E774 Volume 1 Government of Cameroon Environmental and Social Management Framework: Community Development Programme June 2003, Prepared by- Environmental Resources Management iOOi Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 1115, Washington DC 20036 Telephone +1 202 4669090 Facsimile + 1 202 4669191 ERE Dnveloppement (Etudes et R6a1isations Economiques pour le mveloppenment) Bureau d'Etudes et dIngLnieurs Conseils S.A.RvL. Government of Cameroon Environmental and Social Management Framework: Community Development Programme May 2003 Reference 9533 Prepared by: Kurt A. Lonsway, Tania N. 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This includes paper with the Nordic Environmental Label. Executive Summary This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management (ERM) and ERE D6veloppement for the Government of Cameroon (GoC) for the proposed Programme de Developpement Participatif (PNDP), or Community Development Program [hereafter the Project]. One of the outputs (1) of this study is an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) to meet the following objectives: * To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed Project, whether positive or negative and propose mitigation measures which will effectively address these impacts; * To inform the project preparation process of the potential impact of different alternatives, and relevant mitigation measures; * To establish clear directives and methodologies for the environmental and social screening of micro-projects to be financed under the proposed Project. The study reported here included a single consultancy team mission by ERM to Cameroon from 27January - 13 February 2003. The mission included field visits to each of the four regions (provinces) selected by the Project: North, West, Center and South. The Project The purpose of the PNDP is to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development in rural areas of Cameroon. The PNDP aims to support community driven development by allowing communities and their local government (communes) to implement priority action plans through the strengthening of the fiscal, institutional, and administrative environment for adequate budget allocation, effective service delivery, and transparent management of financial services. Beneficiaries of the PNDP consist of rural communities dispersed in the ten provinces of Cameroon, as well as other organizations including local (communes) and regional public administration and NGOs. The project will implement, over a period of 15years, a progressive and flexible coverage of these 10 regions in three - four three year phases. The objective of the first phase of the PNDP is two-fold: Empower communities: Through participatoryprocesses, communities analyze their situation, identifypriorityproblems, develop action plans, and take responsibility for the implementation of these plans. Communitygrants will be matched with community contributions (in cash or kind) to prepare and implement micro-projects. Safeguard issues will be taken into account during the preparation and integration of proposed micro- projects, and monitoring on a "spot check " basis will be ensured. (1) The other output of this study was a Resettlement Management Framework which is the subject of a separate report 1) Strengthen the local government: Local government at the commune level will mobilize, allocate, release, and manage resources in response to community action plans and priorities. With financial and technical support from the national level, local government will take responsibility for transparent governance and provision of services to their constituents. Significant effort will be devoted to capacity building during this phase. The PNDP Project will consist of four components: * Financial support for rural community development (FADCR); * Strengthening of communes within the decentralization process; * Capacity building at the local level; and, * Project management and monitoring. Major Environmental and Social Considerations Environmental and social sustainability are fundamental to rural development strategies, natural resource use and conservation and poverty alleviation. Therefore environmental and social sustainability are fundamental to the success or failure of the PNDP. There is a precarious balance between two very different scenarios: * On the one hand, under a scenario of a successful PNDP which works in accordance with the vision and approach set out in project documents, the PNDP would make a significant positive contribution to environmental and social sustainability in rural areas; * On the other hand, under a scenario of a failing project, the PNDP would contribute toward further decline in environmental and social sustainability in these same areas. Preliminary discussions with project sponsors and stakeholders indicate that they are fully appreciative of this observation. Indeed, the institutional, social, environmental and other analyses that have been or are currently being carried out during project preparation will lay the ground for the first, successful, scenario. This conclusion emphasizes the importance of the Environmental and Social Management Framework, to ensure that environmental and social sustainability are fully mainstreamed into PNDP design, appraisal, and implementation. Potential positive impacts The overall positive environmental and social impacts predicted under the first scenario is based on the following reasoning: * The PNDP will strengthen traditional systems of environmental and social governance through the use of a participatory approach to developing local development plans (community and commune); * In some cases reduced poverty within communities will lower the dependence on and degradation of natural resources and encourage conservation but safeguard mechanisms, such as community management based on an agreed management plan, will need to be put in place; * Strategically placed rural roads, and associated services, may enable more sustainable agricultural systems and timely evacuation of agricultural production; * An increased number of strategically-located small-scale water points will lead to a more diffuse distribution of human and livestock pressures; * Effective management and perhaps reversal of degradation of natural habitats offers a positive impact on conservation of natural habitats and biodiversity in some areas; * Investment in social infrastructure, such as schools, health clinics, sport and leisure facilities, markets, etc. will promote sustainable rural development. Therefore the PNDP has the potential to make a significant contribution to Government of Cameroon 's policies to protect and preserve the environment, promote sustainable social development while reducing poverty in rural areas. Potential negative impacts The overall negative environmental and social impacts predicted under the second scenario is based on the following reasoning: * Rural social livelihoods and environment are often complex, unpredictable and fragile; * Differential impacts of the PNDP (according to gender, wealth status, or livelihood strategy) may result in some groups relying to a greater extent than others on unsustainable use of natural resources; * Alternative livelihoods and improved marketing of agricultural products (including livestock), resulting in improving well-being, may lead to increased areas brought under cultivation and numbers of livestock or tropical livestock units, and increased demand on natural resources or degradation of the surrounding environment; * Traditional systems of governance may be too fragmented and insufficiently effective to ensure traditional sustainable agricultural or natural resource management practices; * Even where traditional environmental or social governance is effective, incentives for communal management of natural resources in a sustainable manner may be weak in comparison to incentives for unsustainable use; * Rapid institutional change in the formal national, regional and communal systems for governing natural resource areas may create competing or ineffective institutions within government; * There is a significant number of NGO and development agency-financed projects throughout Cameroon, with considerable experience, that may be undermined by the financial and political weight of the PNDP if they are not effectively included in the process; * Introduction of investments in targeted areas may attract outside immigrants (especially true in the Northern Province) that will increase pressure on existing resources and possibly lead to tribal conflicts. However it is hoped that the GoC and World Bank are addressing these risks carefully in the preparation and design of the PNDP. Micro-project Screening and Monitoring Process Each proposed micro-project will be screened using an established set of screening criteria (included in the project implementation manual). Part of this screening process will include both environmental and social criteria that must be addressed before a decision can be taken to fund an eligible micro-project. Larger micro-projects or those where significant impacts are apparent and may require an Environmental and Social Assessment (e.g. new construction of a small dam or road). Where necessary, environmental and social mitigation measures will be proposed for each micro-project and regular monitoring will be carried out as part of the PNDP program. Capacity Building Capacity-building and training are central to the ESMF. This report proposes that this should include: sensitisation among provincial and communal delegation staff concerning rural livelihoods and the implications of micro-projects on the environment, particularly protected areas and biodiversity; sensitisation among communities and community/village leaders on how to integrate local traditional knowledge with modern administration, particularly as it relates to the protection and management of natural resource; training for community leaders, commune and provincial delegation officers on the use of the environmental and social screening and reporting system; training for communal bureau officials, on environmental and social impact assessment, its application to small-scale activities, and the use of environmental and social guidelines in identifying and costing mitigation measures; bringing together groups of officers from commune and provincial levels, to encourage inter-communal and inter-provincial learning. Estimated Costs The total estimated costs for mainstreaming environment and social issues into the PNDP is USD 1,616,000, spread out over the first phase of project implementation (four years). Some costs of environmental management and mitigation are directly integrated into the main project budget. Specifically these are: * Costs related to mitigation measures for micro-projects, which will be assessed and internalised as part of the overall micro-project cost: and * Costs related to mitigation measures for commune (inter-community) projects, which will be assessed and internalised as part of the overall sub-project cost. The total estimated cost for expenses associated with training and sensitisation, as shown in Table 8.1, is USD 165,000. This figure does not include the cost of the Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers, who will act as lead facilitators of training programmes. IV CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION I 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 2 1.2 KEY PRINCIPLES 2 1.3 LAYOUT OF THIS REPORT 3 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 4 2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE PNDP 4 2.1.1 Project target areas 4 2.1.2 Project components 6 2.2 BUDGET 10 2.3 PROJECT COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION 11 2.3.1 Project Coordination Unit 11 2.3.2 Decentralized implementation 11 3 SAFEGUARD SCREENING PROCEDURES 14 3.1 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES 14 3.1.1 Mainstreaming safeguard compliance into sub-project screening 18 3.2 CAMEROON'S LEGISLATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 18 3.2.1 Sub-project screening under Cameroonian law 18 3.2.2 PSEP approval of this EMF 19 4 BASELINE INFORMATION 20 4.1 INTRODUCTION 20 4.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 20 4.3 DEscRIpTIoNOFPROJECTPROVINCES 20 4.3.1 Population 21 4.3.2 Education 21 4.3.3 Health 21 4.3.4 Economy 21 4.3.5 Division of Labour by Gender 22 4.3.6 Access to Natural Resources and Agricultural Services 22 4.3.7 Livestock 23 4.3.8 Agricultural production 23 4.3.9 Forestry 23 4.3.10 Potable water 24 4.3.11 Access to micro-credit 25 4.3.12 Distribution of electricity in rural areas 25 4.3.13 Agro-ecological regions 25 4.3.14 Biodiversity 25 4.3.15 Protected areas and endangered species 26 4.3.16 Poverty and Inequality 26 4.4 LIVELIHOOD - ENVIRONMENT LINKAGES 27 4.5 GENDER-DIFFERENTIATED USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 28 5 GUIDANCE ON POTENTIAL IMPACTS 29 5.1 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT 29 5.1.1 Potential positive impacts 30 5.1.2 Potential negative impacts 30 5.2 LOCAL, CUMULATIVE, AND STRATEGIC IMPACTS 35 5.2.1 Localised negative impacts 35 5.2.2 Cumulative impacts 35 5.2.3 Strategic Impacts 36 5.2.4 Impact on ecological resources and land degradation 37 5.2.5 Pollution of watercourses 37 5.2.6 Medical waste disposal 37 5.2.7 Pest Management and Chemical Use 38 5.2.8 Impact on vulnerable groups 39 5.2.9 Social Sustainability of Projects 39 6 REPORTING AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ESMF 49 6.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMF 49 6.2 REPORTING AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ESMF 49 6.2.1 Village level 49 6.2.2 Commune level 50 6.2.3 Province level 50 6.3 KEY ISSUES AND PROPOSED ACTIONS WITHIN THE ESMF 53 6.3.1 Terms of reference for the Environmental and Social Coordinator 56 6.3.2 Terms of reference for Environmental and Social Mitigation Officer(s) 57 6.3.3 Terms of reference for Mobile Extension Teams (METs) 57 6.3.4 Terms of reference for an annual performance review 58 6.4 SCREENING FOR COMMUNITY AND INTER-COMMUNITY MICRO-PROJECTS 59 6.4.1 Application of Screening Forms for Community and Inter-Community Micro- projects 60 6.4.2 'Positive' environmental micro-projects 65 6.4.3 Triggers for cumulative impact assessments 66 6.5 ANNUAL REPORT FORMATS 67 6.6 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 77 6.6.1 Monitoring of Participation Process 77 6.6.2 Monitoring of Implementation of Mitigation Plans 78 7 CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 80 7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING AND SENSITISATION 80 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITYBUILDiNG 83 8 ESTIMATED COSTS 85 8.1 COSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS 85 8.2 MAINSTREAM COSTS 85 8.3 COSTS OF TRAINING 85 ANNEXES Annex 1 List of Authors Annex 2 Papers and Literature Reviewed Annex 3 Itinerary and Methodology Annex 4 Stakeholders consulted Annex 5 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Framework in Cameroon Annex 6 Detailed Baseline Data Annex 7 Terms of Reference for Technical Assistance to the PNDP - Environmental and Social Guidelines Annex 8 Environmental and Social Indicator Tables Annex 9 Format for Environmental Impact Assessment Studies Annex 10 Terms of Reference for ESMF Annex 11 Baseline Maps INTRODUCTION The Government of Cameroon (GoC) has requested support for the preparation and financing of a Programme National de Developpement Participatif (PNDP) Community Development Programme) [hereafter referred to as 'the Project']. This programme corresponds with the central features of the GoC's strategy for poverty reduction, growth and good governance specified in its poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP).(') This is the report of a study to produce an environmental and social management framework [hereafter referred to as the 'ESMF study'] for the proposed PNDP. The objectives of this study are: * To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed Project, whether positive or negative and propose mitigation measures which will effectively address these impacts; * To inform the project preparation process of the potential impact of different alternatives, and relevant mitigation measures; * To establish clear directives and methodologies for the environmental and social screening of micro-projects to be financed under the proposed Project. This study was carried out by consultants from Environmental Resources Management (ERM) and Etudes et Realisations Economiques pour le De'veloppement (ERE). The authors of this report are listed in Annex 1. The ESMF study included a single consultancy team mission by ERM to Cameroon from 27 January - 13 February 2003. The mission included field visits to each of the four regions (provinces) selected by the Project. (2) The list of documents reviewed is given in Annex 2. The itinerary for the ESMF study and the methodology used to carry out the study is given in Annex 3. Government organizations, stakeholders, NGOs and other persons contacted during the entire mission are given in Annex 4. (1) Terms of Reference for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Programme National de Developpement Participatif (PNDP), World Bank 2002 (2) During the first phase. the Project will work in three regions or provinces - North, West, Centre and South . ENVIRONMENTAL REsouRCES MANAGEMENT AND ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 1 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK This study has been charged with the development of an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) because the precise details and locations of the micro-projects to be financed are not yet known. This is particularly the case for the project component, the Fonds d'Appui au Developpement des Communautes Rurales - Financial Support for Rural Community Development (FADCR), which is described in more detail in Chapter 2 - Description of the Proposed Project. It is not possible to ascertain precise impacts of these micro-projects at this stage. Therefore an Environmental and Social Management Framework is required which includes a list of possible micro-projects that could be supported under the Project, to ensure the proper screening of specific developments as they are identified. 1.2 KEY PRINCIPLES This ESMF has been prepared on the basis of the following principles. Firstly, we have sought to avoid considering environmental and social sustainability of the PNDP in isolation. Instead we have considered: (i) How can sustainability (i.e. environmental, social, economic and institutional sustainability) be ensured at community, commune, province and wider levels? (ii) How can the PNDP's contribution to this sustainability be maximized? For example, it would be counterproductive if the PNDP was to focus solely on the environmental and social implications of PNDP-financed micro-projects alone, without also creating partnerships with NGOs and other national programs (e.g. PNVRA, PRDM, PADC, Ouest-Benoue, GEF-Biodiversity) that also have environmental and social implications. This way the PNDP can build on the lessons learned from other programs. Secondly, in accordance with progressive decentralisation in Cameroon, we consider that the bulk of environmental and social inputs to this Project are required at commune and community levels. At these levels, there is an opportunity to build on the close working relationship of agricultural, environmental, social and health officers, and improve awareness of the complexity of sustainable rural livelihoods among all officers. Thirdly, the ESMF does not propose an elaborate system of assessment for activities or micro-projects within the PNDP components. Instead, it proposes that environmental and social considerations are fully mainstreamed into the participatory process for identifying, screening, planning, implementing and monitoring of micro-projects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 2 Therefore, an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is required, to screen for and manage the potential environmental and social impacts of the PNDP, and to strategically assess and manage its overall environmental and social impact. The ESMF is being prepared in parallel with another report, the Resettlement Policy Framework to further address potential issues of resettlement under the PNDP. 1.3 LAYOUT OF THIS REPORT This report is structured as follows. This ESMF report is structured as follows. * Chapter 1 - Introduction (this section) * Chapter 2 - Description of the project and potential projects * Chapter 3 - Safeguard screening procedures * Chapter 4 - Key baseline information * Chapter 5 - Guidance on potential impacts * Chapter 6- Reporting and responsibilities in the ESMF * Chapter 7- Training and capacity-building requirements * Chapter 8 - Estimated costs ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 3 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE PNDP The purpose of the PNDP is to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development in rural areas of Cameroon. The PNDP aims to support community driven development by allowing communities and their local government (communes) to implement priority action plans through the strengthening of the fiscal, institutional, and administrative environment for adequate budget allocation, effective service delivery, and transparent management of financial services. Beneficiaries of the PNDP consist of rural communities dispersed in the ten provinces of Cameroon, as well as other organizations including local (communes) and regional public administration and NGOs. The project will implement, over a period of 15 years, a progressive and flexible coverage of these 10 regions in three - four year phases. The objective of the first phase of the PNDP is two-fold: 1) Empower communities: Through participatory processes, communities analyze their situation, identify priority problems, develop action plans, and take responsibility for the implementation of these plans. Community grants will be matched with community contributions (in cash or kind) to prepare and implement micro-projects. Safeguard issues will be taken into account during the preparation and integration of proposed micro- projects, and monitoring on a "spot check" basis will be ensured. 2) Strengthen the local government: Local government at the commune level will mobilize, allocate, release, and manage resources in response to community action plans and priorities. With financial and technical support from the national level, local government will take responsibility for transparent governance and provision of services to their constituents. Significant effort will be devoted to capacity building during this phase. 2.1.1 Project target areas The PNDP will support the design and implementation of the Government's policy with regard to community development on a national scale. As part of the first phase, the project will be initiated in the following four regions, as illustrated in Figure 2.1: province of the North, Center, West and South. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ERE DgVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 4 Figure 2.1 Administrative Map of Cameroon, 2002 (with PNDP Phase I Target Provinces) _< hd I NIGER b Cameroon Ngwu mMai Inuonal bouny j F 2 _._- PitC. N" m - 12 it * Natmadcvwmi a 50 kw Kw -ft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ vfi 1>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=1 +Xf ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AF ICA REPU BLIC, t KE_R ' * .R-'J" 2 1 REPUBLIC OF Ai= htet < )2 /4 THE CONGO M SAGSE AND PFtNCINPE la N O GADON ba db ~~EQJATMRIAL I ELPN SOF 19 CA M ERO I O -N ENVIRONMENTAL RESOUuctS MANAGEM[ENT AND EiRE DSVELOPPEMYENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMERODON 2.1.2 Project components The PNDP consists of four components: * Financial support for rural community development (FADCR); * Strengthening of communes within the decentralization process; * Capacity building at the local level; and, * Project management and monitoring. Component 1: Financial support for rural community development (FADCR) The objective of this component is to provide budgetary support for the implementation of activities proposed by communities under their Community Action Development Plans at the village level or Local Development Plans at the commune level. Priorities will be identified through a participatory assessment with community stakeholders including village chiefs and members, districts, and peasant associations. To obtain budgetary support for a particular micro-project or activity, communities will have to provide evidence of the following: a) Prepared development plans using a participatory process; b) Developed a priority action plan; c) Set up clear management arrangements; d) Offered contribution by the community (cash, labor, materials); e) Opened a bank account f) Established legal status; and, g) Application of environmental and social screening mechanisms to each micro- project or activity. This component will co-finance, in the form of grants, collective socio- economically beneficial micro-projects such as social infrastructure and natural resource management activities. An indicate list of micro-projects to be financed under the FADCR is provided in Table 2.1. The list is non-exhaustive, with the exception of the following activities, listed in Box 2.1 below which are not eligible for financing: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 6 Box 2.1 Negative List of Activities and Projects Ineligible for Investment Activities/Projects * Religious infrastructure; * Headquarters for cooperatives, groups, or executing organizations; * Acquisition of equipment for government services. * Administrative buildings (except accommodations for health workers, and primary school teachers); * Activities already covered by other sources of financing or are already included in other national, regional public development programs and where financing has been secured; * Purchase of mechanical equipment (e.g. trucks, tractors, etc.); * Growing or purchase of tobacco or drugs; and, * Investment in bars. Table 2.1 List of activities to be financed under the FADCR (indicative) Category Activity 1.0 Collective public service infrastructure 1.1 Education: . Classrooms * Fencing * Teachers housing * Classroom furnishings * School supplies * Teaching supplies * School medical kits * Handicapped learning centers 1.2 Sport and Cultural: * Grounds for sport and leisure 1.2 Sport and Cultural: * Rural Youth centers * Community centers 1.3 Health, Hygiene, Sanitation * Health centers * Dispensaries * Emergency rooms * Maternity clinics * Public pharmacy stores * Prophylactic activities * HIV/AIDS control centers * Latrines and water points ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 7 Category Activity 1.4 Roads/Transportation infrastructure * Roads, rural access roads, water passage ways (transport infrastructure) 1.5 Energy/Communication * Solar panels * Micro dams * Rural electrification * Rural telephone * Biogas * Windmills 2.0 Public Commercial Equipment 2.1 Commercialization * Markets * Storage warehouses * Bus stations (hangar and basic infrastructure) 2.2 Livestock Equipment * Livestock markets * Slaughterhouses * Slaughter yards * Stockyards * Tick dip * Vaccination yards * Transformation of slaughterhouse wastes 2.3 Rural and Pastoral Water Systems * Wells * Boreholes * Wetlands * Reservoirs * Micro dam and storage * Water catchments 3.0 Management and exploitation of Natural Resources 3.1 Soil Protection and Restoration * Anti erosion interventions * Soil fertility restoration ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 8 Category Activity 3.2 Exploitation of Water Resources * Runoff and infiltration dams * Check dams * Small-scale irrigation * Wetland development 3.3 Exploitation of Forest Resources * Reforestation and woodlots * Support to elaborate simple management plans for community forests * Livestock passages 3.4 Area Improvements and Exploitation of * Live as Pastoral Resources * Rangeland improvements * Land tenure management and conflict resolution (mapping, boundary staking, etc.) * Management of buffer zones around protected areas * Eco-tourism and hunting areas 3.5 Protection and Exploitation of Biodiversity (ZIC) * Protection and transformation of wastes 4.0 Beneficial Collective Training (all categories) Literacy training, health personnel. teachers, etc. Source: World Bank. Aide Memoire: Mission d'appui technique au Programme National de Developpement Participatif. 11-22 November 2002. The level of budget support to communities will be determined on a per capita basis and will not be linked to the number and size of activities included in the Community Action Development Plans. Larger activities requiring approval from local and/or national government or activities requiring consultation and decision-making among various communities will be funded through a different mechanism. Component 2: Strengthening of communes within the decentralization process This component will support the Government in a more structured legal and regulatory framework. More specifically, the PNDP will assist with the current fiscal and financial reform process and support measures to build capacity within communes, including knowledge of World Bank safeguard issues. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 9 A "commune graduation program" will be developed to assess the capacity of various communes as they enroll and support will also be provided to the coordination among local administrative, elected and traditional authorities. Finally, communes will benefit from logistical support, mainly in terms of transportation and information technology to allow adequate financial management and monitoring and evaluation, and from support for administrative training on the process of decentralization. Component 3: Capacity building at the local level This component is divided into two sub-components: (a) preparation of Community Action Development Plans and Local Development Plans, and (b) awareness programs and training aimed at the reduction of poverty and improvement of quality of life in the rural areas. Under the first sub-component, provisions will be made for training of: (a) technicians and communities on community participation methodologies, (b) community organizations on project management and implementation, (c) local administrative, elected, and traditional leaders on their role and functions, and (d) technicians, communities, local administrative leaders on World Bank safeguard issues. Training will also be provided to community members on financial management, procedures for transparency and accountability, and project management. Special attention will be given to gender balance and representation of vulnerable groups (in particular women and pygmies) as participants in the training programs. Under the second sub-component, specific training and awareness programs will be designed in line with poverty reduction efforts, and will focus on literacy programs, better nutrition, rural finance, and support to rural communication. Component 4: Project management and monitoring Under this component, provisions will be made to support project management, coordination, and communication and to set up a monitoring and evaluation system. 