: Waste collection in open- Use of closed vehicles or The vehicles are US$3-5,000 Operation littering along the protective cover on the already equipped with New truck: Communal enterprise collection route container a mesh net cover. US$ 90,000 per truck 17 LOCATION: MOSTAR UBORAK LANDFILL Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Residual waste on the The vehicles are Communal Communal Operation collection trucks poses a Cleaning of vehicles after already cleaned on US$ 10,000 enterprise / enterprise / threat to health and dumping of waste site, after each Landfill Landfill aesthetics disposal. Poorly maintained . . . The vehicles are Communal Communal Porl maitane Utilize newer vehicles and regularly maintained US$ 4,000 /Comnl omua Operation vehicles pose an additional U U , enterprise / enterprise / air pollution threat ensure proper maintenance on site at the Komos truck- year Landfill Landfill headquarters. US$ 250- Non-uniform waste bins Mandate use of one 600 /bin Communal Communal standard waste container according to Operation and containers cause wa suted contae a ing to enterprise / enterprise / ineficiet clleciontype suited to the bin size Landfill Landfill inefficient collection collection vehicles. US$ 4,000 per vehicle Mandate use of a standard Lae .bins waste container type Large, non-uniform b suie oteatmtcU$20 are a health hazard to suited to the automatic US$ 250- Communal Communal Operation workers while manually lifting onto the vehicle. If 600 /bin enterprise / enterprise / loading them on the not, mandate use of according to Landfill Landfill loamgehiles onthe smaller waste bins bin size adequate for manual loading. 18 LOCATION: MOSTAR UBORAK LANDFILL Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Improvement of collection Government services to include the environmental authorities Open burning of waste majority of the local Education: should conduct educative causes air pollution population US$ 18,000 0 o0mcna m npeapise Education of local Communal enterprise / population Landfill should improve services Communal enterprise / Potentially hazardous solid Placing special containers US$ 250- Landfill should conduct Operation and liquid ( contained) on collection sites 600 /bin services waste poses a bigger designated for such waste. according to Government threat to groundwater bin size environmental authorities should legally regulate There is definitely US$ Communal Not recycling materials Training and equipment will at Uborak landfill 100,000 for Communal enterprise- decreases the capacity of for recycling. but no means. Some basic enterprise with Operation the landfill and further Governmental awareness recycling attempts of recycling through government dep snatural resources of such revenue cardboard and including funds or environment possibilities. aluminum have been cardboard donations al legal made. and metal backing The landfill site is a health Placing a fence around the The only issue in Operation threat through its Premises, and the Uborak is a large US$ 15 / m Communal Communal accessibility to animals preis an thavin number of ravens and of fence enterprise enterprise security at the sitese g ls__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and scavengers I_I_seagulls._I_I 19 LOCATION: MOSTAR UBORAK LANDFILL Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Operation Large number of birds act Increasing the frequency Covering the waste is US$ 100- Communal Communal _Ieration _as disease vectors of waste cover up mechanically done. 200 per day enterprise enterprise Communal Lack of a methane enterprise collection system causes a Using a gas torch to bum Gases are freely US$ 12,000 Communal with threat to the atmosphere off the generated gas e tosthe hanof enterprise government through release of GHG atmosphere landfill al legal backing The landfill is Lack of a methane equipped with fire US$ 12,000 Operation collection system causes a Using a gas torch to bum hydrants around the / ha of Communal Communal fire hazard off the generated gas perimeter and an landfill enterprise enterprise additional water storage pool. Lack of a leachate Already present at the Operation collection system poses a Installing a leachate site, involves Communal Communal threat to the groundwater collection system circulation of the enterprise enterprise __________ _ thet ote rudwtrleachate The proximity of the Sealing off leachate in the The landfill already Communal Operation landfill to a drinking water landfill, collection of contains PEHD foils N/A Communal enterprise/ OPeration source poses a health leachate and proper on the bottom and enterprise ind. threat monitoring sides of the pit. laboratories 20 LOCATION: MOSTAR UBORAK LANDFILL Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate The surrounding houses around the site are mostly abandoned. There are no known Communal causesrationoi, athetfill endemic species in the enterprise causes a noise, aesthetic Plcnabufrze vicinity. met30 ero Communal with Operation and health threat to the Placing a buffer zone vcnt.mtro omnl wt nearby local population around the site There are no schools, length enterprise government and enviromulent hospitals or other al legal institutions in the area backing except for the army barracks next to the site. Burning of wastes in an Installation of filters and Communal incinerator without approprate equipment Some burning has enterprise exhaust treatment and approprate equipment d r Communal with Operation monitoring causes air Training of staff to know foccrrd ofn exirdSFRetris gomen pollution and how medical wastes. al legal and how ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~backing The site is fairly The landfill and its withdrawn from the US$ 30 per Opeatin oeraioal aciitymaybe Placing a buffer zone major road and local mtro Communal Communal Operation operational facility may be around the site population center and meter of eerprise enterprise aesthetically unpleasing can not be seen except length from close by. 21 LOCATION: MOSTAR UBORAK LANDFILL Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Seasonal variations cause Seasona varian