GOVERNMIENT OF ORISSA (INDIA) DEPARTIENT OF WVATER RESOURCES ORISSA WRCP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSPVIENT (REVISED) PREPARED BY: DEPARTMENT OF WN'ATER RESOUIRCES (ORISSA) AND SNOWY MOUNTAINS ENGINEERING CORPORATION AdO3 319 MARCH 1995 ORISSA WVATER RESOURCES CONSOLIDATION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMLENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PERSPECTIVE ON WRCP AND EA REPORT 1 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE 1I1 1.3 APPROACH TO REPORT COMPILATION 1-2 1.4 SCOPE AND FORMAT OF EA REPORT 1-2 1.5 ACKNOWLEDGMNIENTS 1-3 1.6 EA STUDY TEAM 1-4 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1 PERSPECT'IVE 2-1 2.2 GENERAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION FOR PRZOJELCT APPROVALS 2-I 2.2.1 General Policies and Legal Requirements 2.2.2 National Environmental & Development Policies 2.2.3 National and State Water Policies 2.3 SPECIFIC ACTS AFFECTING PROJECT APPROVALS 2-4 2.3.1 Recent Notification under the Environment Protection Act (1986) 2.3.2 Water Resource and Pollution Control Acts 2.3.3 Forest Conservation Act (1980) and its Amendment 2.3.4 Land Acquisition Act (1894) - amended in 1984 2.3.5 Other Relevant Acts and Approval Requirements 2.4 LENDING AGENCY REQUIREMENTS 2-6 2.4.1 The World Bank EA Requirements 2.4.2 ADB and Other Agencies 2.5 CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING PROJECT APPROVALS 2-8 2.5.1 Environmental and Other Legislative Requirements 2.5.2 Firest Department (DFEF) Clearance Requirement 2.5.3 Rehahilitation and Resettlement Policy 2.5.4 Catchnient Area Ma;inagtement Plans 2.5.5 Rationalisation uto EA Requireiiiemits 3. OUTLINE OF ORISSA %%'RCP 3.1 PERSPECTIVE 3-1 3.2 PRIORITIES FOR ORISSA WRCP 3-1 (i) 3.3 COMPONENTS OF ORISSA WRCP 3-2 3.3.1 Institutional Strengthening of DONV'R 3.3.2 Mulfi-Sectoral Water Rsoutiree Planning 3.3.3 Irigation SchemcmReIeIhili.sIiurI.IruIueVL OperatiIn 111nd M int'et 'Ce an1J Water User lZlv(IVilieleit (S I ) 3. .41 ('>lBCompletiol loi Oiles,me . ke1 It.lihl il;t Ili: Improved (&) t0r existinti majur and medium irrigation projects. (iv) 4. Table 5.4 Summary of Environmental Status and Assessment (a) Completion Projects - mediium-sized irrigation schemes. (h) Completion Projects - major-sized irrigation schemes. 5. Table 7.1 Summary of Main FLunctions, Responsibilities and Tasks for DOWR Environmental Groups. A - River Basin Planning Directorate (RBPD). B - Project Planning and Formulation Directorate (PPFD). (v) 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PERSPECTIVE ON *YRCP .ND ENVIRONM'IENTAL ASSESSMENT The proposed Orissa Water Resources Consolidation Project (\'RCP) is intended to upgraide the capabilities, management and operaLional procedures of the Departmnent of WVater Resources of Orissa (DOWR). The WRCP's main objective is to rectit) existing suh-optitniuimi allocation and supply of waters to various users, particularly to the irrigation sector's small farnmers through improved resource planning, allocation and operations ano maintenance of existing and ongoing projects. Environmental considerations and heneflits are integrally included within thie WRCP objectives and sub-projects. More ef'ticient water use, reductions in disparity of delivery, reductions in local water logging and salinity problems and detailed integration of environmental planning at the river basin and project planning levels, plus rc%vie%ving and monitoring (of environmental implications of WRCP sub-projects are included in the prograimne. *rle overall environmental effects of the WRCP and its project components would be positive with the most obvious and main benefit being the insiitutional strengthening of key units involved in planning, formulating and implementing the State's water resources projects. DO\\'R would also benetit substantially from implementing the pruposed Environmental Action Plan outlined in Section 7 as an integral part of the WRCP programme. 1.2 OBJJLC'I'IVE AND SCOPl' OF EA REP'ORt'l' This Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA) Report is essentially a baseline status and recommendation document relating to the environmental situation and issues associated with water resources planning, development and management in Orissa State of India. It is part of the Water Resources Consolidation Project (WRCP) and has been prepared jointly by the Consultant provided by the World Bank and the Department of \\'ater Resources (DO\W'R). Supplementary EA work related to the operation and management of the completed schemes wvill he undertaken during implementation of the WRCP. For all new candidate schemes. such as M1ahanadi Chitrotpala and others, EA work will be done according to \W'orld Bank standards and policies. Training for water quality management, the installation of water qualitv laboratories, water quality and cluantity data collection and interpretation will he taken-up by the National Hydrology Project (NH P). The SEA investigations have been included in the Institutional Study component of the initial phase of the WRCP, but are actually more closely related to the functions of DOWR's Central Planning Unit (CPU). The report has the following general objectives: Undertake a basic environmental overview of the status, key resources and issues associated with the water resources sector in Orissa; Outline the critical environmental legislation alfectinig water resources development, particularly that affecting the irrigation sub-sector; Evaluate the capabilities within the relevant State authorities in respect of Environmental Assessment(EA) for the watcr resources sector and indicate the associated requirements for institutional strenothening, panicularly those required for WRCP; Assess and make recommendations relating to needs for, critical issues of and estimate manpower and. budget inputs for a comprehensive Environmental Action Plan (EAP) tor the proposed WRCP in Orissa as an integral part of that proje (See section 7). The SEA has not as an objective to substitute for further EA work to be done c the WRCP sub-projects. Mlost of the follow-up environmental work on thes components will be done during project implementation with extensive help c local and foreign environmental technical assistance in the forrn of an on-the-jo. training approach. Most of the sub-projects have environmental impacts, which ar relatively easy to mitigate. Considerable delays in obtaining approvals to proceed with major water resource projects ha., occurred at both the Central and State Government levels in India in recent years. These have been due to the complex procedures involved in obtaining project clearances from the Centra, Government and to some extent to the lack of environmental expertise within DOWR. Tht rehabilitation and resettlement (R & R) aspects have been the main focus of concern in many such instances. Consequently, the WVorld Bank has commissioned a separate evaluation of this aspect within the framework of the WVRCP. As rehabilitation and resettlement are often considered to be an integral part of the EA approval procedure, some reference is made to this aspect as necessary, but not in any detail, in this report. Rehabilitation and resettlement issues are presented in a different report. 1.3 APPROACII TO EA REPORT CONIPILATION Essentially this report is based on a preliminary review of data relating to the environmental background of Orissa. available from within DOWR and various Government agencies and through discussions with the panies listed in Appendix A. On 24th Feb, 1994 an interdisciplinary group discussion on environmental issues of the Water Resources Development Project was held at Secha Sadan. Bhubaneswar and the valuable suggestions of the participants were considered. It is Ielt that an adequate coverage has been made of the main agencies directly related to environmental. assessment and indirectly involved through having official responsibilities linked with environmental implications of water resources development and management. This EA report has been prepared jointly by DOWR and the Consultant with a view to providing a general perspective uf the existing environmental situation affecting or being affected by dam, reservoir, irrigation. iluod control and drainage projects. The recommendations relating to the requirements and an Environmental Action Plan for the initial seven years of the Orissa WRCP have been made a:xording t) policies of the World Bank in order to assist the future planning, development and management in Orissa's water resource sector. These recommendatioas give due recounition to the status ot the various projects included in the WRCP and the changes in EIA requirements by the Government of India (GOI) relating to environmental assessment requirements as outlined in Section 6.3. 1.4 SCOPE AND FORMAT OF EA REPORT The preliminary SEA report prepared in April/May 1993 has been extensively reviewed within DOWR and by the relevant panies in the World Bank. This final report is intended to be a "Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA)' as provided under the World Bank's Operational Directive on EA (i.e. OD 4.00: Annex A: October 1989). The SEA component focuse primarily upon the Environmental Action Plan t(or the \\RCP programme. The basic format of the Orissa WRCP SEA Report is as tOllows - Section 2 - Environmental Policy. Legal and Administrative Framework panicularly those directly or indirectly affecting irrigation projest approvals and opera.-Jns; 1-2 - Section 3 - An outline of the Orissa WRCP programme as determined and documrnted by the World Bank in its Aide Nlemoire dated 18 March, 1994: - Section 4 - Environmental Overview of the general status of key water related natural resources, ecologically sensitive areas, and other important environmental issues suth as land use and population growth, and medical ecologi:alipublic health aspects: - Section 5 - A summar) Review of the Environmen;al Status, Potential Impacts and NMitigating Actions associated with the WRCP sub-projects; - Section 6 - Environmental Capabilities and Institutional Strengthening Requirements; in general rclatin- to water resources sector and in p3rticular to the DOWR's responsibilities relating to water allocation; water conservation, water quality protection and water resources management; - Sectiun 7 - Rectommended \VRCP Environmental Action Plan, outlining the environmental status, potential implications and required mitigating actions and EA inputs for the projects included in the WRCP and basic plans and budgets for initialing and operating the two environmental assessment, management and monitoring groups within DONVR. 1.5 ACKNOWVLEDGMENTS In general, DOWR and the Consultant would like to thank those who openly provided advice and information during interviews, parnicularlv those senior staff of the Orissa State Government organisations listed in Appendix A is gratet'ully acknowledged. Particular appreciation however must be expressed by the Environmental Consultant to the following persons, without whose assistance his tasks would have been more difficult: Dr. R.P. Nlishra, who as the Consuiltant's counterpart provided excellent insights to Orissa. and arranged numerous appointments on short notice and sometimes under trying circumstances: * iMr. A.C. Nayak. Director of the DOWR River Basin Planning Directorate, whose enthusiasm and assistance during compilation of the final EA report was rewarding and is gratefully acknowledged: * ir. S.S. Patnaik. Deputy Director of DO\VR's River Basin Planning Directorate, who also provided excellent insights into Orissa and the DOWR, ably assisted in report editing and who extended his good companionship on the field trip; Dr. S.K. Kar. Senior Research Scientist of Orissa's Wildlife. Department, whose iistant triendship and advice was most welcomed. - A special thanks is extended to the Executive Engineers at the Rengali and Hirakud Damn projects t'ur the varm hospitality of their project and ouest house staff and themselves during field work. 1-3 1.6 E,A STUDY TEAM The Study Team involved in researching, compiling, reviewing and ediiing the WRCP Sectora] Environnmental Assessment (SEA) report included: From Department of Water Resources (DOWR) NMr A C Nayak, Director, River Basin Planning Directorate Mr S S Patnaik, Deputy Director, -do- *Mr Mi R Mishra. -do- -do- 8 MSr N C Mohanty, Assistant Director, -do- Mr P K Mohapatra, -do- (Eco) -do- Mr D D R R Pattnaik, -do- -do- * Mr S R Das, CAD Engineer, -do- From Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC) a Mr S Raadsma, Project Coordinator, Mr I Prosser. Environmental Consultant, MIr J Cantor. Institutional Study Consultant. 1-4 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1 PERSPECTI VE There are many policies and legislated acts at both the Central Government and Orissa State levels which aftect DOWR's present project planning, design. financing, construction and operations. 0t most concern from the environmental assessment viewvpoint are those directly affecting planning and obtaining the required approvals and clearances for proceeding to detailed project feasibility and design and project implementation. The project approval procedure is ultimately to be regulated primarily by the Environmental Protection Act (1986) and associated Rules and Notifications at the State and Central Government levels. The present policies and general requirements relating to the obtaining approvals are outlined in Sections 2.2 through 2.4, with the main associated constraints noted in Section 2.5. The objectives of Sections 2.2 and 2.3 are to preliminarily indicate some of the implications of relevant policies and acts. of the Environmental Protection Act (1986) and its recent notification relating to EIA requirements which has been officially gazetted on 27th January 1994 (see Appendix C). 2.2 GENERAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION FOR PROJECT APPROVALS This section highlights the main -eneral policies and legislation affecting approvals for water resource development projects (mainly medium and major irrigation projects) in Orissa. 2.2.1. General Policies and Legal Requirements The Government of India (GOI) requires environmental assessments (EA) for certain types of development projects. The Nlinistry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) has published guidelines for EA tfr specitic project types. Guidelines for major and medium sized water resource development projects are entitled Guidelines for River Valley Projects" and were issued in 1985, preceding the Environment Protection Act in 1986. The basic procedure for environmental clearance of such projects within the GOI policy incluiding that of the Environment Protection Act (1986) consists of the followving: - Preparation of the EA by the project's executing agency; - Review of the EA at the State level (e.g. by thc Orissa Department of Forest and Environment (DFEE). the Department of Harijan and Tribal Welfare (DHTW) and the Orissa State Poillution Control Board (SPCB)); Review at the Central Government level through the nodal agency of the Central Water Commissitn (CWC) to key authorities such as the Ministry of Environmental and Forest (MOEF) and the Ministry of Social and Tribal Welfare; Provision for compulsory reviewal by an appointed Review Committee composed of representatives trom MOEF and NGOs plus independent professionals and obligations to 0ollovW an! courses of action recommenaed by the Committee; Rulin- bv and conditions of approval by the Central Government relating to the projects environm-rntal clearance' and approval for implementation. 2-1 Deficiencies in the EA may be noted at any step in the process, as a result of which addlitional information and analysis may be required of the project's executing agency. As noted in Section 5, all or the projects except three major projects proposed under the WRCP in the 1994-2001 period are projects predatin- existing environmental legislation and do not require an "official clearance' from the Central Government through a project approval process by the federal planning agencies. None otf the medium projects included in the WRCP would require any tfurther "environmental clearince- at Central Government level unless these are specifically requested by the NIOEF. However. out of the three. two major projects nameiy Naraj Barrage and Miahanadi Chitrotpala are recent projects lor which environment clearance have been obtained during 1992-93. The third project namely the Rengali Irrigation Project is pending for clearance by the Central Governnment. Further, it is considered likely that many of the future projects to be investigated and likely to he implemented by DO\VR in the long term would fall within the ambit of' requiring 'environmental clearance' at the Central Government level. The State and Central Government's involvement relates to provisions in both the Environment Protection Act 1986 (Section 3) and the revised Notificalion (January 1994) relating to obtaining Environmental Clearance. Ior submitting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) Reports and associated Environnental Management Plans (EMP) to MOEF including requests for additional inputs in respect ot' these documents as outlined below in Section 2.3.1 and in Appendix C. 2.2.2 -National Environmuental and Dei'eltprnent Policy Whilst there are no legal re,quirements as such associated with the Ministry of Environment and Forest's (NMOEF) 'National Conservation Strategy and the Statement on Environment and Development Policy" (June 1992). it does have a number of objectives which are directly related to Water resource manaigement anJ consenration wvhich in Orissa are essentially the functional responsibilities of DOWVR. In summ3ry. the relevant strategy and policy objectives which also do support and help justitf this report's recommendations regarding the setting up of the EA groups in DOWR and r.aiinaalization ut' the State's approach to water quality monitoring include the followvin,,: (a) Section 5 - Priorities and Strate,ies for Action (Sub-section 5.2.1 - Land and Water Conservation) 'Buildin- up a network for assessment and monitoring of soil and water (surface and -roundwater) quality throughout the country which should be on a permanent basis, as in the case of meteorological stations - Measures for water conservation. recycling and optimal conjunctive use of surface and groundwater tor specitic uses Le-islative rneasures to check over-exploitation of surface and groundwater for specitic use.' (b) Sub-section 6.1 Development Policies for Agriculture and Irrigation (Sub-section 6.1.2 as an example). "6.1.2 Irrigation Priority to small projects to meet the requirements of irrigation without causing significant alteration in the environmental conditions 2-2 Investi-Pation and revival of cradizional w3ater management systems and development it' alcernate irrication systems such as harvestinm and conservacion of run-off' rain water Measures flr increasing the efficienc) ol water use, vater conservation and recyclin': leasures ftir provision of drainage as an inte-ral coniponent of irrigation projects to prevent WJ1erl0 " ing and salinization %Vatershed managenient through catchment treatment of the drainage areas, protection ol vegetal 'cover and measures to prevent siltation, to be executed in an integrated and t'ullv parlicipative manner with the irrigation authorities being fully accountaible; catchmenr treatment wvould be so designed as to have a direct impact on the lit'e of the reservoir. hvdroloeical regime and life support systems of the population in the watershed. It would depend on location specific conditions in each case Adoption of command area development approach for all irrigation projects to ensure optirrmal utilization Critical assessment of irrigation projects and delivery systems to ensure optimal utilization of' water resources akin; with measures to mitigate environmental and social damaae Focus on decentralised network of small irrigation and water projects with minimum environmental disruption which would be of great value to local communities and yet capable of generating surpluses for other areas at low cost Design and implementation of irrigati(on projects which are environmentally sustainahle based on lessons learnt from a critical analysis of all past projects and Continuous and ongoing evaluation and monitoring of all projects." (e) Section 8 - SuLport Policies and Systems Sub-section S. I Stren-thening of Institutions and Legislation "Strengthening of existing institutions at different levels" and "including close linkage among the cumpanmentalized sectors" (e.g. establishing liaison and co- operation regar3din- data collected and dissemination between authorities involved in water quality sampling network in Orissa). Sub-section .2 - iNational Resource Accounting 'Requirenent ol annual bud-eting of availability, demand and use of resources, like 'land and water. etc and allocating these according to go6d "conservation and sustainable development' principles.' Sub-section 8.4 Objec:tive oft increasing of environmental awareness as outlined in Section 5 with DOWR havin- a key role in respect of efficient use of wvater resources and water qjuality protection and monitoring.' 2-3 Thus, it is considered that the recommended environmental programme outlined in Section 7 Would assist the DOWR in meeting their obligations under this GOI resource conservation strategy and pulicy and would assist in providing direction towards the conservation of the State's water resources. 2.2.3 National and State Water Policies ' The Government of India adopted the National Water Policy (NWIP) in September, 1987 which provides general guidelines for all marters related to development of water resources of the country. There are stipulated requirements relating to environmental and ecological considerations, resource conservation prevention of land erosion maintenance of surface and groundwater quality etc. The relevant matters are dealt with in Chapters 1.7, 4.3, 4.4, 13 and 17 of the policy. In all water resource development projects the necessary aspects related to environment as outlined in the National Water Policy shuuldl be integrated for sustained development. A State Water Pulicy (SWP) for Government of Orissa (GOO) has been issued after approval by Govt. of Orissa. In the SWVP, provisions have been made for 'Environmental Management" and these would serve as guidelines for addressing the environmental issues related to development of water resources in Orissa and the W 'RCP EA programme would provide the ways and means of effectively implementing these guidelines. 2.3 SPECIFIC ACTS AFFECTI.NG PROJECI APPROVALS 2.3.1 Recent Nolification Under the Environmental Proitection Act (1986) In addition to the general requirements outlined under the Environmental Protection Act (1986) as noted in Section 2.2, an extraordinary 'Notification' delineating the classifications of projects and procedures for obtaining Environmental Clearance and submitting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Reports and associated Environmental Mianaoement Plans (EMP) was published in The Gazette of India on January 27. 1994. This Notilication delineates the types of projects to be environmentally cleared and reviewed at the Central Government and includes provisions for: - 'Aftected panies to request reviews by the Federal Ministry of Environment and r-urests of Environmental Clearances approved by the Central Governmilent; - The Impact Assessment Agencv (AA) to hold public hearin,s and make available any project EIA and ENIP 'i'r public reviewal at environmental agency offices. 2.3.2 Na';lcr RLmourcL; and Pollution Controil Acts There have been variouis laws and acts relatino to water resour:e development administration, allocation and mana-enient in place since the early 1900's. The need for more stringent law enforcement relating t) the prevention of tvater pollution has been 3 priority in the last one or two decades and accordin-ly necessary le!islation. and acts have been r7Jmulgated including: (a) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act-1974, as Amended in 1988 (W\'PCP Act) The \VPCP Act was enacted in 1974. water being a St3te resource as defined in the 7th Schedule of' the COnstitution of India. Some states. includ.na Orissa. did not enforce this act when it was trigtnally gazetted a3s they had similar 2:1s in force for prevention of water pollution. Hou%ever. Orissa officially adopted this A;: in 1983. 2-4 The Central B3oard I';r (lic Prvcnnt on zind Con(rol Of aWer l'Al LIILun (ClPCS, and, similarly the Suate Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) were formed under Section 16-'17 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Preventico and Control of Polltition) Acts. [9S1 as amended in 1987. According to the \VPCP Act. all industrial units and local bodies which discdarge wastewater (includino domestic waste water) into a stream sewer or on land have to take "Consen" trom the State Boards or the Central Board (Section 25/26 of Water Act). (b) The \Vater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 as an amended in 1991 The users of water trom natural sources are required to pay a "Cess" to the State Board of Pollution Control depending upon the quantity of wacer drawn, purpose of its use and the extent of treatment before discharge. This act is applied in Orissa by the SPCB. 2.3.3. Fort.st Conservation Act (19S0) and its Aniendmenit The Forest Conservation Act (19S0). which has been amended in 1988. is administered by the Orissa Forest Department (DFEF) through the Oftice of the Chiief Conservator of Forests (Nodal) and recquires that re-allocation of any torest land exceeding 5 ha in area (public or private) has to he appruved by the Central GOvernment. In most cases. project site access is restricted. as the Orissa Forest Department caa give permission for line surveys only: noti l;r an) clearing of trees (such as can he required for access to and survey ot darn sits). Access to areas under Reserved or Demarcated Forests specified for use by the Forest Department. such as iNational Parks. Sanctuaries and forest inventory plots, cannot generally be accessed or re-allocated to non-forest purposes. A t'ormal 'Forest Clearan&e' is required under this Act for projects affecting forest lands exceeJdin- 20 ha in extent from the Central Government's Department of' Forests, including a basic forest invenborv of all trees to he felled during project development. Specific require=ents tor (his forest inventory in support of the project's application for an environmental or forest clearance are det-ined. Ctompensatory Afforestation reqtuirements relating to replacement of areas aftected b, projects are complicated hv factors such as: - Land has to he oft;icialhv re-allocated by- the project in favour of' the Forest Depar-.ment including acquisitiOn ot private lands if necessary: - It' land is not ava6ilable. a reqtuest tfrtim the Chiet Secretary is reqUired lor using degraded l0rest land for these purposes: - A detailed plan and hud-let and appropriate funds oir compensatory afforeitation h1ve to hie provided by project sponsor: - Transt'er oit' any lands acquiredn must he completed hel'ore the project can be commtnced; (xNote: this requiremnent can cause excessive delays in project imrilementa!:n. as lan._ has to he resumed throu:h the Revenue Depanmenk). Gazetted Reserved or Protected Forest land also cannot be re-allocated lor re-abilitatiGn and resettlement purposes. which limits project resettlement opptions. Acatchnient marrta-emen: plan, includin- soil conservation requirements. must he prepared and budgeted for incc.sion in r:oject 2-5 2.3.4 Lund Acquisition Act IS94 - aiicnded in 19S4 This Act is administered by the Revenue Departrnent wvith the Board of Revenue becomit directly responsible it more thin 1.000 ha of land is to he acquired. The DOWR Executih Engineer responsible tor the project make-s the requests for land acquisition through the Distrif Revenue Ofticer. An outicial notice of proposed land acquisition is published in the Offici, Gazette, newvspapers and subse(luently posted in affected villages as required. Any privat propcrty owner may object to land acquisition, including, initiating representation through leg; advisers and delaying tactics are common. The land acquisition process for water resource development projects is complicated by severa factors including: - Needs for rationalization of ownership and vested interests in land and legal objection! that can be made throughout the process; - Public notifications are valid for one year only, which frequently is insufficient due to delays in surveying and ne-otiatin- with owners; - Re-commencement of the land acquisition process is required if original land acquisition process is not completed within two years. 