2.2 BUDGET The Project is divided into three phases, and will be financed through several donor partners and the beneficiaries of the PNDP through community contributions over a period of approximately 10-15 years. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 10 Table 2.2 illustrates the program budget, which at present does not contain the program's breakdown of cost. The Task Team in Yaounde will provide this information during the next few weeks. Table 2.2 Components of the PNDP Component (US$M) Indicative % of Total Baank % of Bank Costs Financing Financing (US$M) (US$M) Financial Support to Communities 68.2 TBD TBD TBD Financial Support to Communes 10.1 TBD TBED TBD Capacity Building 29.6 TBD TBD TBD Project Management 7.9 TBD TBD TBD Total project costs 115.8 Total financing requzired 115.8 TED TBD TBD 2.3 PROJECT COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION The PNDP will be placed under the responsibility of the MINEPAT (Minist&re des Affaires Economiques. de la Programme de l'Amenagement du Territoire), i.e. the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Programmes for Urban Planning. 2.3.1 Project Coordination Unit A Project Coordination Unit (Cellule Nationale de Coordination) under the tutelage of the MINEPAT will manage the project at the central level. It will include a project manager, his assistant, a financial specialist, a monitoring and evaluation specialist, a capacity-building specialist and an accounting specialist. It will consolidate Provincial Project Units monitoring and evaluation data, supervise their activities, work plans and budgets. The Programme will be led by a Steering Committee (ComitW de Pilo tage), composed of members of several ministries. The Steering Committee will serve to guide and direct the project in terms of policy and performance, and will approve PNDP annual work plan and budgets, review activities and communicate on PNDP. 2.3.2 Decentralized implementation In line with the decentralization process currently taking place in Cameroon, the PNDP will be executed through four levels of administration: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DSVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENTOF CAMEROON 11 * Local level (i.e. village or community level); * Communal level (i.e. inter-village level); * Provincial level; and, * National level. At each level, there will be a coordination committee or unit responsible for administration and coordination of activities under the PNDP. Village level The principal actors in PNDP are communities. After a participatory assessment, communities will elect Local Committees and Community Action Development Plans will be prepared, reflecting all communities' perceived priorities. Communities organization and participatory planning process will be facilitated by operators hired by the project for that purpose. Local Committees will be responsible for (i) verification of consistency between micro-projects and Community Development Action Plans, (ii) technical and financial appraisal of micro-projects submitted, (iii) contribution collect, (iv) implementation of micro-projects, (v) participatory monitoring, (vi) submission of requests to Communal Decision Committees, and (vii) election of representatives for Communal Decision Committees. A preliminary study will be conducted prior to appraisal to determine which status and legal conditions would allow Local Committees to fulfill their mission. Commune level A Communal Decision Committee would regroup an equal number of representatives from deconcentrated line ministries and elected representatives of beneficiaries (Local Dialogue Committees / local governments). Such committees will (i) approve micro-projects proposals making sure of their technical and financial quality, and their consistency with national standards, (ii) coordinate activities between different communities and (iii) supervise micro-projects implementation with regular missions in the field. Province level Two different entities will be involved at this level. a) Provincial Decision Committees will be designated with the same mission as Communal Decision Committees but more specifically to approve local governments micro-projects proposals or inter-community micro-projects. These committees will be comprised of representatives from public services and from local governments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 12 b) Provincial Project Units will be in charge of the day-to-day PNDP implementation in each province. Each unit will be a small team of specialists (regional coordinator, his assistant, a monitoring and evaluation specialist and an accounting specialist) as most of activities will be subcontracted to local service providers. The Provincial Project Units will be responsible for (i) channeling funds to beneficiaries, (ii) launching capacity building activities, (iii) coordinating activities within the province, and (iv) managing the monitoring and evaluation system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 13 3 SAFEGUARD SCREENING PROCEDURES The proposed Environmental and Social Management Framework has been designed to fully comply with national environmental codes and legislations in Cameroon and with the World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies. This chapter sets out the key safeguard policies that provide the policy context to the ESMF including World Bank policies and Cameroon's legal requirements on environmental assessment. More details of the policy context are provided in Annex 5. 3.1 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES As discussed in the previous chapter, the PNDP aims to support community driven development in Cameroon through local investment planning, financial rural support, and capacity building in line with the ongoing decentralization efforts. As part of the ESMF process, proposed micro-activities under the PNDP framework will be designed at the local level to ensure that they are screened for potential impacts and that they comply with the requirements set out under World Bank safeguard policies. The PNDP is anticipated to have mostly beneficial impacts on communities by providing the much needed financial and small-scale infrastructure needed to promote rural community driven development. Moreover, the micro-projects proposed under the Project will be small-scale investments, anticipated to fall below a budget of less than US$ 50 000, and are not likely to have significant negative environmental impacts. However, from past experience with the development of other small scale infrastructure in Cameroon, and certain types of micro-investments such as rural roads, small-scale dams, and bridges, there is the possibility that some of the proposed activities may result in negative impacts. Thus, the PNDP has been rated as environmental Category B under the World Bank's policy on environmental assessment (OP 4.01), requiring a partial Environmental Assessment (EA). The EA is required to assess the potential impacts associated with micro-projects. In addition to the OP 4.01, the PNDP has also triggered a number of other safeguard policies as indicated in Table 3.1. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 14 Table 3.1 Safeguard Policies Policy Applicability Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) Yes Natural Habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04) Yes Forestry (OP4.36, GP 4.36) Yes Pest Management (OP 4.09) Yes Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) Yes Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) Yes Involuntary Resettlement (OP4.12, BP 4.12) Yes Safety of Dams (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) No Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) Yes Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60) No This can be explained as follows: OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) The OP 4.01 has been triggered because there is the potential that implementation of the PNDP may lead to negative environmental impacts. This ESMF, however, has determined that there are no potential large-scale, significant or irreversible environmental impacts associated with the project. The potential impacts identified are mainly localized impacts associated with activities to be financed under the community investment fund. The majority of these activities can be effectively mitigated and are addressed in the ESMF by using the screening and review procedures outlined in Chapter 6. A number of the proposed micro-activities, however, may introduce more significant impacts, particularly as capacity for environmental management in Cameroon at present is relatively weak. Thus, the project has identified a negative list of projects, Box 3.1, which will not be financed during the first year of project implementation, until sufficient capacity for screening and mitigating micro- project impacts is developed. The ESMF has also identified the major potential environmental and social issues that could arise as a result of project interventions in Chapter 5 and has proposed measures to be taken to mitigate these effects, including proposed training and monitoring measures in Chapters 6 and 7. Box 3.1 Negative List for PNDP Phase I (FY 04-05) * New roads or access routes and water passageways * Small-scale dams (micro-dam run-off and infiltration, check dams, and storage reservoirs) * Water catchments * Small-scale irrigation * Tick dips ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 15 OP 4.04 (Natural Habitats) The OP 4.04 has been triggered due to the potential nature of the PNDP activities to impact natural habitats. The project areas under the project encompass a number of natural habitats and/or may border or operate in these areas, specifically in the North (Faro, Benoue, and Bouba - Ndjidda) and in the South (Camp - Ma'an). Moreover, the PNDP program aims to finance investments in the conservation of natural habitats and biodiversity. Natural habitats have to be carefully protected since Cameroon has a rich biodiversity and a number of protected areas designated by law. Thus, the ESMF will identify any potential impacts that activities to be financed under the project may have on natural habitats, reserves or protected areas in Cameroon using the screening tools proposed in Chapter 6. OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) The project will support community investments in various types of micro- projects, of which many, particularly those involving small-scale infrastructure, will require land for construction. Land tenure and property rights in Cameroon are regulated under the national land tenure system, although at the community level, traditional land tenure systems are in place. Communal land is typically volunteered or chosen by the village elders for community development. Hence, it is unlikely that micro-investments financed under the PNDP will result in the involuntary resettlement of individuals as the communal laws and traditional practices will strive to avoid this. Nonetheless, to mitigate against the potential for involuntary resettlement, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared which provides the framework for resettlement planning under the PNDP. The screening tools provided in Chapter 6 have been designed to address issues of resettlement and land acquisition in parallel with the screening criteria developed under the RPF. OP 4.36 (Foresty) The PNDP intends to support the management of natural resources through several micro-investments including: soil protection and restoration, reforestation and woodlots, support to elaborate simple management plans for community forests, and management of buffer zones around protected areas, including forested zones. It is unlikely that micro-projects under the PNDP will adversely affect the use or sustainability of forested areas in Cameroon; however, there is a potential for indirect impact to forestry resources due to the demand for construction material for micro-project development. To mitigate against this, appropriate criteria has been added to the screening tools provided in Chapter 6 to address potential impacts on forestry resources. Moreover, training under the PNDP will focus on providing awareness into community forest protection, illegal logging, and poaching. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 16 OP 4.09 (Pest Management) A number of micro-investments proposed under the program (ie small-scale irrigation, tick dips, and livestock markets) have the potential to result in the introduction of pesticide use in certain areas/villages in Cameroon or may increase pesticide use through micro-project development. However, it is not anticipated that the project in general will result in promoting widespread pesticide use. Thus, the project has at this stage provided appropriate criteria in the screening tools to address issues of pesticide use, and will require a mini-pest management plan for micro-activities which trigger this criteria. During the first year of project implementation, technical assistance will also be provided for the project to develop an Integrated Pest Management Framework to address the induced effects of the project on pest management as a whole. OPN 11.03 (Cultural Property) Cameroon is an extremely rich and diverse country culturally and is home to ancient tribes and civilizations. The main area of concern for protection of cultural property is related to the construction works required for certain small scale infrastructure projects. To mitigate against the potential for negative impacts on cultural property, training of communities, and technical service providers will ensure that chance find procedures are incorporated into civil works contracts, and that buffer zones are created to avoid damage to certain cultural antiquities such as traditional or "sacred" forests. OP 4.20 (Indigenous People) It is not anticipated that the project will have a negative impact on the livelihoods of indigenous/vulnerable groups in Cameroon, particularly the Pygmies living in the southern province. To mitigate against any potential indirect impacts, nonetheless, an Indigenous People Development Plan has been prepared by an independent consultant to address the issues of pygmies and their livelihoods as they relate to the project, and the project target areas. OP 7.50 (International Waterways) Cameroon borders several countries including Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, and Congo, and shares a number of waterways with its neighbors. This safeguard policy applies to the PNDP and Cameroon will notify the relevant countries. The last two safeguard policies, OP 4.37 and OP 7.60 were not triggered by the PNDP. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 17 3.1.1 Mainstreaming safeguard compliance into sub-project screening The screening criteria provided in the ESMF includes relevant questions on the safeguard policies including natural habitats/protected areas, involuntary resettlement and land acquisition, introduction of pesticides, impacts on forestry resources, impacts on cultural property and consideration of indigenous people in the project identification process. This will ensure that all concerns related to the Bank's safeguard policies are taken into account during the screening of micro- projects for potential impacts, and that the appropriate mitigation measures can be adopted to address them. 3.2 CAMEROON'S LEGISLATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT The preparation of this ESMF has also taken into account the requirements for environmental assessment under Cameroon's law, loi No. 96/12 du 5 A6ut 1996, Portant Loi-Cadre Relative a la Gestion de I'Environnement. The law requires that all projects which may have a negative impact on the environment undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). However, at present, there are no specific guidelines which have been produced to assist proponents and developers in preparing EIAs. To date, the World Bank Policy 4.01 is the only major guideline being used by consultants in preparing their assessments. According to officials at the Permanent Secretariat for Environmental Protection (PSEP), national EIA guidelines are currently under preparation. Annex 5 provides detailed information on the environmental regulations and administrative framework in Cameroon. 3.2.1 Sub-project screening under Cameroonian law The main agency responsible for environmental protection at the national level is the Ministry of the Environment and Forestry (MINEF). MINEF was established as a government institution of the Government of Cameroon in 1992. The Permanent Secretariat for Environmental Protection (PSEP) is the operational arm of MINEF and is responsible for reviewing and developing guidelines for EIAs. With these requirements in mind, for those micro-projects which require an EIA, as determined under the screening and review process (Chapter 6), a copy of the EIA report will be submitted to the Permanent Secretariat for Environmental Protection for approval. The PSEP will have 2 weeks to review and comment on the EA before the micro-project can be approved. This will ensure that micro- projects that may have potentially significant impacts and require more detailed study receive national level approval as well as commune level approval. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 18 3.2.2 PSEP approval of this EMF The PSEP has indicated to the authors of this ESMF that, as long as PSEP has the opportunity to review and approve the ESMF, they would not require EIA of all sub-projects or micro-projects. (') All the micro-project application forms will be available through the PCU at MINEPAT for review if required by the PSEP. (1) Dr. Takam, Permanent Secretariat for Environmental Protection, Yaounde, pers comm ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 19 4 BASELINE INFORMATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION The following chapter provides a summary of the environmental and socio- economic baseline data as it relates to the PNDP objectives and target areas. Annex 6 provides a more detailed account of the relevant environmental and social baseline information. 4.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cameroon is bordered by Nigeria and the sea in the west, Chad in the north, Central African Republic in the east and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Congo in the south. Cameroon covers an area of 180 000 square miles (47 5650 sq. km) and has a population of 15.4 million (2001 estimate). The country is divided into ten provinces; two of them (North West and South West) make up the English speaking area of Cameroon, formerly known as West Cameroon under the federal structure. The other eight (Central, Littoral, Adamawa, North, Extreme North, East, West and South) make up the French speaking area, previously known as East Cameroon. * Population density is 32 persons per square kilometre. * The annual demographic growth rate stands at 2.81%, and 46% of the people are less than 15 years of age. * There are about 250 ethnic groups in Cameroon and more than 80% of the population are farmers. * The population of Cameroon is ethnically extremely diverse and includes Bantu speakers, [Bamileke, Beti, Bulu, Bassa, Douala, Sudanic-speakers in the north [Fulani, Sao] semi Bantu, Choa and Baka (pygmies). The country is officially bilingual, English and French being the two official languages. However, except in the Northwest and South West provinces, French is the dominant language. Table 6.1 in Annex 6 provides some basic facts on the country. 4.3 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT PROVINCES The National Programme for Participatory Development (PNDP) project will be implemented in the following provinces: West, North and Centre, South. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 20 4.3.1 Population The most densely populated area is the West Province with 96.41 persons per square kilometre, and the most sparsely populated area is the South Province. Table 6.2 in Annex 6 provides with basic demographic data on project areas. 4.3.2 Education The gross enrolment rate is the best indicator of access to education, whereas the illiteracy rate indicates poverty in human capability. The enrolment rate for children aged 6 to 14 years was 80% in 1998. Girl's enrolment rates are lower on average (76%) than those of the boys. Among the different regions, the highest enrolment rates are in Douala (95.4%), Yaounde (92.6%), the southern towns (94.0%), and the upper plateaus (92.5%). The lowest enrolment rates are found in the northern towns (38.3%) and the rural areas of Savannah (33.7%/) (1). Table 6.3 in Annex 6 illustrates this. 4.3.3 Health The health policy in Cameroon is based on primary health care and the provision of affordable drugs to the general population. There is uneven distribution of health institutions in the country. Especially in the rural areas provision of health care services is inadequate. Both private and national health care services lack adequate equipment, medical personnel, etc. Malnutrition affects about 24% of rural children. In the West and North Provinces, most common diseases are water and dust related diseases such as typhoid, bilharzias, river blindness, diarrhoea, cough, meningitis, etc. Malaria, AIDS, and yellow fever are prevalent in all four Provinces. Table 6.4 in Annex 6 shows distribution of hospital facilities in four regions of Cameroon. HIV occurrence is on the rise in Cameroon as illustrated in Table 6.5 in Annex 6. HIV prevalence has increased 1% in 1989 to 8% in 1996, the HIV spread is especially high in major urban areas Yaounde and Douala among sex workers, truck drivers, and military personnel. 4.3.4 Economy According to a World Bank country study (2), macroeconomic performance has been satisfactory with growth rates to 5% during 1996-2000. (1) 1999 Update of the Cameroon Poverty Profile, Aloysius A Amin and Jean-Luc Dubois (2) http //www.worldbank.org/afr/cm2.html ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 21 • Main economic sectors are agriculture at 43.9% of GDP and industry (petroleum) at 20.2 % of GDP at 2001. * The main commercial crops are cocoa, coffee, tobacco, timber, cotton and bananas. * Petroleum products and logging industries make up most of exports. * The main subsistence crops are roots, tubers, plantain, millet and sorghum. * Livestock is also important to the food supply. The country is generally self- sufficient in food. 4.3.5 Division of Labour by Gender It is estimated that rural women supply about 90% of the food needed for the subsistence of the population. * Women also participate in the cash crop sector. * During the high growing season, women devote 6 to 8 hours a day to agriculture in addition to their household work. * More than 20% of rural households were headed by women in 1989/90. * Women are also responsible for all domestic tasks, including food processing and the collection of fuel-wood and water. * In general, rural women work 1.5 to 3 times longer than men. 4.3.6 Access to Natural Resources and Agricultural Services Until recently, research and financial assistance have been directed to the export cash crop sector at the expense of subsistence food production. The fall in the price of raw materials on the world market has negatively affected the economy and the agricultural sector in particular. Consequently, the country's current agricultural policy includes increased food production, revitalization and protection of markets, and the development of improved food processing and storage. Land rights Although only male heads of household have land rights, rural women traditionally had access to land. Problems of lack of access may arise particularly in the case of widows who are not on good terms with their in-laws. The concept of land title is not yet widespread in rural areas, except among the elite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 22 The largely rural and agricultural population depends on the proceeds from the land for much of its livelihood. The general pattern of land use in the West and North Provinces is for farmers to cultivate on gentle slopes; plains and plateau areas while animals rearing are done on the hilly grass areas. Table 6.6 in Annex 6 illustrates land use in Cameroon. In the South and Centre Provinces, the pattern of land use is seen with the rampant destruction of the rain and equatorial forest for various purposes ranging from farming, fire wood collection, construction, logging concessions to foreign companies, community forestry, urbanization, Government project, etc. These unsustainable activities compete for land and the situation if not controlled will become more aggravated in future. The result of such activities is extensive deforestation, soil erosion, and soil infertility, fall in productivity, over exploitation of forest resources, fall in revenue and standards of living. 4.3.7 Livestock In all regions of Cameroon, the family farms raise small livestock (goats, sheep, pigs, and/or chickens), which are tended to by women and children. Table 6.7 in Annex 6 below estimates livestock number in three of the four Provinces; unfortunately information for the Centre Province is not available at this time. 4.3.8 Agricultural production Agricultural production is varied and diversified. The variety of crops produced in the four Provinces is subject to climatic variations and soil fertility. Data per unit output for the year 1999/2000 for the Centre Province was not available to the authors of this report at the time of writing. Table 6.8 in Annex 6 indicates the type of agricultural products in each province. 4.3.9 Forestry More than 50% of the country is forested. Government plans in the forestry sector include people's participation in managing community forests in the framework of new legislation regarding forests. Forest areas under protection status represent 12% of national territory. The entire rural population, at various levels, rely on forest products for food, medicine, firewood and construction materials (1). Cameroon is the number one tropical timber exporter in Africa, and ranks among the world's top five tropical log (1) World Bank Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet for Cameroon, 2002 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 23 exporters. Less than 20% of Cameroon's unprotected forests remain free from logging development. Cultural and Traditional Values towards forests African traditional beliefs reflect environmental concerns at every stage of life. Rural people, whether fishing, farming, hunting, gathering, are closely bound to nature and its gifts. Ancient knowledge, such as traditional medicine, may contribute to heightened environmental awareness, which may foster an expansive approach to economic, political or cultural problems (1). Desertification and deforestation The environment in the north of Cameroon has been severely damaged by desertification, and this now threatens the forests of the central region. This disaster has an ecological component, but the industry is the real culprit, since it does not give forests enough time to regenerate their dense cover of trees. Soaring poverty rates have forced residents to clear more growth for firewood. In the southern part of the new desert, deforestation looms. Cameroon's forest/agricultural sector accounts for 42% of GDP and employs nearly 60% of the population. Oil, wood and cocoa are the three main exports. Logging industry Over 60% of logging and timber is controlled by a small number of foreign companies, such as Thanry (French), Bollore, Coron & Rougiear. The high level of corruption in Cameroon and the dramatic lack of capacity in the forestry departments are serious constraints for enforcement of forestry legislation. In the East province, home to the majority of concession area, one forestry official is responsible for an average of almost 21,000 ha of concession. 4.3.10 Potable water According to the Ministry of Mining, Water and Energy, 40% of the rural population has access to safe drinking water. However, as a result of the financial crisis, over 40% of the supply systems are not operational. More than 60% of households in project areas obtain their drinking water from nearby rivers, lakes, wells or springs. Since water is often not treated, water- borne diseases are rampant. Most of the households fetch water from a common tap and this practice is quite wide spread across the urban/rural milieu where taps are found. (I)Beyond the Limits of Sustainable Growth, Cameroon under threat by Jean Nke Ndih, Le Monde Diplomatic, December 2002 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 24 The provision of water remains an acute problem in both the rural and urban areas of Cameroon. For example, daily consumption of drinkable water in the Northern Province is less than 10 litres per person in contrast to the recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) standard of 80 to 120 litres per day. Table 6.9 in Annex 6 provides data on access to safe water by households in different regions of Cameroon. 4.3.11 Access to micro-credit Lack of access to credit is a problem for both rural men and women, due to high interest rates and collateral requirements. The Agricultural Credit Bank of Cameroon is not yet carrying out activities in the area of rural credit, but measures have been taken to institute credit funds that are accessible to the rural population. The Investment Fund for Agricultural and Community Micro- Enterprises (FIMAC) finances projects presented by both men's and women's groups. 4.3.12 Distribution of electricity in rural areas Majority of houses in the project area use kerosene for lighting in the evenings. According to information from the Ministry of Mines, Water and Energy statistics, the total access to electricity in Cameroon is about 50% in the urban areas and 6% in the rural areas, making a national average of only 11.2%. Table 6.10 in Annex 6 provides baseline data on energy supply in rural provinces. 