c e Increasing the number of This method is already US$ 100- Communal Communal Operation an increase in odor in sumeras tim cover up layers in effect 200 per day enterprise enterprise summer time The landfill poses a threat Placing a buffer zone, US$ 30 per Communal Operation to nearby small farmlands C . out proper meter of Communal enterprise monitoring length of enterprise with indep. buffer labs Dirt roads around the Access roads are paved Operion landfill generate dust- Paving the access roads in a narrow strip, while US$ 25- Communal Communal Operation particulate air pollution and landfill roads the roads on site are 30,000 enterprise enterprise not. The workers have the US$ 200 per Communal Proper protection, proper proper, mandated worker + enterprise The workers are exposed ....Communal with Operation torhealth risks education and training, equipment and are also methane Communal wit to health risks regular health checks subject to semiannual detectors enterprise goverment health checks. US$ 500 al legal backing Cover layer materials The landfill uses the obtained from other sites Utilizing materials whose on site excavated Cost is place a stress on the procurement does not materials as well as included in Communal Communal Operation environment of material's directly harm the additional soil whose the cover enterprise enterprise origin environment procurement does not up. harm the environment 22 LOCATION: MOSTAR UBORAK LANDFILL Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Expansion of the landfill The BiH .thoties Communal Future site might take up land Thorough survey of the The the use enterprise Expansion/ otherwise useful. site the land as was the Communal with Construction . . case with the current enterprise goverment authorities site. al legal ______________________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~backing Most surrounding Communal Communal Future Construction work might settlements are enterprise enterprise Expansion / endanger the surrounding Limit construction to the abandoned and the with with Construction environment and standard level (time-wise) environment is mostly construction construction inhabitants rocky, hilly and has workers workers scarce vegetation. Expansion site Fencing off the site Communal Communal Future construction and operation Requiring proper safety US$ 15 /m enterprise enterprise Expansion / causes potential health and gear Future project of 15nmewith with Construction welfare risks Limiting access to of fence construction construction workers only workers workers Thorough site Future investigation and Expansio Site might cause pollution monitoring . US$ 400- Communal Communal Expansion / of ground water Installation of a clay Future project 500,000 enterprise enterprise Construction bottom layer followed with PEHD foils . 23 LOCATION: MOSTAR UBORAK LANDFILL Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Communal Communal Future A small flood brook may enterprise enterprise Expansion / be polluted from the Rerouting this brook Future project with with Construction expansion of the landfill construction construction and design and design workers workers Any decommissioning of Careful monitoring that Decommission the leachate system might woul frequent Communal Communal cause a spill into the than during operation enterprise enterprise environment. Pit might be accessible to Placing a final layer on the Communal Communal Decommission disease vectors such as pit enterprise enterprise animals, rodents and pests. Deom o . Collection of rain water on US$ 20 m 2 Communal Communal Decommission .Surface drainage. top of the site enterprise enterpnse Decommissio Possibl lands s .Placing final cover and Communal Communal vegetating the area enterprise enterprise 24 LOCATION: TUZLA- ZIW'INICE. LANDFILL *V'IkiA" Cost Institutionial responsibility Pliase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Clandstin d g Sanitation of existing wild Varies by Communal Communal Clandestmie dumping dumps, or collection of the location enterprise in enterprise in pollution such waste, Penalizing for and charge of the charge of illegal dumping conditions region the region Communal The waste is scattered Education and raising enterprise around the collection environmental awareness while the Operation containers causing of local population Education: Communal goverment aesthetic degradation and Efficient waste collection US$ 18,000 enterprise should increase in disease vectors intervals conduct the educational campaign W aste collection in op en - M eshing: Waste collection in open Use of closed vehicles or Most of the vehicles US$3-5,000 Communal Communal Operation littering along the protective cover on the currently used are New truck: enterprise enterprise collection route container closed US$ 90,000 per truck Residual waste on the Operation collection trucks poses a Cleaning of vehicles after US$ 10,000 Communal Communal threat to health and dumping of waste enterprise enterprise aesthetics 25 LOCATION: TUZLA- ZiVINICE, LANDFILL -"VISCA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comnuients Instal I Operate Install Operate Communal Poorly maintained Vehicles are US$ 4,000 / enterprise Operation vehicles pose an additional Utilize newer vehicles and maintained at the tck Communal and air pollution threat ensure proper maintenance location of the rly enterprise government Communal enterprise. yearly legal backing US$ 250- Non-uniform waste bins Mandate use of one 600 /bin Operation and containers cause standard waste container according to Communal Communal inefficient collection type suited to the bin size enterprise enterprise collection vehicles. US$ 4,000 per vehicle Mandate use of a standard Large, non-uniform bins waste container type are a health hazard to suited to the automatic US$ 250- Operation workers while manually lifting onto the vehicle. If 600 /bin Communal Communal loading them on the not, mandate use of according to enterprise enterprise vehicles smaller waste bins bin size adequate for manual loading. Lack of vehicles for New truck collection causes a lower Communal Communal Operation collection