2.3.5 Other Relevant Acts and Approval Requirements There are numerous other acts and policies which affect planninn and approval of water resource projects in Orissa. Mars of these. and related requirements for project approval by other authorities. are described in Chapters Xi and XII of the hook Irrigation in Orissa" (Reference 2). 2.4 LENDING AGE'NCY' REQUIREMENTS 2.4.1 World Bank EA Requirements The World Bank has issued Operational Directive 4.01 Annex A: Environmental Assessment", which prescrihes Eas for certain types of projects. (OD 4.00 Annex A is reprinted in the Bank's "Environmental Assessment Souirce bolok' (Reterence 29) which also provides extensive guidelines on all aspects of EA preparation. OD 4.01 specifies that Project-specific EAs, Regional EAs and Sectoral EAs are the miain options in complving with Bank's policy, depending on the type of credit or loan mechanism being provided by the Bank. The basic criteria tor these options are as tollows: - Project specific EAs. are used to analyse specilic investment projects (e.g. dams, factories. irrigation s%stems) having significant environmental impacts Regional EAs are used where a number of signiticant Jevelopment activities are planned tor a reasonably localised area - Sectoral EAs are used for, the desi-n ol sector investmen: programmes. OD 4.01 classities project reqluirements lor Environmental Assessment as Category A throu-h C in relation to the severity of potential impaats. Category A projeJts normally require an EA, as the project may have diverse and simnificant environmental impacts, a;cording to Bank policy, World Bank environmental cate-ories are as follows: 2 -6 Category A -EA is .normaliv reutiired as the project maiy have diverse and significant environmental impacts. Cate-!ory A projects( which relate to water resources management). include (among others): Dams arnd Reservoirs Irrigation and Drainage (l:rge scale) WVater SuppIly and Sewerage Systems Land Clearance and Levelling Aqa3culture/Mlariculcure (large scale) Reclamation and New Land Development River Bisin Development Rural Roads." "Category B - lMore limited environmental analsis appropriaate as the project may have specific environmental impacts.' "Category C - Environmental analysis is normally unnecessary.' According to World Bank policy. -EAs should address the following issues, which are subject to the Bank policies and guidelines identilied helow (which may be applicable to Department of Water Resources. Orissa s activities in the long term): Agrochemicals: projects and sector development plans which involve use of ai-rochemicals shoiuld incorporate integrated pest management (IPMl) in the design of the project. with L,uidance on Bank policy contained in OD 4.01 - Annex C; Biolloical Diversity: the Bank promotes coinservation of endangered plant and animal species: Cultural properties involves active protection of archaeological sites, historical monuments and historical settlements with Bank policy provided in OD 4.50; Dams zind rservolirs. with specific guid3ance in EA preparation offered by OD 4.00 - Annex B: Intern:atioLal Treaties and Ag,reements onl the Envir(onment and Natural Resources (e,. RANISAR Convention and Chilika Lake): Involuntarv resettlement. with guidance provided in OD 4.30; Land seitement: - atural hazards Jin1ludinw floods ard drou-ht): Tribal peoples. w%ith OD 4.40 providing specilic guidance on protecting the rights of tribal peoples. inJluding traditional land and water rights; - Watersheds. with Bank policy promoting the protection and management of watersheds as an element of lending criteria for dams, reservoirs and irrigation systems: \Wetlands and W\'ildlands (eg. coastal mran-roves), with the Bank promoting the conservation ol wetlands and wildlands. 2-7 Generally the Environmental Assessment is prepared during the project formulation and planning phase and a Summary EA is included in the NVorld Bankl's project appraisal report. The World Bank "Environmental Assessment Sourcebook' states that: 'The borrower should submit the final EA reporn to the Bank prior to Bank appraisal. The EA report is the borrower's property, but the Bank encourages the borrower to release relevant information to appropriate interested parties. The Final Executive Project Summary should summarise the EA's status and describe how major environmental issues have been resolved or are to be addressed, noting any proposed conditionality. The appraisal mission should review boLh the procedural and substantive elements of the EA with the borrower, resolve any issues, assess the adequacy of the institutions responsible tor environmental management in light of the EA's findings, and determine if the EA's recommendations are properly addressed in project design and economic analysis". Sectoral EAs, such as this document often include sub-projects for which many detaiis may not be known at the time ot appraisal or which do not require full EAs. Thlerefore sub-projects should be screened and appropriate environmental considerations made according to Bank directives as exemplitied in Sections 5 and summarised in Tables 5.1 through 5.4. A key objective of this Sectoral EA is to stren-then the DOWR's capability to: - Screen. scope and munitur sub-projects included in the WRCP from the environmental viewpoint. - Establish internal EA capabilities and to extend the Department's capacity for preparation of any special environmental assessments or management plans required including EA inpuLs to river basin plans and/or projects EAs; - Review any EA reports directly or indirectly relating to irrigation or water resource developments and management; - Implement environmental monitoring and mitigation plans for specific projects. 2.4.2 ADB auid Otler A'wtnciti All mtajor lending and bilateral aid a:encies including the Asian Developimient Bank (ADB) now have environmental (impact) assessment requirements for major projects including dams, reservoirs and irriLantion development. Similarly. agencies such as United Nations Development Prog,ramrme (UNDP) and the FoodJ and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) require environmental considerations and detailed ae;s:ssmnnt (where necessary) in respect of the projects or sub-sectoral programmmes tfunded by their or-anisations. 1t would be essential Iv'r the EA\ roups thus ttirmned within the DOWR to obtain the relevant environmental assessment cuidelines irOm those agencies. boih for comparative purposes and for tture reterence in dealingl with -such agencies regarding assistance or lendiing programiiencs for water resources developments in Orissa. 2.5 CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING PROJECT APPROVALS Several severe constraints presently characterize the approval prbcedures for water resources projects dLue to the complexitv tit' the prozedures as outlined above and in Appendix C. In particular, these relate to the foilovwine aspe.ts. 2-8 I 2 '.3.1 En vironniental :aid 0i t:r Legislahtitri Requirenients Legislation at the tfderral level is hased on Rules anLi 'iutifications which appear to be promulgated by individual Ctntral MIinistries wiih no cross-reference tO previous ministerial legislation or that ot' other minisiri2s. (i.e. no mention is made of superseding of previous legislation or reference to related Central or State Government acts or policies). Likewise at the State level. policy and directives are issued by interdepartmenral letters; State Government Resolutions (eg. -pproval of Central Government legislation); Minutes of Cabinet Mfeetings and Departmental Rules and Notifications linked to speciFic State acts or legislation. These tend to be policy and administrative or specific issue'oriented and any direct relationship to previous and other legislation is ot'ten not specified. Because environmental assessment in general and tor specific projects covers a range of administrative responsibilities. questions ot priorities. over-ruling legislation and policies and joint compliance reqIuirenients are dil'ticult to ascertain without le2zI advice. Likewise, compliance with one legislative reqiuirement can conflict with others (e.g. duplications in 'Environmental" and 'Forest Clearance" requirements). Otlher recent p)olicies such as reliance on tiher government departments to provide inputs to environmental imlpact assessment reports also cannot he maintained without jeupardizing progress towards elfective prroject EA approval and implementation processes. Some problem appears to exists due to the dil'f'erences in expectations implicit in Central Government environmental le:islation and by approval authorities and the capabilities and the capacity of Orissa State Government organisations to perceive and implement such requirements. Federal le-islation tends to he all-encompassing and with implied expectations equivalent to international environmental assessment objectives and standards. Federal environmental assessment evaluation and clearin- a|encies such as the MIOEF and CWC. have high expectations on the quality and comprehensiveness oit' EAs (aSC0ordin- to their guidelines) considerahly in excess of the present capacity to produjce thLse in state government 2gencies. panicularly in project sponsoring anencies such as DOWR. Similarl,. at the State level there is likely to be a shorta,e of expertise, academic or in -overnment. with relevant experience to pr.operly evaluate environmental assessnients of' m:jor water rc.ource projec.ts. involving a coniplexiiv of issues. 2.5.2 Foirest Departrriint- (M)FEf Clearonce Rcluironwnetlls Dit'ficulties aind delays ocur in inventorying and evaluating the t:-nber values in reservoir areas by the Forestry Deparintent. In omre cases reviewed the extent of :.oresi inventory %%ork undertaken has heen nminimal and dIoes not atccurately reflect the extent and .alIue of forest resoiurces affected (eu. no consideration oit' oprrtunity coSts ot torest resourc;s :'.~egone due to thr project). In other cases. DOWR had no) r;.el inndication ovl' actual f'orest losses .r how tlheS-e WOlid be disposed ofo r ito what extenit Cowief% n.t:o ry .A\l t'restatitin \would K1% re iu rJ: . Similarly. delms and constra:nts re'.;:rdling acquisitiOn of' lands :Jr CLniopensatorx I 'orestation involves the Revenue Depa:r,,.nt deI;ineLting and acquirin- L-:.'s (wastelands) -a.d the Forest Department dioin, the planning and implementation of' the proj ;:: all Without i..-lS, or liaison with DONVR except for their rLur.ding otf the programmes involve_. The Central NIOEF and St-te Forest D;partment standards a.lJ clearance recuirernents and expectations are diffticult to achieve in reality with -on -roLJ." situations in project areas, reqtuiring consi'derable exchun - of -"tticial" correspondence and causing del*.s beyond the control of DOWR. Uncertain or excessive obligations toL satis;\ Forest Derartment requirements relating to assistance anJ tmJnJir here also occurred in sonr rcaes. 2-9 2.5.3 Reliabilitatic)m aud Rfsettlement Policy Recent policy and administrative initiatives in respect of rehabilitation and resettlement R&R) have been established by the Orissa State Government including: - Delineation of a Rehabilitation Policy under the Office of the Chief Minister dated June 8. 1990, updating earlier established policies; - Provisions relating to financial support for one year and requirements for locally affected parties to he ennaged in a project's unskilled and clerical work force; - Creation of Rehabiiitation and Resettlement (R&R) Directorate under Depanmrxne of Water Resources fur implementin, R&R policies; Provision for an actual setting up of Rehabilitation Advisory Committees on a project basis,. including those for ongoing projects. The exact status of these initiatives was not investigated directly for the EA in any detaLl. However, the potential constraints. which include land acquisition, compensation, rehabilitation and resettlement aspects. need to be recognized. as inputs to the EA process. This requiremem could be a major constraint as tinal decisions on land available for relocation of families requires considerable investigations and negotiations involving complicated legislation such as the Land Acquisition Act (19S4) and can involve legal settlement of objections by aggrieved partie. The logistical problems of preparing and determining the proper scope of documentation of rehabilitation and resettlement aspects for compliance with Environmental Clearance and other EA documentation needs to be critically reviewed as an integral part of the Environmental A;ion Pla= funded under the WRCP programme. 2.5.4 Cutclhni:tit Area Nian:gten.nt Plans Most catchments affected by projects consist mainly of agricultural land and/or degraded foresz lands controlled by the Forest Department tor other government agencies. The needs for catchment manaaement plans are recognized hy all parties concerned, inctluding the DOWR. Catchment area managertient plans have been required as part of recent project approva alpplications (Reference 23). Fundin t'or these plans and their implementation has been a projec: cost borne by DOWR and necessary ftinds provided to the Soil Conservation Department to execute the works. In some instances the catchment management plans have focussed primarili. on- erosion cintrol works in the reservoir drawdown z(one, in proximity to dams and othe- infrastructure (eg.. hrid=es. Preparation orf c.xprehensive catchment area management plans and imiplementation c. these is also a politically sensitive issue te.g. interstate catchnients). It also invariably involvs sever_ cross-sectoral interests. pairti.cularlv if aspects such as areas used for shisting cultivation jy Triba groups. andiotr degraded Protecied or Reserved Forests. are involved. Conflicts of inte-ests exis: with the expectations of 'what can be charged tl) the projiect sometimes at variance wi i projec: objectives and econtnmic viabilitv. Negotiations on such matters can become a sensi:ve inter- departmental issue and a constraint on project approval procedures and timing. Policy and guidelines relating to the approach and scope to bh adopted for catchmrent area management plans for water res,ource sector projects would he included in the WRCP-EA programme. 2-10 2.5.5 Ratio,nialisatio,n of EA Rtcluireimexits for DO%V'R A complete review of actual legal requirements and rationalization of the size and types of projects and the appropriate approaich to and scope.of environmental assessment to water resource development projects need to be une of the tasks of tihe Environmental Action Plan included in the initial stages of the WRCP programme. The possibility of delineating, negotiating and incorporating into State or. at least in DO\N'R policy and establishing of appropriate in-house guidelines tor the Environmental Assessment of %vater resource sector projects should be considered in detalil by the proposed river basin planning and project formulation and planning EA groups. Recommendations relating to this should he made to the Water Resources Board (WRB) and the Orissa Department of Environment. Any analysis of this aspect should give due reco-nition to the following: - Preparing a specitic initial 'environmental screening" checklist applicable to Orissa State water resource development based on a review of locations, scope, size and environmental factors associated with typical projects and obtaining "Site Clearances- for access and field investigation for all types of planned irrigation projects oir Works: - Preparin, specific EA guidelines for major and medium projects under investigation or proposed under the NVRCP programme, based on GOI and institutional lending ag,ency requirements. and setting the priority for EAs based on the WVRCP objectives and outlining ways and means for inclusion of these EAs, in project feasibility study budgets. regardless of source of funds; Preparing a general approach and guidelines to be adopted for modernisation of existing irrination components of major and medium projects with an objective of approval being required only at the State level: - Preparing guidelines tor the preparation of river basin and sub-basin environmental management plans. including water bodies like Lake Chilika, and monikoring progress for the medium-lon- term including integration with SPCB (State Polluti(on Control Board) monitoring (e.g. irrigation water quality monitorinrw) and reservoir fisheries management programmes. The need 'tir acceptance of.a holistic approatch to Environmental Assessment in river basin plans is recOgnized. Integrated river basin plans would noit entirelv focus on negative impacts and potenti.L1 "controversial' issues hut vould also detine and highlight primary and secondary environmental ne. ative zind posit ive impacts and socioeconomic benefits. particularly those relatinig to increased a-ricultural productivity and welfare Of comiiniunities and sectoral interests to benefit from water resource development. Likewise. a holistic approach (on a river basin basis) of lurescry aspects such as inventorying otf potential losses and compensatory forestry requirements warrants consideration and should he negotiated with the Orissa Forestry Department. The potential iniplications ot resource allocation requirements tir sectors such mineral resource and industrial development would be evaluated in their environmental context as well as their demands for water resources. Current probleniatic. conflicting and project delaying situations involving use of other government agencies to determine impacts and to devise mitinating measures (eg. Forestry Department and Revenue Department regarding Compensatory A ftorestation prograrnme) should be re-evaluated and a streanmiined approach to EA investications. repuoring and evaluation negotiated with the parties involved. t is important in the context of long-term project planning to have primarily State-based approval procedures for Environmental Clearances. Extensive co-operation and liaison is essential between State government agencies during the initial site clearance and the 2-11 preparation ul and evaluation ot Environmental Assessment of water resource development projects. Responsibilities tor preparing the river basin plans (including environmental components) and project Environmental Assessments would remain a function of the DOWR. Thus, its capacity to initiate and complete comprehensive Environmental Assessments and associated reports are essential and need to be upgraded during the WRCP programme (i.e. the setting up of the EA groups as outlined in the Environmental Action Plan prepared Section 7). 2-12 3. OUTLINE OF ORISSA %VRCI> The Orissa Water Resources Consolidation Project (WRCP) is proposed by the GOO and the GOI for tundin.- under the World Bank lending prooram for the 1995 to 2002 period, in order to continue with onooing water resource developments (primarily for irrigation) and upgrade existing int'rastructure and maintenance for existing irrigation schemes. The WRCP also includes a compunent of institutional strengthenino for a reorganised Department of Water Resources (DOWR), the Orissa Lit' Irrigation Corporation (OLIC) and the Minor Irrigation and CADA. 3.1 PERSPECTIVE In the past 20 to 25 years manv ne%v water resource development projects have been initiated by DOWR; some now completed and others yet 1o be completed. DOWR's project management staff and limited finances have now become widely dispersed throughout numerous construction and operational sites. Because of the backlog in project completions, project investments are not returning the economic benetits originally forecast given though substantial investments have already been made. Also. Water management is currently sub-optimal, mainly due to underfunded Operations and Mlaintenance activities, because funds are spent on project construction. Various sections of the irrigation. drainage, flood control and water supply infrastrucEure are in disuse, disrepair or inet'ticiently operated. The area presently irrigated is substantially less than commanded by main canals or proposed under project design resulting in insufficient water supplies to some users and excess supply in other cases, particularly during the monsoon period in the head reach of command areas. The primary general objectives of the Orissa WRCP include: - To improve allocation, supply and use elficiency of the State's water resources; - To locus future sector investment on maximisin, benefits from existing and on-oin" developments in tirder to improve irrigated agricultural production; - To enhance the resource and environmental sustainability through improved planning. implementation and operation of water resource development projects; - To plan t'r anJ execute institutional adjustments which would improve water resource sec;or planning and manaoement. 3.2 f'RIORITIES I-OR ORISSA %N'RCP Tihe initial "project preparation' stage ot' the Orissa WRCP has included considerable invest:i"ation. assessment and rn-t;3utaion as to what should he the priorities and components of the prOpo.sed \WRCP program it, he fundJd fOr the 1995-2002 period. The immediate priority is to ensure that I'unds are availa-'e over the medium term for the completion and maintenance of assets. created throUgh consiJtrahle investments. These projects shou!d be completed in order to derive the intended benelits from these projects. The key priorities for the WRCP, as outlined in the World Bank's Aide Nlminire date lSth March. 1994 are - Rehabilitation. nitidernisatitin and improved water management (including water user's participation in ailklcatin and 0 & MI activities): - Introiductitin a J irnplen%:ntation ol' improved operation and maintenance practices throuihout the states Irrh3ation systems: tEffective comrnpletion otongoip- viable projects to maximise investment returns; 3 -1 - mInitiation and implementation of miilti-sector wvaler resouirce planni ng procedures at both ithe river hasin and project levels. - Restructuring and capacity huilding within the new Department of Water Resources (DOWR) including appropriate capabilities to meet environmental legislative and management requirements. By tocussing on the above priorities in the next seven years, the WRCP would yield basic support for substantial long term gains in agricultural productivity and improvements to the general weltare of the State's rural communities, particularly those located within or associated with irrigation schemes. The schemes taken up under O&M project completion sub-project are shown in Fig.-3. 3.3 COMIPONENTS OF ORISSA %%'RCP 3.3.1 'Institutional Stren-thening or DOW'R As noted above, a primary focus during formulation of the WRCP has related to the restructuring of DOWR, in the context of incorporating all water resource planning and management functions into one administrative unit i.e. the Department of Water Resources (DOWR). The institutional changes required. the approaches to achieve and a program for the implementation of the recommended institutional restructuring of the DOWR are detailed in the Orissa WRCP- Institutional Study dated Mlay 1993. An integral component of the Terms of' Reference for the Orissa WRCP - Environmental Assessment was to determine the institutional strengthening required. for the DOWR (or its successor) to assume tull responsibilities for EA requirements under existing or proposed environmental and related lecislation. Details of the present status of the capabilities in the Orissa State Government main Departments associated with environmental matters and of DOWR are outlined in Section 6. The recommendations relating to the setting-up, stafring, responsibilities, tasks and the funding for the Environmental Assessment groups within DOWR are outlined in Section 7. 3.3.2 Multi-Setural NN'ater Resource Plainning To date. plannine l't.r the lon" terimi development oit' Orissa's wvater resources has been most 1reqttenitlv on a projet haski. The GOO has created .a Siate-level Water Resoturces Board (WRB) headed biy the Chliie Sccretar%. *llle WRB would be responsible lbr decision-making relating to water planning and allocatioin between sectoral water users. This is an important function in view of the increasing demands 't.r water to support industrial development and urban expansion. Within the DO\'R. a separate OWPO (Orissa Water Planning Organisation). would be set-up and operated. With its main responsibilities relating to the preparation of river basin (and eventually sub-czatchnent area) plans and preparation ot' and advice relating to the proposed 'State Water Policv" and "Integrated State Water Plans'. Orissa has eleven river basins and the 75% dependable yields has been estimated as 7.S19 millitin ham. The river basins of Orissa are the loIlo)wing: (I) SuLharnarekha (') Budliabalang (3) Bailarani (4) Brahmani (5) Mahanadi (6) Rushikulva (7) \'anshadhara (S) Na-avali (9) Ktolab (10) Indravati (II) Bahuda. To date, backuorund data and compilation is pro,eedin- with 5 river basin plans with their present status being, iIllows: Baitarani - draft report issued; ,Mahanadi - dra't reporn issued: Rushikulva d dratt report issu.ed: 3-2 -. f lBrahmatnj - .1dr.t report issued. - Vansadlhara - dralt report issued; faca collection for the other six basins are in progress. The GOI has approved funds from the IVlWIP program to complete ihese river basin plans including the provision of a selected itern;nional consultant. Euroconsult. a consulting flirm of the Netherlands of international anding. has been appointed it take up hasin planning work wvithin DOWR. They commenced neir work since Novemher 1994. This w%ork would continue and would be supported under the IRCP, including support ti)r setting-u p and operating an Environmental Assessment group under )WPO headed by a Chief' Engineer. .3.3 Irri-alion SclIeI1e Rehahilitation. Improved Operationis and Alainitenance and Water User Involvenient (SIFT) ,-hese priorities are inter-related and are the main thrust behind the WVRCP. They would have videspread henetits and implications t`0r local communities and would indicate how the new )O%VR is perceived publicly. The key coimponents of this sub-project include: - Nloudernisation and rehabilitation of infrastructure in major and medium irrigation projects totalling some '52.446 ha: about one-third of the State's irriaation system including provisions tor training of enuineers in technical aspects of improved O&M and tfarnier or-anisation and outreach skills: - Preparation and implementation of' detailed Plans of Operation and Maintenance (POMNs). as outlined. are given below : * Some 92.160 ha ot' CCAs included under major projects including Sakhigopal, Kendrapara and Rushikulya: 1. Hirakud System - 10,760 ha 2. Mlahanadi Delia Stace-I - 18.500 ha 3. MIahanadi Delta Stage-Il - 28,800 ha 4. Rushikulva Irrigation S%stem - 14,400 ha 5. Baitarani Svsteni - 19,700 ha Some 53.123 h;a included in 1 2 medium projects at various locations .n the State; I. Dadaraghati - 3,508 ha 2. Aunli - 1.188 ha 3. Javai;m1ael. - 7.548 ha 4. Hiradharhati - 5.087 Ia 5. Ghod.tlhlada - 6.629 ha 6. Sunei - 8.910 ha 7. Budhatdluhiani - 2.953 ha 8. Pilasalki - 2.388 ha 9. I'italitallal - 2.030 ha 10. Kalo - 4,800 ha II. Baldiha - _ 3.832 ha 12. Bha;kel - 4,250 ha 3 -3 Sonme 107.163 ha in an additionial CCA in projeets already scheduled lor limited rehabilitation under the N%VNIP: 1. Hirakud Dam Project - 24,125 ha 2. NMfahanadi Delta Stage-l - 10,222 ha 3. Mahanadi Delia Stage-Il - 31,980 ha 4. Salandi Irrigation Project - 10,000 ha 5. Rushik-ulva Irrigation Project - 12,609 ha 6. Derjong Miedium Project - 5,951 ha 7. Salia Mtedium Project - 8,445 ha 8. Dhanei Niedium Project - 3,831 ha Selected additional drainage and flood protection works (e.g. crosslink drains in the Miahanadi Delta area) and further canal work to ensure reliable and equitable delivery of water to the primary and secondary distribution network; A pro-active program for the formation of Water User Associations (WUA) based on the minor canal command areas (i.e. about 300-500 ha), with each WUA being a registered society with its own lega1 status and operating bank accounts; Improved access and communication networks as required to link field operation offices with division and state irrigation headquaners. 