4.3.13 Agro-ecological regions The project area is divided in four agro-ecological zones (refer to Table 6.11 in Annex 6): * Sudano-sahelian zone; the environmental problems faces by the population are the diminution of the quantity of water, the disappearance of certain species, the surface of forest, and low soil fertility. * High plateaux of the West zone; the environmental problems faced by the people include: deforestation, soil erosion, soil infertility and bush fire. * Tropical humid dense forest zone; environmental problems include: overexploitation of forest products, deforestation, flood, bush fire, soil degradation, pollution of air and water. 4.3.14 Biodiversity Cameroon is one of Africa's most geographically diverse countries and contains a wide range of habitats, some of which are fragile and endangered (equatorial rainforests, beaches, coastal plain, savannas, volcanic mountains and semi-arid plains). There are 9 000 plant species in Cameroon, of which at least 156 are ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 25 endemic. It is home to between 250 and 300 mammal species and around 850 birds. 4.3.15 Protected areas and endangered species In 2000, protected areas covered a surface area of 4 551 990 ha. Concerning fauna, 48% of the African species are mammals and 75% species of reptiles are found presently in the country. Cameroon has at least 50 wood species of high quality value among others. Table 6.12 in Annex 6 shows some of the endangered flora and fauna species in the Project area. Table 6.13 illustrates protected areas in the project provinces. A majority of the protected areas are facing massive encroachment to due to population pressure and a lack of good management plans by Government for these areas. The situation is very significant in the West Province where more than 90% of the protected areas have been deforested to become farmlands, etc. 4.3.16 Poverty and Inequality As of 1996, based on absolute poverty line of fCFA 148,000 per adult equivalent, the incidence of poverty was estimated to be 50.5% (6.5 million out of 12.9 million inhabitants), or 38.4% households. (1) The rural areas, which represent 70% of the population, constitute 86.5% of the poor, while the urban areas constitute 13.5% of poverty incidence. There is a great regional variation in the incidence of poverty as illustrated in Table 6.14, Annex 6. Social disaggregation according to gender, age, family size and composition, and socio-economic group, also shows inequality within population. * Gender: about 50.8% of total population are women and girls, and 51.9 percent of females live in households below the poverty line. * Age: the rural areas have much higher incidence of poverty for all age groups. In Douala and Yaounde, the children younger than age 15 are the most affected by poverty. Half of the people living in poor households are younger than 15 years old (in upper plateau is higher than 50%). * Household Size: the average household size is about 7.8 persons for the poor, and 3.8%-for the non-poor * Economic Activity: the unemployed and informal sector workers are most affected by poverty. In rural areas, the farmers of export crops have the highest incidence of poverty. Table 6.15 in Annex 6 presents socio-economic and gender disaggregation of poverty in Cameroon (as of 1996). (1) all data In this section is based on ECAM 1996 (Enquete Camerounaize aupres des menage) as presented in 1999 Update of the Cameroon poverty profile (Aloyslus A Amin and Jean-Luc Dubois) ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 26 4.4 LIVELIHOOD - ENVIRONMENT LINKAGES Bush fires and deforestation: Bush fires generally used by hunters in the dry season to obtain bush meat are frequent causes of the reduction in organic components of the soils, which reduces soil fertility. This is especially seen in the West and North Provinces. In the West Province bushfire often comes as a result of the burning of grass by the Fulani cattle herders consequently leading to deforestation and soil exposure. Logging In the Centre and South Provinces mainly, logging operations among the villagers and internationals logging companies results in extensive deforestation exposing the soils to various agents of erosion. Soils are therefore rendered useless resulting in declining productivity and making life more difficult in the rural areas. Soil erosion Soil erosion and soil impoverishment are the consequences of deforestation, which act as the causes of low agricultural output especially in the rural areas. Another significant cause of soil erosion is seen in the West and North provinces with the movement of cattle especially in the hill slopes whereby fertile soils are eroded rendering the soils infertile leading to the reduction of agricultural production. Environmental degradation Environmental degradation is most acute in the northern part of the country, which is subject to drought and floods, locusts, and destruction of fields by elephants and other wildlife, rendering the area increasingly dependent on outside food aid. Moreover, the risk of erosion is very high in the highly populated zone of the high plateau of the Western Province, and of the Central Province where the carrying capacity of the land has been reached or exceeded (1). Medicinal plants There is a significant traditional practice of the use of wild grassland and bush land species for the treatment of livestock as well as people. (1) http://www.fao.org/docrep/V9319e/TopOfPage ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 27 4.5 GENDER-DIFFERENTIATED USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES Cameroon signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1983 and acceded to it in 1994. The Constitution guarantees equality between men and women, and civil law provides equal rights in the areas of inheritance, credit and employment. However, the weight of tradition often discriminates against women. Only male heads of household have land rights. Discussions with stakeholders and non-governmental representatives indicate that responsibilities for environmental and pastoral resource management, and dependence on wild resources are differentiated according to gender in rural communities. It will be key to ensure consultation and targeting of women during micro-project appraisal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 28 5 GUIDANCE ON POTENTIAL IMPACTS This chapter presents our conclusions on the potential environmental and social impacts of the PNDP. The chapter discusses both the positive impacts and the negative impacts of the project, and begins with the assessments' conclusions on the overall impacts of the project. Specific impacts are described in more detail for anticipated community micro-projects. 5.1 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT Environmental and social sustainability are fundamental to sustainable rural development strategies, natural resource conservation and poverty alleviation. Therefore environmental and social sustainability are fundamental to the success or failure of the PNDP. There is a precarious balance between two very different scenarios: * On the one hand, under a scenario of a successful PNDP which works in accordance with the vision and approach set out in project documents, the PNDP would make a significant positive contribution to environmental and social sustainability in rural areas, by providing the tools and training to support community driven development; * On the other hand, under a scenario of a failing project, the PNDP would contribute to mark further decline in environmental and social sustainability in these same areas, by not providing adequate support and guidance for community development. Preliminary discussions with project sponsors and stakeholders indicate that they are fully appreciative of this observation. Indeed, the institutional, social, environmental and other analyses that have been or are currently being carried out during project preparation will lay the ground for the first, successful, scenario. This can be further enhanced by application of the following ESMF (Chapter 8) in the pilot operations to be financed in the first phase of the PNDP. This conclusion emphasizes the importance of the Environmental and Social Management Framework, set out in Chapter 6, to ensure that environmental and social sustainability is fully mainstreamed into PNDP design, appraisal, and implementation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 29 5.1.1 Potential positive impacts The overall positive environmental and social impacts predicted under the first scenario is based on the following reasoning: Box 5.1 Potential Positive Scenario of PNDP on Environment * The PNDP will strengthen traditional systems of environmental and social governance and embrace the notion of community dialogue and traditional chiefdoms; * In some cases reduced poverty within communities will lower the dependence on and degradation of natural resources and encourage conservation but safeguard mechanisms, such as community management based on an agreed management plan, will need to be put in place * Strategically placed rural roads, and associated services, may enable more sustainable agricultural systems and timely evacuation of agricultural production; * An increased number of strategically-located small-scale water points will lead to a more diffuse distribution of human and livestock pressures; * Effective management and perhaps reversal of degradation of natural habitats offers a positive impact on conservation of natural habitats and biodiversity in some areas; * Improved understanding of the tools and mechanisms for environmental and social impact assessment and participatory approaches to community development will ensure the long term application of these tools in communities and villages across the provinces; * Investment in social infrastructure, such as schools, health clinics, sport and leisure facilities, markets, etc. will promote sustainable rural development. Therefore the PNDP has the potential to make a significant contribution to Government of Cameroon's policies to protect and preserve the environment while reducing poverty in rural areas. 5.1.2 Potential negative impacts The overall negative environmental and social impacts predicted under the second scenario is based on the following reasoning: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 30 Box 5.2 Potential Negative Scenario of PNDP on the Environment * Rural social livelihoods and environments are often complex, unpredictable and fragile; * Lack of adequate capacity for environmental and social screening of small scale activities may exacerbate the existing environmental and social issues affecting communities within the target areas; * Differential impacts of the PNDP (according to gender, wealth status, or livelihood strategy) may result in some groups relying to a greater extent than others on unsustainable use of natural resources; * Alternative livelihoods and improved marketing of agricultural products (including livestock), resulting in improving well-being, may lead to increased areas brought under cultivation and numbers of livestock or tropical livestock units, and increased demand on natural resources or degradation of the surrounding environment; * Traditional systems of governance may be too fragmented and insufficiently effective to ensure traditional sustainable agricultural or natural resource management practices; * Even where traditional environmental governance is effective, incentives for communal management of natural resources in a sustainable manner may be weak in comparison to incentives for unsustainable use; * Rapid institutional change in the formal national, regional and communal systems for governing natural resource areas may create competing or ineffective institutions within government; * There is a significant number of NGO and development agency-financed projects throughout Cameroon, with considerable experience, that may be undermined by the financial and political weight of the PNDP if they are not effectively included in the process; * Introduction of investments in targeted areas may attract outside immigrants (especially true in the Northern Province) that will increase pressure on existing resources and possibly lead to tribal conflicts. However it is anticipated that the GoC and World Bank are addressing these risks carefully in the preparation and design of the PNDP. Table 5.1 sets out the factors contributing to these risks, as observed by the study team, and the features of the PNDP design that could mitigate against these risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 31 Table 5.1 Environmental and Social Risks Requiring Mitigation Risk: Explanation PNDP approach Rural social livelihoods and A significant body of experience from research and past/on-going PNDP is based on a fully- participatory demand-led environment are often development projects consistently point to the localised, diverse and approach but contains some restrictive measures, complex, unpredictable and complex nature of rural livelihoods. Often it is overlooked that people such as no direct funding for income generation fragile living in a particular local area more fully understand the local activities. environment, interactions within their society, and their economy than outside intervening parties. Lack of adequate capacity for As experience shows in other developing countries, particularly those in Although the first phase of the PNDP includes a environmental and social Africa, lack of qualified staff and mechanisms for the screening and component for training and capacity building for screening of small scale mitigation of impacts induced from activities such as small scale villages and communities, there is a risk that without activities may exacerbate the infrastructure, may in fact, exacerbate current environmental stress sufficient budget allocated for environmental and existing environmental and (deforestation, land degradation, destruction of natural habitats), and social capacity building, the micro-projects to be social issues affecting increase social degradation (lack of access to natural resources, induce financed in the first year may not receive adequate communities within the target conflict over natural resource base, etc). screening and mitigation. This may lead to areas cumulative impacts, which will require remediation. Differential impacts of the The relationship between poverty and environment is not always Special attention will need to be paid to poverty- PNDP (according to gender, straightforward. targeting to ensure that investments in micro-projects wealth status, or livelihood do not lead to unsustainable use or impacts on strategy) may result in some natural resources. groups relying to a greater extent than others on unsustainable use of natural resources Alternative livelihoods and For example, improved access to markets may increase incentives to As part of the project's approach to monitoring and improved marketing of increase areas under production or increase animal numbers. In the evaluation, PNDP must provide opportunities for agricultural products absence of reinvigorated