frequency or a Obtain additional vehicles US$ 90,000 collection2frequency6or a per truck enterprse enterprse smaller_coverage_area I_____________________ ________________ 26 LOCATION: TUZLA- kIVINICE, LANDFILL XVIA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mlitigating measure CoInents Iistall Operate Install Operate Improve solid waste Communal Open burning of waste by collection coverage so that enterprise the local population and/or there is no need for with the Operation scavengers on site causes burning waste locally Communal government air pollution Education of local enterprise conducting population the Fencing off and guarding educational the site campaign Communal Hazardous waste both US$ 250- enterprise solid and liquid Specially marked bins 600 /bin Communal and Operation (contained) poses a bigger placed at collection sites according to enterprise government threat to groundwater bin size legal backing US$ Cmua Not recycling materials Training and equipment 100,000 for enterprise decreases the capacity of for recycling. basic US$ 100- Communal and the landfill and further Gofesuc revenue incluing 200 per day enterprise government depletes natural resources possibiites,n. icardbor legal possibilities . cardboardbakn and metal backig The landfill site is a health Placing a fence around the The landfill is openly Operation threat through its premises, and having accessible to US$ 15 / m Communal Communal Ori accessibility to animals preis an thavin scavengers and of fence enterprise enterprise and_scavengers securityatthesite animals.27 27 LOCATION: TUZLA- ZIVINICE, LANDFILL `V'IkCA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mlitigating measure Comments Install Operate Lnstall Operate Covering the waste is Operation Large number of birds act Increasing the frequency mechanically done by US$ 100- Communal Communal as disease vectors of waste cover up the workers of the 200 / day enterprise enterprise mine pit Lack of a methane Teei ogs U$1,0 Operatin * collection system causes a Using a gas torch to bumr There is no gas US$ 12,000 Communal Communal threat to the atmosphere off the generated gas cle t el hanof enterprise enterprise through release of GHG system landfill Lack of a methane collection system causes a Using a gas torch to bum There is no fire US$ 12,000 Communal Communal Operation fire hazard and off the generated gas extinguishing system / ha of enterprise enterprise furthermore poses a threat landfill to air quality Lack of a leachate Installing a leachate US$ 400- Communal Communal Operation collection system poses a Oplettion the prosnd tes a collection system 500,000 enterprise enterprise threat to the groundwater___________ The soil composition on site is mostly The proximity of the Sealing off leachate in the clayey but no set landfill to a drinking water landfill, collection of protective layers are US$ 400- Communal Communal Operation source poses a health leachate and proper present. 500,000 enterprise enterprise threat monitoring The landfill is upstream of Lake Modrac, a designated drinking water source. 28 LOCATION: TUZLA- ZIVINICE, LANDFILL "VISCA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Connents Install Operate Inistall Operate Operation of the landfill Placing a buffer zone An inhabited village is poses a noise, aesthetic around the site located in the close US$ 30 per Communal Communal Operation and health threat to the Future expansion must be vicinity of the landfill meter of enterprise enterprise nearby local population diverted away from the v ity length and environment inhabited areas Although the site is The landfill and its . fairly withdrawn from US$30 per Operation operational facility may b Placing a buffer zone the major road and mSete of Communal Communal aesthtio perticnally may around the site town center, it is still letg o enterprise enterprise aestheticallv unvleasmg., leng,tl , _ _ ng very close to an inhabited area The Communal enterprise 2ivinice has . . ~~~~~~~~an agreement with the Seasonal variations cause . . . Operato an i e in oIncreasing the frequency mine pit authorities to US$ 100- Communal Communal summer time of waste cover up use stamp-sands as 200 per day enterprise enterprise cover. Layers depend on the operation of the mine Dirt roads around the .Access roads are Dirtre Paving the access roads A s r s a US$ 25- Communal Communal Operation landfill generate dust- ang taccess roads covered with a clayey 30,000 enterprise enterprise particulate air pollution layer of soil 29 LOCATION: TUZLA- ZIVINICE, LANDFILL ** ISCA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Nlitigating measure Conments Install Operate Install Operate Communal US$ 200 per enterpral Proper protection, proper The workers have the worker + enterprise Operation To health risks education and training, proper, mandated methane Communal wit to health risks regular health checks equipment detectors enterprise government US$ 500 legal backing Cover layer materials ... . The landfill uses the obtained from other sites Utilizing materials whose mine stamp sands Cost iS obtainedfromothersites procurement does not mie sincluded in Communal Communal Operation place a stress on the directly harm the which are largely the cover enterprise enterprise environment of material's enviroe ment present as mining up origin waste Communal Communal Future Construction work might enterprise enterprise Expansion / endanger the surrounding Limit construction to the with with Construction environment and standard level (time wise) construction construction inhabitants workers workers Expansion site Communal Communal Future construction and operation Fencing off the site, US$ 15 /m enterprise enterprise Expansion / causes potential health and limiting access to workers, Future project fence with with Construction welfare risks required protective gear of construction construction workers workers 30 LOCATION: TUZLA- ZIN'INICE, LANDFILL `'VISCA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Thorough site Future investigation and Expansion / Site might cause pollution monitoring Future project US$ 400- Communal Communal Construction