3.3.4 Completion or Ongoing Projects There are likely three major dam/reservoir/irrigation projects, which have been scheduled to be taken up during the time frame of the WRCP. under WRCP funding. The status and scope of required works for completion of these major projects are as follows: Ren-ali Dam. reservoir, power house and headworks complete and downstream barrage nearing completion with LBC distribution network to be developed. the LMC up to 30 km covering an avacut of 8.483 ha is to be developed under %VRCP pro-ramme. Narai Barra,we The old dilapidated barrage vill he replaced by a new harraoe to be constructed at 250 meters downstream. This project received the approval from Planning Commission recently.. It will ensure irrihation of '06.000 ha. provide tlood prc:-ction to 160.000 ha and provides a management tzol for the conservation of Lake Chilika, a Ramsar sae. Miahanadi Chitrotipala. - This is extension of irrigation facilities in Delta Stage-I by providing a syphon tO provide irr. ation Water to the ll ahanadi Chitrotpala doa-b and Mahanadi-Paika doab covering an ayacut of .9,542 ta. This project needs additional investpgation: RAP. EA and some technical issues. In cast these i>sues are resolved. it vill be taken-up ur-2r the supplementary funding component. 3-4 There are tive nedtiuil size irrigalti)n projects (i.e. Iess than 10.000 hla) all involving simiall daIns and irrigation networks w%hich are proposed IlOr completion directly under the NVRCP; as follows: - Badanala Proje t - Located in the Ii raput District on a tributary of lhe Valnsadhara lRiver lor suipply of irri-ation water for 8,650 ha downstream on the left bank of the Vansadhara River: Hariharjore Project - Located on the left hank of a tributary to the Mahanadi River below its junction with the Tel River and commanding some 9,450 ha in the Bolangir district between the Hariharjore and Mlahanadi Rivers; Harbhangi Project - Reservoir and irrigation project located in the upper reaches of the Vansadhara River wvith a potential irrigation area of 9,150 ha; Upper Jonk Projet - Located in the upper lJnk, a tributary of Mahanadi River near the Madhya Pradesh border (south of the Raipur - Vizanagaram Highway) wvith an irrigation area of 9,425 ha located on both sides of the river downstream; Ba-hua If Project - Located in upper reaches of a left bank tributary to the Rushikulya River about 20 knm North of Chatrapur and supplying water to downstream CCAs totalling 6,240 ha located on either side of the Baghua River. This project will be included in the WRCP on the condition that a RAP is available before negotiations. With an indicated tot;al irrigation Command area of approximately 70.000 ha, these projects represent an incremental increas'e of 33.3 in the present irrig:ted area in the State and represent less than I % ot the prescribed potential irrigation area lir Orissa. 3-5 4. ENVIRONMENTAL OV'ERVIEWN' 4.1 PERSPECTIN'E Orissa is one ot' India's richest states in terms ol its natural resource base. It is located adjacent to the Bay of Bengal and has tour physiographic regions wvith several ecolonically significant areas, as followvs. - Coastal Plains - Chilika Lake and Bhitar Kanika estuarine mangrove ecosystem and adjacent coastal beach complex, which are the world's main breeding area for the Pacific Ridley Sea Turtle; Northern Plateau - Similipal Miassif, which has a diversity of flora (ie. over 3,000 species) and fauna (including the Similipal National Park and Tiger Reserve) and which has been recommended as a "biosphere reserve'; Central Tableland - Gandhamardan Hills complex, which is as yet unprotected, but includes a diversity of flora and fauna; Eastern Ghats - Mahendra-iri M1ountains complex, which is a transitional zone between the Himalayan and Indian peninsula ecosystems and which is also not protected as yet. Orissa State has extensively developed. and potentially developable, mineral resources, with mining and associated industries under expansion as outlined in Section 4.3. Orissa's annual average rainfall is over 1.450 mm: with over 80% generally falling in the June to September period. Annual rainfalls are of monsoon origin and extensive flooding is common, panicularly in the coastal zone. Orissa is predominantly an agro.econromic hased state. with over S67c% of its 31 Imillion po'ulation livinu, in rural areas. The general standarJ of living. in the rural communitiuiiiies is matrginal with the variations in climate such as drought and monsoonal flooding having substantial influence on farming activities and proiductivity. The general distribution of the State's population is shown in Figure 6 and the main irrigation areas are focussed on the delta reaches of the state's main rivers ic. the Mahanadi. the Baitarani and Rushiklulva and immediately downstream of Hirakud Dam in the Sambalpur District. Orissa's wvater Sources are extensive anJ include intlows from several interstate river systems, particularly thc NIahanadi and the Brahmani rivers. Overall. less than 3O0 oft the total water resource potential has been dcveloped providing irrigat:nn to approximately 35¶e of the area sown annually. There are a tital or' 62 major anJ medium siz-J irrigation based water resource projects which are classittied as completed or ongoing in the State. These are administered by the Department of Water Resources (DOWR) which currently is also investigating, several other irri-ation based projects. Minor irrigation schemes. covering less than 2.000 ha, are presently planned. developed and administered by the Rural Development Department (RDD) including those based on groundwater extraction. which are implemented through the Orissa Lift Irrigation Corporation (OLIC). Orissa State covers some 155.400 km:. of which approximately 62,800 4-1 kmn, or 407V. are sown annuWill to a-ricultural crops. The estimated total klharif season irrigatcd areas as of 1992-93 was around 21 .200 km: or 32To of' the total crop production area. The irrigated Culturable Command Area (CCA) presentl)y commanded by DOWR's major and medium water resource projects is some 9.664 km:, or over 46% of the total kharif season irrigated area. The tour major districts tor surtace irrigation are Cuttack, Puri, Ganjam and Sambalpur, which accouint for almost 55ac of the kharif season irrigated area (Reference 11). In respect of environmental man:tcenient in the water resource sector, potential pressure could occuir it' careful planning and mitigating ac:tions are not implemented. through: - Contlictino priorities tor water allocation (eg. expanding mining and industrial demands): Extensive changes in regimes due to storage, and diversion, redistribution and use for irrigation and power schemes; Unnecessary heavy demands for pollution assimilation capacity by mining and heavy industry in selected riier sectors. and estuarine zones (eg. lower lb River Zone and Angul/Talcher Zone otf Brahmani River): - Drainage. waterlogging and salinity problems in selected sectors of irrigation project command areas. particularly in the lower deltaic reaches and coastal zones. Local and suh-regiunal water quality problems exist in both the ephemeral river system and in small, community and private tanks/ponds. most of which are recharged by monsoon rains and runoff. Two of the State's most important ecologically sensitive areas are brackish water wetlands (ic. Bhitar K'anika National Park. [Brahmani/Baitarani delta areal and Chilika Lake), are being adversely affected by a number oif factors. including over-exploitation of fisheries and water qluality/sed iment inilow problems. Substantial lotng term degradation to riverine fisheries has also occurred due to the combined effle,ts oft overfishing. regime changes, harrier effects of structures, sediiment transport due to) over-exploication oft' 0rests and pollution due to poor mining and industrial waste disposal practices. There is an increasing awareness olf the value and general environmental status of Orissa's natural resource base. hut it currentil remains, vulnerable to over-exploitation and further degradation. Considerable improvementsto m:rninaement of the State's natural resource base are required to ensure sustainabilitv on a long teriim basis. Whilst this appears to be a pessimistic viewpoint, it is reflected in sie oit' the co.mments n.ted in the fo'llowing descriptions relating, mainly to the current situation and implications if development to the water resource sector. 4.2 AVA'ILABIILITY OF DA,TA Although the fiollowing descriptions are basic only, it Was Obvious during their compilation and in disc.ussions with a variiety ot authorities. that there is a considerable quantity of general data available regarding the natural reMlource hase of Orissa. It was also indicated that there could be considerahly more availahle in government documents which have received limited distribution. lhere appears to he only limiteJ documentation relating tol the ecology of Orissa's lorests, habitats. wildlife and freshwater. estuarine and marine environments. particularly that of primary productivity in these ecosystems. Publicatioins such as the Orissa Environment Society's (OES) relating to the MNahendragiri mountain co1mplex are most encouraging (Rel'erence 13). In respect of' environnrinntUl assessment, the documentation is limited. with the more comprehensive EAs and Environmental Management Plans prepared to date being those relating to mining, mining and chemical hased industry and thermal power projects. 4-2 .An extensive title search and compilation ot a bibliography of books, reports, journals and research papers relating to baseline ecolog) and socio-economnics in Orissa would be a most worthy project, given the present situation. The availability of such documents held by the State's public research institutions, government department libraries and universities should be included in this inventory of environmental related documents. The possibility of involving the Orissa State Government Archives in Orissa, the assembling of an environmental database should possibly be considered as part of the WYRCP funded Environmental Action Plan programme proposed in Section 7. 4.3 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES 4.3.1 Perspective Orissa is geologically diverse. with substantial mineralised zones, derived from both basic and sedimentary rocks and metamorphosed deposits. The main strategic miaserals include: coal; iron ore; bauxite: chromites: graphite: limestone and dolomites, quartzites, lead, manganese and zinc ores, mineral sands and china and fire clays. Both large-scale and small-scale mining and mineral processing occur throughout the state, with the major focus of activities being in the Dhenkanal District and the Bonai-Keonijhar area ot Sundaragah and Keonijhar Districts. The importance of Orissa's mineral based industries is indicated by the following: An internationally imponant, and India's primary, source of chrome ores and processing worth more than Rs. 800 million/year, much of this in export earnings; India's biggest producer of manganese, graphite, quartzite and dolomite, with an annual value exceeding Rs. 230 million. and its second biggest producer of lead (Rs. 30 million); India's 4th-7th biggest state production of key strategic minerals (including coal) for domestic production of iron and steel, aluminum and cement, with an annual value exceeding Rs. 2.4 billion and with extensive expansion of these activities ongoing and planned: Over 350 %%orkin: mnines in Orissa. accomunting t0r more than 50% of its major industries. %ith a total investment exc;edin-, Rs. 460 mil.ion and employment of over 35.000 persons: - .lMineral sands (rare earths) mining 3t Chattrapur (Ga.jam District south of Rushikulva Jelt:a and remstones in the Ravagarda area c.f Korapur and adjacent areas of KalahanJi district. Sonie ongoing and proposed maior devel.lopments which are mining and industrial based include, as examples: Initial 500 MW of ttie National Thermal Power Corpora::on's (NTPC) proposed 3.000 MW thermal power plant at Kaniha located between the DOWR's Rengali dam and its Samal Barrac- located oin the Brahmani River: A large s;cale steel pr.je;t located at Duburi in Cuttack District, which would be supplied by water diverted by the Sam.! Barrage; 4-3 Exnpansion ut central Orissa coaltield operations based on rail transport and, shipping of coal from Paradeep port: a Rs. 5 billion project being funded by thi Asia Develotpment Bank (ADB) and based on coal supply for thermal power plants in Southern India. Orissa State's mineral resource industrv is a mainstav of its econory and is undergoing rapid expansion. This has substantial imnplications lor water resource development and managernlent particularly frum the wvaiter quality viewptont. 4.3.2 Iliplicatiuois to Water Rt-surce Sctor The extensive present and proposeds mineral resource development and processing industry has nunierous existing and poten6ial impacts on local and regional water resources, including: - Lar-e scale deu:inds l;r water for processing operations and company townships, and needs ftir detailed consideration ol these demands in river basin and sub-basin plans and project feasibility studies, - Know%n and potential point sources (eq. tailings dam releases during monsoon flows) and noni-point miorces l. hith fluoride and sulphur dioxide ground level concentrations of air emissio'n fallout) (t pollution of local rivers through direct discharge of ettluents or contaminated site runotf, - Risks associated with potential mining project tailings dam failures due to Overtopping during cyclone or heavy monsoon sworms with resultant large scale contamination otu downstreamn water bodies and river sediments; - Lon, term reductions in levels of' ltcal aluifers due to excessive ptimpincg of groundwater tor nininge industrv projects. to the Lietriment of Jocal communities usin, these aquifers lor doimestic and lift irrigation puwposes. The Angul/Talcher and Rourkela mining and industrial zones are already severely and adversely affecting local wvater resources and traditional communities. The Angul/Talcher zone which is located in the central sector tft' the .Brahmani basin. is one of the worst 15 pollution problem areas in India and the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) is preparing a detailed "Environmental Action Plan" f0r complialnce and upgraJing (f pollution control requirements for individual operations and water and ;air quatit% menitorin aind managenient. Thie Brahmani Basin aind the Roorikela iron and steel coimplex upstream of Rengali dam and the An2ulfTalcher minine hbased developments below the DOWR's Sanial Barrage, vhere pollution assimlilattive c;pcity vill he sutisia.ntiall redlceJ due io wvater diversion for industrial and irriuation use. arc enviroinimental m1alnlag.'emnt priorities of' tile SPCB. The Mahanadi below H irha1L1d1S;amb1h;1lpotr E; also considered liikely to bte a long terini environmental problemii area, particularly relating tit water quality mana:germ.ent. These and tither river sectors downstreanm tit' minets and mineral processing projects will need to he considered in relaton toi w%ate:r dJe;mands. pollution sources and ctrontrls and assimiliative capacity tor po)llutnts' in all f'titure river hasin and irrigation dam. harrage and canal supply projects. This aspect will need to bh addressed in the river hasin plans being prepared under the WRCP. 4-4 4.4 l l'DIROLOG'\' AND) WVATER QUA LIT'Y 4.4.1 Availability Of Data There is considerable secondary data available within government agency files relating to hydrology and wvater quality. Substantial hydrological data is available in DOWR project teasibility reports and as raw data tiles. This hydrological information will be consolidated in the proposed River Basin Plans being initiated under the \VRCP and within a centralised data management system started under the National Water Management Programme (NWMP) (1987) and being implemented by DONVR. Considerable water quality data is available from several sources, including: - Comprehensive sampling at monthly intervals over the 1989-1993 period (and ongoing) in the Brahmani (12 locations) and Mahanadi (18 locations) and three monthly in the Baitarani (6 locations) under the Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources (MIINARS) programme being undertaken by the SPCB; - Special'water quality monitoring campaigns and programmes such as those for polluted sectors of rivers (eg. Kamalanga and downstream in the Brahmani, Chilika Lake and community ponds) by SPCB and others; - Selective water quality data collected during project surveys, post-improvement studies. at urban Water supply and industrial intak-es and from tube wells and groundwater by several organisations including (DOWR, DPHE, OLIC, RDD etc.); Water qualitv research, both in Orissa and other states, relating to reservoir water quality (eg. Hirakud Danm) but largely folcussing on smaller reservoirs or tanks in proximity to major urban areas (References 3 and 10). In general though. there is a lack of any extensive hydrological and water quality data relating to minor tributary rivers and to most of the reservoirs which are located in the remote areas of Orissa. The SPCB has several recional offices in seven districts. monitoring oftices at Balangir, Ganjam. Phulbani. Keonijh2r. Bhuhanes%var and Puri. The SPCB has also recentil negotiated a live-year assistance and instiKutional strengthening progranmmne with NORAD worth some Rs. 200 million, including, stuidiS on industrial pollution and the scttingl up of' a "centre fur environmental studies for imparting trainin g in the tield of Environmental 1,r>p3ct Assessment and technical sttldies". (See Appendix B). The DOWR should assume overall responsibility tor co-ordinating and consolidatin- water qua!i:v data relating to all water bodies i. the State inc.udinar reservoirs, of all sizes. This is a mnmor t:ask requiring the co-nperatiion of ot-.er agencies involveJ such as the Re-ional Research Lahorat'rv (RRLL SPCB and DFEE. OLIC and the Department of Public Health - Engineering (DPHEL. Data frm thlier sources such -s 2cadeinic researc" palpers also needs tO he inclutded in the qa r quality data base. 4.4.2 I mplicatiniiis to WVatcr RL-mugrce Planning atid Mlana-einlit Hvdrological data, particula:l' that relating tO low flows in rivCr systems (a::dr diversions) is important tor factors such as: Guarante-ing ad:equate supplie-s htr riparian rights :*;r domestic ''e by present and future cmanitie>; 4 -5 - Detecrmining ittilo' termil -;Itcr alict eitions tbr proposed nec oir mudzr-;s;ition r CAiNinel irrl:iatio'n scJierves anid Itir river basin planning pti'rpSoS; - DDetermining tie pl lution aSsilniailive capacity in critical s,ectors of' rivers and oi the potential water quality a%sociaite wlit diversions lor irrigation during the ra, seaskn (iC. assessing thle possibility of contaminated supplies to irrigation canali with potential ettects tin communal uses such as domestic supply, ba tin,g, fts, ponds etc. and irridte- crop prouction): * Asse%sfent tot water manzigenfltn requirements Io critical areas such iz estu3ries, which are adverselv affected bv diversions to, withdrawals lor antd rew!jrn flows- (roin irrigation. indlustrial and community w'acer supply facilities. There is an essential neeJ to consolidat e ali hv-drolocical data including that trom sources outside the DOWR and data uathered during any protject's final planning, design, constru:tion and operational phases. This data base should probably be located within the functio:s of the Resource Assessment or River Basin Planning Directorates proposed for the DO.WR (See Figure 3). There are i I river hasins in Orissa and the tot3l surface water 75% dependable yield has been estinmated as 7.319 million ham. The -e,round water potentia)l has been estimated as ., million ham. Orissa has cultivable area of 6.55 million ha. Out of which 5.9 million ha can be brought under irrigation. So far Orissa his covered 2.120 million ha under irrigation i.e. 36% of cultivable area of the StaLe. Hydrological data relatingi to diversions. return flows. Ilood control and drainage requirements of the s;tte's main river delta s%ssems is 31s required hOr assessing the implicati3ns of river basin water mnn;tgement on the etclogical status and needs ot the estuarine zones: all of which in Orissa are seriousiv degraded. or are under-oine serious degradation. (Reference 9). The recently established National Hydrological Program (NHP) being fundedJ by FAO wi:l provide additional hydrologlical water quality data of' direct reliance to water resources plann"ng. Also DO\WRs River Basin Plannine Direcorate has commenced assembling, storage and prc:essing of environmental data including that relating to EA requirements and procedures and plans e:entuafly incitide regional water qualitm and ecological resources data (e.g. fisheries production). 4.4.3 Water Quality Prottetioin Requireiients The water quality situation in certain parts of Orissa is becoming quite critical, parmln_larly in view of the large potential expansion in the mineral resource and industry secors. These ativities plius the ptilp and paper anJ chlor.'Ala31i industries are major sources of .;al 2a.d regional pollution. particularlk in the u-pper and miid-Brahmil ani. The lb River andl ni-:.sches of the MSahanadi and die lower reaches olf the Rushikulva rivers (Reference 9 and Figures 3 and). While thle SPCB plrog,rame in uses tin knomn critical industrial sourced water quaii:. problem areas, there issalso evidence oft ititler prblenis hich need ito he investigated and :zsessed :o protect waIle`r tIal;l itV. inJlud ings - LSBioloseical ellects o|r contaminated waters (ec. treated or untreated r e_-es trcm nminir;t and inidutrial %; a>te diopp'sal operations tin river atjiatlic ectuluv . acdud in hbttcor tfauna and tIsheries. irrigated crorp production. and g-:ndva:er contam ination: - uPotential ptblic health etfclts *f lcalised hi2h water tables due to :,7. :-tion or u.ban drain;ae:; (eg-. Sambhalpur. i%here insallaftions of septic syste- are rat eftective doeu toi high groundwater tahles s'o open surface drains a7e 2sed for domestic sewage disposal): Bi0-LCCLIIIIIlaiion ettc'Es (of containinants (cg. heavy miletals) and use of indicator species tor assessing known or as Vtet undetermined long teriml impacts on aquatia life and productivitV (cooperation with the SPCB and CPCB in Delhi required; CPCB is implementing a nationwide prograin for indicator species of aquatic systems). An integral part of' the proposed Environmental Assessment component to be completed during preparation of River Basin Plans would he to) review and delineate existing and probable water quality problems, and to delineate water allocations and monitoring and management requirements covering both surtface and groundwater and including those ot estuarine zones (e.g. co-operation with the Lake Chilika Development Authority through the Water Resources Board in relation to the operation ft' the Naraj Barrage). 4.5 AQUATIC ECOLOGY' AND FIS}IERIES 4.5.1 Current Genieral Situation The present status of acluatic eculogy and t'isheries in Orissa's river and estuary systems reflects the adverse cumulative et'fects of the past Q0 years' population growth, development and exploitation of natural resources. In summary. the degraded state of these resources can be directly and indirectly attributed to the combined effects of: - Extensive interterence with the natural re,imes of rivers due to impoundments, diversion canals. construction of flood protection embankments and conversion of marginal delta and floodplain areas to irrigation areas; all of which have affected breedin, and feeding habitats of fish, prawvns and supporting bottom fauna and aquatic and floodplain plants: - Extensive clearin tif' forests for agricultural land developimient and other purposes, -and removal ot' trees. including mangroves. for fuellvood. with attendant erosion and silting of rivers. canals and delta distributary systems includino the estuaries and Chilika Lake: - Limited controls tin rnininm and industrial development inclu(ding associated waste disposal practices. some of 'which have be.n poorly located and are directly responsible f0r extensive deterioration in the availability and integrity of aquatic habitats and .colohical linkates (ie. ftiod chains) through pollution of natural waters (e" .N Nandira River in Anguli;Talcher area). Extreme care has to be taken that these pollutedJ waters. includin- downstream stretches. are not used as a .source of irrin.cton %%alt r. %%hich could have severe public health inplications (e.g. heavv mEals and tittier hazardous Chemicals). Mariny tt' these Causaal .ictors -1 effets are ongoing (e.g. contamination and de.struction of mnaneroves within anJ arounJ th: Bhitar Kanika Sanctuary of the Brahrnani/Baitarani estuary). WVhilst demiled quantitative eviJence otf such effeztsl is limlited, some dlocumentary evidence (particularly the recent reptirt h! the Fisheries Departiient entitled "Report on Environmental Threats tto Fisheries in OrisNa") is availlblL. (Reference 9). Some of the nmoire critical issu;LN ir.clude: Fish kills ha e %t-:uently occurred in the fOllowin-g areas Brahmaini - Rturkela and Ancul/Talcher zones due to mineral and industrial prome.%sing ef'lluents. 4-7 bIh and \lahanadi - Samhlulpir and Brajarajznagir - pulp and pana and th.erimal power plants anJd mrining operationls, Rushikulya-Gopalpur/estuary - chlor-alkali plant and eftluents; Preliminarv evidence exists of heavy metal contamination of fish from sever coastal locations (pairticularlv Gopalpur): in the Brahmani estuary and in the r4 River and Ih reaches or' Hiraklud Reservoir (Reference 9); Suhstantial depletin. it' not complete losses, since 1950 of' some migratory fis and prawn speCies (such as Indian shad IHilsa ilishal and freshwater prawns jIlacrohr:chitin ri'^enherf_ii and M. malcolmonii)) in the Brahmani, Mahanadi and Rushik-ul;la systems. which previously supported viable riverine fisheries for these species. This is a result of extensive losses to flood plain spawning habitat tIor these spe.ies and the main local lish species (ie. Indian carps), due to river channelisation and inclusion of' seasonally flooded areas within irrigation developments. anJ overtishing in newly created refuge areas (eg. upstream of harraoes. at canal ofttakes and in seasonally isolated pools). For example, in the 1940s through 1960s. the Directorate oif Fisheries (DOF) used to buy collected spawn and fingerlings t'roni floo0d plains lor stocking of'tanks/ponds and had extensive river section (sairat) tishing leases in the Mlahanadi and the Brahmani Rivers: activities which are no longer physically or econotmically viable, (Ahmedj personal c.omment): Depletion ot' estuarine species which are preferred market species (eg. Sea bass - Lates caliciher) due to channes in estuarine ecosystems and overtishing in areas such as Chilika Lake and Mahanadi delta distributaries; - Substantial degradation in river water quality due to urban runof'f and discharges (e.g. 40¶ increase in chemical1 and biochemical oxygen demand, and a five times inerease in Total Coliform counts in the Mahanadi River downstream of Cuttack compared with upstream of the city). Comprehensive baseline inventorying of aquatic ecology and fisheries resources, and the assessment ot' the lon- term viabilit titf these resources. have not been undertaken for any of the river or estuary svstemis in Orissa. Valuable aquatic ecological resources such as mangroves, henthic organisms. harvestable crusta:ceans anJ 1'ish and associated wildlife such as crocodile and birds which are dependent on these resources aire at risk in the long term. The entire problem of the status and of long tetrm effects of water resource. mining and industrial development on aquatic ecolovy and fisheries tif the Stuz&'s rivers and estuarine svstenis needs to be reviewed on a scientilfic and historical hasis. .