traditional systems for land management and unforeseen impacts to be observed and understood, (including livestock), resulting natural resource protection, this may lead to overexploitation or and for corrective measures to be taken when and in improving well-being, may degradation of resources in some areas. This is unpredictable. where necessary. lead to increased areas brought under cultivation and numbers of livestock or tropical livestock units, and increased demand on natural resources or degradation of the surrounding environment 32 Risk: Explanation PNDP approach Traditional systems of Interviews with stakeholders consistently pointed to the strain or PNDP should seek to clarify decision-making governance may be too sometimes the complete breakdown of traditional systems of agricultural responsibilities between traditional and modern fragmented and insufficiently and natural resource management. Reasons were frequently cited as due systems and promote systems for effective effective to ensure traditional to increased population pressure (i.e. indigenous or immigrant such as management (e.g. provision of legal texts giving local sustainable agricultural or that occurring in the Northern Province). communities to self-manage their land and natural natural resource management resource base. practices Even where traditional A common assumption of development projects is that communal PNDP will carry out problem analysis and priority environmental governance is management regimes necessarily lead to sustainable resource setting as part of participatory planning with effective, incentives for management. Whether or not it actually does depends on the communal communities (community development plan). This communal management of decisions and effectiveness of the communal management regime. approach offers the opportunity to ascertain natural resources in a Again, there is a particular risk when communities seek to expand communities expectations on the effectiveness of sustainable manner may be beyond the existing degraded natural resource perhaps due to the effects their traditional or existing management practices weak in comparison to of increased population pressures. and identify where improvements will be required. incentives for unsustainable use Rapid institutional change in Recent changes or trends include the move toward decentralisation with PNDP support to institutional change should be the formal national, regional the accompanying risk of ineffective restructuring, training and considered carefully. in full view of political and communal systems for empowerment to ensure a successful transition. sensitivities between the different systems, and be governing natural resource carried out with regular consultation. areas may create competing or ineffective institutions within government There is a significant number The financial size of the PNDP is significant in comparison to the smaller PNDP will work to build capacity within national, of NGO and development scale NGO and bilaterally funded development projects in rural areas. regional, communal and community administrations, agency-financed projects This may have implications for the relation between government but will take a collaborative approach, making use of throughout Cameroon, with administrations and NGOs, between existing projects, communes and NGOs as service providers where appropriate. considerable experience, that communities, and for staff of government and NGOs. Selection of the initial villages should be carried out may be undermined by the in consultation with other agencies. financial and political weight of the PNDP if they are not effectively included in the process __ 33 Risk: Explanation PNDP approach Introduction of investments in PNDP investments may serve to pull outsiders into the recipient PNDP will work carefully with communities to targeted areas may attract communities that will seek to beneftt from the improvements. This devise protective measures to support sustainable outside immigrants (especially could lead to friction or conflict between local inhabitants and outsiders investments. true in the Northern Province) and put additional pressure on limited resources. that will increase pressure on existing resources and possibly lead to tribal conflicts. 34 5.2 LOCAL, CUMULATIVE, AND STRATEGIC IMPACTS The potential environmental impacts of PNDP will vary in significance according to the size and strategic influence of micro-projects. At a strategic level, the PNDP has the potential to make a significant positive contribution to community rural development by improving sustainable livelihoods. This ESMF has been designed to ensure that this positive impact is assured while protecting community shared environmental resources. Ensuring that PNDP makes a significant positive contribution will be based on the integration of an understanding of community member's management of their resources into the strategic direction of the project. Some of the larger investments to be financed under the Community Investment Fund such as water reservoirs, small-scale irrigation, construction of roads and access routes, may carry risks of adverse negative impacts, particularly through cumulative impacts. Some of the smaller community-based investments also carry risks of localised negative environmental impacts. However, through the application of this ESMF, these impacts will be avoided or mitigated. Moreover, the negative list, provided in Box 2.1 ensures that certain types of micro- investments are not carried out during the first year of project implementation until it is evident that capacity to implement mitigation measures has been developed at the provincial, commune and community levels. 5.2.1 Localised negative impacts These are impacts that are felt within the immediate vicinity of the centre of operation. Localised impacts normally display a cause-effect relationship and are therefore quite easy to predict and relate to a specific activity. They have the potential to be locally severe (eg contamination of a local well, water pan, generation of an obnoxious smell from a tannery, local pollution by plastic waste, etc), and their accumulation can be of wider significance. Most of the developments or micro-projects planned under the community investment fund component of PNDP will be small in scale: therefore the significance of the direct negative environmental and social impacts is likely to be small. This is especially the case in comparison to larger-scale developments in Cameroon, for instance large-scale roads or dams. Tables 5.2 and 5.3 set out the predicted impacts of the likely micro-projects to be financed by the community investment fund. 5.2.2 Cumulative impacts However, there are likely to be many community micro-projects, which may in some areas create cumulative impacts on natural resources. Cumulative impacts are impacts which may result from individually small-scale activities with minimal impacts but which over time can combine to have a significant impact. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 35 Examples are: * Deforestation due to the exploitation of forest resources, owing to the use of poles and timber in small-scale construction; * Clearing (using slash and burn methods) of marginal forest land with subsequent depletion of soil fertility; * Potential impacts on groundwater, owing to the construction of numerous wells and to the introduction of numerous small scale irrigation works and potential cumulative impacts on water users (especially downstream users of potential river and streams); * Resettlement due to the acquisition of land for the construction of schools, health centers, storage banks, wells, etc; * Waste and dumping sites due to the inappropriate disposal of waste materials; * Illegal poaching of wildlife due to expansion of land under cultivation or increased proximity and access to protected areas through construction of small access roads. * Attraction of large migrant populations to communities that have successfully introduced improve social infrastructure (such as schools, health centers or water sources) resulting in pressures that lead to overcrowding, depletion or constraint of resources (e.g. space, supplies, water), etc. Cumulative impacts can also be defined as impacts which potentially develop from the combined impacts of more than one project or large scale program occurring with the same area of influence and timespan. In such cases, cumulative impacts will have to be assessed based on the combined affects of potential impacts from the various ongoing projects in Cameroon. Considering the cumulative impacts of the PNDP will provide the stakeholders with an opportunity to learn how to avoid or mitigate localized impacts from initial sub- projects, so that measures can be integrated into subsequent activities. Chapter 6 provides a list of triggers which can be used to determine whether the programs may result in cumulative impacts, and if so, what tools are required to mitigate this. 5.2.3 Strategic Impacts The location of certain small-scale activities such as roads, reservoirs and small dams might also have strategic impacts, which requires a more detailed assessment. Unlike schools, health centers, or agricultural structures, infrastructure such as a road requires an assessment of the location and design to take into account the potential impacts that the road may have on the natural resources (soil erosion, encroachment on protected areas, changes to surface run- off, dust, etc) and on the social environment (mobility of communities, migration of people, introduction of diseases, etc). ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 36 Water resource developments in particular must also be assessed for their strategic impacts particularly in terms of their location in relation to populated areas, customary land tenure, surface water resources, and groundwater levels. 5.2.4 Impact on ecological resources and land degradation There may be localized impacts on biological diversity, ecological services and land degradation due to micro-projects that involve construction, deforestation, induced impacts associated with small or larger scale roads, or any development that induces concentration of people, agriculture or livestock in particular areas. Development of new roads (especially rural roads) and facilitating new access into previously inaccessible areas, can create particularly difficult direct and indirect impacts. An example of a direct impact of developing rural roads is typically erosion - during construction and then operation. Indirect impacts could include such serious impacts as an increase in poaching or illegal logging. 5.2.5 Pollution of watercourses Small rural water supply projects are intended to provide a safe, reliable and convenient water supply for the rural population. However, watercourses may be vulnerable to pollution due to increased solid waste, and disposal of wastewater (both human and animal waste). To ensure maximum health benefits, such projects need to include necessary protective measures such as adequate human and animal waste disposal systems. There is also the potential for pollution due to increased use or disposal of pharmaceuticals, animal drugs and medical waste. Again, it is important that protective measures be developed and included in any waste management plan followed by adequate training in its proper application. Finally construction of new buildings without inclusion of adequate sanitation facilities should be avoided. This issue is best addressed at the design phase, when it is possible to ensure that adequate sanitation facilities are included from the outset. 5.2.6 Medical waste disposal Packaging associated with pharmaceuticals, drugs or medical waste of any kind carries disposal risks. Indiscriminate disposal carried risks for human and animal health, pollution of watercourses, and land or water resource contamination in localized areas. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 37 Waste categorized as infectious or biohazardous is capable of spreading infectious disease, and has become a very significant issue especially for HIV/AIDS- contaminated materials. It is especially important to develop and apply effective medical waste handling and disposal methods, with the support of the appropriate line agencies or ministries (i.e. Ministry of Public Health for humans, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries for animals). Because PNDP support will be for micro-projects both for humans and animals, it is proposed that an appropriate mini-medical waste plan be developed for facilities or activities generating such wastes and put in place before full operation can begin. A typical mini- medical waste disposal plan would need to consider handling and disposal of the following: Box 5.3 Issues to be Addressed in a Mini-Waste Management Plan * Laboratory wastes - specimen or microbiologic cultures, stocks of infectious agents, live and attenuated vaccines, and culture mediums * Blood or body fluids - liquid blood elements or other regulated body fluids, or articles contaminated with blood or body fluids * Sharps - syringes, needles, blades, broken glass * Contaminated animals - animal carcasses, body parts, bedding materials * Surgical specimens - human or animal parts or tissues removed surgically or by autopsy * Isolation waste - waste contaminated with excretion, exudate, or secretions from humans or animals who are isolated due to the highly communicable diseases such as : Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever, Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex (Absettarov, Hanzalo, Hypr, Kumlinge, Kyasanur Forest disease, Marburg disease, Ebola, Junin virus, Lassa fever virus and Machupo virus The development of specific guidelines for of mini-medical waste management plans is beyond the scope of this study will need to be addressed by a specialist contracted specifically to undertake this work. A draft ToR has been prepared and delivered to the PCU to facilitate this effort. A copy of the ToR is provided in Annex 7. 5.2.7 Pest Management and Chemical Use Small-scale agricultural projects may involve strengthening existing practices, introducing, diversifying or the intensification of crop production. Support for the development of small-scale agriculture or certain livestock activities (e.g. tick dips) may lead to the introduction or increased use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals such as herbicides and fertilizers. Pests are organisms that compete with humans, domestic animals, or crops for ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 38 nutritional resources. They include species of insects, mites, nematodes, mollusks, plant pathogens, vertebrates and weeds. Fertilizers are used to promote crop growth. It is critical that appropriate planning, design and management be adopted for the handling, use and management of all agricultural chemicals to avoid potential negative environmental impacts. PNDP will support the development of smaller- scale projecst therefore it is anticipated that mini-pest (or chemical) management plans will satisfy local needs. This plan should include the following: Box 5.4 Issues to be Addressed in a Mini-Pest Management Plan * Proper use of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers to avoid reduction in soil and groundwater quality * Prevent fertilizer runoff into surface water sources to avoid negative impact on aquatic environments * Proper use of pesticides and herbicides to avoid contamination of crops, soils and water * Proper use, handling and storage of all agricultural chemicals to avoid adverse health impacts on rural population * Ensure that banned or unauthorized agricultural chemicals are not used * Proper handling and disposal of unused agricultural chemicals and packaging materials (e.g. sacks, plastic containers, etc.) Again, the development of specific guidelines for mini-pest (chemical management plans is beyond the scope of this study will need to be addressed by a specialist contracted specifically to undertake this work. A draft ToR has been prepared and delivered to the PCU to facilitate this effort. A copy of the ToR is provided as Annex 7. 