of ground water Installation of a clay 500,000 enterprise enterprise bottom layer followed with PEHD foils Any decommissioning of Careful monitoring that .cm o .the leachate system might would be less frequental Decommission ..wuaD esIeun cause a spill into the than during operation enterprise enterprise environment. Pit might be accessible to Placing a final layer on the Communal Communal Decommission disease vectors such as Communal C n al animals, rodents and pests. pit enterprise enterprise .c i . Collection of rain water on US$ 20 m' Communal Communal top of the site enterprise enterprise Decommission Possible landslides Placing final cover and Communal Communal vegetating the area enterprise enterprise 31 LOCATION: TUZLA- LUKAN'AC, LANDFILL " LUKA 'ACKA RIJEKA C ost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Nlitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Clandestine dumping Sanitation of existing wild Varies by Communal Communal Operation causes environmental dumps, or collection of the location enterprise in enterprise in pollution such waste, Penalizing for and charge of the charge of illegal dumping conditions region the region Communal The waste is scattered Education and raising enterprise around the collection environmental awareness E while the Operation containers causing of local population Education: Communal govemment aesthetic degradation and Efficient waste collection US$ 18,000 enterprise should increase in disease vectors intervals conduct the educational campaign 32 LOCATION: TIZLA- LULKAVAC, LANDFILL LUKAVACKA RJEKA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Nlitigatinz measure Conmients Install Operate Install Operate Waste collection in open- Meshing: container vehicles causes Use of closed vehicles or US$3-5,000 Communal Communal Operation littering along the protective cover on the New truck: enterprise enterprise collection route per truck Residual waste on the collection trucks poses a Cleaning of vehicles after Communal Communal Operation threat to health and dumping of waste US$ 10,000 enterprise enterprise aesthetics Communal Poorly maintained Vehicles are U$40 enterprise Poorly mintained Utilize newer vehicles and maintinted adet theU$4,0 Communal and Operation vehicles pose an additional U 40truck - air pollution threat ensure proper maintenance location of the enterpnse govemment Communal enterprise legal .____________ __________ backing Improvement of collection US$ 250- services to include the 600 /bin Open buer ing of waste in majority of the local Waste is frequently set according to Communal Communal Operation general and on site causes population on fire on site by bin size enterprise enterprise air pollution Education of local unauthorized personnel US$ 4,000 population per vehicle 33 LOCATION: TUZLA- LUKAVAC, LANDFILL" LUKAVACKA RIJEKA" Cost Institutional respoinsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Large, non-uniform Utilizing one standard bin US$ 250- containers decrease the that enables mechanical 600 /bin Communal Communal Operation efficiency of the lifting, or its weight according to enterprise enterprise and cause a health hazard les manual lt ing to e to workers enables manual lifting bin size Communal Hazardous waste, solid US$ 250- enterprise Operation and liquid (contained) Specially labeled bins at 600 /bin Communal with poses a bigger threat to collection sites according to enterprise governmuent groundwater bin size legal backing US$ Communal Not recycling materials Training and equipment 100,000 for enterprise decreases the capacity of for recyclang. basic Communal with the landfill and further G . ,. enterprise government depletes natural resources of such revenue including legal possibilities. cardboard backing and metal The landfill site is a health P There is no fence, an threat through its Placing a fence around the access ramp exists but US$ 15 / m Communal Communal accessibility to animals security at the site is not in use. There is of fence enterprise enterprise and scavengers no guard on duty. Large number of birds act Increasing the number of Cover up layers US$ 100- Communal Communal Operation as disease vectors cover up layers depend on the mine pit 200 per day enterprise enterprise as____________ __________ vectors__cover _up _layersworkers 34 LOCATION: TUZLA- LUKIC'AC, LANDFILL "LUKAV'A A RMEKA," Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue N litigating iieasure C'onients Install Operate Install Operate The landfill gases are Lack of a methane freely emitted into the US$ 12,000 Operation collection system causes a Using a gas torch to bum atmosphere on site. / ha f Communal Communal threat to the atmosphere off the generated gas There is no gas landfill enterprise enterprise collection or release system. n c tofa sstecauses Using a gas torch to bum There is no fire US$ 12,000 Communal Communal fire hazard off the generated gas extinguishing system. landfill enterprise enterprise Lack of a leachate Operation collection system poses a Installing a leachate US$ 400- Communal Commu Cnal threat to the groundwater collection system 500,000 enterprise enterprise The ground is clayey The proximity of the Sealing off leachate in the but there is no set Operation landfill to a drinking water landfill, collection of This location is US$ 400- Communal Communal source poses a health leachate and proper upstream from lake 500000 enterprise enterprise Modrac, designated drinking water source 35 LOCATION: TUZLA- LUKAVAC, LANDFILL " LUKAVACKA RIJEKA" Cost Institutional responsibilitv Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate The proximity of the site to an artificial lake made Communal Communal in the mine depressions Draining and re-routing of The lake is rather large enterprise enterprise Operation may cause pollution of the the lake to a different and very close to the with with water and cause a health location site construction construction threat to organisms living workers workers in the lake as well as their consumers The surrounding area is desolate mining Operation of the landfill area. The trucks do causes a noise, aesthetic Placing a buffer zone pass through a US$ 30 per Operation and health threat to the upopulated viCuage meter o nearby local population around the site which causes a major length enterpnse enterpnse and environment disturbance and opposition of the local population. The landfill and its Placing a buffer zone This site is fairly US$ 30 per Communal Communal Operation operational facility may be around the site withdrawn meter of enterprise enterprise aesthetically unpleasing length Seasonal variations cause Decreasing the interval The cover layers are US$ 100- Communal Communal Operation an increase in odor in between protective layers stamp sands from the 200 per day enterprise enterprise summer time mine, when possible. 