\se;sn%nt ol' the imnpacts of existing and prop(psed irrigation, including reservoirs. barrages. eirs. canals. tlood control works and returnl water quallity, would he an integral p.rt of such investigations. Whilst the recently initiateJ Environnmental Action Plan " for the Angul/ Talcher region will assist in rectit'fing imnmediate lo:al problems. a river basin approach to the assessment of wvater allocation priorities and balance. "ater quality. ecological status and critical issues needs to be considered. It is preliminarily suggested that the Baitarani River Basin 'Plan bein, prepared by DOWR (as it is mainlv wvithin Orissa and his no major reservoir developments as yet), may pre.sen the best opportunitv fOr a case study in this recard. This river is also an important source of hinlows to the hitair Kanika Na.tional PNrk. x hich has ecologically significant resources including a diversity ' maon-:grovs 137, species). birds anid cricodiles directl) dependent on the estuary's inflows. Water qualitv anJ aquatic ecology. 4 -8 4.5.2 Fislhrit:s 1rodLictiOll anid Potentialls (a) Freshwater (InlandL) Aquzaculture In recent years the major emphasis in freshwater tisheries has been on fish farming in private ponds and community tanks/ponds and small reservoirs. Production from these accounts tor over 80% of the State's present annual production of freshwater fish, which is approximately 60,000 tonnes. The net market value of this production of 54,000 ronnes/year from tanks/ponds would he about Rs. 1.1 billion/year. Some 103.000 ot' Orissa's 157.000 tanks/ponds. vith an area covering some 40,000 ha, are suitable tor aqluaculture. with about 34.000 ha stocked annually. Production from freshwater tanks/ponds has increased from 24.000 tonnes/year in 1985-86 to over 49,000 tonnes/year in 1990-91. Tank/pond ftish production currently accounts for over 30% of the State's total tish production. Fish species stocked for aquaculture are the Indian major carps (eg. Ruhu and Catla) and the Common Carp, and yields in well operated tanks/ponds are about 1.500 kg/ha/yr. Given the above situation. it is indicated that due consideration should be given to improving the opporiunities for 1'ish farming in irrigation command areas in the detailed planning phase loar the WRCP's modernisarion and rehabilitation ot irrigation schemes. Also ongoing research programmes at the (CIFA) located near Bhubaneswar indicate yields ot' at least 200 kg/ha/yr on a seasonal basis, and potential yields of 700-1,000 kg;/ha/yr on an annual basis can be attained with properly constructed plot-end tanks for paddy-cum-tish culture. A pre-condition for the development of rice-cum-fish farming is the development ot' Integrated Pest Management Methods (IPMN), which reduces the pesticide use and increases the survival rates of fish in the paddy fields. Good potentials could also exist t')r 'trench culture' in waterlogged areas (AhMe.l, personal comment). Pro(dction tif 1l'rl.hater lr'.mns onti a ;coniniercall basis has tioit been undertaken in Orissa tto date. Research and trials at CIFA indicate potential yields of 20-25 kg/ha in six months. and the Directorate ot' Fisheries is sending staff for training for breeding and nursery management fir freshwater prawns under an FAO assistance programme. Thus, there is considerable potential for improving the economic welfare and nutritional status of Orissa 's a-ricultiral ropulatiin throutgh on farm tish and prawn production. (h) Riverine Fishcries As notedl above. tish !'ields from rivers are limited. particularly compared with that which uSdtI to1 Occur in the hIter reac:hls otf the State's major rivers. Permanent and seasonal pools in river courses are heavily fished l;r subsistence and commercial purposes; mainly uSirw I ill nets. E%eln smll sizes oit' f-ish are tak:n. much to the detrimilenit of' the riverine lish resoUrce's' lowu tErim susrtalin.hillitv. This also applies to local fishing practices in irrication canals and drains. .N' stocking ti rivers or canals is undertaken by the Directorate of Fishtries. (c) Reservoir Fisheri;s In recent years. et'inrts to) develop reservoir fisheries have mainly f0oCussed on near shore (heach scinewor shallow depth netting rather than open water tishing. Reservoir stocking was not scientifically rather it %%as based but rather it was based on release of surplus small fing!erlingzs as and %%h-n available in an! one vear. Accurate figures on fish yields troml1 Orissa's lar d and mdJiuil sizeJ reservoirs are somewhat unreliable in view of the dit'ficulties experienced by the Orissa State Fishermen's Co-operative Federation (OSFCF) with reservoir fisheries. %%hich proved.not to he viable at'er 4-5 years. 4-9 The World Bank (%[3) is ctirrernly rundinm a five year programme (1992-97) to develop smg reservoir fisheries based on the tollowiing aspects: 5S sm3ll reservoirs covering 19 500 ha; -Estimated yields fronm 60 L-Q/ha/yr from 300-1 000 ha reservoirs anti 240 k fo'haIr fbr reservoirs less than 100 ha; Reservoirs allocMted for fish production from DOWR to DOF for tisheries mnanagement: Leasing otf reservoirs or major sections thereof to local fishermen's co-operatives (OSFCF); Localised production of fingerlings to proper size by the DOF in oft--reservoir ponds and/or in-reservoir pens. Fisheries prograninmes have also been developed by) the DOF tor 5 medium sized reservoirs in Orissa. with Mandira. Kuanria and Upper Kolab to be the initial case studies. These pro-ramnies would be internally linanced and 50% subsidised by the Orissa State Government. For examiple. the .\landiir- Reservoir project would cost Rs. 4.2 million, have a yieldt of'some 200 bonnes/lear and vwould benefit 220 fishermen. The project also includes provision of nets, boats and a co-operative vehicle and landing facility based on loans to he repaid under set conditions (Reference 5). It is ctnsidered likel that \%ith additional managenient inputs. benet'its Irom reservoir fisheries will increase substantially. particularly from projects such as those for small reservoirs as outlined above. (d) Estuarine Fisheries The estuarine and bra,,kish water fisheries production. including prawns, in Orissa is approximately "2.000 tonnes/year with that of Chilika Lake production decreasing from sonie S.500 tonnes in 19S6 to 4.300 tonnes in 1991 (Reference 12). This reflects the excessive pressure on the estuarine brackish water fisheries due to overfishing mainly because of increased numbers of' fishermen and hoats and use of small mesh nets. Likewise. the Brahniani/Baitarani estuary is under depletion from over-exploitation due to excessive numbers ort' tishermien, removal of manuroves and poor water quality of inflows. As excessive heivN mtmal concentration has been tound oifftshore of all Orissa's major river deltas. it is probable that the ass;oiated estuaries are also contaminated, particularly those of the Rushiktlva !nd Bralimani Baitarani deltas. Potential development tft' aquaculture in the State's estuaries and Chilika Lake needs to be scientificaillv assessed. and carefully planned and implemented in co-operation with the Chilika Development Authority. %%hich should he a member of the WRB (Water Resources Board). DLIe conmsideration 11;' I (to be i,en to potential long, terimi variabil it\ in wvater quality and associated risks such 9s those associated with changing salinity in certain sectors. both seasonally anJ over the long term. Substantial Jvater quality monitoring and management inputs and deve!opment controls would he required lor aquaculture development in the estualries and Chilika Lake. With 58 species of fish having been recoirded from Chilika Lake and its siiniticance as one of South Asia's largest migratory bird winterine habitats anJ moist ecolo-icallv diverse wetlands (Ramsar site: India has si-ned the Ramsar Convention ot' 1971): commercial fisheries development must be 4 -10 planned and controlled in conjunction with other uses and wetland conservation objectives. The above aspects are under consideration by the Department of' Environment (DFEE) ongoing investig;ations to prepare a revised integrated action plan tor conservation and management ot' Chilika Lake. 4.5.3 Imilplicationrs to WVater RL-source Sector It is obvious that substaintial potentials exist in terms of freshwvater and brackish water fisheries in Orissa. Cunsiderable alterations to the riverine aquatic ecology have been associated with water resource development projects. particularly due to tlood protection wor-ks in the delta zones. A number of inter-relationships between water resource development, environmental assessment of project impacts and aquatic ecology and fisheries need more attention in future planning. These include, as examples: - Implementing inland (freshwater and brackish water) fishery conservation and procection legislation. so that overfishing can be controlled and critical breeding habitats protected (e.g. closed seasons, closed areas and mesh size regulations); - Havin- a Directorate of Fisheries representative involved in planning for the modernisation and rehabilitation and tor the planning of new projei;ts; - Involving Directorate of Fisheries experts in any state-wide water quality monitoring programmes or special campaigns, and considering of use of biological indicator species in such programmes (also co<)peration with SPCB and CPCB in Delhi); Providing required water allocations for sufticient riparian tlows to minimise river pollution risks to aquatic ecology in river basin and irrigation project operational plans and providing %%ater ft'r lish culture in command areas, if feasible and required: Undertaking project-specitic aquatic ecology and fisheries investigations as part of the feasibility studys programmes including several post-project case studies to investi-ate the effects on native freshwater f-isheries of barrages, river emhankmfliepts and major drainaEe works in the delta areas and in tihe vicinity of Chilika Lake: - AsseNsing and implermenting lton term water qu3ality monitoring schiemes, including setie fish sampling (e.g. for heavy metal and pesticide hio-accumulation) in repre.'entaiti1 irrigation lh. ms tie, in canals. return drains and tlood control In suinnmarv. the freshwater anJ hra kikh watler ti,heries potential of Orissa is a valuable natural resource which i: hein- rnlisuNcJ and iS unJer continual Jderadation. The aquatic ecology and fisheries aspects are integral to watcr resource and river basin and plinning for specific project and environmental assessnment. so more detailed consideration of project imnp3ats on the aquatic e"olo-Y and tisheries apet. i n e.eded. All fil the river hasin plans aiid the miialor and miedium projects proposed under the W: RCP shoulJ include due consideration o tihe ways, and means of improving integration of aquatic ecology anJ fisheries conservation-and development to maximise the potential benefits from these resources. 4 - 1 1 4.6 FORESTRY AiND WILDLIFE RESOURCES 4.6.1 PerspLctive on Forestrs Aspects The Orissa Forest Departnment (DFEF)is responsible tfr both forestry and wildlife administraioj mananement and conservation. There are some 57 183 km2 of total reserved forested area' Orissa State based on inierpretation 1rom recent satellite imagery and including national parks ap sanctuaries (See Figure 7). The actual forest cover was indicated to be about 47,140 km2 in 14gg of which some 27.350 km was dense forest cover (ie. >409% cover). While incursion into , dense forest remains small (ie. 5% over the 1987-91 period or about 1%O/year), fairly raps depletion of the open torest cover is occurring (ie. over 19%o in the 1987-91 period, or aboi 4%lyear). The residual mangrove forest located mainly in Bhitar Kanika National Park is aJI subject to depletion (ie. 27, loss over the 1989-91 period) but the mangrove areas also are subjec to more extensive degradation through fuelwood gathering and "fencing off' for fish farms. Alsi the previously extensive man-roves of the Alahanadi Delta area and southern Chilika Lake an. now severely depleted and their long term viability in doubt. Forestry production in 1988-89 was some 230000 m of timber, over 600,000 m' of firewood and. over 260.000 tonnes of bamboo. Considerable production of minor forest products also occur; with kendu leaves. sal seed. N!ahua dlowers, tamarind and siali leaves being the dominan products. The total annual value of forest production in 1990-91 was approximately Rs. I.lj billion- 70% of which was derived from kendul leaves. An extensive afforestation and4 retorestation programme is in progress. with assistance from Swedish bilateral aid for communiq' plantations. Wasteland rehabilitation has also been in progress for over 10 years. Some 3,810 km: of wasteland was planteed during the 1980's (References 15 and 16). Withdrawals of Reserved Forest lands in the ten years from 1981 through 1991 period for variou development purposes totalled to 137 kmm. of which 49 km2 or 35% was for irrigation projec4& Current policy retquires the acquisition ti equivalent areas of land for the establishment of' Compensatory Aftorestution tor lands required to he reallocated for major projects, such as reservoirs and canals. This is a time consuming process and contributes to the delays in tht approval of water resource projects as noted in Section 2.5. The implications of environmental assessment and forestry aspects requires a comprehensive review during hoth river basin and specific project environmental assessm en and should include th6e tllowing: - Interaeency discustionn and fOrnialisation of approaches to. and scope and extent oLt' dtctiulmentatioin in Site and Environmental Clearance applications, as required under re;.nr environmentail legislation (see Section 2.3 in Appendix C); - The acceptability tot DOWR using external forestry consultants to undertake basic inventri r n-: and preparation and evaluation of options for Compensatory .A\ Iorestat ion ftir mnjJor projecIs prepared fOr detailed EAs: - Arramnguemnts and appropriate training requirements fOr anv Forest Department saff (inJiUdin-, Wildlife Depanrnient personnel) seconded to DOWR under the proposed WRCP EA progranime: - A scce to departmental ;tirost inventory data and maps fur inputs to EA doctimentatitin t.or ri'.er ha.-in aind catchment mana-ement plans and fur specific projects. liere is an inJicated neeJ t i establish anJ build up a better working relationship between t4t 4 -12 DOWR and the Forest Department at the mid-management level. Hopefully, this can be achieved through the Environmental Assessment Groups as recommended under the WRCP-EA programme. 4.6.2 Perspective on Wildlife Aspects The wildlife resources of Orissa are diverse and an active conservation and protection programme is in place for several species including tiger, elephant. freshwater and estuarine crocodiles and several species oI hirds. There are 65 maminal, 446 bird and 84 reptile species recorded in Orissa to date (Reterence 18). Of particular importance to the water resources sector are the followving issues: Water inflows in terms of flooding regimes and water quality to aquatic-based habitats, particularly those for protected species such as the freshwater and estuarine crocodile populations of the Miahanadi and Brahmani/Baitarani systems and the bird populations of Chilika Lake (e.g. operational rules of the new Naraj Barrage should be such that the three objectives of the Naraj Barrage are satisfied: irrigation water supply to Delta Sta-e 1, flood protection and sediment inflow control in Delta Stage 11 and ecosystem management for Lake Chilika); Extent and signitticance of increases in wvetland habitats attributable to irrigation development such as reservoirs. drawvdowvn areas, canals and seasonally waterluo-ed areas (eg. dra6dowvn zones of Hirakud Dam are indicated as now being signiticant migratory waterfowl and wading bird staging areas); Potential effe.ts on wildlife due to loss of ecologically important habitats through submergence due to reservoirs or other construction, particularly riverine fringe habitats (ez. their role as linkage and refuge zones); - ;tNeed tks consider pro-active conservation mn'asures such as integrating the constructiont ot wetland habitats in locations such as the drawdown zones of reservoirs and in uncultivable zones of irrigation command areas, and in ctnjunctitn %% ith flood control and drainage schemes. There is a particular need it. consider the lotng term ecological implications of major drainage and flood control projects located %ithin the delta and estuarine zones on local wvildlife habitats and populations. This is particularly true ot' Chilika Lake. which is a complex wetland ecosystem under environmental stress ar. continuing degradation (see Section 4.5 also). As wvith the forest sector. there is a need to unde.nake better liaison and consideration of the potential effects of water resource developments on Orissa's % ildlife habitats and populations, which are also indicated as heing under stress due to over--.xploitation. contamnination Of and changes to regime of aquatic habitats and tor which limited scientific data is available other than t'or selected aspects of protected areas or eC00lowi;CllV signiticant areas. 4.7 ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS Orissa presently has trto Na tionali Parks (Similipal and Bhitar Kanika). sixteen Sanctuaries, one Gaime Reserve and one Zoolh'ical Park (See FiEure 7). In addition a "protected area" (ie. non- hunting) status is in et'fect in areas such :is Chilika Lakie and it has been recognized internationally at the Ramsar Convention fOr Wetlan,s (1971). held in Iran. and tof which India is a signatory. Several other extensive are-, : \%arrarnt prrmanent protection status so that a more complete representation oit' Orissas' e;loic:l diversit% can be protect:J and flora and fauna conserved. 4 -13 These include: Gandhaviir;adan Hills in tlie Central Tablelands between Sambalpur and Balanr Districts. an area undter controversy due to potential bauxite mining; - Mahendragiri MoUntains ot' the Eastern Ghats in Ganjam District (Parlakemur area) near ithe ,Andhra Pradesh border which is a transitional zone between southern peninsila and Himalayan floral cominnunities; Several of the State's ecolo,g.ically inpoant protected or potentially protected areas are affected, could be alfected by water resuurce development. tor example: - Sa$Skosia Gorge. the State's primary Gharial (ie. freshwater crocodile) habu which has been atfect;e,d b%y downstream chan,es in regime due to Hirakud Da, and diversiOns, and possible lurther changes due to proposed projects in tli Mahunadi (Tik;ara Dam) or Tel and Ong River systems (e-. Lower Suktel Dao and Ong Barrage projects): - 2hitar Kanikta at Dan!ram on the Brahmani/Baitarani estuary, the location o! India's -reatest diversitV ot mangrove t;irests (37 species) and an internaLionall! important crocodile habitat. of which the management could be considerablh strengthened; - Nlahendragiri/Eastern Ghats region by projects such as the Mahendra Tanaya project: - Chilika Lake which is undergoin- substantial ecological changes and which could have its twod re-ime funher at'fected by proposed major drainage and flood cuntrol works in the western Mahanadi Delta Project (eg. Daya River, Binayah Distributary or any proposed direct drainage cut linking Chilika Lake to the Bay ut Ben-al and if' the iNaraj Barrane is not operated in such a way as to satisfy the water demands of Chilik3 Lake). A complete inventory. including overlay maps of o ecoloicaliv sensitive areas (e.g. in the GIS system) and propoised daims. reservoxir areas. harrages. canal and irrigation command areas and floud control Works shol0d bh prepared as an integral pan of the respective river basin plans. This inventorv and raticnalislation int) an initial environmental screening of projects in point-form summary ot potential benerits and e.olooical implications should be prepared jointly by the river basin planning EA group and the research scientists and planning personnel of the Chief Conservator of Forest's (Wildlife's) ofitYie (the use o1f GIS and Remote Sensing Images is strongly recommiiendcd 1 ir th is pirpl,se), 4.8 WVATERILOGGING AND SALINITY PROBLEMS The wacerlogin and salinity problems in the irrigated delta and coastal zones in Orissa represent a substantial prtioblem. B;si. estin:lces tOr thie Miahanadi Delta Project indicate that up to 30%e or 114.000 ha ol' the total CulLurable Command Area (CCA) of 300.000 ha is adverselv aflected by waterlogging to some deuree. with much of this located in the Mahanadi Delta I and 11 irrigation schemes. Extensive waterloo-ing also occurs in the lower reaches of the Hirakud irrigation areas. In actuality high groundwater tables have resulted in drainage problems in the Sambalpur urban area to the extent that septic systems are not ef'fective. 4 -14 To date, the extent and nature of salinity attecied areas in the delta and coastal zonc irrigated areas has not been tillv investigated in detail. but this should be a priority item. Casual evidence indicates that quite serious soil salinity problems occur in the western sectors of the Kathjari Devi Mahanadi Doab and thie intertluvial (Chitrotpala) doabs of the Mlahanadi Delta. Also, the rate of increase in wvaterlo-ging and salinity in Orissa's irrigation areas has not been determined as yet, ,.but preliminary indications are that: - Extensive areas have permanent groundwater levels at depths of less than' 3 metres, the commonl) accepted threshold level for waterlogging and salinity problems; - Percolation trom canals and extensive over-supply of irrigation water is a common problem both locally and regionally, in many delta and coastal CCAs. The complexity and magnitude of the waterlogging and salinity problems and the inter-related effectiveness of the associated irrigation schemes in Orissa require considerably more attention in lonn term water resources development and management. These needs should be identified during preparation ot' river hbsin plans. An integrated and holistic approach is required to the planning and operating ot' all irrigated areas. including detailed assessments of the scope for conjunctive use of groundwater (ie. lift irrigation) and drainage to mitigate wvaterlogging and salinity problems. Whilst the problems ot' vaterlogging and salinity and associated drainage schemes in Orissa are not indicated to be of the magnitude of problems elsewhere, such as the Indus Delta, the assessment needs and approach to remedial actions for such 'problem areas" are considered applicable. Such waterlo-ging and salinity problems can be of long term environmental consequence, if lands become economically marginalised- and people's livelihoods affected. Indirectly, this puts pressure on other local natural resources as communities reson to exploitation of forests and wildlife wvhich results in decreases in local habitat values. The lIng tern priorities for planning for mitigating actions tor waterlo-ging aniL salinity, and mo.dernisation and rehabilitation of' irrigation CCAs and flood control and drainage schemes should be objectively assessed as part of the WRCP prooramme under the proposed \\'ater Planning Directorate. This could require the use of techniques such as remote sensing to delineate waterlogged and salinity prone areas and distrihution of areas v6ith hi:h erounidwater levels in conjulnction with agro-economic surveys of af't'ected areas. in order o.} rationalise priorities ftr project rehabilitation and to plan for maximising economic returns anJ minimisina lona term environmental implacts associated with waterlog-ing and salinity probhleimis. The public health aspects in terms of reducing risks for endemicitv and transnmissitn oft' Malaria and Filariasis should also he considered, as these are common problems associated s ith 's;aterloele areas. In tihis respect it is proposed that an expLrien;.d hydroloeist be one of ilte senior stal't' appointed to the River Basin Pl.nning Direcorat&e's E\ group. Likewise it is suggested that the Water ResouLrces Board (\%'RB) %otiuld considelr tak-iin up waterloggin- and sal inity problem in delta ireas .cs a priority issue. 4.9 OlIIER IM.%I'ORTA.NTr ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES rhere are several important environmental factotrs which are influenced by' or are influencing xvater resource sector developme:nt and operations in Orissa. The factors previousl) described iave been aiven more attention but the following socially related aspects require equivalent :onsideration in the environmental b.aeline reviews included in the proposed Environmental Nction Plan. However. these are only preliminarily addressed here, due to constraints of the Juration ot' investigations anJ ot' data availability. 4 -15 4.9.1 Land Use, Population Growt h and Sociocconoic Stattus Orissa is predominantly' a-riculturally based and continues to experience a fairly rapid population growth rate (ie. approxinautelv 1.95S/vear over the 1981-91 period). Population density range: from 77/1km: in Phulbani District tu over 500/km: in Cuttack District. Irrigable land is located mainly in the Cuttack. Puri, and Sambalpur Districts (See Figure 6). Substantial shifts in population have occurred in recent years. particularly to Dhenkanal District due to miningand industrial development projects. Marginal lands are nowv being developed for rainfed agricultural croppinn particularly on the fringes of development zones and along main roads. Land degradation through forest denudation and shifting cultivation in Hills areas occupied by Tribal Groups is a major contributing factor to river and resenroir sedimentation problems. Even in some remote areas persons now travel up to 8-10 km fur firewood which was previously available within 2-3 knm of home communities. Orissa's population is 31 million. over 75% of which is agriculture based. Some 45% of the State's population are classified as living below the poverty line, compared with about 30% at the national level. Many of these would be from the State's Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population, which is in excess of 11 million persons. Approximately 500,000 families in Orissa have been receiving assist3nce from the World Food Programme in recent years. The population density in Orissa is some 202 persons/km. with some 37%o of the State's lands designated as Forest Areas (ie. Reserved. or Protected Forests. National Parks or Sanctuary) and another 3% (ie. over 4.500 km:) designated as wasteland. With such socio-economic conditions prevailing in rural areas and with less than 0.2 ha of forests/person, exploitation pressure on the natural resource base is intensive, particularly on forest lands. A general review of land use and status. population distribution and delineation of potential high population growth zones. which should he stored and analyzed in a GIS system, is required as a primary input to river, hasin plans and for any environmental baseline studies prepared for those reservoir based irrigation projects included under the WN'RCP, (ie. the Cumpletion Projects) and any newv Major and Med4ium Irrigation Projects. which would be investigated by the Project Formulation and Planning Directorate during the WVRCP program period ( i.e. 1995-2002). 