5.2.8 Impact on vulnerable groups Small-scale infrastructure micro-projects such as construction of schools, wells, and roads may not bring benefits to vulnerable groups and the poor, and may further contribute to inequality and corruption. Thus, when planning micro- projects, it is crucial for communities to receive support in community participation, project planning and management from skilled facilitators and specialists, in order to address issues of reaching the poor and vulnerable groups. 5.2.9 Social Sustainability of Projects It important to add sustainability analysis when planning the micro-projects. Exercise on sustainability analysis on potential long-term economic, social and environmental benefits may help communities in prioritizing their projects according to their practicality and long-term sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 39 Table 5.2 Potential environmental impacts of proposed PNDP investment activities Key: Vv'/vital to positive impact, /v'significant positive impact, Vlimited positive impact, x limited negative impact, xx significant negative impact Activity Positive Impact Negative Impacts Comment 1.0 Collective public service infrastructure 1.1 Education: Classrooms; -4egauve impacts associated with construction and possible land clearing Fencing; x Teachers housing; x Classroom furnishings; x Negative impacts associated with procuring materials for fabrication School supplies; x Not sure what supplies and materials will be procured but there could be localized negative impacts of abandoned or discarded supplies and materials Teaching supplies; x . School medical kits; x Handicapped learning centres; x Negative impacts associated with construction 1.2 Sport and Culture Grounds for sport and leisure; x Negative impacts associated with construction and land clearing Rural youth centres; IC Community centres; I 1.3 Health, Hygiene and Sanitation Health centres x Negative impacts associated with construction and land clearing Dispensaries x Emergency rooms x Maternity clinics x Public pharmacy stores x Not sure what materials will be procured but improper disposal could create risks Prophylactic activities x . HIV/AIDS control centres x Negative impacts associated with construction and land clearing Latrines and water points C x Poorly maintained latrines and water points can lead to serious risks (environment and health). Good maintenance can have exact the opposite result Activity Positive Impact Negative Impacts Comment 1.4 Roads/Transportation infrastructure Roads, rural access roads, water xx Serious negative impacts associated with land clearing and construction and passage ways (transport opening up of undeveloped areas, could lead to increased poaching and infrastructure) illegal logging 1.5 Energy/Communication Solar panels 1/ Use of clean alternative energy brings significant positive environmental benefits Micro dams x Negative impacts associated with construction Rural electrification "" X Brings significant positive benefits; system installation during construction can bring negative impacts Rural telephone Improved communication brings positive benefits Biogas x Alternative energy brings positive benefits; negative impacts associated with fuel Windmills x Brings significant positive benefits; negative impacts associated with construction 2.0 Public Commerrial Equipment 2.1 Commercialization Markets x Negative impacts associated with construction and land clearing Storage warehouses x Bus stations (hanger and basic Infrastructure) 2.2 Livestock Equipment Livestock markets Positive impacts from reducing livestock numbers using land resources Slaughterhouses x Negative impacts associated with construction and generated wastes Slaughter yards x Stockyards x Tick dip x " also increased use of pesticides (triggering need for Pest Management Plan) Vaccination yards x Transformation of slaughterhouse VI xx Both significant positive and negative impacts possible depending on wastes handling of wastes 41 Activity Positive Impact Negative Impacts Comment 2.2 Rural and Pastoral Water Systems Wells X Both positive and negative impacts possible, negative impacts could include overgrazing and increased conflict Boreholes x Wetlands x x Significant negative impacts associated with land clearing and water borne diseases, impact on biodiversity (triggering Natural Habitat policy) Reservoirs xx x, Cultural Property policy could be triggered in the event culturally significant sites flooded Micro dam and storage x x ", also International Waterways policy could be triggered if waterway, catchment area shared with other country Water catchments x Both positive and negative impacts possible 3.0 Management and exploitation of Natural Resources 3.1 Soil Protection and Restoration Anti erosion interventions V/ Significant positive impacts in protective and restoration activities Soil fertility restoration // 3.2 Exploitation of Water Resources Runoff and infiltration dams // Same as above Check dams Small-scale irrigation xx Significant negative impacts associated with irrigation development Wetland development xx Significant negative impacts associated with wetland development 3.3 Exploitation of Forest Resources Reforestation and wood lots x Significant positive benefits associated with reforestation and wood lot use, Forestry policy could be triggered if development results in increased illegal logging Support to elaborate simple management plans for community forests 3.4 Area Improvements and Exploitation of Pastoral Resources Livestock passages // Significant positive benefits from restricting livestock movement 42 Activity Positive Impact Negative Impacts Comment Firebreaks V./ x Both positive and negative impacts, protection and clearing of land a concern Rangeland improvements x Depends on nature of improvements Land tenure management and x Significant positive benefits possible through better land tenure systems conflict resolution (mapping, boundary staking, etc.) 3.5 Protection and Exploitation of Biodiversity Management of buffer zones x Significant positive benefits to better management of buffer zones around protected areas Eco-tourism and hunting areas V xx Positive impacts from eco-tourism, significant negative impacts from hunting (ZIC) Protection and transformation of Both positive and negative impacts possible wastes L.0 Beneficial Collectii e Training lall categories) Literacy training, health personnel, //'V Awareness raising among beneficiary communities and training of support personnel teachers, etc. on the approach of PNDP to addressing their needs is essential 43 Table 5.3 Potential localized negative impacts of PNDP-financed micro-projects Micro-project Category ECO LAND H20 WAST HUNT HEAL Comment 1.0 Collective public service Infrastructure 1.1 Education x x x x x Localized negative impacts due to appropriation of land for buildings, transport and storage of building materials, use of wood from surrounding forests, etc. Schools will require water and sanitation facilities to avoid induced health problems, with ~pications fo location in relationt towateran land resources. ....... ...... - .... ........ ..... ...... . .. .. _._._________ ..... ....... .........__.__.=twaeanlndrsuc. 1.2 Sport and Culture x x x x x Same as above. 1.3 Health, Hygiene, x x x x x Same as for schools with the added negative impact of the Sanitation improper handling and disposal of medial wastes. 1.4 Roads/Transportation x x x x x Localized impacts on habitat destruction. Opening undeveloped Infrastructure areas could increase deforestation (illegal logging) and poaching (illegal hunting). ...._........__._.... __........__ _ 1.5 Energy/Communication x x Localized negative impacts due to appropriation of land for infrastructure. 2.0 Public Commercial -.Equim e t _ _ ._ .......... _______ ........ ------------- 2.1 Commercialization x x x Localized negative impacts due to appropriation of land for infrastructure. 2.2 Livestock Equipment x x x x x Same as above but other localized impacts due to improper handling nddposal of wastes (animal - medical). 2.3 Rural and Pastoral x x x x Localized negative impacts due to appropriation of land and Water Systems potential concentration of human/animal pressures with possible increase in water borne diseases. 3.0 Management and Exploitation of Natural Resources 3.1 Soil Protection and No negative impacts if properly executed. Restoration 3.2 Exploitation of Water x x x Localized negative impacts due to appropriation of land and Resources functioning of small-scale irrigation and wetland development. 3.3 Exploitation of Forest x x x Localized negative impacts due to appropriation of land for Resources woodlots. No netive impacts if properly executed. 3.4 Area Improvements and x x Localized negative impacts due to appropriation of land for Exploitation of Pastoral livestock passages and firebreaks. Resources 44 3.5 Protection and X Localized negative impacts on biodiversity and ecological services, * Exploitation of Biodiver ity and significant negative impacts on wildlife if hunting expanded. 4.0 Benericiai Colleci ive Nu neg3Li' e environmental inipacis *Training (all caregorlesl ..-. . . Key ECO =Indiscriminate ecological impact, LAND =Land degradation, H20 Pollution of watercourses or streams, WAST = Solid waste disposal, HUNT Increased hunting, to unsustainable levels, HEAL = Human health risks in handling, storage etc 45 Table 5.4 Potential socio-economic impacts of proposed PNDP investment activities Key: v//vvital to positive impact, V/'significant positive impact, vlimited positive impact, x limited negative impact, xx significant negative impact Activity Positive Negative Comment Impact Impacts 1.0 Collective public service infrastructure 1.1 Education: Schools/ Classrooms // x Positive impact associated with employment creation for teachers, and for local construction workers Positive impact: access to education for children, increase of human capabilities Negative impact: only children whose parents can afford to send their children may benefit from this, the poor and vulnerable people may be left out unless conscious efforts are taken to include them in newly built school system Negative Impact: Location of school (distance to travel) may hinder access to education for certain children, especially the children of nomadic tribes, or cattle herders. This question can be addressed by creating mobile schools Negative impact: unless there is a clear commitment to long term maintenance of school building, supply of books, teachers, involvement from the communities, the school may become abandoned 1.2 Sport and Culture: Grounds for sport and V/ x Negative impact: local elite/rich may capture access to sports centres, creating inequality of leisure distribution Negative impact: may help spread of STDs and HIV if measures of prevention are not taken into account Positive impact associated with creation of social capital, networks among youth and families Positive health impacts Rural youth centres V/ XV" Community centres VS x Positive impact: this will create an opportunity for community members to assemble, have meeting, focus groups and voice their opinions Positive impact: promotes participation and group decision-making Negative impact: may become captured by local elites 1.3 Health, Hygiene and Sanitation: Health centres VV/ x Positive impact: access to primary health care. However, this project should be associated with investment in basic diagnostic equipments and supply of medicines, as well as training in preventive health care for nurses and doctors Negative impact: creation of health centres alone will not solve any health care problems 46 Activity Positive Negative Comment Impact Impacts Dispensaries V/ x/ . Emergency rooms / / x Negative: it may be too costly to fund and implement this project Also, local doctors may not have enough training Maternity clinics / / x Positive: mothers will receive better maternal health care, only if construction is also accompanied by provision of needed medical supplies Public pharmacy stores // x Positive: if medicine is bought wholesale from distributors, this may reduce costs of medicine, especially for rural areas Prophylactic activities V/V/ x Positive impact: may improve well-being of community members through preventive actions such as using condoms, hygiene, safe water, proper nutrition for children, etc. Extensive communication and public awareness campaigns would be needed. HIV/AIDS control centers // x Poorly maintained latrines and water points can lead to serious risks (environment and health). Good maintenance can have exact the opposite result. Latrines and water points /V x Positive: may reduce distance to travel to get water from ponds, rivers, etc. If done properly, it may bear significant positive health benefits. Measures should be taken the water points and latrines are maintained properly to ensure water purity and sanitization. 1.4 Roads/Transportation infrastructure: Roads, rural access roads, // x Positive: may increase assess to nearby markets, towns, etc, and positively influence on the water passage ways economy (transport infrastructure) Negative: may increase migration from nearby towns, spread of diseases, etc. 1.5 Energy/Communication: / / x Positive: may bring significant benefits to local economic development through creation of jobs, local business development, provision of electricity and means of communication to households, schools, hospitals, etc. 2.1) Public (Comnmercial x/v x EquipmEnt 2.1 Economic Development Markets // x Positive impact: may bring positive benefits through creation of jobs, and sources of income for vendors, traders, etc. Local farmers and producers may become connected to larger markets, if access to markets is created along with the roads, electricity, etc. Negative: may increase crime rates, child labour, etc. Storage warehouses // x ., Bus stations (hanger and // x basic infrastructure) 3.0 Management and exploitaiion of Natural Resources 47 Activity Positive Negative Comment Impact Impacts 3.1 Soil Protection and x Positive: significant positive impact on social, human and natural capitals Restoration Positive: Community management of natural resources may bring about positive benefits in terms of effective management on NR, promote good local governance and empower local communities, communes and provinces. Whenever possible, traditional ways of managing NR should be incorporated, and communities should be given NR management rights protected by legal system. This community based NR should be incorporated into existing institutions as well. One important thing to remember is that the achievement of sustainable livelihoods is the goal, and therefore, balanced use of natural resources should be monitored and managed by communities who depend on these resources for their livelihoods. 