36 LOCATION: TUZLA- LUKAVAC, LANDFILL " LUKAVACKA RIJEKA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate The landfill poses a threat . There is a large Operation to nearby small farmlands Carrying out proper number of corn fields Communal Communal O tC inourop in the surrounding enterprise enterprise monmtoring areas. Dirt roads around the . Access road is clayey, Communal Pavmgthe acess oads . 'US$ 25- Communal Cmua Operation landfill generate dust- ang taccess roads of poor quality and cca 30,000 enterprise enterprise particulate air pollution 3km in length. US$ 200 per Communal Proper protection, proper Each worker has the worker + enterprise Operation The workers are exposed education and training, regularly mandated methane Communal with to health risks regular health checks safety gear detectors enterprise govegnaent US$ 500 legal backing Cover layer materials . . . obtained from other sites The landfill uses stamp Utilizingmanterials whosethladiluestm US$ 50-100 Communal Communal Operation place a stress on the procurement does not sands from the old . enviro.nent of material's directly harm the mine. per day enterprise enterprise origin environment Construction work might Traffic through the Communal Communal Future endanger the surrounding Limit construction to the populated nearby enterprise enterprise Expansion / environent and standard level (timewise) village needs to be with with Construction nvi t a tandd l) ia ed. construction construction workers workers 37 LOCATION: TUZLA- LUKAVAC. LANDFILL " LUKAVACKA RIJEKA" Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Nliligating measure Coniients Install Operate Install Operate Expansion site Communal Communal Future construction and operation enterprise enterprise Expansion / causes potential health and Fencing off the site Future project of f5 nc with with Construction welfare risks ence construction construction workers workers Thorough site Future investigation and Expansion / Site might cause pollution monitoring Fut *jt US$ 400- Communal Communal Construction of ground water Installation of a clay uture projec 500,000 enterprise enterprise bottom layer followed with PEHD foils Any decommissioning of Careful monitoring that Decommission the leachate system might would be less frequent Communal Communal cause a spill into the than during operation enterprise enterprise environment. Pit might be accessible to Plac Communal Communal Decommission disease vectors such as ing a final layer on then n animals, rodents and pests. pit enterprise enterprise Decommission Collection of rain water on Surface drainage US$ 20 M2 Communal Communal top of the site enterprise enterprise Decommission Possible landslides Placing final cover and Communal Communal vegetating the area enterprise enterprise 38 LOCATION: LIVNO Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Clandstin d g Sanitation of existing wild Varies by Communal Communal Operation causes environmental dumps, or collection of the location enterprise in enterprise in pollution such waste, Penalizing for and charge of the charge of illegal dumping conditions region the region Communal The waste is scattered Education and raising enterprise while the around the collection environmental awareness Education: Communal goverment Operation containers causing of local population US$ 18,000 enterprise should aesthetic degradation and Efficient waste collection conduct the increase in disease vectors intervals educational campaign Waste collection in open- Use of closed vehicles or Meshing: container vehicles causes . Most of the vehicles Communal Communal Operation littering along the protective cover on the used are closed New truck: enterprise enterprise collection route container US$ 90,000 per truck Residual waste on the Operation collection trucks poses a Cleaning of vehicles after US$ 10 000 Communal Communal OPeration threat to health and dumping of waste , enterprise enterprise aesthetics 39 LOCATION: Ll NO Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mi itigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Communal Poorly maintained Vehicles are U$40 enterprise Operation vehicles pose aitin Utilize newer vehicles and maintained at the US$ 4,000 Communal and air pollution threat ensure proper maintenance communal enterprise yearly enterprise government pollution proper maintenance location legal backing Communal enterprise Improvement of collection with Operation Open burning of waste services coverage Education: Communal government causes air pollution Education of local US$ 18,000 enterprise conducting population the educational campaign US$ 250- Communal Hazardous waste, solid 600 /bin enterprise Operation and liquid (contained) Specially labeled bins at accordin Communal with Operation poses a bigger threat to collection sites according to enterprise government groundwater legal backing 40 LOCATION: LIVNO Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue MIitigating measure Conments Instal I Operate Install Operate US$ Communal Not recycling materials Training and equipment 100,000 for enterprise decreases the capacity of for recycling. A private company has basic Communal with Operation the landfill and firther Governmental awareness been active in recycling enterprise government depletes natural resources of such revenue recycling in this region including legal possibilities. cardboard backing and metal The landfill site is a health Placing