4.9.2 Archiat'ulo-ical anid Cultural Aspects Orissa has a diversitv anJ richness of cultural traditions. including that of its Scheduled Castes and Tribal communities. Similarly there are manrv known archaeological, historical and cultural sites, some of' which are of national si-niticance. A compilation of general information relating to the known extent ol' traditional use areas of Tribal Groups and of the locations of cultural and archaeological sites (es . any Notified Areas) should be undertaken as part of river basin and project platnning and should he stored in GIS format. Such tr3ditional use areas and cultural sites should he identified at the river hasin planning acyd Site Clearance stages tor all water resource p)roje.ts . Potential effects of specific w;ater resource projects on minority groups' livelihoods, welfare and accessibility to natural resources need to be appropriately addressed in any EA reports. Appropriate mitigating measures as discussed and negotiated wvith the Department of Tribal WVelf.ire or with the community groups directly involved should also.he included in project EA or environmental baseline reports. Archaeological rezonnaissan-es could he required in some lowland and coastal areas for specific projects: however many of these as with cultural features. tend to he located on higher ground. The extent to which archaeological. historical and cultural aspects could be aft'ected should be 4 -16 documented in the river basin planning reports. Any detailed documentation in respect of levels of archeological/cultural sites relative to dikes and projected flood levels should be undertaken during the project formulation and planning process and specifiic documentation included in the Environmental Clearance application. 4.10 NIEDICO-ECOLOGICAL AND PUBLIC }hEALTIh ASPECTS The tollowing comments are based on discussions held with senior officials in the Department of Health Services (DHS) and the Department of Public Health- Engineering (DPHE) as noted in Appendix A. The main data relatinc to the occurrences of and ecological factors associated with water-borne and water-related diseases are summarised below. 4.10.1 WVater-Born: Disc;scs Gastro-enteric diseases such as amoehiasis. shigella, ,iardiasis and cholera are most commonly associated with the coastal zone and flooding of hand-dug -vells but to date no research has been undertaken in respect of groundwater transmission of these diseases in Orissa. This aspect needs to be confirmed with the India Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Typhoid outbreaks tend to be sporadic and localised rather than regionally endemic. 4.10.2 Water-Related Diseases Scabies is endemic in most of the urban slum areas of the state. Filariasis (elephantiasis) is the Wucheria hancrofti type transmitted by Culex fatigens mosquitoes, which breed in waterlogged areas, andJ are common particularl) in the Puri. Balasore and Ganjam coastal areas, and in poorly drained inland urban slum areas such as occur in and around Cuttack. Malaria occurs mainly in the hill tribe areas of Koraput and Balangir Districts based on transmission by Anonheles spp. mosquitoes of the Plasmodium falcinarntim parasite, but some Plasmodium vivax transmission occurs in the coastal zones of Balsore. Schistosomiasis and Dengue Fever are not known to occur in Orissa. Severe water contamination ot the upper Brahmani downstream of Rourkela has affected traditional community use of river water for domestic purposes. such as bathing and laundrying. 4.10.3 IV'ater Supply anid Sanitation Eightv-one (SI) communities in Orissa have reticulated water supply systems with delivery cover ran-ing from 30-607o in the communities serviced. Most community wvater supplies are from deep -roundwater wells and water is reticulated untreated. whereas systems such as that of Bhuhaneswar. ba;.sed on surt.a: water sources are treated by filtering and chlorination. Good sewerage coverage is limited primarily ti Bhubaneswar and Rourkela, with Cuttack only being partly Sewered. 4.10.4 Imiiplicationis to Water Resource Sectur It is suu-ested hv both the DHS and DPHE that water resource projects in areas such as Chilika Lake, new development zon-:: including the Eastern Coalfields (ie. Angul/Talcher area) and coastal zones. should plan to include background medical-ecological investigations as part of any project specific E.\s. The DHS has limited capacity to act as consultants for medico-ecological and epidemiological studies. but teachinm anJ research staff at the State's main medical college (ie. SCB Medical Colle:e at Cutt:lk) and the ICMR would be able to undertake sucil investigations. Sole capacity in this r %:e0rt coulJ also be available at the Brahmapur and Burla Mledical Colleges. 4 -17 Mlost ot( the professional staff in the DPHE are qualitied graduates in public health engineering and are tanmili;ar with public healthl and water associated environmental problems, and would be available to act as advisers on community water supply and sewerage issues for the DOWR. A provision has been made in the proposed river basin planning EA, programme for inputs by a local medico-ecological expert group's to review the existing situation regarding medico- ecological aspects of water resource development. including problems particular to the coastal zone and in waterlogged areas. Any required sub-sequent inputs for river basin plans, specific project EAs or water resource development related public health issues relating to major drainage and/or waterlogging / salinity problems in the coastal zone and Chilika Lake areas would need to be separately funded on a project or special grants basis. 4.11 SOCIO-ECONOMNIC IMPACTS AND RESETTLEMIENT ASPECTS No detailed investigations relating to rehabilitation and resettlement were pursued during prepairation of this environmental overview. A separate report relating to the rehabilitation and resettlement issues in Orissa in the context of the WRCP program has been prepared by World Bank appointed consultants in direct liaison with the Directorate of Rehabilitation and Resettlement now operating within Orissa State Government. It is considered essential though. that at least one person wvith interests in rural sociology/resettlement be included in the 1inal staff appointed to each of the EA groups proposed tor the River Basin Planning and Project Planning and formulation Directorates. 4 -18 S. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS AND IMPACTS OF W\'RCP SUB-PROJECTS This section assesses the present status in respect of environmentally related clearances and/or 'EAs tor the major sub-projects of the Orissa WVRCP. Almost 60% of the project budget for the WRCP. as outlined in the World Bank's Aide M1emoire, would be allocated for the "Completion of Projects component (ie. the three major and five medium sized irrigation projects). All 'Completion Projects" have obtained the necessary state and federal clearances and the Compensatory Aftorestation and Resettlement and Rehabilitation programmes are also well in progress. Similarly, the proposed 'Replacement of the Naraj Barrage" and "Mahanadi Chitrotpala' Projects on the lower Miahanadi River have received an "Environmental Clearance" based on a recent reviewv by the State and Central MOEF representatives. Consequently, there are no outstanding formal Environmental Assessments (EAs) to be prepared directly as part of the WRCP. Therefore this section highlights, the main environmental implications, benefits, monitoring and possible additional mitigating actions which should be considered during the implementation of the tour components included under the WRCP as outlined in Section 3, with more emphasis being put on the Completion Projects' in Section 5.4. 5.1 INSTITUrIONAL STRENGTHENING Most aspects of the Institutional Strengthening focus on the restructuring of the DOWR to improve its capabilities and cft'iciencies in wvater resource planning and management. This would have indirect positive benefits in respect of environmental awareness and management being initiated and extended through out the water resource sector's administration and operational units. Of particular importance would be the establishment and operation of the EA groups within the River Basin Plannin- and Project Planning and Formulation Directorates, which is the main focus ot' the Environmental Action Plan ouilined in Section 7. With appropriate environmental inputs at the river basin planning. water allocatiun and project planning and formulation stages, environmental management requirements would be extended to and become integral to DOWR's operations procedures, as well. Further indirect benefits from institutional strengthening of the DOWR's environmental planning and management through the WRCP would result from (as examples): - Spillover et't'ects ot' proiposed internal environmental awareness programmes to external ormanisations dealing with DO\VR management: - Improved puhlic image of DONVR as an environmentally responsible authority; - DOWR serving as an example of a natural resource administering department, adJopting State an Central Government policies leading to changed perspective and manarement policies objectives supportintg environmentally sustainable development. As sunmarised in Table 5. I it is concluded that the institutional strengthening and org'anisational restructuring ut DOWR to include the proposed EA cells would be of environmental benefit to the lon- term development and managemeni of the State's water resources and would be environmentallv positive. Table 5.1 Summarv nr Environment:al St:utus and Asscssment Orissa WVRCP Componiens PKOJETr : NsrITUTIONAL STRENClITIENING; I. Location: I. Throughout Orissa. 2. Features / Extent 2. Institutional capacity improvement of Department of Wlater Resource at an estimated cost of Rs. 1.000 million. Environmental Clearance / 1. None required by the GOI or World Bank. Approval Status 2. WN'RCP is co-operation between GOI/GOO and W\'orld Bank. Mlain Potential Impacts and / or 1. Substantial benefits in terms. of creation of a Benefits broad based administrative machinery for development of wvater resources and integrating multi-disciplinary approach to water resource pl3nning,. 2. Encompassing decision of water resource development through water resource board. 3. Environmental data base as part of overall MIS. 4. Improved environmental assessment capabilit.es tor wvater resource sector and projects affecting it. Mtitigation Actions and/or 1. Monitoring of etfectiveness of Departmental Requirements reor!anisation required. Residual Impacts and Future EA 1. Long term benefits to development and Requirements manacement of State's wvater resources. 2. Substantial output data as basis tbr long term planning for water resource sector (eg. river hasin'sub-basin plans and State Water Plans). 3. Mid-project EA reviews of in-house environmiental assessilment capabilities and EA cell functions and or-anisation is recommended. 5-2 5.2 RIVER BASIN AiND MULTI-SECTORAL PLAN'NING Restructuring of the DOWR to include a consolidated 'Water Planning" function including a River Basin Planning Directorate which gives due consideration to multi-sectoral demands for the State's water resources would be environmentally beneficial. Not only would the much needed environmental considerations be integrated at the early planning and allocation of water resources stages but required conservation and water quality protection mitigating plans would be incorporated at the river basin planning stage. This is critical in respect of rectifying and improving some current problem situations (eg. Angul/Talcher zone) and to establish policies and/or criteria for prevention of long term potentiar problems such as degradation of water quality in downstream river and estuarine zones. The multi-sectoral approach to water resource/river basin planning wiLh due considerations to environmental requirements such as protection of ecolo;ically sensitive areas (eg. Satkosia Gorge) and retention uf adequate pollution assimilative capacity would offer a basic framework for integrated sustainable development planning for all natural resources. Clearly establishing land use and other sector's development plans; other resource locations, development potentials and capabilities, (eg. minerals and fisheries); constraints to development (eg. aquifer recharge and low flow requirements and tlood prone and protection zones) and setting water resource development policies, allocations and management objectives relating to these, should provide an awareness of critical resource planning and allocation issues and would provide the foundations of environmentally aware' planning based on river basin and sub-basin units. The main potential impacts anrd benetits. mitigating actions and residual impacts associated with the river basin and multi-sectoral water planning are summarised in Table 5.2. In. addition, to the overall benefit outlined above there are several other indirect benefits which would occur from setting up and operating a comprehensive River Basin and Water Planning Directorate under OWPO with attendant environmental assessment capabilities including: Provision of active wavs and means of establishing and involving water conservation and use efficiencies through planning and allocation; Redtiuctions in disparities 10 various water sector user groups, particularly the small tarrnm irriplto'rs: Prevention of ;ontlicts and mrore rational de:cisions regarding water allocation between major users and environmentally baseJ needs for w;ater eg. riparian flows sutficient t'or contaminant assimilation: Provision otf a c:ntral repository t'or environment related data for use in both river basin and project planning functions within DOWR and possibly other parties (eg. water quality data by DFEE and SPCB) through the establishiment ot the recommiended Environm:ntal Data Base Nlan;,:-ment System (EDBNIS); 5-3 Table 5.2 SummarY of EniiironeniIal Sfatus and AssessmetII Orissa IN'RCP Components Project River Basin and AMulli-sectoral Water Resource Planning 1. Location: 1. Head Office/GaO (DOWR). 2. Features / Extent 2. Bud-et partl) funded under NWMP with additional funds from WVRCP. Environmental Clearance / 1. None required by GOi or World Bank. Approval Stat(Us 2. Consultant approved and appointed under WRCP. Mlain Potential Impacts and / 1. Substantial henel'its in terms of water allocation, or Benet'its project planning. water use efficiency and conservation and reductions in disparity of supply to water users and optimization of utilisation of resources. 2. Improved water allocation with associated regional benet'its. 3. Advanced indication of water resource development priorities and resource management requirements. 4. Improved environmental awareness as integral part of resource allocation and planning. Mitigation Actions and/or 1. Training assistance required for key staff in EA cell. Requirements 2. Creation of environmental data base. 3. Monitoring of EIA requirements lcgislation. Residual Impacts and Future 1. Provides wavs and means of effecting WRB EA Requirements requirements lor development. 2. Substantial long erm benefits to eft'ectiveness of planning development and for management of State's water resources (ie. State Water Policy and Plans). 3. EA inputs to all river basin / sub-basin plans. 4. Mid project EA reviews of environmental capabilities is recommended. 5-4 Provision (in conjunction wvith the Project Planning and Formulation Directorate's (PPFD) EA cell) fbr monitoring and for feedback((through baseline or benchmark surveys) of additional information of direct relevance to water resource planning, allocation, to project formulation, for environmental management programmes (ENIP) and lor advice to the Engineer-in-Chief. In cunclusion, it is obvious that the institutional restructuring of the DOWR to include a specific unit for detailed water resource planning functions would be environmentally beneficial, particularly if it adopts a comprehensive approach to defining and resolving environmental considerations in its integrated river basin and sub-basin plans(IRBP). 5.3 REHIABILITATION AND INIPROV'ED 0 & 1M1 FOR EXISTING PROJECTS The WRCP programme for rehabilitation and improved operations and maintenance (O&M) through the preparation and implementation of plans of management (POMs) for specific irrigation command areas would have widespread but highly localised environmental impacts and benefits. The main impacts and benetits as well as the required mitigating actions and associated component of the WRCP residual impacts are summarised in Table 5.3. It can be categorically stated that the overall socioeconomic and environmental benefits from the Rehabilitation and Improved 0 & MI outweigh any potential adverse (localised) environmental effects which would tend to be mainly short-term and disruptive (eg. interference with local traffic and water distribution or high turbidity in local canals). The dominant long term beneficial impacts associated with the Rehabilitation and Improved 0 & MI sub-project would include: - Reductions in disparities and rationalisation of irrigation water supplies at the on- firm level with direct economic beneftits to water users and CCA communities; Indirect secondarv or flow-on economic benetfits at the district and State levels through improved wvater use elliciencies reduced waterlogging and soil salinity and increased agricultural productivity of both rice and other irrigated cash crops; Indirect benertits to local communities in CCAs through Improved a:cess due to upgrading of roads. Reduced hcalth risks toni wvater related diseases such as malaria and elephantiasis due to a reduction in mosquito breeding habitats, particularly in waterlogged areas. However, in new irrigation areas the incidence ot' these diseases might increase. Monitorin'" of incidence of malaria and o ther water related diseases is required; Betler availability ot water tor non-consumptive uses; Increased local emplo~mecnt due lit extended irrigated areas and seasons with some indirect social henefits frtonm reduced population drit't to district towns and cities; Improved Walter conservation and environmental awareness which could be actively promntod throwugh Water lser Association (\VUA) groups. 5-5 Table 5.3 Summ:rri of Environmcntal Status and ,Wssssmcnt Orissa Sub-projects Projtcc Rehabilitation/limproved O&SI for Existing AI:ijor and NTeditii3 Irrigat ion1 lroIjecs 1. Locaction: I. Throug hout Orissa with total area covered being 2. Features / Extent approximately 252,446 ha. 2. Rehabilitatiun of canals and drains and infrastructure plus sonie newv cross drains at and implementing of PONMs total cost of Rp. 2,000 million approximately. Environmental Clearance / 1. Lon, established projects up to 120 + years old. Approval Status 2. Non required for old projects. 3. Projects included selected in co-operation with GOO and WVorld Bank. Mlain Potential Impacts and 1 1. Substantial local and regional benefits in availability or Benefits and efziciency of water use. 2. Local socio-economic benefits and general community welfare improved due to increased crop production. 3. Localised environmental benefits due to reduced extent of waterlogging and salinity. 4. Use of local lands for borrow areas. Mitigating Actions and/or I. Notification and liaison with communities before Requirements construction. 2. Adequate extension services needed for enhancing benelits and for achieving, WRCP objectives, eg. introduction of IPM. 3. M\lonitoring of changes in water quality (base-line ftr water qualitv is needed for every sub-project), habitat for mosquito vectors and incidence rates of malaria is recommended. 4. Post-project survey and evaluation of socioeconomic henetits to local communities should be completed. Residual Impacts and Future 1. No future EAs required. EA Reqiuirenients . Main residual impacts would be socioeconomic benetits. improved general welftare and nutritional status of CCA communities, although pulses will likelv reduce and mnake the diet m)ore unbalanced. 3. Increased local onfarm employment with associated reductions in urban population drift. 4. Socioeconomic and environmentally acceptable sub- projects. 5. Loss of biodiversitv in local rice varieties, needed otir future rice breeding programs. Germ-plasm (lenei hank is needed for conservation. 5-6 Jt is proposed chat environfhental factors of direct relevancc to local CCAs should be duly considered during the preparation and implementation of the specific POMs proposed under the WRCP. Of particular relevance would be considerations of possible effects of new plans for bdrainage of any undisturbed wetlands and ensuring that the all drainage projects are planned in jiaison with appropriate lucal, district and/or the State Department of Public Health Engineering Mrepresentatives. In conclusion, it should be reiterated that the \W'RCP Rehabilitation and Improved O&M sub- project would have positive overall environmental and socioeconomic benefits which would be of Ion" term significance both in the local and State context. There are not considered to be any specific requirements tor any formal Environmental Assessments for the Rehabilitation and Improved O&M sub-project, except if major new drains in the Southern Mlahanadi Delta area aiffecting Chilika Lakle are subsequently included in the WRCP programme. Also it is 'recommended to establish a water quality monitoring program in the supply and drainage channels of each irrigation scheme, in order to guarantee the quality of the irrigation water. Especially sampling during the rabi season is most essential: concentrations of elements such as heavy metals and other pollutants. 5.4 COMPLETTION PROJECTS .The completion ot' three major projects as well as t'ive medium sized irrigation scheme as detailed in 3.3.2, have been approved for implementation under WRCP programme. All projects have been subjected to the 'Forest Clearance' and resettlement and rehabilitation approval processes .where necessary and appropriate arrangements for. or final negotiations relating to Compensatory Atfforestation and Catchment Mananement Plan requirements are in progress. An outline of the environmental and resettlement situation including indications of Forest Clearance approval status and the project's relocation requirements and plans are being included in the WRCP-Working Papers prepared by the DO\VR's Central Planning Unit. The reports and information are available in the planning unit (Reference 35 46). These reports plus discussions with DOWR's CPU stat'f are the basis of the summarv comments relating to the projects potential impacts and required mitiiatin- action included in Table 5.4 and the brief comments relating to each ot' the nine projects outlined below. These comments have been provided as examples and insight into the scope of the environmental and socioeconomic tactors and potential et'fects of the tCompletion Projects-. Tlhe details of environmental impacts 5 medium projects (Upper Jonk. Hariharjore, Badanala, Harahhangi. Bhagu:a-ll) are given hblow. Ho wever. since all the above five mediumii projects are less than 10.000 ha each. no tiirmal environmental clearance is required. However, it is recommended to start a water qluality programn in each of the coinpletion projects in order to guarantee a safe irrigation v.ater miupp1. \\:ater quality saniples in the rahi (dry) season are most important. since pollutants are mure concentrated in this period. Special attention should be paid ta heavv metals and other hazardous chemicals. discharced by utpstream industries and milnes. 5.4.1 UPPER JONK PROJECT The upper Jonk Medium Irrigation Proiect includes a dari in the upper reachles across the river Jonk On tle a tributary ot' river Niahanadi to proviJe a live storage of 64.34 million NM3 to enable an avera,ae otf 120.7S Million 1it' of watur prer year for irrigation of 9.425 ha (including 810 ha in NI.P.) in tihe district ot'f N.1atpara. The total estimateJ cost is Rs. 821.30 miliion out of which Rs. 474 million which corresponJs to I5.SO million lSS is requiredt for completion of the wvork. The main environmental and social implications otf the Upper Jonk Project is as fcllows: ,5-7 A\cqUi.sitioni Or L-iiid (a) Out ot' 1,085 ha ot' submergible land. 503 ha is Anricultural land, 388 ha is forest land and 195 ha are shrubs. fillows. Wetland. Openwater and Rocky out crops etc. Forest clearance coverin- some 340 ha has been obtained, in Miarch 1986 and requested for clearance of t'urther 150 ha is in place. (b) About 604 ha of larnd (43 ha torest. 125 ha Govt. land) are needed for canal alignment 300 ha privwte land has already been acquired and compensation paid and the rest of the land except 123 ha would be acquired very soon. (c) As per norms ot' the forest conservation rule 570 ha of non-forest land has been handed over to Forest Department for compensatory afforestation for which Rs. 6,678,306 has been sanctioned by Govt. of Orissa and Rs. 714.000 has been diverted by the project authorities to the Forest Department. Rehabilitation Status (a) A population of I.52S nutnhers from 411 families of 3 villages wvou!d be at't'ected by construction ot' reservoir area out of which 1123 in 300 families are tribals, 174 numbers in 47 taamilies are SCs and 231 number in 64 families are Irom General Caste. All the t'amilies had opted fotr cash rehabilitation and resettlement. (b) So far 349 f3milies have been resettled and rehabilitated in 59 villages of their own choice and an amount of Rs. 131.13 million has been spent. The balance 62 families would be resettled soon. The position is as follows: Name of the Total Families No of submerged Families Rehabili- resettled village tated villages Mlara-uda 226 164 34 Tikarpada 136 136 38 ihallap 49 49 11 Total 411 S49 59 Social Environimietu The 349 oustees t'amilies who had opted for cash rehabilitation have settled in 59 numbers of villa-es of their own ihoice in the n;arbh villa-es. Under such circumstances there wouldn't be aIny ldisrupltion tit' their social environment. Funhher the rest 62 families would also settle in the villa-es of their own choice. Besides the number resettled f'amiliiies are very meager as they spread in a huge number of' villages and the social environment of the host villages is unlikely to he disturbed. 5 -8 Table 5.4 Suininat:rv oif'EEiairotinrict;al Status Anid Assessment Orissa WVRCP Sub-projects Project: (a) Complclion Projects- 5 Mledium- sized Irri-ation SchemLs 1. Location: I(a) Upper Mahanadi 2. Features - Upper Jonk (9,425 ha) /Exten - Hariharjore (9.450 ha) (b) Vansadhara - - Badanala (8.650 ha) - Harbhang'i (9.150 ha) (c) Upper Rushikulya - Baghua 11(6.240 ha) 2. Total new irrication area of over 42.915 ha Environ- 1. Forestry Clearance obtained or under negotiation for all projects. mental 2. No Environmental Clearances required as projects' CCA is less than Clearance 10.000 ha. /Approval 3. Projects all greater than 60% complete and approved for inclusion in Status WRCP. NMain Potential i. Valuable contnbutions to local economics in poor areas with Tribal Groups Impacts and / being the main beneficiaries in three projects. or Benefits 2. Locally important losses in river and riparian habitats due to inundation by reservoir. 3. Fisheries benefits availahie both in rescrvoir and CCAs but require development assistance to optimise. 4. Resettlement and rehabilitation programmes are in-progress and requirin,, further inputs as per advice of ORG and WVorld Bank consultant. Micivation 1. Compcnrsatory Afforestation programme's land acquisition are in progress. Actions and/or 2. Water quality is still good in most parts of-Orissa. but locally heavy water Require-ments pollution occurs. Therefore monitoring of water quality in supply and drainaec channels is a necessity to safeguard public health interests (e.g. heavy metals. salinity and others). 3. R.sncrvoir ti.herics devclopmcnt and nmedico-ecologic:al monitoring should I;t unJ rtakcn on I unr'r and I lower elevation catchment. 4. Soio-conomiz monitonne of rcsciflement and reh;ahilitation programme recoime:n,]nJJ a ca.-c study basis for future rzferencc for medium size rroe,t rluiiann includin-g co't tcAill;iiine. 5. Deh'p t anJ introdLution of IMP (Inte,_rated Pest Manarenient) over time. to reduze e:'ticide impact and to he able to introduce rice-cuni-rish culiurc in pa3dyJ lields Residual 1. Suh.t.intiail lo;al :v<>:o-tzonomi hb:nefits in lon;- term. Impacts and 2. Potential llbhzriz: l'nelits. if develop;J Future E.\ 3. Short to mid-term soial disruption. Requirre-ments 4. Dispcrscd locali.scd lo..s of riverain c.osystem. some of w%hich have been Nuhjc.t to !hitting :cultivation and;or traditionally exploited by Tribal Groups. 5. Mionitoring ot environmental and socio-economic effects of 2 projects. as ca:'e itiudie.. re.ommended. 5-9 TablIe ;.4 Suimn:nirv of En vronientalI Stat us And A.ss.Lssiiient Orissa VR'CP Sub-projects Plroje,t:t: (b) Conipletion Projects- 3 Ilajor- sized Irrigation Schemes 1. Location: I(a) Brahmani 2. Features - Renmmli (S.4S3 ha) /Extent (b) MNahan3Ji - Nar3j Barrage (Replacement; Operational environmental work wvill be done) - Miahanadi Chitrotpala (19.542 hn: miLght he added in near fitture under supplemilentar) program if certain conditions are met: RAP. EA work, and if some technical issue have to he solved 2. Total new irrig:tion area Of around 19.000 ha Environ- 1. Forestry Clearance obtained or under necotiation for all projects. ment.tl 2. Environmental Clearances obtained or under negotiation Clearance 3. Projects all greater than 60% completed for (a), (b) & (c) and new /Approval s'chem-.s as on (d). Staitus Mlain Potential 1. Valuable contributions to local economics in poor, drought prone, flood Impacts and / aft'cted areas with Trihal and SC Groups being the niain beneficiaries in or Benelits (a) (b) & (c) projects. 2. Pow.-er Generation in a powver crisis state like Orissa from three schemes. 3. Fishenes benefits available both in reservoir and CCAs but require deve lopment ass istance to optimise. 4. Resettlement and rehabilitation protgramnes are in-progress in (a) (b) & (c) and requiring furthcr inputs as per advice of ORG and World Bank consultant. hlifiemtion 1. Comrensatory Afforestation programmes completed or in progress in Actions and/or projects as reqluired. ReIqLlirc-nients 2. Action is hKinv Ltken to) monitor the .ater quality in supply and drainage Jh.nncl' (c.g heav% metals. otiler hazardous chemicals, salinity and othersi. to dJeelop rceNroir fisheries and monitor medico-ecological x,re-ts in all prorqirts. 3. Sac-icconomi; monitornng of rvcsttlement and rehabilitation programme retomnm:nJ:J on Case Mludy hasis for future reference form major size project planning in:luding cost estimatin.!. 4. Developrmnrt and introduction of IMP (Iniegrated Pest Management) over time. to rcdu.e pe.ti.ide impact and to he able to introduce rice-cumn-fish cultLrc in paddy ticlJd. Resmdua.l 1. Suhst.ntial lo%al s .ciou-conomic benefits in long terimi. Impacts and 2. Potential lishrne.s Nenetits. if developed Future EA 3. Short to mid-term s cial disruption. Require-ments 4. Dispers-cd localised los-es of riverain ecosystem. some of wvhich have been subject to shifting cultivation and/or traditionally exploited by Tribal Group:._ 5. .Monitoring ot' environmental and socio-economic effects of one project as ca:et study. rccommended. 5-10 The project has several residual positive and negative environmental and socio-economic impacts which are discussed below: Positive Impacts (a) A total population of 53.645 in 10,867 families living in 55 villages in the CCA area of 9,425 ha would bhe benetitted from this project of which 22,016 (41 %) belong to SCs and STs. (b) There will be an estimated increase of production of 16,034 tons of rice, 82 tons of wheat, 1,223 tons of groundnut and 13,613 tons of vegetables etc. due to the project. (c) Taking 1.27 ha as mean farm size the annual net farm income would raise from about Rs. 4,740 under rainfed conditions to Rs. 18.060 under full development of this irrigation project. (d) No stumps and trees are remaining in the reservoir area as the submergence area had already been cleaned to ground level. Fish species. such as Rohu, Catla, common carp can be stocked in the reservoir as an additional source of income. Pisciculture, e.g. in cages, can be developed over time in the reservoir and in other water spread areas for the benefit of local SCs and STs. Ncgative Impacts (a) The incremental use of farm inputs in the CCA at full development has been estimated to be about 2,188 tons of fertiliser and about 7,980 liters of pesticides. However, the expected incremental use per ha would only be marginal. To counter act the negative impact of pesticide use IPM (integrated pest managemen:) for rice should be developed and introduced over time. (b) Increased water availability csuld cause a risk of increased incidence of malaria, already prevalent in the area. The Department of Health has been asked to monitor the incidence rate of malaria and if a si-nificant increase occurs it will be assisted in setting up and runnin- a malaria prevention and curative campaign. (c) The forest area aJja,cent to the project area is endowed with a number of' species of wild animals. Potential additional intrusion of tribal groups once the reservoir area has been tlooded. bt;r poachin- of' animals and trees 3n aspect which has to be monitored by the Forest Department. (d) In the reservoir area a monastery andt other important archeological monumilents are likely to he submerged atter the proje:t is completeJ. Archeological Deptt. has been asked to take up excavation work and Rs.I.000.000 have been kept with the Deptt. of Youth, Sports and Cultire. Fiurther. it has been d;ecided that a museum iwill he buLilt to preserve the excavated archeolooical monuments accordingly necessary sites have been selected for the purpose. The State Archeological Department has already started the excavation work tfr the above purpose. (e) BesiJes the subnier.ence otf above archeological monuments a historical Durga temple will al.soi he subimerJed. accordirw l! a provision of Rs. 500.000 has been kept tbr rehabilitation oft' Godde;s and GoJ retrievdJ f'rom th: reservoir area by constructing new place ot' shrine on the rieit side o. the Trishul hill top for worship. 5-11 NIlonitorinig and Ev;alluitoln (a) The socio-economilc status znd progress of the dislocated Tribal groups should N monitored and remedial programmes initiated as required by the World Bank's WRCi "Resettlement and Rchahilitation' report relating to such reqjuiremernts. (b) There is no pressure on fireW00d as the project area is densely wooded. A free fire wo4 depot at the cost ol' the project hals heen established to meet the fuel demand of the construction work terce during construction. Forest fire wvould be controlled by the Forem Department. (c) Water quality monitoring will be taken up in order to determine intake water quality fo; e.g. heavy metals and other hazardous chemicals discharged upstream by industries and drainage water cluality e.g. salinity levels for a salt balance calculation and othe parameters. Envirmindntal Manage:mzent Catcrnicnti Trvatnment The Forest Department has preparedl a catchment management plan aver forest land of 800 ha with an estimation at the project cost of Rs.29.4 million. Further, the Soil Conservation Department has prepared a Catchment Management Plan for non-forest land with an estimation of Rs. 41.8 million at project cost which includes soil conservation measures, raising of plantations, construction of check dam, ,ully control measures for checking of siltation problem of the reservoir. Pre'ssrvation ,,r Archeoliwicai Findin- of Mara1uda V'alley Department ot' Water Resources convened the meeting on 22.07.94 and it was decided tha Director. Culture will prepare an estimate t;ir a museum for preservation of archeological findings and necessary sites free frum all encumbrances will be handed over for starting the work. Necessary tollow up action will he monitored bv the Depet. of Water Resources, so that the excavation and preservation of archeological findings w-ill he completed before the area is fully submer-ed. 5.4.2 IIARIIIARJORE PROJECT The Hariharjore mediuim irrigation project entails a d3 m across Hariharjure River, will form a reservoir with a live storage cap3city of 5S.69 million W15 which will divert about 94.85 million NV' ot water nn an average annualil to irrivpt 3 CCA of 9.450 ha in Birrnaharajpur area of Sonepur district. The estimated cost of the pro.jet is Rs. SS4.80 million and a sum of Rs. 247 million which correspond to S.23 million L SS fo;r completion of the project. The main environmental and social implications of the projects are as follows Acquisition of L: nd (a) The submer-ence area otf '.31 ha coimprises of 218 ha of Govt. land, 1,190 ha of private land and S'3 ha of ftrest land. Except 58 ha of private land for which acquisition proceedings are in progress. 2'S ha tl' Govt land. 1.132 ha nf private land, and 823 ha of lore:t lanJ have already been a.;quired. 5-12 (b) Total requirement ot' land tl ir canal svsiem is 852 ha out of which 813 ha have already been acquiiired and the rest 39 ha are in the process of' acquisition. (c) The forest land in the reservoir basin has been cleared up by the State Forest Department 10 years back. There has been substantial regrowth in the meantime. This has to be cleared up and stumps removed before impounding starts. The state forest deptt. has been requested to take up the job. Rehabilitation Status (a) A total number of 2.982 persons trom 710 families of 6 villages would be affected by the submergence of which 835 number from 167 families belong to ST and 924 number from 185 families belong to SC communities. The rest are from the general castes. (b) Out of the 6 villages, in only one village namely Gania where 108 families have been affected, 65 numbers have been resettled in project sponsored colony where required infrastructural tacilities have been provided as per norms and the balance 43 families have availed rehabilitation assistance and had chosen their own place of settlement. The oustees of rest 5 villages have opted to avail rehabilitation assistance and will settle at places of their choice. Social Environment The colony for resettlement and rehabilitation of 65 families have been provided with enough infrastructure facilities. As the rest of the population had chosen their own place of resettlement Ihere won't be any problem on the disbalance of social environment. The project has several potential residual positive and negative environmental and socio-economic impacts as followvs Positive Impacts (a) A total number otf 29.532 persons otf 5.927 households from 63 villages wvould be benetitted in the CCA of 9.450 ha out of which 6.535 persons (22.13%o) belong to SC and S.859 numnbers. (30i ) belong to ST. (h) At full developmient of the project the increase in annual agricultural production has been estimated to includel atout 7.076 ions tof paddy (rice). 3.497 tons of Grouninut, 2,154 itins tof puises and 5.600 to.ns ol' ve:etables. (c) With an avera;ue ftarm size of 1.74 ha the net farim income will increase fiorim Rs. 5,165 per year under rainfed conditions to Rs. 25.64S pe, year atter full deveiLllpient of this proj ect. (d) Fisheries can be taken up in the reservoir as well as in other water spread areas for 'urther uplittment ot' poor landless SCs and STs of the area. NegCaltivei Impacts (a) The tarmn input sxoulJ he increased by 3.000 tons of fertilizer and 12.000 liters of pesticidles at tull development otf the project. However. the expected incremental use per hetare.r would only he modest Over time lnte,riteJ Pest Management me:hods have to be further refined and implemented in the project area in order to reduce pesticide loading andit) tie able to, introduce rie-rumli-h farming in pidyv fields and adjaceat canals. 5-13 (h) Increased witer avilatbilitv cOUlJ catise a risk of increased incidence of' mala_-ia. The Dep:irzment of Healthi is hi he nioved to mionitor the inicidejnce autd in case of [r1creast shouild bie assistedJ in setting up and running a nmalaria prevention andi curative cnrpaiga as their is possibility of water log.ing due to rise in -round water table in some art3s. (c) Potential additional intrusion of Tribal oroups in to local forests once the reservoir area has been tlooded. an aspect to he mnonitored and controlled by the Forest Departrent. Nioititoring aind E%alunticiol The Socio-economic status and progress of the dislocated Tribal groups should be monitored and remedial programmes initiated as required by the World Bank's WRCP "Resettlemet and Rehahilitation' report relating to such re(quirements. Water qluality monitoring will be taken up in (rder to determine intake water quality for e.g. heavy metals and other hazardous chemicals discharged upstreanm by industries and drainar- water quality e.g. salinity levels for a salt balance calculation and other parameters. Environnmntal Muna-ement Catchment Treatmenict The Department ot Suil Conservation has been requested to prepare a catchment treatment plan immediately tZjr this project and is expected the same vill be available shortly .nd the implementation wvill he finalised as per the *guide lines issued by the Central Water Commission in November 1993. The natural ground slope of the command area is defined with well developed drainage net-work drainin- mostly into Mahanadi and Hariharjore River. However, w avoid waterlo--ing and to keep the area free from any possibility of drainage congestion some minor cuts will be required. 5.4.3 BADNALA PROJECT The Badnala lrrig;ation Project is a medium sized project situated in Rayagada district in tre state ot' Orissa. A dam on the Badnala river would form a reservoir to provide live storage of aout 67 million MN' to enable an avexrace of aliout 130 million W oi Water per year to he divenr-J from the reservoir and used for irrigation otf a C.C.A. of S.650 Ha benerfiting 32.364 persons c 9,1 15 tamiiies in 51 villages. The total estinmated cost ot' the project is Rs.917 million out c. which Rs.431 million which corresponds to 14.37 milliOn USS is required to complete the re-.aining work. The mnain environmental &. social implizatitn of the pr(oject entails:- Akcquisition orf Lmnld (a) The submergence area is 930 Hi out of *'hich 700 ha is forest land. 200 ha is avr:.ultural la nd and 30 ha is wa.ste land.' (h) OuLt o S70 ha of lanJ reqLuireJ to'r canal alignment including 70 ha ot forest and 1- ha of Government land. 424 ha otf private land had alread)y beeL acquired and compensation paid. The balance o' land would he acquired soon. (c) Afforestation at project cost on non-forest land is being taken up in lieu of fores; .1nd for the project atfer forest clearince was a;cordeJ by GOI in 1989. 5-14 Rehabilitation Status (a) Out of 185 tamilies to be displaced, 104 families consisting of two villanes would lose their house and land and 81 families of 4 villages would only loss their agricultural land. (b) Although two rehabilitation colonies had already heen constructed withi a capacity of 54 & 55 houses, the oustees became reluctant to go to the rehabilitation colonies and claimed cash rehabilitation assistance. As such as per the decision of the Rehabilitation Advisory Committee cash rehabilitation assistance as per the norms of the Govt of Orissa was provided to them. Social Status (a) From the .185 families consisting of 601 people, 573 are S.T.s and 14 are S.Cs. (b) 104 families of fully submerged area are having a population of 416 numbers of which 104 are males, 115 are. females and 197 are children. Social Environment As the affected population had opted for cash rehabilitation they would settle in the localities best suited to them. There would be little damage to their social environment. The project has several potential residual positive and negative environmental & socio-economic impacts as followvs:- Positive Impact (a) A total number ot' 32.364 persons comprising from 9115 families of 51 villages out of which 64.447o of SC & ST communities in the CCA would be benefitted from this project. (b) The increase in annual agricultural production due to the project at full development has been estimated to include about 15.000 tons of paddy, 2400 tons of groundnut, 11,000 tons of vegetables. chilies. potato and other crops. (c) Based on the desired cropping pattern an average farrm model of 2.07 Ha would enable to raise the income from Rs.755S per hectare under raint'ed condition to Rs.49,102 under irrigated condition. Negative Impacts (a) The incremental use of t'arm inputs in the sub-project area at full development is estimated to be about 1,900 tons o' fteniliser and 4,000 liters of pesticides. However, the expected incremental use per hectare would only bh modest. Over time Integrated Pest Mlanagement methods for rice could he funher developed and implemented in the project area. This reduces pesticide loading rates and makes rice-cum-fish farming feasible. (b) The increased water availabilitv would cause a risk of increased incidence of malaria which is prevalent in the area. The Department of'. Health has been requested to monitor the incidence of' marn!ria and if a significant increase occurs should be assisted in setting up and running a mialaria prevention campaign. 5-15 M\Ionitorin- & Evaluation I'lie socio-economlic status ,: proress ot' the dislocated ST communities should he monitored & reniedial pro-rammes iniliated as reqluired b) the \World Bank's NVRCP "Rcsettlcment & Rehabilitation" report relating to such requirements. Water qiuality monitoring will be taken up in order to determine intake water quality for e.g. heavy metals and other hazardous chemicals discharged upstream by industries and drainage water quality e.g. salinity levels for a salt balance calculation and other parameters. Environmental Nlanagemcnt. Cultcieiii Treatment The Department of \W'ater Resources in their review meeting dated 22.07.94 requested the Director, Soil Conservation to prepare the catchment treatment plan for the above project and the work is under way. Necessary action will be taken after the plan is received from the Soil Conservation Department. The catchment area comes under the different hill ranges. The villages are small and mainlv tribal villages. Under the poor land use practices podua cultivation and cutting the trees for tfire Wood are the main adverse activities in the catchment area. However, torest department is taking steps to check the deforestation activities. Nevertheless land use planning et'forts will be taken up in the watershed. 5.4.4 IIARABIIANGI PROJECT The Harabhan-i Mledium Irrigation Project includes a dam on the Harabhangi River forming a reservoir of 1,215 Ha that provides a live storage of about 100 million M' to enable an average of about 200 million M' of water per year to be divened through a tunnel of 2.2 km transferring water to the Upper Padma River (Rushikulva svstem) to supply irrigation water to 9,150 Ha of land in CCA in the Soroda area in Gajapati district. An amount of Rs. 523 million which corresponds to 17.43 million USS is required to complete the balance works. The main environmental and social implications of the Haribhangi Project include Acquisition of laind (a) The area to be tlooded comprises of 535 ha otf tfrest land. 185 ha of agricultural land and 495 ha of waste lanJ. Thouch forest clearance was obtained and reservoir area of 535 ha was cleared in 19SS. regrouwth has occurred considerablv. To facilitate fishing with nets, provision has been made to remove the stumps close to the oround level. (b) Out of 72S ha land required for canal ali-nment. 322 ha have already been acquired and compensation paid. Rehabilitation Status (a) Out of '216 families to be resettled. 40 families have alreadv been resettled and Rs. 12.3 million have been sanctio-ned. Resettlement & rehabilitation of the oustees have been taken up with the help of revenue authorities. (h) (I) From the 216 families to he resettled. 184 (94%) families are Tribal and 10(4.3 %; families are schedule castes. Claimants l;r Eleven families not available who havc expired in the meantime. leaving no heir. 5-16 (I1) As such the balannce 205 tamilies are Ironl 162 households whose family status are as fullows:- Displacement Family Status Status Nuclear Joint Total (i) AlreaJy displaced 23 17 40 (ii) To be d isplaced 67 55 122 Total 90 72 162 Ill. Considering on the citegory of loss, the 162 households have been classified as below. Types of Loss No of Household (i) Only house 29 (ii) House + Total Land 81 (iii) House + Pan of Land 52 Total 162 Social Status (a) The t(otal affected population is 794 tiut of which male and female constitute 47% and 53eO respectively. Children of the age group otf 0-14 constitute 40% vhereas the working group of 15-59 age roup cotnstitute _54.4% of the total population. (h) NearlIy S57c ot the affe3tt d population is illiterate and only 7%o are just literate having no formal education. Social Eu ironment The social environment d*lpends oin the social structure ot' the settlers and the host villagers. Of the 40 f.amilies sectled in the protect sponsored colony. all are tribal andi majoritv of them belong to 'Kondh' and 'SLJh:l Shair' communities. A. the people of host community belong to 'Kondh' cominunit, bhoth the groups are sociJa11y amicahle and acceptahle to each oilher. The project has several potential residual po,sitive .Jn negative environmental & socio-economic impalcts as fOllows Pu.sifive Iipacts (a) An estimated population ot' 67.45S. comprising ot' 17.532 persons (26%) belonging to weaker section (SC & ST) in the CCA would bh benelitted from this p.oject with a projecEed increase in production of albout 16.000 tonnes/year of paddy, 22,000 tonnes/ year ot sug:Ircane besides ve-etable .C cash crops. (h) Taking mean tarm size ot' 1.7 ha. the net farm income would rise f'rom about Rs.7.400 under rainfeed conditions to about Rs.42.400 undcr irri-ated conditions annLalily. (e) 1-ishie.|i.s plenmiallitv call he m;axirize tn) 1ohe hcst advantage ol tribal groups residing in tIIe ViCilcit)y 01o theI project Netgatiive Imni pacts (a) The incremental use of t'arm inputs in the area are at full development is estimated to be ahout 4.100 tons ot' fertiliser &- about 20.000 liters of pesticides. However, the expected increniental use per hectare would only he modest. Over time Inteorated Pest Management (IPMI) methods l'or rice could he f'unher developed and implemented in the project area. This reduces the pesticide loading rates andn makes the introduction of rice-cum-fish farming teasible in the paddy fields. which furnher enhances the socio-economic situation of the ftarmers and improves the nutritional status. (b) The medico-ecological situations in the communities along the Padma River and in the irrigation areas being low land areas with an indicated hig h prevalence for malaria, which should he monitored due to the possible extension of' mosquito breeding- habitats. The departiment of' Health has been requested to monitor the incidence of malaria and other waterhorne diseases and in case of increase should be assisted in setting up and running a malaria prevention and curative campaign. Monitoring & Evaluatiotn 11e socio-economic stattus &. progress of the dislocated Tribal ,roups should be monitored & remedial programmes initiated as required by the World Bank's \VRCP "Resettlement & Rehahilitation report relating to such requirements. Water quality monitoring %vi.l be taken up in order to determine intake water quality for e.g. heavy metals and other hazardous chemicals discharged upstream by industries and drainag-e water (u;ality e.g. salinitv levels for a salt balance calculation and other parameters. Environmientalatiagement Cactchtliwait Treauwntiiei The Soil Conservation Department has h ben requested to prepare a catchment treatment plan following lhe .decision taken hb the DOWR in the meeting held on 22.07.94 accordingly the work is progress. 5.4.5 BAGIIUA 11 PROJECT The 3a-hua 11 Medilum Irrigation Projc:t involves the completion of a second reservoir on the upper B1.ghu;a river which would provide a live storage ot' 1 million N1' to enable an average of 38.98 million NV1 of water per year to a downstream irrigation area covering some 6,240 ha of CCA in Buguda area of Ganjam district including supplementary wvater to the already completed 3.000 ha of irrigation using run-T.AL ACTIO.N' PLAN FOR \V'IRCIP 7.1 BASIC O0JECT'IN'ES OF WN'RCP ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN Th;is section of thel. Sectoral Environmental Assessincl1t (SE A) report olutlines tlhebasic strategy for. approach to. priorities otf traininm re(uireiments fur and preliminary hudget estinmate for setting upl and operatiwh thc DOW R's Environminental Action Pl an during the 1995-2002 period Linder the WVRCP. Basic c:;ipahilities exist within the DOWR for handling of present recluirenments to obtain Forest and EnvironmLntal Clearances and other approvals relating to iilmplementation of projects once feasibility studies have been coinpleted. The primary objectives of this Environmental Action Plan as part o0 the \V'RCP include: Developin- the environmental assessment. manauement and monitoring capabilities Within the DOWR. through the establishment of two EA cells under WRCP, to lultill its projezted responsihilities relating ito: Arpro.priate environmental considerations during all phases of plannine. including State Water Plans; River Basin and Sub-basin Plans and Project Planning and Formulation tbr specific projects, Preparat ion and liaison reqtiired for project EAs to he submitted .tr formail approvals by the State anld/or Cen1tral Governments; Providing sound advice to the Encineer-in-Chief of the DOWR for all environmental matters relating tL) the water resource sector. e.g. in relation to the implementation oti the State Water Policy: Establishin- environmental awareness within the Department relating to project planning and orperations and to water conservation policy. use elfticiency and cross- sectoral issues atfectinr7 water allocation and mnanagement, e.g. Naraj Barrage and Lake Chilikta. 7.2 ENVIIRON'MENTAL NEEDS. FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR DOWR The main environmental re.late. functions and responsibilities required of the DOWR in the long ternm would he diverse. partic .Jrlv durinm the W RCP programimile when several nmaj'or projects would likely he planned and the water resource sector development priorities through formulation ,of river hasin and state water rarns would he r2tion5lised. There are sonie 19 major and medium projects ti(r which feasibility s:dJies are designated as requiring preparation. "project reports" to Compliance of the .CWC. hici:- implicitly inJludes preparation of' EAs. Most ou' these projects involve gazetted Forest reser.-s in exctss t' 0 ha and therelore wvould be subject to Central Government approvals proCCduL7 s involving both the CWC and NCIEF. As noted in Sct.ion 6.3. it s th; DOWR's preference that initially two EA cells will be estahlished and operated within. the River Basin Planning and Project Planning and Formulation Directorates. The main f'linctiv s. responsibilities and tasks of these two EA celis are outlined in Table 7. 1. The respective IfUnctilons and r;e-ponsibilities are considered to he separahle as indicated, without uindue duplication. If' water rcsource development and appropriate environmental considerations during planning and environe:ntal managemint are to he integral to the DOWR lon, term development strategy and police-s. then the intensive efforis for setting-up and supporting these EA cells should he included the WRCP prorarmme. even though the actual environmental impacts of the \VRCP sub-prL' :;ts themselves may be limiteJ and acceptable, as noted in Section 7-1 5 and associaied summirv Tables 5.1 to 5.4 inclusive (two EA cells will be funded under the WRCP). Further rationalisation ot' the EA cells tunctions, responsihiliiies and tasks can be undertaken during the setting-up of those groups and during implementation of the WRCP, as needs arise. 