a fence around the threat through its Premises, and the US$ 15 /m Communal Communal accessibility to animals security at the site of fence enterprise enterprise and scavengers s a Operation Large number of birds act Increasing the number of US$ 100- Communal Communal as disease vectors cover up 200 per day enterprise enterprise Lack of a methane US$ 12,000 collection system causes a Using a gas torch to burn U 12,0 Communal Communal threat to the atmosphere off the generated gas landfill enterprise enterprise from GHG Lack of a methane Using a gas torch to bum US$ 12,000 Communal Communal Operation collection system causes a off the generated gas / ha of C n al C n al fire hazard landfill enterprise enterprise Lack of a leachate Installing a leachate US$ 400- Communal Communal Operation collection system poses a collection system 500,000 enterprise enterprise threat to the groundwater 41 LOCATION: LIVNO Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue |Mitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate The proximity of the Sealing off leachate in the Operation landfill to a drinking water landfill, collection of US$ 400- Communal Communal source poses a health leachate and proper 500,000 enterprise enterprise threat monitoring Operation of the landfill causes a noise, aesthetic Placing a buffer zone US$ 30 per Placmg a buffer zone ~~~Communal Communal Operation and health threat to the around the site meter of enterprise enterprise nearby local population length and environment Communal Communal The landfill and its Placing a buffer zone US$ 30 per enterprise enterprise Operation operational facility may be around the site meter of with with aesthetically unpleasing length construction construction workers workers Seasonal variations cause Decreasing the interval US$ 100- Communal Communal Operation an increase in oor in between protective layers 200 per day enterprise enterprise summer time Dirt roads around the Dill geeat aroundut-e Paving the access roads US$ 25- Communal Communal Operatpon landfill generate dust- and landfill roads 30,000 enterprise enterprise particulate air pollution The workers are exposed US$ 200 per to health risks Proper protection, proper worker + Communal Communal Operation education and training, methane . regular health checks detectors enterprise enterprise US$ 500 42 LOCATION: LIVNO Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mlitigating measure Comments Install Operate Install Operate Cover layer materials . . . obtained from other sites Utilizing matenials whose Opepaned str onther sites procurement does not US$ 50-100 Communal Communal environment of the directly harm the per day enterprise enterprise enviromnent of material' eniosnn origin envronment Future Expansion of the landfill Thorough survey of the Expansion / site might take up land site Authorities delegate Communal Communal Construction otherwise useful. Accordance of the the land use enterprise enterprise authorities Communal Future Construction work might enterprise Expansion / endanger the surrounding Limit construction to the Communal with Construction environment and standard level (time wise) enterprise government inhabitants legal backing Future Expansion site construction and operation . . . US$ 15 / m Communal Communal Construction causes potential health and of fence enterprise enterprise welfare risks Thorough site Communal Communal Future investigation and enterprise enterprise Expansio Site might cause pollution monitoring . US$ 400- with with Construction of ground water Installation of a clay Future project 500$ 000 with wio Construction~~btto lyr floe50,00 construction construction bottom layer followedwokr wres with PEHD foils workers workers 43 LOCATION: LIVNO Cost Institutional responsibility Phase Issue Mitigating measure Coninents Install Operate Install Operate Any decommissioning of Careful monitoring that Deom o . the leachate system might would be less frequent Communal Communal cause a spill into the than during operation enterprise enterprise environment. Pit might be accessible to Communal Communal disease vectors such as Placing a final layer on the enterprise enterprise Decommission animals, rodents and pests. pit with with construction construction ___________________ US$ 20/ m2 workers workers Decommission Collection of rain water on Surface drainage Communal Communal top of the site enterprise enterprise Decomission Possible landslides Placing final cover and Communal Communal vegetating the area enterprise enterprise 44 VII. Analysis of Alternatives If a "do nothing" alternative was followed, the outcome can be reasonably foreseen. Uncollected waste will become more evident for longer in the residential areas and eventually public health impacts will be significant. The time scale for this scenario cannot be predicted with accuracy. Currently, the situation of SWM in BiH is serious. The large number of illegal dumpsites, and the poor quality of collection and operation of landfills affects the aesthetic look, environment and health of the entire country as well as neighboring countries, as well as the attitude of general local population. As an example, illegal dump sites allow for scavenging and animals roaming through a large collection of assorted waste. This means that all the health care wastes, food industry waste ( carcasses etc.) , hazardous waste is openly accessible to disease vectors and human contact. The potential for contamination of water supplies is great in the "do nothing" alternative. In the Mostar region which is predominantly karst, it is evident that the leachate from piles of waste will eventually find their way into the water. Being open, this waste can often be propelled by the wind. The effects of unregulated wild dumpsites are very broad. As an example an abandoned mine in Mostar has been used as a dumpsite. This dumpsite allows leaching of waste materials directly into a lake connected to the Neretva river, which is not only a tourist attraction and recreational area but most importantly a drinking water and irrigation source for a large portion of the Southern region as well as neighboring Croatia. In Tuzla, one of the landfills is located close to a large artificial lake that people often use for fishing. 