7.3 WRCP E.N''lRO.NMENTAL ACTION PLAN An Environmental Action Plan has been prepared covering a period of 7 years i.e. from 1995-2002 for developing the environmental assessment and management capabilities within DOWR. These environmental assessment capabilities will be utilised for the integration of environmental aspects into the State Water Plan, and into the River Basin and Sub-Basin Plans, as well as in the specitic Project formulation Plans. These capabilities will also develop awareness amongst the oftticers of DOWR lor e'ticiently managing water allocations amongst the cross sectoral users with the objective of water conservation and the optimal use of water resource. The development of water resources of the state will he in conformity with the policy of the Environmental Managrement Plan outlined in the State Water Policy. 7.3.1 Prioritv Environmental Action Plan Components The overall priority of the Environmental Action Plan is the formation of the two EA cells in the DOWR and trainin, for the staff of these two EA cells. This is the first important step needed to integrate environmental concerns into the project planning and river basin planning activities of DOWR, and to achieve a more environmentally sustainable development of water resources in Orissa. 11e two EA cells will he iirmed by incremental staft' paid on a declining basis by the WRCP (tt inereasse sustainahility atter WRCP is finished). each consisting of 6 prot'essional and 2 technica; stat'f members. This incremental staff will be partly recruited from within the DOWR, whi: special environmental. public health. water quality. forestry and other specialized staff will UL recruited trom other depariments in Orissa or from all over India. All the professionals will receive. dLuring the seven years of the WRCP. an intensive training in the fields related to their functions. These traminie prograimnes will be in foreign and local universities, in local technice institutions (e NEERI): in international seminars and cont'erences, special training cours within the state in the WALMI, 'I'he staft'f of two E,A cells will receive an on-the-joh trainint! by renown internationial consultant (30 mannionths). assisted hy highly qualified Indian consultants (60 inanmonths). These consultants coniz: only a few months Per year. in the t'orm of twinnina arrangenient. to provii. on-hands trainine. B.th t.reimn (13 mn:lnmonths) and Indian(30 manmonths) consultants will b experienced wa;:er resources EA\ experts. The on-the-job trainirn will he partly provided b- elaborating real EA\ calse studies. eg. Upper Ilnk. Harabhangi. MNraj Barra6e and others. The remainin, 17 manmonths for f0reign consultants and 30 manmonths for Indian consultant, will he tilled hby consultants with a specitic expertise reqluired in that period by the DOWR. The Technical Assistance has been set LIp in su.h a flexible way that it caters maximally to the needs of the DOWR EA\ cells. lhe general fun:tions and resprosibilities tit tho two EA cells in the RBPD and the PPFD ar, indicated in Tah!le 7. 1. However. there are certain specitic components. projects, case studies an, environmental d.a1;i compilation tasks \%hich should he designated as priority items. These hav, been selected as they would provide key background data and appropriate experience for other \\WRCP and future EA stork w%ithin the Deparnment (eg.inputs to river basin plans and setting c project priorities). 7-2 7.3.2 State WVacter Policy: The development ot wvater resources of the state will be in conformity wvith the policy of the Environmental Manag,ement Plan, as outlined in the State Water Policy. The State Water Policy was adopted by the Government ot Orissa in April'94, in which speciFic emphasis \as laid on the implementation ot' an Environmental Management Plan. This includes identification of adverse impacts in the planning stage and taking steps to nitigate or avoid adverse impacts. The , Environmental Management Plan will take. among others. steps for rehabilitation measres, atlo)restation. relocation of' historical 'cultural niontimients. protection and mrnagemenr of sanctuaries and wild lif'e habitats at'fected by projects. investigate downstream impacts on esruarine and coastal tisheries and on salt intrusion of' water diversions for irrigation, implement rernedial measures to mitigate the et't'ects or avoid the et'fects of waterlogging and salinization. 7.3.3 InstitutionalI Strciigt heni n'. As a t'bllowv up action ot' the strengthening of the Department of Water Resources and the establishment of two EA cells. the Government of Orissa created the Water Resources Board (WRB) under the Chairmanship of the Chiet' Secretar) ofl'the state wvhich will be the highest policy making authority tor framing a strategy tfr thie development of the water resources of the state. There is also need tor a co-operated approach between the various water nianarrs and users departnments to inter act and integrate environmental considerations into different sectoral uses of water resources. The WRB shouldn meet once in three months, even in absence of the chairman, to discuss new issues and take decisions on pending ones. The water Resources Board constituted a multi-disciplinary environmental subgroup with departnments, like the Departmer.ts of WVater Resources. Agriculture. Energy. Industries. Urban Development, Rural Development. Planning & Coordination, and Forest and Environment Depanment. to which the Chilika Development Authority helongs (the Chilika Development Authoritv should also be a member of the WRB), for assisting the Water Resources Board ftir taking policy decisions on environmental manters conformino to the environmental needs laid down in the National and State Water Policies. There is strong need 'oir a streanmlined communication between the various organisations related to the wvater sector and it is recommenJed that the \VRB should authorise the Environmenul Sub-group to meet once in two months with the Chiel' Engine'r Planninig as the convener, to prepare the agenda. to sort out problems and settle issues for development of sound e.nvironmental management ot' the water sectors ot' the state. Development activities will fily integrate environmental and sustainabilitY aspects and the overall impacts will be environmertally beneficial. As alreadv mentioned. one of the key issue involved in the strateg,y of' the "Environm-ental A-tion Plan" is to set tip two EA cells with the specitfic designated purpose to deveXlp necessary managerial catpahilities. The two environrimntial cells will be hfrilrmed in 1. Basin Plannimn Directorate 2. Project Preparation and Formulktion Directorate They will have the fOllowing specific objectives: Basin Plannin- Directorate :- EA cell. a) Setting up Environmental data base management svs:em. b) Preparing EA guidelines conforming to Ministry of Environment Z:ipulaticn & other acts of state and central Government c) Integration of EA Componenis in preparation of river basin plans. d) Preparation oft' vater cons-nvation management measures and multi-t±ztoral water allocations for integration in the state water plans. e) Integrating, NHP activities relat,0 to Environmental Assessmenit. 7 -3 TABLE 7.1 SUiNMMARVOF MAIN FUNCTIONS, IRESPONSIBILITIES AND mr.-ss FOR VOWR ENN'IRONNIENTAL CELLS |-A. River Bassin PlaJnning Directtorate (RB3PD) 1. Identit'y andl prioritise projectS t'or development. includin-T due consideration for environmental and wacer allocation constraints and the development of mitigating measures (eg. downstream pollution assimilation, freshwater allocation to conservation ares like Laike Chilika to maintain ecosystem functions). 2. Set-up and operate an Environmental Data Base Management System (EDBMS), including a Reference Library. 3. Research applicable environmental assessment legislation, legal obligations, EA techniques on hehalt' of DOWR. 4. Prepare environmental overviewvs and assessments (EAs), including mitigation and monitoring plans, as integral inputs to river basin and sub-basin plans. 5. Advise DOWR senior management and X\'RB on environmental legislation, water conservation and environmental awareness policy and programmes relevant to water resource sectoral interests. 6. Prepare Environmental Assessment guidelines applicable to and departmental procedures t'ir EAs tor river hasin planning and project EAs to he submitted for format evaluation by State and federal authorities. 7. . Prepare EA Terms of Reference (TOR) for prioiritised projects for implementation by EA cell of Project Formulation and Planning Directorate. 8. Research and . advise DONVR senior m3na!em:nt on Departmental EA training requirements and internal environmental awareness programmes. 9. Participate as requested hy DOE (Department of' Energy) in reviews ot EAs for non- water resource sector projects affectina w ater allocations. pollution or regional planning. 10. Assist with planning t'. r and supervision of the Department's National Hydrological Pro-rainme's (NHP) %Jater quality monitoring programme: including liaison with Projece Formulation anJ Planning EA cell. 7-4 TAB LE 7.1 SUMMARY OF MAIN FUNCTIONS, IRESI'ONSIBILITIES A ND (Connld) TASKS FOR DOWIR ENVIRONMENTAL CELLS B. Project lalnnziniiig :and Forino ikition Directorate (PITFD) I. Undertaike or commnission anv environmental reconnaissance or initial environmcncal examlilnation for major or controversial projects. 2. Prepare EA plans. programmes and hudgets tor projects under investigation by Project Planning and Formulation Directorate. 3. Negotiate. initiate and supervise preparation ol project specific EAs by external Consultints. 4. Undertake either internally or h' external consultanev: (a) project benchmark or hackground environmental and socio-economic surveys: (h) project post-iniplenientation environmental evaluation in liaison with RBPD, as necessary. 5. Prepare reqluired protorima documnents and supporting reports required for Forest and Environmental Clearances: includini- liaison and follow-up requests for additional data. 6. Prepare arrangements lor implementation of project specific Environmental Monitoring and Mtana,ement Pro,rammes (EMIMP). 7. Liaise with District and Loc:al authorities. DOE. Forest and Environment Department. Chilika Development Authorit. SPCB and CPCB and CWC and/or ,NIOEF re: submiissionr andi aplprovall EA,, I'or spec.ifi. lirt jects beinig plalnnecd. 8. Participate as reutiested by DOE and tither deparniiients in EA reviews of non- sectoral projects affectinm! specific water resource projiects heing planned hy PPFD. 7 -5 Project Preparation Formulation Directorate :- EA cell. a) Preparation of comprehensive baseline inventories of Environmental issues of all completed projects tor storage into the Environmental Database. b) Undertake detailed EA assessments of ten projects undertaken in WRCP. c) Monitor and implement Environmental Mianagement Plans of WRCP sub-projects. d) Undertake required liaison with other state agencies, like the State Pollution Control Board t'or the preservation of water quality. Execute water quality analysis of the supply and drainage channels of individual projects, in order avoid public health hazards caused by polluted irrigation water supplies. Pay special attention to the measurement of heavy metals and other hazardous chemicals in irrigation supply water. Salinity data from the drainage channels can be used for the calculation of a salt balance of the area and are indicative for the degree of salinization in the area. 7.3.4 Mleasurement and Mlonitoring Capability The Orissa Water Planning Organisation (OW\'PO) will moniLor and measure all aspects of surface water hydrology includingv water qualitv i.e. siltload, bedload, salinity, organic and inorganic pollutants, including heavy metals and other hazardous chemicals. The National Hydrology Project will set up central and field laboratories to monitor all aspects of water quality. The State Data Centre will develop computerised facilities for storage, retrieval and dissemination of all relevant data for study and research purposes. The proposed OWPO wvill ensure the development of a comprehensive state hydrological and water quality data base for surface and groundwater and develop facilities t0r interaction with other slate agencies. Both EA cells in DOWR will have their own laboratory for their own investigations, for the preparation of EA studies, to identitf wvater quality problems in irrigation supply water and for other purposes related to their functions 7.3.5 Ground %Vat.r N1Mantpinetnt The ground water development agency. %%hich is at present administratively under the Rural Development Department will he brought ultimately under thc control of the Department of Water Resources. which will facilitate the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, since it is under the same agency. The planning anJ management otf all water resources by one agency will avoid waterlogging as well as excessive withdrawal of groundwater. The utilisation of the groundwater potential is at present at a low level and only 10% of the available resources is utilised. As such there is a need tur a master plan for the development of groundwater resources, which should integrate environmental concerns. Sinice the level of groundwater utilisation is still low, this is the right time to develop groundwater legislation. including tihe issuing of licenses and water chares. t'or the sustainable use of groundwater resources. If one waits with the development of groundwater legislation until the time groundwater resoiurces are extensively used. it will be dift'licult to implement this type of legislati0n. since people are a.customed to the free use of the resource. 7.3.6 Catciniitii Managennrit Watershed management will t.Irm an integral par ot' environmental management in order to control sediment inflosw into the reiervoirs. Instead of a project specitic approach. a detailed watershed management master plan %%ill be prepared for each individual basin. in consultation with the Soil Conservation and Forest Departments pt the Government of Orissa. The EA cells formed 7-6 under the DOWVR will he assigned with the task- ot preparing watershed managenment plans as part o't environmental stuJdies t)r river basins. IlTe directives issued l! the Central \W'ater Coiiimiiission in Nov'93 for preparation ot' catchment treatment plans will be integrated in the above management plan. 7.3.7 Cmnsullancv Services & Training There are limited capahilities anonmst DO\\'R ofticials to study and integrate environiimental issues in the state water plan. 1'he two environmental cells to he constituted will be headed by Engineers of DOWR. although environmental specialist staf'f will he recruited from other departments in Orissa or fronm all over India. As such it is v'ery much essential and desirable to offer the necessary training tacilities to engineers in the National Institutes of India and' abroad. As mentioned bet;re. the WRCP includes an extensive training program and a strong Technical Assistance component. ot local and tforeign consultants. for technical advice and on-the-job training. These consultants will guide the DOWR EA sl't' in thle preparation of EA studies. These local and foreign consultants, which will only come for a few months in a year, but for a period of seven year (a kind of twinning arrangement) will be engaged to guide the engineers and specialist stat't' in the development of master plans in which environmental issues related of water resources development are integrated and taclkled. The Water and Land Management Institute (WALNII) of the Government ot Orissa will play an active part in organising seminars, workshops as well as acts as consult.nts tOr trainimn the state eneineers in environmental issues. 7.3.8 Applied Rfe:serch Progranimme Necessarv basin development study has already been initiated under WRCP. Accordingly an international repute coinsultant 'Euroconsultl/Dell't Hvdraulics" of the Netherlands has been appointed 'to take up an in depth study otf the development of' the water resources of the state. The consultant coommenced their work by the tirst %%eek of Nov'94. The consultants in their scope of work will take up satudies htir inteerat.ion of environmental issues in the river hasin plans and will identit'y topics t'or carrying out research hy the state eneineers. Euroconsult/Delft Hydraulics will install two water quality models. like Delwaq (Water Qualhit) and \WLI (\Vaste Load Mlodel) for stidy and monitoring of the water cquality status (ti Orissa rivers. This will be integrated with the Ribasimi model. which will he operative in the coming tfew years. Necessary research programmes tor sonie ot the above environmental studies wvill he drawvn up by WALNII under the WRCP. Innovative applied and proiblem. solving research. under certain Conditions. can be funded under the \RCP. 7.4 Futiidingb In the preliminary break up ot investments under \VRCP. a provision ot aroLund Rs. 58 million (includ i ng tehinical assistance) has. been kept th'r finding tit the en ironmental action plan. \VRCP w'ill IunLid thte entire Environmental .-Action Plan. includilimz increniental and specialist environnmental statl, extensive trainin. and techniclal assistance. set-up ot two lahoratories and e(luipment. In suminimary the cost of the Environmental Action Plan for the DOWR in the 1995-2002 period hased on setting tip and operating the tmo EA cells as outlined above are Pro,eraniine 'tir River Basin Plannii- EA\ cell USS 485,097 Prog rammne tor Project P1lanning and Forimulation EA cell USS 484,5 16 Training and Technical Assistance USS S98,467 Total tor \VRCP Environmental A-\tion Plan USS 1.863,080 7-7 7.5 O'crall Asst.snsment As a part of the institutional changes, the Department of Irrigation has already been redesignatl1 as Department of' Water Resources. The Government of Orissa, as a follow up action, has alrea(ly constituted the Water Resources Board (V1R13), the apex body of the state for development a.i, management of water resources ot' the state. The WRB is headed by the Chief Secretary of d,., state. The WRB will decide about water allocation among the various water users. The abo;0. institutional changes along with the lon, term integrated river basin plans to be formulated, v.ili be environmentally beneticial to the state. The rehabilitation of completed projects, to be taken Lj; under WRCP, will provide the tools for equitable water distribution among the users and for a more sustainable development. This will facilitate upgrading and environmental protection . various natural resources in the state of Orissa. The completion of on going economically viablh projects will ensure increase in food production and create employment opportunities in the rurzi areas. As a whole, investments made under WRCP will be environmentally beneficial lo the st::- of Orissa. i HU'i ijo V1VI. .1 ,1 I ~~~2rU~~~~Jfl II ( r ,,,,.,, / .N1 H 1~~~~~~~~~~~~ r li iS I t> I v I+ - | I~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ **n1 I I I I ,',it i at ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m .:J ()~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~--ip: X AdI . 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Flood Plotecison rtOe,n elnDvclopm- .{flood VJa.nli.o 5 @ ('II eni W@oek . l)iai.IUS O Conagn.421 . ItjilIon VJCIaI 4l Gau,tndJ WVilet bil Silal VWaolt bi Prolect b1 CI.Dn bI Oaaily bJ I "l iRplln Assltlance Planning Et0on1MIc Solely Contial ZCAIJJ 14) Evelaillon Ammulance cl V/ale O.lelily cl Wale, Allocallon cl Plulecl Soclo. cl ilydikulic c) Piocuiemeni c) AMssl lloplacemenl AFgisity economic losesich and l.leisnonce 12) t evee IjbnIs 1J1 .Vd.e I iic utc"s all Ets.l u.ir.,liuil d) I'loolci Envis- di O-salily * Vall,0ijo Vdu. Lz.14sbiaa. Asis,.W:il.ml o.tsraiuial As, Contiol -i*i ili(*libli yVIl asssmuni 1-ioniloting Donis Anil Soo Esoilon el I.i.i.er1|1 Secy. *I l-iulucl * Sa,ild1, Walof fIesu. I'mes* elsoluis di Itsel s l,1 VJ.tlal t.4iIlt.ienl |i1c.L fiotd. dc leIlihtas 1ll I1) InflcinaI wuint el Seatlcs ci.fglng 15) Illifl. Cb !2IJ ! ~ ~~~~IILIUI' | 1 "l.ue i6nL geo.U*t osa Lzdjlk ow*nai4entj |2. I.cludos OLIC *id nsinof duoino leantilloo to ZIIa roo.iesd \. P,Pien.lnaty a.td detailed Inv*&iluk,iiil ar. seepssi. aclalils ,L * etun -11l. egiucutiumt Ups.. antd P-ncli. ,al i.l \\*.C.*. xtteR t BtPnl§v t1.S-.w .#% CHECK LIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN OF WATER PLANNING SL. IMPACTAND ISSUES ACTION WHEN WHERE WHO NO. 1 Assessment of water resources Collection oi data systemalically Conlinuing Depariment DOWR from each river system. 2 Assessment of present Realistic assessment of demand of Work started -do- -do- and future water demand mufti-discipline use. 3 Preparation of Integrated Development of suitable model 1994 -do- -do- River Basin Planning(IRBP) lor sustainable development. 4 Oplimum use of water -do- 1995 -do- -do- 5 Creation o1 environmental Procurement of equipments and Work started -do- -do- data banks dala.Deployment of qualified personel to operate. 6 Creation of environmental cell Action plan of environment assessment Already -do- -do- assessment (Section-7) and follow of action. created 7 Optimum use of other resources Development of suitable model 1995 -do- -do- for sustainable development. 8 Minimizing Ihe disturbance Intregated Basin Planning Study. 1995 -do- -do- of river regime 9 Assessment of sedimentation Basin planning through suitable Continuing -do- -do- and solution models and updating relevant data DOWR - Dept. of Water Resources OWPO - Orissa Waler Planning Organisalion ANNEXURE -I CHECK UST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN FOR INSTITUTIONAL STUDY SL IMPACt AND ISSUES ACTION WHEN WHERE WHO NO. 1. Cteation ol Depariment of Govemment nolificatin Alteady crealed Department DOWR Water Resources (DOWR) and Identilicauon 2. Creation of Waler Resources Follow of acton (or Identificaton Alroady crealod -do- -do- Board (WRB3) and lnlpbcmontaUon of state wator pollcy and furicdoning of WRB. 3. Croation of Planning Organisation (OWPO) Creation or OWPO Doc. 1994 -do- -do- 4. Ccation of onvironmental cell Functions and rcsponsibility of colt to bo finallsod. Alieady croalod by CE, -do- -do- (E3asin Planning/Projoct lormulation Govt order Is awaliod. Planning Dlrectorate) 5. Formulation of Slale Waler Government approval Already prpared -do- -do- Policy of draft poricy and approved I_. DOWR - Dept of Waler Resources SPCB - Slate Pollution Conlrol Board WRB - Waler Resources Board DOFE - Dept of Forest and Environment (Environment) CHECK LIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SL. NO. IMPACT AND ISSUES ACTION WHEN WHERE WHO 1 Inequalhy in water distribution Efficient waler management 1994-2001 Command Area DOWR 2 Seepage loss Lining of canals & proper design and education 1994-2001 -do- DOWR 3 Water logging Improvement of drainage system 1994-2001 -do- DOWR i Alogal blooms In canals Pericdical cleaning & regulation 1994-2001 Canal System DOWR S Scouring and sedimentation Proper design of canals 1994-2001 Command Area DOWR 6 Increase in disease vedors Ellicient water managemernt & providing 1994-2001 -do- DOWR/DO0 elledivo healih measure. 7 Timely stipply of waler Ellicicnt water managcment 1994-2001 -do- DOWR 8 Food produtiion Improvod agrictihutral practico, dovelopmont 1994-2001 Command Area DOWR/ of storage arid marketing facilhies DOA 9 Immigration to urban areas Gencrallon of employment potentlaltlos In Rural Areas by 1994-2001 -do- DOWR Increase of Irrigation coverage. DOWR: Department of Water Resources DOA : Department of Agriculture DOH : Department of Heanh CHECKLIST OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN OF COMPLETION OF PROJECT ACTION WHEN WHERE WHO (Basin Planning / (Reservoir / Dam / (DOFE / DOWR / IMPACT AND ISSUES roject Planning I )istribution syster/ SPCB /. esign/Construction/ Command area/ (liver/ ................. peration l Resc1ilemclt area ................. Vise where) DOR DTW_) (1) _ _ _ _._ _ _ (2) (3_ _______1)) (A) IMPACT DUE TO RESERVOIR 1 Pollution of air and waler a. Proper malntenance of vehl- Consiruclion Dam site Engineer-in-charge ies & consiruction machilnaries. 3. Propot disposal of oxcavatod poils & quarry waste. c Treatment & disposal of sewr- ge of consiruction colony. J. Wator Itroalmont.(Filleflng & Chlorination) lor consirucilon olony. 2 Soil erosion . Catchmeni Managamont & onstructlon/Operaiion Catcnmoni Area DOWn/OFEF Planiation. 3 Dislocation of people livIng In clsetilementLb Rehabilitallon roloct Planning/ Rosetilement area OOR/DMV/DOWR inundalion zone. o be implemented on accordance bolecd consiruclion ith Govt. policy. 4 Loss of land cquisiIion pi land utilised onsiruclion Dam sile/Reservoir Area OWR I LAO. or project & allied matlers. 5 Loss of historic and cullural lehabililation of worship places roject Planning/ eselilement area ASI I DO Endowment/ fealures Dn reseltiemenl colony & moniloring _onstruclion DOWn IDOR 6 Loss of wildlife habilat. leservoir formed al outside sancluaries roject Planning. loservoir periphery DOFE/OFEW .ACTION WtIFIN WHERE wiO (B|8asin Planning / Reservolr I Dam / (DOFE I DOwR I IMPACT AND ISSUES bled Planning I istribution system/ SPCB /. esignlConstruction/ ommand area/ River/ ................. peration) eseullemcnt area ................. -Ise whero) DOR / DTW)_ _ (11 (2) (3) -___________________ ...A~1................(4) _________________________34 7 Proliteralion of aquatic weeds. eriodical dessication & monitoring onsiruction R esevoir Engineer - in - Cnafge Operation 8 Delterioralion of water quality In No threat to deloriation of waler reservoir. uality 9 DIsturbanco to he regimm Jo dislorbanco to rogime Is xpoctod 10 Risk duo to failure of Ihe dam Dam Safoly procedure to bo adopled poratlon. DOWR (Dam Szfeiy) 11 Reservoir leakage and evaporation ao leakage Is expected but peration am site DOWR/Engineet- in-Charge. rnonitoring lo be done 12 Decrease I6 u/s floodplain No such problem is expected (Recession) 13 Rise In ground waler table onsumplive use of GW _uc s envisaged 14 Disruption of riverine fisheries ao visible disruption I fisheries is expected as . rojects are located in pper reaches of river. q 15 Snagging of fishing nels In Removal of stumps be ensured. Constuction Reservoir area DFEF Reservoir. 16 Increase of water-relaled roper sanitation & wilh onstruction/ am site/Reservoir- DOH/ DOWR diseases. actor controll lo be peration eriphery nforced =. - ACTION WHEN WHERE WHO (Basin Planning I (Reservoir I Dam / (DOFE / DOWR I IMPACT ANO ISSUES rojecl Planning I istribution sysrem/ PCB I. esignlConstruction/ ommand area/ River/ . . peration ) esettlement area / ... _______(2)___(3) __ Ise where) OR / DTW (1) (2) (3) 4 ~ 17 Conflicting demands for water use o such problem is expected 18 Social disruption of rehabilated his is to be decided as per toject Planning. esettlement area OR/DOWR people. esettlement & RehaDiliiation olicy of G.O.O. 19 Loss of forest ompensatory alloresralion onsiruclion/Planning and located tor OWR/DFEF/Revenuo Iready done. Iforestation 20 Amenities provided lo rehabilated mplementation of onstruction peralion OR(DOWR people. eselilcmenl & Rehabiliiatlon ollcy of G.O.O. & monitofing. 21 Incroase In humidily and log mall rosorvolis ol the4o project o nol havo Itlose ullocts. 22 Uncontrolled migrallon of people nil soclal activills to bo onstrucllon am sile OWn hocked and monilor. 23 SeismIc effect o probabIlity of alteting leclon- toject Planning am sile OWR/GSI c activity In the region and eslmic faclors considorod n design of dams. 24 Poor land use practice in catch- alchmenl Itreatmeni plan onstruction /S of reservoir FEF/ DOA ment area. o be implemented 6 moniloring. (B) IMPACTS DUE TO IRRIGATION 1 Soil erosion (furrow, surface) roper design of Canal section onsiruction ommand area OWR / DOR 2 Waterlogging of soils, Design & implemeniation of roject Planning ommand area OWR fainage system. onsiruclion .seepage contcol (tro canals. peration B.eter water manag e. -n. ACTION WHEN WHERE WHO (Basin Planning I (Reservoir I Dam / (DOFE / DOWR 1 IMPACT AND ISSUES Project Planning I Distribution system/ SPCB I. Dosign/Construct(on/ Command areal Rlvorl *.----- Operation ) Resettlement area i ................. Else where] DOR / DTW) ('I . (2) (3) (4) (5) 3 Salinization of soils. Preventing waler logging -do- Command area DOWR Leaching of salls by flushing. 1 4 Scouring of canals. Proper design & layout of -do - Distribulion system DOWR Canal system and lining In selected patches wherever necessary S Loss of nulrients from soils. Controlled ltrlgation with Project Planning & Command area DOWR I DOA better agriculture practice Operation 6 Algal blooms and weed proll- Proper design & Monltoring. Piojoct Planning & Disiributlon systom DOWR / DOA lovatlon. Operatlon 7 Clogging of canals by weeds. Periodical cleanlng. Oporation Dlsitibution system DOWR 8 Deterloration of river water Proper use of agro-chemicals In Basin planning River systrm DOWR, SPCB. DOA qualily. agriculture and monitofing. 9 Increase In cultivable land Monitoring lo be done Operatlon Distibution system DOWR /DOA for possible adverse effect. 10 DIslurbance to ecology No such effect Is expected. 11 Alleralion or destruction of No such effect as Irrigation Project Planning Command area DOWR wildlife habitat. Is done In developed area. 12 Impediment of movement of Ample provision of road bridge Project Planning Command area & DOWR livestock and man. & cattle crossings. Consiruction Shed areas. Operation 13 Disturbance of coaslal eco-system No such problem as projects are away from Seacoast. . . ACTION WHEN WHEiE WHO ( Basin Planning / Reservoir I Dam / (DOFE / DOWR I IMPACT AND ISSUES r.olect Planning I istribution system/ SPCB / )esign/Construclion/ ommand area! River/ ................ 3peration) esottiomont area I ................ EIse where) OR I DTW) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 14 Loss of land due lo canals Over qcquisition to be guarded. Planning/Construction Command area OWR 15 Increase in incidence of water dequale healih measures rejoecl Planning Command area. DOWR I DOH related diseases. o be taken. Consiruction .peratlon 16 Harm to healih due to waste lo such eHoct. Planning I Operation Command area DOA wator In lIrigalion. 17 Conflicts ovor walor supply Formallon of water user 0perallon Command area. DOWR I WUA issoclatlon. 18 Incroaso In GWT In command ropor drainage facilitios Prolect Planning & Command area DOWfl n walor logging aroas. perallon 19 Pollution duo to industries lo such problom. 20 Waler quality delerioration duo 3Bttier agricullural manage- Project Planning & ommand area DOWR I DOA/SPCB to use of chemicals. ment perallon b.Proper use of agrochemicals. ASI : Archaeological Survey of India DOR : Department of Revenue DOWR Depl. of Water Resources. DFEE: Dept. of Forest & Environment (Environment) DOT : Dept. of Tourism. DOTW: Dept. of Tribal Welfare LAO Land Aquistion Otficer SPCB State Pollution Control Board DOA Directorate of Agriculture DOH Directorate of Health DOF Directorate of Fisheres OLIC Orissa Lift Irrigation Corporation WUA :-Water Users' Association DFEF rDept. ot Forest and Environment (Forest) KIT : r,ep at F a r.d E nvN.ldmt (N6I8 LU) a,. J.. . ~ ~ .4 .iYATER RESO11,11CESV' ENVIROISNMENTAI. MIANAGEMENT" NETV10RK CL... DOH: Directorale of Health DOF Directorate of Fisheries OLIC Onissa Lift Irrigation Corporation WUA vWater Useiis Association OFEF Dept. ot Forest and Enrlaonment (Forest) tNs t.W: 9:>ctV 01 FQ*: R£ ErV-tf^-men (Wid L14-} WYATER nESOI)RCES EIINVIIRONKMIINTAL MIANAGE-ME:NT NETvioRK D_ 0 F7777V .'''17 1 I, 1 1 - 1 r7X'1 -- -il i^,; ~J- D O W R i ~~iP (BPWD D O W R _ !I,...-.L - 7 (BPD)j' ,,l_ToiR1ill (P P F D) _ _R__ B e 1J /ID / - / /I7t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MD~0w0 x o 0 I - Depit. ol Indusitry. Wcir (sectol) User Agencies D P H E - Depti- ol Public health & Engg. D 0 E - Depit. oi Energy R EGU L A T O R Y Environment Rejulotrxy Agencies DOT - DeptL otlourism. D 0 UL- Dep(. o foesJ o s U - Veptt. of Steel & Uines D 0 E - Depit. of Environment. Muniloring Agenry ID - - Depit. of Wdd Life. CosI If l-i l nin n w N E R |O O H - cepit. al rishny. IJLLIJJ Consllonce Agences PO P - Basin Planning Dieciorale of OOWR | D H S - Depit. of Health Services. P P O-Prof.tct Plannnin & Flotion Drectorote D 0 S - Depit. of Social Wellore. ._ Owner Agency APPEN DICES APPENDIX-A\ List of Goucrnrment Agcilcics and Partics contacted for Environmentlllal Asscssmcnit. APPENDIX-B - Notes on Or2anisation and Responsibilities of Orissa Dcpartmcnt of Environment. MI'IPENDIX-C - Comcncnts on Currcnt Environmrcntal Lcgislation in Context of WVatcr Rcsourccs Development Projects. APPENDIX A LIST OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS CONTACTED FOR WRCP ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS, APRIL 7 - MAY 17, 1993 LIST OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS CONTACTED FOR WRCP ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS, APRIL 7 - MIA\Y 17, 1993 1. CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF FRESHWVATER AQUACULTURE Dr. S.D. Trpathy. Director Mrs. Blhanot, Pond/Paddy-cum-Fish Culturc Expcrt Dr. J.K. Raman, Cage Culturc Expcrt Dr. M. Ranadhir, Statistician/Economiiist Mlr. P.K. Sana, Pnrncipal Scientist - Chcmistr)y 2. DEPARTMIENT OF ENVIRONMENT M-r. S.13. A-nibotni, Dircctor Dr. B.C. Acharaya. Senior Scicntist 3. DEPARTMIENT OF HEALTH SERVICES- Dr. (Mrs.) Banabasini Dcvi, Director Dr.. S. Kar, Joint Dircctor Dr. Shaila Pattnailk, Epidcmiologist 4. DEPARTMENT OF MIEDICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING Dr. N.K. SaLapathy, Director 5. DEPARTMIENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH - ENGINEERING Mr. A.K. Pattnaik, Chicf Enginccr 6. DIRECTORATE OF FISHERIES MIr. MI.K. Ahlned. Additional Dircctor Mir. S. K}han. Senior Rcscarch Scicntist 7. FORESTRY DEPARTMENT MIr. G.S. Padhii, Principal Chief Conservator Forcsts Mr. P.K. Pattnaiak. Additional Chief Conserator Forcsts (Nodal) Mir. S.K. Prasad, Additional Chief Conservator Forests Mr. Ajaya Mlohapatra, Planning Officer 8. STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD Dr. C.R. Mohapatra, Chairimian Mr. S.K. Mloliapatra, Miember Secrctar% Dr. L.N. Patnaik, Senior Scicntist 9. WILDLIFE DEPARTMIENT Dr. S.K. Prasad, Additional Chief Conservator Forests (Wildlife) Mr. L.K. Patnaik, Chief Wildlifc Wardcn Mr. H.B. Nanda, Dcputy Chicf Conservator Forests (Wildlife) Dr. Sudhakar Kar, Rcscarch Officcr (WVildlife) APPENDIX B NOTES ON ORGANISATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORISSA DEPARTMIENT OF ENVIRONMENT . \ 'I'L' N L) I 3 B NOTES ON ORGA\NISATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF1 ORISSA DEPARTMENT OF EiNVIRONMIENT 131ANCII: I .st2ablishnsi1ct aInIdligs dthl litl(igcr (D)cpuly Sccrcliary/ Scnior Secretary) 1.1 OfFicc Establishiment: a) Personal Matters of Officcrs and Staff b) Extension and Crcation of Posts c) Administrativc Rcport, Govcrnor's Spceci d) Offiecc Contin2cn1cv c) Purchiasc of Officc furniturc/stationary t) Mlaintenance & Upkccp of Tcleplhoncs, Computcrs. Elcctrical Goods & Otlier Equipeillnt g) All Mlattcrs Relating to Department Vehicles h) Sanction of Advances i) EPMI Ratc Contracts j) Austcrity MIeasurcs k) Other rclated Mlattcrs. 1.2 Field Establishment: a) Transfcr & Posting of Officcrs and Staff of Agencies/Bodies b) Personal NMattcrs of Officcrs & Staff c) OAT/CAT Cascs d) Journey Approvals e) Training Programme f) Crcation of Posts of Field Officers/Staff under Plan Scheincs g) Gcncral Mlattcrs Relating to Establishment of Field Organisations h) Sanction of Housc Rcnt Buildings Rented by Agencies/ Officcrs i) Rcsidual Miatters j) Rccasc of Grant-in-aid and Approvals of Proposed Expenditurcs Proposed. 1.3 Plannins and Budget: a) Annual Five Year Plan and Non-Plan b) Preparation on Plan, Budgct NDS c) Prc-budget Scrutince MIeetings d) Reappropriation e) Rcports and Returns f) Plan Review, Audit and Inspection g) Grants-in-Aid. BRANCH: 2 Ecology &e EEnvironrent (Sciior Scicntist (E&:E) 2.1 Rcgional Plant Resource Centre (RPRC) 2.2 Chliilika Development Autlhority (CDA) 2.3 Conscrvation and Mlanaacment of Clhilika & Ansupa, Mlangroves, Wetlands WVastelands Development, Endangered Eco-systems 2.4 Coastal Zone Mlanagement 2.5 Biodiversity, RNINH 2.6 Orissa Environmental Programme (OEP) 2.7 Environmental Clearance 2.8 Angul/Talcher Environmental Action Plan 2.9 Environmcntal Impact Assessment/Management 2.10 Assembly/Parliament Questions, Other related mattcrs 2.11 Eco-development of Special Locations, Eastern Ghat Projects 2.12 Environmental Planning/Policy. BRANCH: 3 Pollution Control (Senior Scientist (PC) 3.1 SPCP Board Functions 3.2 Water Act (1974), Air Act (1981), Environment Protcction Act (1986) and Rules and Their Enforcement in the State 3.3 Mlanagement of Hazardous Chemicals 3.4 Fly Ash Utilization 3.5 Nlonitoring of Consents/NOCs Issued by SPCP Board 3.6 . River, Vatcr Ambicnt Air Quality in the State 3.7 Pollution Cases: Filling & Disposal 3.8 Conmmon Effluent Treatment Plant 3.9 Database on Pollution Issues 3.10 Housc Committee on Environment. BRANCH: 4 Environmnental :\warcness Promotion (Senior Scientist (EAP) 4.1 Environment Awareness 4.2 Press NGO Liasion & Mledia Coverage 4.3 Environmental Education 4.4 Manpower Training & Human Resource Development 4.5 Documcntationi Centre-cu rn-Library 4.6 Assembly/Parliament Questions 4.7 NEAC, Prakruti Nlitra and Prakruti Bandlhu Awards 4.8 State Environment Protection Council 4.9 Publication of Literature/Posters/Newsletter- 4.10 Mliscellaneous MIatters. APPENDIX C COMMENTS ON CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN CONTEXT OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMIENT PROJECTS ATTACHMENT I COPY OF RECENT.ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT (1986) NOTIFICATION RE:EIA REOUIREMENTS 3-6 COiMMENTS OiN CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION LN CONTEXT OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPAIENT PROJECTS I ENVI.ItONMNIENTAL PROTECTION ACT (1986) The Environmental Protection Act (1986) was promulgated on May 23, 1986 as Act No. 29 of 1986 by the GOI. The Act's stated main objective is "to provide for the protection and improvement of the environment' and is subject to ratification and adoption by the various statc governments. The Act is supported by the Environment Protection Rules (1986). A Notification relating to the types of projects requiring, and documentation requircd for, Environmcntal Clearancc was published in The Gazettc of India on January 29. 1991. This Notification was reviscd and re-published on January 28, 1993, and includes conditions rclating to the following: - Section 1 - Types of projects and jurisdiction responsibilities of the Central and State governments regarding Environmental Clearances; Section 2 - Locational restrictions relative to certain types of projects;. Section 3 - Rights of Central Govemment to review any State granted Environmental Clearances; Section 4 - Requirements and procedures for seeking Environmental Clearance of projects including composition of review committees and the Application Form and suppbfting documents required. To date, thc EnvironmcntaI Protcction Act (1986) has not been formally adopted by the Orissa State Governmcnt. It is possible that this Act and its associated Rules and Notifications will be adoptcd (in total) by tic Orissa State Government during late 1993 or early 1994, dcpcnding on revisions to the above mcntioncd Notification. 2 RECENT ENVIROINMNAEN'TAL NOTIFICATION An extraordinary "Notification" delineating the classifications of projects and procedures for obtaining Environmcntal Clearance and submitting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Reports and associatcd Environmental Mlanagement Plans (EMP) was published in The Gazette of India on January 27, 1994. \Which is attached below 3-7 tl) rG/I9 w -w|11~ ~ b: I:(h ItlL: I:~kJ .jE bL:;Z(za >¢ , ?- l-,', O 9'~ Ft"J ,> ,^ .'IL 1.t, J.h !k:IsL *.. ;J ~~Llt o :h IL ;J ! =Lk l( k±Z b a .LYT LJjh Dl.k: J'b . ih L.._ j.** I:U; j La (A) ziA (:) Afl. LI-t LILL;L. lIbri L:.Ihtn 1 UYIU :4 * ;kN Llip (A (I IL) 1 li Sw(GZ t. 9G) LIl ikjf. L1111L Y. ZtJiZ JLa |U).I Lt (:) kte L (l)* L Jl¢)! 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Iilll Nr I I N I Wt \t (1I.A,NR.\NCJI FRO.O rill: Ct f-ltr . cT .I .. , 1. Nlucic3r Power nret rciemd .rruoccts suchl n1- llco"y 1 I ';i . n IIu r WVater Plants. niuckur NuOa cuunr!cx. r1rc car:iei. ?.,,,, ,f th g.: .2. Xr cr \'aley prt.sccis includinZ_,u.:l fs.:r ntur T)r ut. lc.l jrrigaution and tlicir conmUintlian iicludJi"n Ic,^l utigg,J:1Lu einiudr: cxtntrol. S::x il*ll:in R irn:w 3. Poiu, li:rbouii Airports (c.eep: nminor r'rt, nnJ htatb:oors). t;j Al.st-; OCT ;"'I .1. Pctrulcturm Hclincri-i inchtnJ;ng c.le viuu.l pso.w.i 3. Chcm :e: rcrt;Ii,e:rs ('NitlUgC1 1141* nl:.l I'i^> h:.t;i ('tiIcr itiiJ ,iglg 1lc s t pI;-tciIptl.li ). 2. t 'I^jti; t cl l geee.j. i : t. I'c;tiW {jt . (IccilnicnlJ. ~~3. It) I.nlleIstclitrs.l:TI ?vos ictl:t: I.and 7. l'eterfclwmical comrkctcm (bth Okrcfini: :aolArem3. I rinl :l ilil; t*c tic) and Petree.:hmical intcrrcJi:!c-s 5ucI, :oi Mir. Carrcul-c::.nm 1.A11 CIC. -intl 01-i;:o '1w.:(ssr ( ...et) rlmtlics auJi nit .Ll IID. 111U'1M_..'1' PVC '(. newa Orv;-, :r..l rI:srn::l:--.! *" tl 1'' .1 ': 4- .'r1urrtiun tnr nil ::nd t'. :.r-ir ru ar r1-cieu.ziCa, j i) ' I .e'e'::-; : -i *. : ac:i in.lI. ;. i trponaj,ouution r.j ora;:. re: s.J allsili 10. syzjlhcgic Rubb:r. (iiOi- tI:,:i:. ':'.ia.::.i . -l vi g I l .-Intl It. A%hcslc :P .1srcgoi produ;.i* 12. HlydrLcynnic acild antl iu dcrivalivc:. l 1P t); la el I'.c n- ut-t ig n . : 13 (a) I'rimiary nietallur; ical indu:striei (su.h is r:rkc- ircre : I - lion of Iron ond Srccl. Alumin:um Coaprr 7e.; Lczd and v:cnoor miluyi). elc o ;lil:"i.e. ha u s l z ;, (lal Elcolci:a.cirrntees (msini S:ccl mi.nti). 0t1 Gliemtll ln l-. CIL'or alk' li iniusury. 7-) C:- cI:,v : *.3;t 'lirbn rIte,: 1.Inter-rteld r:,int comric.x inhd: tu:i cof ixl r ttt'i! tcsns naod b3i, ralw m:t:riaLs £cque in the mir - (n) ;J,,. . - faclurt ur prints. 16. Viseoe Saliplc hibre and filari:at :nrn.rc tc) Flri1ta:nev * iti : 'rat: 1.Stor.t;,: bn:cric-, unCrn^ ith M-11111._stu:c u oxid:,s c lead and.Icad zn=wu.,y.. :loy. td!i 1y:r.:a ril l littst IS. All :uuri.nl rrojecs zt:vwen j-.-_!t?O :r, CC (ci Am- . :r.: r-l:y d;t:: Hi°h ".-: Line -rj at citi cti ' t an c'*:-c (it n .: Mr - `.M: t' l5 Of uIO;e than 1000 meites eilst in-;tsrrncrt ci n:orc thaa I(r .5 crcres. (Ct'. Cv,. N s.. cnI.. t ,. 1: :-0. .'i;,rrolcc! (xith Ir le-a rn-rr 5;: Ect!Lres). Wz \Valer 1>^l ::. 21. IIi;hawny l're3jcts. .2. Targct Roads in lirnlia.yas sod o: i?:sI are.. (:) 3.>= ar Ir t- 1 -.1 * it r'Ia':: ^ tn rs (I 23. DisNi!kricv. 24. R.-ew Sein. Lod J ( s. ^G. 0 - l. ;1 ii %elt-@,% ,- *s:I \t, .! 1-*:.:t 27. C'=::' -^ -@:lt*IR; Z 9.~ ~~ .\t rt - . , . a V^ 3 (iil1 - l: ntu e_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j _t _cl _r =L W (i) Dczails of cs:rio-r wattr quality wit.h o1eIsc rie-Jci o: zeje::ed nrJ tic j ncj:a:t ... CI'Y. tfr C.aIcFnv:iit Trvtirr.Tni Pian : fltirct i< I;scly it, I: 1 C 1. ii.cJ cr r unl I: (i) Culizil:n0i' Arc Dcb.-clurilisclMt I,in ,,,, l * . Il% littIc; il:c n.c:: eud [till ndJi: (3) LNn-turc lind qu.7ntily uf bulii %%:j,.- pcicr;jtcd G;ien tinoer tie Pcil of (1,) Stilid v:Illc di'pru::I m illod: (JIr :IrliiIUtl tii ill I Cli 'If vdiufn tLIc tipphi:ont L Noisc nind Vibr3lion!: signi03. ;n o n n d Vr n In ;rnm lIr -vhich dlnt:, nrc rs- rc.luircd or ii r t.?a) Sriiirces of nr ois: nn.J Vu'ra;i'ns :~ ::it:ml l... r-r tile dr:laintiol of or riec: roponcnl, (b) A\ntUicntl g:oj¶c l.; 'j: po.-j'r. 'I %u:id l'c c n-ihhreJ un lh:il bji.. (c) Nui'c and Vibrmnion conirnl ::a¶:,r~ , rr' pu-d SCIIUI)ULT Illt (d) Suibsidencc rroll!cm i- ny with Control. ncnsruti: Par t'r3 II 11:) u! I'rl 1 31 t t)(l l'W) jl')N OF 1111- IXI'I 11 COM-1.IITTEES I C rower requiircr;enl indiciting sourve u' stiri : Comr- iNrI t%:m.tt TAl.IMr,AU .A\5%ES5."1LLNT vitvirronmenvtil detnils til Le titrnikl-j it r.3fr- 1. T..:ceninz-man. nvwesn-nirt 1 %lvci^rnrmrmtntrTou . c po%cr unit rreupscLd: r: -loe CnLr:.'d .-.r 1t:-l %%III IC ii:-iCrnk.cil Is ). ! I. Pck InIbutir (urce lu Ec teIcp!'3ycJ C"i,ine Jdni. cr: -. Endenic 1-;c.lLb rroWvjms in tte :tca du- t s rto.4 Si - r '.I.1nt r- .. avtlr/air/so.l Lorre di-c2ics: (Ii}Ej';cr bll.t;in4n Conrolr - l Icalth cure iytem cii'in.- 3nJ vroaxl : (04i) W:::er NhCnn',rc.: .ln:lrrntn, ti'% Il I ma; I:,olia: ls-iro- vi ivi, *.1 i-innn"rnwnt 10. (2) Numbier of villict and ro,ittla:iun (') I.nd l 'lJnn:nt to te displaevdl: ( i) Sv-i:dl lienecr/ll:.abilit *r. (b) 1101:dhililn1141.1 M.-Mcir l'h:n (;1rortA 11. Risk ams1cs.mcnt rcport and Di r M3n3,lnr:rr.: I',1n: j r;.r-.rr:i I ll $ () E nvironmenlaul Imr.-ic I\t--n ;et(1Sb:lAt renil (lr) EInvironncrnt hinn,enent l'I;in: i rf'r':cd ns r.cr %i) I'rrrrti : .*ii- r NG0sc;.:-cr--t'i"I ct-fi.,ti ;I ic) Detnilvj 1:nsibilit ReFor; I F;. jc!in-m of cn'i mi(rm:,, (d) Duly filled in qeumonniire J linle to In 2. Th- (Chninin;n '* n rnfd lctrtCC ,!nd kx- vr enviiongi',:-r.n 4ct c.r r!- r !,-iLII *-r %-; n n'w1crg::I c t t*irl-ce i!ctI I.c i t:iw't . s'trrinrn, ect r. 3. Deinili cr Evhironrn-n!jt .nn-. Cell: t 1 nf li',r ' .;. inetq \r:v liereby givc In tindcrtAing thit th- .1 r' 3nd itfu,nh.tl.i", t'. n; ... ....*-. .,.-.1 -AI:n. r-,*-r Jubrove nrc inie to II,. :., tt lit.. Lr.u:lIf'e zr l'Ii-( I tim ni:re tiit r .nyn rict ..( i!.e tlnl3 , , flttd is luu,,,l to bc u r -it.!n. .~ 1.e' ary*...,I.; * I........t ..1 J. tLURLLENT PROCEDUIES AND CONSTRAINTS ON PRZOJECT AI'l'ItOVALS Historically, [the environmental assessnent of major and medium water resources development projects lias been part adid parcel of tlle overall procedure for project approvals by the main GOI and State planning agencies anid has included the following approach, in point form summary. 3.1 Major Projects Completion of a "detailed project report" by DOWR in consultation withi, and with inputs, by other State agencies as required. - Jubmission and evaluation of the project report by thie Central Planning and Design Organisation (CPDO). - Amendments and cost estimate revisions by CPDO. - DOWR submits revised reporE to the Orissa State Government's Planning and Finance Department (OPFD). - 10 copies of project report to Central Water Comnmission (CWC) for evaluation of interstate aspects, hydrology, dam safety, water balance and economic viability. DOWR or CNWC forvard copies of project report to the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF) for Environmental Clearance and Forest Clearance (separate approvals). Revisions/alterations as requested by CWC, MEF and other authoritics tthrough DOWR. Re-submission of project report to CWC and NMEF for final approval. On approval. CWC recommends project to Advisory Committee in Mfinistry of Water Resources (MlWR). - MWR reconsiders project and recommends to tLhe Central Planning Commission (CPC). CPC approves and allocates project into 5 Year Plan framework. - CPC advises State Government of budget and time frame for design and implementation of project. 3.2 Medium Projects DOWR prepares project report wvith assistanece of other agencies and submits to CPDO for technical approval. DOWR preparcs report relating to project planning, hydrology, design flood, water- balance and allocation and reservoir sedimentation in consultation with Regional Office of CWC. project implementation and Compensatory Afforestation; - 3;sic planis for soil conservation ill thle cacIIIICnt fouCLssilg oi reservoir imargilns: Socio-economic surveys relating to communities in the reservoir area; - Basic data on rehabilitation and resettlement land acquisition and compensation cstimates and development of resettlement colonies. Only basic commcnts are included in respect to poten1tial effects on downstream hydrology and riparian requirements; ecological resources, mainly wildlife and fisheries in gencral, and other land use and socio-economic aspects. Unfortunately, examples of environmental impact assessments for major or medium projects being undertaken in other states wyere not available for comparison with current practice for EA preparation within DOWR. A major requirement of the proposed Environmental Assessment (EA) groups to be established within DOWR should be to delineate, in detail, guidelines for EA documents and actually preparing some case studies, either using Orissa State Government staff and/or through use of external consultants, based on a detailed Terms of Reference compiled by these EA groups. 3-10 REFERE,NCES I AgaraNvala, V.P. (1990). Forests in India - Environmental and Production Frontiers. Oxford and Ibh. Publishing Co., Ncwv Delili. 2 Dalua, A.K. (1991). lrriation in Orissa. Watcr and Land Management Institute, Orissa. 3 Dash, NI. et al (1993). Hydrobiolo2v of Hiralkid Dam Rescrvoir. In Ecology and Pollution of Indian Lakes and Rcscrvoirs; Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 4 DcparimcnE of Environment (Orissa) (1992 and 1993). Reoort on Activities of the Department of Forests and Environment (Environment) for the Year (2 Reports 1991-92 and 1992-93. Orissa Department of Environment. 5 Directorate of Fisheries (1991). Draft Proposal for Reservoir Fisheries Development - Mandira Reservoir. Orissa Directorate of Fisheries (Confidential/Official Use Only). 6 Hillel, Daniel (1991). Out of the Earth - Civilization and the Life of the Soil. University of California Prcss, Berkcicy and Los Angeles, California. 7 Induktar, P. (1992). Forestrv. Environmcnt and Economic Development. Efficient Offset Printers, Delhi. 8 Kar, L.N. Mishra S.R. (Mlay 1993) Rcnort on Farmers' Appreciation of Water Users Association. Crcative Consultants, Bhubaneswar. 9 Khan, S. (1992). Report on the Study of Environmental Threats to Fisheries in Orissa. Orissa Directoratc of Fisherics. 10 Mishra, P. and Trivedy, R. (Ed.) (1993) Ecolonv and Polilition of Indian Lakes and Rcscrvoirs. Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 11 Orissa Agriculture Departmcnt (1991) Orissa APricultural Stalistics 1999-90, Government of Orissa 12 Orissa Environmcnt Socicty (1992 (a]). Environment and Development. Orissa Environmental Congress, Bhubaneswar. 13 Orissa Environment Society (1992 [b]). Mahendragiri: The Pride of Enstern Ghats. Orissa Environmental Society. 14 Orissa Forest Department (1990). Youir Chilika. Wildlife Or-anisation of Orissa Forest Department. 15 Orissa Forest Department (1991 [a]). Forestry in Orissa (Ist Edition). Orissa Forest Department. 16 Orissa Forest Department (1.991 [b]). Orissa Forests - 1990. Orissa Forestry Department - Statistical Branch. 17 Orissa Forest Department (1992 [a]). Ori-Forest-Otuarterlv Maagzine on Forestry. Orissa Forcst Department, July/September 1992 - Volume I - Forestry Topics. 18 Orissa Forest Department (1992 [bD. Ori-Forest-Otiarterlv Magazine on Forestry. Orissa Forest Department, October/December 11992 - Volume 2 - Wildlife Topics. 19 Orissa Irrigation Department (September 1986 [a]). Delta Development Plan, Volume 11, Socio-Economic Benchmark Studies. 20 Orissa Irrigation Department (September 1986 [b]). Delta Development Plan, Volume VII, Drainage Development. 21 Orissa Irrigation Department (October 1989 [a]). Delta Development Plan. Volume 1, Overall Report. 22 Orissa Irrigation Department (October 1989 [b]). Delta Development Plan. Volume X, Groundwater and its Conjunctive Use with Canal Irrigation. 23 Orissa Irrigation Department (1991). Environmental Clearance Proposal of Lower Sujktel Trrimation Proiect. Executive Engineer, Balangir Inv. Division. 24 Orissa Irrigation Department (April 1993). Water Resources Consolidation Project: Orissa - Status Report. 25 Project and Corporate Consultants Limited (September, 1991). Baseline and Evaluation Studv on Ramiala. Kuianria and Talsara. Miedium Irri2ation Proiecrs (Orissa). Orissa Irrigation Departmcnt. 26 SMEC (February 1993). Progress Report. Water Resources Consolidation Project OID. 27 SMEC (March 1993). Report on Data Collection. Watcr Rcsources Consolidation Project OID. 28 Water and Power Consultancy Services (1989) Rengali Irrigation Proiect: Feasibility Study. MIain Rcport, Volume 1, Orissa Irrigation Department. 29 'World Bank (July 1991). Environmcnal Assessmcnt Sourcebook. Technical Paper No. 139, Vol. I - Policies, Procedurcs and Cross-Sectoral Issues. Vol. II - Sectoral Guidelines. 30 World Bankl (December 1991). India Irrigation Sector Review (two volumes). Agriculture Operations Division, India, Country Department, Asia Region. 31 Ministry of Environmcelt and ForcsLs (1985) Gttidelines for Environmental Tmpact Assessment of River Valley Proiects. New Delhi. 32 Orissa Remote Sensing Application Centre (1991) Interim Report on Environmental Impact Assessment of Potteru frrination Project. Orissa Irrigation Department. 33 Orissa Remote Sensing Application Centre (1992) Environmental Imoact Assessment of Subarnarekha Avacut. Orissa Irrigation Department. 34 Orissa Irrigation Dcpartment (June, 1993) Operations and Maintenance Studv-Rushikulva Canal Svstem - OWRCP Work-jg Paper. 35 Orissa Irrigation Department (August' 1993) Unper Jonk- Subproiect Feasibility Report- OWRCP \N'orkin2 Paper(Draft), *36 Orissa Irrigation Department (August 1993) Harabhanai Subnroicct Feasiblitv Renort- OWVRCP WVorkins Paoer(Draft). 37 Orissa Irrigation Department (August 1993) 13ahutia Irriuation Stage Tl- Subproiect Formuilation Report- O\VRCP Workin2 Paper(Draft). 38 Orissa Irrigation Dcpartment (October 1993) Badanalla Sub-Proiect Feasibility Report - ON\VRCP %Vorkinp Paper (Draft). 39 Orissa Irrigation Depanment (September 1993) Harihariorc Sub-Proiect Feasibilitv Report - OWRCP WVorking Pancr (Draft). 40 Orissa Irrigation Dcpartmcnt B3lanua lrrigation Sta,c-lI SLib-Proicct Feasibilitv Rcport Rchabilitmtioni Rcsettleinent- O\VRCP Workino Paier-2 (Draft) 41 Orissa Irrigation Department 'July 1993) Upper Jonk Trrigation SLib-Proiect Feasibilitv Report Rehabilitation Resettlement - OWRCP Workinz Pacer-2 (Draft) 42 Orissa Irrigation Department Badanalla Suib-Proiect Formtilation Re2ort - O\\YRCP \\Workin! Paner-2 (Draft) 43 Orissa Irri-ation.Department (October 1993) Environmental Impact Assessment of Completion Proiect B3ightia Sma2e-l1. O%VRCP (Preliminary Report-Draft) 44 Orissa Irrigation Department (October 1993) Environmental Imnact Assessment of Upper Jonk Irrigation Sub-Proiect. O\VRCP 45 Operation Research Group (1993) Socio-economic stiudy for preparation of Resettlement Action Plan for Harabhhang Irrigation Project (Draft) 46 Orissa Planning and Co-ordination Department (Directorate of Economics and Statistics) Economic Survey. 1993-94 (Ahmed, pers comm.) Discussion held with Mr. M.K. Ahmed, Additional Director, Directorate of Fisheries; Cuttack, 3 May 1993. GLOSSARY ADD Asian Development Bank AIT Asian Institute of Technology DSI Botanical Survey of India CCA Culcurable Command Area CIFA Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture CPC Central Planning Commission CPDO Central Planning and Design Organisation CPU Central Planning Unit (OID) CWC Central Water Commnission DFEE Department of Forest and Emtvironinent (Environximent) DFEF Departtnentt of Forest atid Environment (Forest) DFE\V Wildlife Dep:lmrtimment (Orisa) DI IS Department of ilealth Services (Orissa) DMG Department of Mines and Geology (Orissa) DOF Directorate of Fisheries (Orissa) DOWR Department of Water Resources (OID restructured) DPIIE Department of Public Health - Engineering (Orissa) EA Environmental Ass.essmnent (as per World Bank) EIA Environmtmentall Impact Assesstnent ENIP Environmental Management Plans FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation GOI Government of India GSI Geological Survey of India IAA Inpact Assessmnent Agency ICMIR India Council of Medical Research 1MOEF Mlinistry of Environment and Forests MINARS Mfonitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources MIWR Mlinistry of Water Resources NGO Non-Government Organisation NORAD Norwegian Bilateral Aid Agency NTPC National Thiermnal Power Corporation OcS Orissa Environment Society OID Orissa Irrigation Department OLIC Orissa Lift Irrigation Corporation OPFrD Orissa Planning and Finance Department ORD Orissa Revenue Department ORG Operations Research Group (private consultants) ORSAC Orissa Remote Sensing Application Centre OSFCF Oriwsa State Fishermnen's Co-operative Federation RDD Rural Development Department RRL Regional Research Laboratory Rs Indian Rupees SPCI State Pollution Control Board UP University of Philippines \VAPCOS Water and Power Consultancy WB WVorld Bank WRCP Water Resources Consolidation Project \VRD Water Resources Board (Orissa) ZSI Zoological Survey of lntdia 3-26