45 VIII. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Monitoring Whatever monitoring program that may have existed before the war, if any, it no longer exists. Currently, no monitoring activities are carried out at any of the locations, except for weighing of waste at the Uborak landfill in Mostar, where preliminary ground water sampling has been done in 1990 and 1991. There is no baseline data for any environmental parameter. The ElI project will significantly contribute to improved environmental quality monitoring. The project will finance monitoring programs, equipment and services. It will also finance training in monitoring on the national and regional level. The common monitoring program to be used for the project landfills is, as follows. 46 Phase What Where How When Why Cost Responsibility parameter is to be is the is theparameter is the is theparameter monitored parameter to to be monitored parameer to be montore be monitored be monitored The sampling Baseline GonwtrqaiyTo observe the 75,000 should be done by -ContnGroundwater quality Periodical effect on GW, US$ for 6,500 the landfill Operation -Contamdwateow ofnste sampling and Monthly and to determine initial US$ per authorities while uperahon -Groundwater flow of site smlgad Mnhy ndtderme survey, year for the analysis -Quantity variations analysis any leaks in thes bore analyses should be protective layers holes conducted at an independent lab. To observe the The sampling effect of the should be done by Baseline Surface water quality Downstream On the basis of existing dump on 5,500 the landfill -contamination of site groundwater Monthly SW, and to US$ per authorities while Operation -flow sampling. determine any year should be leaks in the coucd aa protective layers conducted at an independent lab. The sampling To prevent should be done by Baseline Collection Periodical environment, to 6,500 the landfill Leachate pool- sampling and Monthly determine the US$ per authonties while Operation circulating analysis composition of year should be the leachate and coucd aa its potential risks conducted at an independent lab4 47 What wiere How When Why Cost Responsibility Phase parameter is to be is the is the parameter iS the is the parameter monitored parameter to to be monitored parameter to to be monitored Install Operate be monitored be monitored To prevent The sampling release of should be done by pollutants, Green - the landfill Baseline At the exit Periodical house gasses to 6,500 authorities while Released gas end of the sampling and Monthly atmosphere, to US$ per the analysis Operation pipe analysis determine year should be applicability of conducted at an electricity independent lab. production Standard At the incinerator Monthly ( if Tpoprueventf Operatio Exhaust fumes from exhaust end monitonng equipment iS atmosphere and 6,500 Operation incineration of the equipment iS unavailable to harm to US$ per Lab analyses incinerator expensive. do it environment and year Periodical lab continuously) human health analyses huanhelt To determine the Upon Weighing bridge Continuously speed at which 2,000 Opertion Amount of waste ggrneof i h gces ytetaneo the site is being 20.000 U$prLandfill operators Operation deposited the landfill road at entrance filled. To predict US$ year / authorities the life span of the site. Dust To reduce Solidwstes During pollution hazards,50U$ Cntuio W rNoise At all Observations, construction, to reduce the 50 US$ Construction Construction Water runoff construction and periodical magnitude of the per crew, Ministry of Soil excavation sites measurements (weekly) visits effect on beings weekly Environment Soil compaction to the site and plants in the visit Inspection / Staff Traffic disturbances area Removal of plants . 48 PhaseWhat Ishte How When Why Cost Responsibility parameter is to be is the is theparameter is the parameter monitord ,parameter to to be monitored parameter to . Install Operate monitored be monitored be monitored to be monitored To prevent After major increase in liquid Ministry of Decommissi Atmospheric water On site Observation deposition of collection and Envintron/ Sntaff oning collection water possible Once a month spreading of Landfill operators pollution. / authorities Monthly- Ministry of Decommissi during the To prevent re- Enviromnent oning Landslides On site Observation other routine opening of the Inspection / Staff observations site. Landfill operators / authorities On site, Groundwater Bimonthly, To observe the 5,500 Independent Decommissi Leachate seepage Downstream bore holes, less frequently variations after US$ per contracted lab. oning of the landfill sampling and than during the site has been year for Ministry of analysis operation closed entire Environment Groundwater quality Groundwater Bimonthly, To observe the after Independent Decommissi -Contamination Downstream bore holes, less frequently variations after closure contracted lab. oning -Groundwater flow of the landfill sampling and than during the site has been monitori Ministry of -Quantity variations analysis operation cod, tonitonng Environment contamination Bimonthly, To observe the Independent Decommissi Surface water quality Downstream Sampling less frequently variations after contracted lab. oning -contamination of the landfill Downstream of than during the site has been Ministry of -flow landfill th closed, to monitor Mnirof operation contamination Environment Bimonthly, To observe the Independent Decommissi On release end less frequently variations after contracted lab. oning Released gas On site of the pipes than during the site has been Ministry of operation closed, to monitor Environment contamination 49 IX Institutional Arrangements Regional authorities will appoint a board to oversee the functioning of the SWM system. This board will have a representative from each municipality, and will protect the interest of each municipality in terms of the system running smoothly and fairly. As the SWM system is going to be based on a regional basis the existing communal enterprises will have to be merged into one. Each of the municipalities would have to have an engineered transfer station at the location of their existing disposal site. The overseeing "institution" would, in accordance with the Ministries at the Cantonal/Regional or Entity level, coordinate inspections and monitoring. Monitoring activities will be performed per the table presented above. The data collected during these monitoring activities would need to be readily accessible for all interested parties. Due to the cost of local and external work force, monitoring should be carried out by the staff of the landfill, once properly educated and trained. It is expected that a central BiH laboratory will be engaged to conduct the analyses. Allocation of responsibilities The FBiH Ministry of Environment will be assigned the following tasks : conducting inspections, mandating monitoring activities, collecting and forming a database of monitoring results and analyses. The RS Ministry of Environment will be assigned the following tasks: conducting inspections, mandating monitoring activities, collecting and forming a database of monitoring results and analyses. Each Canton within which the landfill is located, can take over the activities of the Entity body that can not be conducted at that level. The Canton will enforce and penalize improper disposal activities, form the overseeing institution, conduct an educational campaign for the general public and try to motivate the population to accept the SWM system. 50 X Public Consultation The key stakeholders are the citizens of the regions to be serviced by the project's rehabilitated sanitary landfills. During project preparation stakeholders, including local and national NGOs, were involved in workshops, local level community meetings, and public consultations. The project includes a sub-component on "Community Participation and Public Education" which will foster communication between the communities and the SWM authorities. The EA and EMP have been discussed during project preparation stakeholder workshops and will be publicly disclosed. The social assessment determined that there is broad support for the project, but it is important to get specific feedback, on the local level, from the public and stakeholders regarding their district landfill. A public consultation on the project was conducted on 24.01.2002. in the City Council of Mostar. It was attended by Zarko Marki6, the Head of the Infrastructure Department and his Deputy, Ibrahim Sehic along with over 20 citizens. In general the consultation showed that the city of Mostar is willing to support proper landfilling at the Uborak location, and that they are willing to cooperate and oversee this project. Another public consultation was held on 07.02.2002. in Tuzla region, the City Council of Lukavac, with the Head of the Infrastructure department and 25 citizens. The Livno public consultation meeting will be the week of 18th February 2002. 51 XI Institutional Strengthening Considering the current SWM system in Bosnia- Herzegovina it has been determined that there is a need for training of staff (operations and monitoring staff), SWM authorities, and local population. The training will be aimed towards several groups of stakeholders including management, technical staff, monitoring staff, citizens, NGOs, etc. Annually, there will be: (i) A half day seminar for management; (ii) a two day workshop for all staff at the landfills included in the project which includes one day on-site workshops, alternating amongst the landfill sites. These training packages will address topics selected by participants and could include: selection of appropriate collection equipment; development of collection equipment specification; planning efficient route designs; financial management and cost recover; resource recovery and recycling; special handling of hazardous and medical wastes; landfill operations; environmental monitoring and regulation. SEMINAR Series The participants will be: Managers of the working unit of the landfill, landfill staff, citizens, environmental authorities, local authorities, and other stakeholders TBD The contents of the Seminar could would topics such as those listed above and: Public consultation and disclosure Environmental policies and disclosure Environmental impact assessments during the construction and rehabilitation phases System and organization of managing the environment National regulations WORKSHOPS Participants - include same as above but with more specialized topics and participants choosing those most pertinent to them. Contents of the Workshop I. Operation Module: Basics of sanitary landfill * Proper Design description * Proper handling procedures * Effects of improper handling of the system II. Environnemental Module 52 * Environnemental Impact Assessment * System of managing the environment * Impact on health and environment * Environmental Impact from solid waste management * Measuring environmental impacts associated with solid waste management and landfills * Monitoring for environmental quality III. Supervision and Inspection Module * Procedures of environment licensing in BiH * Monitoring the negative impacts on environment * Supervision on environmental protection * Preparation of technical requests concerning the environmental in the specifications for the contractors On-Site Field Workshops - to be conducted as part of the two day workshops Cost Estimate - Half Day Seminar Description Local consultants in US$ Foreign consultants in (1) (per year) US$ (2) (per year) Lectures and literature 400.00 1,700.00 Room and technical 250.00 equipment refreshments 150.00 TOTAL 800.00 1,700.00 TOTAL for 5 years $4,000.00 $8,500.00 Cost Estimate -Two day workshop Description Local consultants in US$ Foreign consultants in (2) US$ (2) Lectures and literature 1,600.00 3,500.00 Room and technical 500.00 equipment Overnight stay of 50.00 / participant x 20 = participants 1,000 refreshments 300.00 TOTAL $3400 $3,500 TOTAL for 5 years $17,000 $17,500 The total cost of the training program is US$47,000. The project may also finance the participation of SWM staff in outside training. 53