3.2 Exploitation of Water VI' x Resources 3.3 Exploitation of Forest VV x Resources 3.4 Area Improvements and V/ x Exploitation of Pastoral Resources 3.5 Protection and /V x Exploitation of Biodiversity 4.0 Beneficial Collective Training (all categories) 4.1 Literacy training, health /V/ x Awareness raising among beneficiary communities and training of support personnel on the personnel, teachers, etc. approach of PNDP to addressing their needs is essential 4.2 Community VV/ x Community based focus groups, training of community by using participatory approaches participation: such as Participatory Rural Assessment, score cards, and household analysis will be Community Leadership extremely beneficial for proper identification, selection, and implementation of micro- training projects. Community mobilization When selecting micro-projects, communities should seek to select projects, which would focus groups bring long-term benefits to the communities and be sustainable overall. Also the potential Community decision- benefits for the poor and vulnerable groups should be always addressed. making and project planning Thus, sustainability and benefits for the poor and vulnerable groups should be two major checks for selecting any micro-project. 48 6 REPORTING AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ESMF 6.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMF This chapter sets out the reporting systems and responsibilities of officers in implementing the ESMF under the PNDP. The chapter begins with details of issues that will be addressed by the ESMF, and the specific next steps to be taken. It then describes the various elements of the ESMF including: * Flowchart for reporting and advice; * Screening checklist for community micro-projects and inter-community projects under the Community Investment Fund component; * Annual report forms for Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers and the Environmental and Social Coordinator; * Explicit descriptions of roles, accompanied by terms of reference. 6.2 REPORTING AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ESMF In line with the decentralization process currently taking place in Cameroon, the PNDP will be executed through four levels of administration: * Local level (i.e. village or community level); * Communal level (i.e. inter-village level); * Provincial level; and, * National level. At each level, there will be a coordination committee or unit responsible for administration and coordination of activities under the PNDP, including individuals responsible for addressing both environmental and social issues. Figure 6.1 illustrates the environmental and social inputs and how they will be mainstreamed into the project. Figure 6.2 sets out lines of reporting and advice in the system proposed here. The reporting system covers the whole project. We propose that this system should be merged with the mainstream project reporting system to be used for each of the components. 6.2.1 Village level The principal actors in PNDP are communities. After a participatory assessment, communities will elect Local Committees and Community Action Development Plans will be prepared, reflecting all communities' perceived priorities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 49 Communities organization and participatory planning process will be facilitated by operators hired by the project for that purpose. Local Committees will be responsible for (i) verification of consistency between micro-projects and Community Development Action Plans, (ii) technical and financial appraisal of micro-projects submitted, (iii) contribution collect, (iv) implementation of micro- projects, (v) participatory monitoring, (vi) submission of requests to Communal Decision Committees, and (vii) election of representatives for Communal Decision Committees. A preliminary study will be conducted prior to appraisal to determine which status and legal conditions would allow Local Committees to fulfill their mission. 6.2.2 Commune level A Communal Decision Committee would regroup an equal number of representatives from deconcentrated line ministries and elected representatives of beneficiaries (Local Dialogue Committees / local governments). Such committees will (i) approve micro-projects proposals making sure of their technical and financial quality, and their consistency with national standards, (ii) coordinate activities between different communities and (iii) supervise micro-projects implementation with regular missions in the field. 6.2.3 Province level Two different entities will be involved at this level. a) Provincial Decision Committees will be designated with the same mission as Communal Decision Committees but more specifically to approve local governments micro-projects proposals or inter-community micro-projects. These committees will be comprised of representatives from public services and from local governments. b) Provincial Project Units will be in charge of the day-to-day PNDP implementation in each province. Each unit will be a small team of specialists (regional coordinator, his assistant, a monitoring and evaluation specialist and an accounting specialist) as most of activities will be subcontracted to local service providers. The Provincial Project Units will be responsible for (i) channeling funds to beneficiaries, (ii) launching capacity building activities, (iii) coordinating activities within the province, and (iv) managing the monitoring and evaluation system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 50 Legend Comnmittees Administration E~Environmental and social inputs Figure 6.1 Mainstreaming Enviroinmental and Social Concemns into the Project Management Cycle National PNDP administration Government administration Line agencies and delegations Project Co-ordination Unit MINEPAT MINEF Permnanent Secretary for Environmental and Social Input. Protection of the National Steering Commnittee Environment Liaison with MINEPAT and MINEF on ESMF P r-ovinice I__ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ Provincial Decision Provincial governments Delegation of MINEF Tecnv/scal gissuceso Committees/Project Units (10 provinces) env/social___issues_ Coniuliuiue Commune Decision Committees Committee for Approva an Sbdelegations of MINEF Tehncl uiaceo Supervision ehia udneo __________________________ ____________ ~~~~~~~implem enting ESM F j Coinlilitiility Local committees Local Dialogue Forest, environment, hunting Training in environmental Comittee/local government and agricultural posts <... and social screening -. ~~~~~~~~system and guidelines ...........v illa g e s.............................. 5 1 Figure 6.2. Lines of reporting and advice on environmental and social impacts Village Commune! National Province t Pilot communities;selected L Advice t Communal Decision l Advice.+. Project Coordination Unit Advice + World Bank and MINEF under pilot communes support Committees/Provincial support suppor Project Units Report format (d) Report format (e) Report format (0) (d) (e) o Environmental and Social 0 - Annual performance Mobile Extension Teams Mitigation Officers Environmental and Social review (technical service Advice + Coordinator Advice + Advice + I --- -.4 ............. providers) s upport support support 52 6.3 KEY ISSUES AND PROPOSED ACTIONS WITHIN THE ESMF Box 6.1 sets out proposed actions for implementing environmental and social mainstreaming. Table 6.1 identifies focal points for managing the recommendations under the ESMF including application of the screening and review tools, and the training program, and the following sections 6.3.1 to 6.3.3 provide terms of reference for the various focal points. In summary, the main measures to address these issues are: Box 6.1 Proposed Actions for Implementation of Environmental and Social Mainstreaming * At the national level, a staff member will be appointed within the PNDP Project Coordination Unit (PCU) with a specific responsibility for addressing environmental and social issues, in line with the World Bank's safeguard policies. Consultation with the PCU suggests that the title of 'Environmental and Social Coordinator' is preferred; * At the provincial level, a full-time officer in each Provincial Project Unit (PPU) will be appointed to provide technical backstopping on all aspects of environmental and social mitigation in line with the ESMF. The title for this officer used below is 'Environmental and Social Mitigation Officer'; * These Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers will also be trained in the project's Resettlement Policy Framework in order to support the communes in identifying and promoting sustainable practices for land management, land tenure, land acquisition and involuntary resettlement; and conflict resolution. * Mobile Extension Teams (METs) will be contracted and managed by the Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers.to support villages and communes in planning, screening and implementing micro-projects. They will be vital support to villages and communes that the PPU Environmental and Social Mitigation Officer will be hard pressed to provide on their own. * An annual environmental and social performance audit, will be carried out by an independent consultant; ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 53 Table 6.1 Identifying Focal Points for Capacity Building Focal point Recommendation Administration Action Cost Environmental and . Appoint an Environmental and This individual will be positioned * To supervise the implementation of the ESMF To be priced as a Social Coordinator Social Coordinator to manage the as a team member in the Project and to monitor the reporting of project outputs Local Consultant environmental and social issues Coordination Unit at MINEPAT * To liaise with the relevant agencies at the under a Fixed term under the ESMF provincial, communal and village levels and Contract * Conduct training/ focus groups with MINEF, PSPE and other line agencies for project-coordination unit on * To provide support to the provinces, participatory community communes and villages through information development planning dissemination, organizing trainings and workshops, and identifying institutional needs Environmental and * Ensure that in each province, This focal point can either be an * To assist the Province Project Units and New staff will be Social Mitigation preferably under the Province existing staff (from a provincial Communes Decision Committees in hired under the Officer Project Unit, there is an officer to delegation of MINEF) with a implementing the micro-projects Government's civil support the communes and background in environment and * To provide technical guidance in service pool and villages in implementing the social issues or if one is not present, environmental and social issues as it relates to paid as a civil ESMF, and in screening and then an individual with skills in micro-project location and design servant approving micro-projects. environmental management should . To liaise with villages and NGOs * Conduct training/ focus groups for be appointed. project-coordination unit on participatory community development planning 54 MET (Mobile * Technical service providers METs (either NGOs or consultants) * To support village/communes chiefs/leaders To be paid as Extension Teams) contracted by Environmental and will be contracted by the project and coordination committees in using the consultants on a Social Mitigation Officers to to screening forms to assess the impacts of day to day basis. support villages in screening and proposed sub-projects approving micro-projects. . To liaise with the Commune Decision Will also act as facilitators to train Committees for guidance and technical the community in order to prepare assistance on environmental and social issues them for community driven decision making for the micro- project selection, planning and implementation 55 6.3.1 Terms of reference for the Environmental and Social Coordinator Terms of reference for the Environmental and Social Coordinator will be drawn up based on the following objective and tasks: Objective To integrate issues of natural resources and environmental sustainability into the operation of the PNDP, in order to maximise the positive contribution that the project makes to natural resources and environmental sustainability in Cameroon. Tasks * Establish the system of screening checklists and reporting forms set out in this chapter, and oversee their smooth operation including advice to Province Project Units (PPUs) on the procurement of consultants for METs; * Provide technical advice on issues of natural resources and environmental sustainability in the provinces to Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers and to PDCs/CDCs; draw on the use of the full-time Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers as appropriate to carry out this task; * Champion the development of province-level natural resources management planning, and planning for Local Development Plans; * Spot issues concerning natural resources management and environment that may require additional assessment, particularly relating to cumulative impact assessment, or any issues that have a transboundary (ie inter-village) nature and take action as appropriate to investigate; * Identify and investigate specific issues of national policy that affect the operation of the ESMF or limit the attainment of natural resources and environmental sustainability in Cameroon, and work with the PCU on advocating areas of reform; * Manage the implementation of all training and sensitisation programmes to be carried out (as set out in Chapter 7); * Identify suitable consultants to be used on all issues of natural resources and environmental management in relation to any of the above tasks and oversee their procurement and performance; * Liaise with MINEF and the PSEP on a regular basis; * Provide an annual report using the format in Format 6.4 to the PCU and MINEF. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 56 6.3.2 Terms of reference for Environmental and Social Mitigation Officer(s) Objective To provide technical advice on environmental and social impact management and mitigation, in order to maximise the positive contribution that the project makes to natural resources and environmental sustainability in Cameroon. Tasks * Provide technical advice to PPUs on all technical issues related to natural resources and environmental management. These issues will relate to impacts on surface water, groundwater, natural resources and vegetation, sourcing of materials used in construction, human health, ecology and protected areas, land and soil degradation, social welfare, and involuntary resettlement; * Provide specific technical advice on mitigation measures for micro-projects and inter-community projects; * Raise awareness and proactively create demand for this technical advice among CDC staff; * Lead the delivery of training/sensitisation programs for PDC and CDC staff; * Carry out reviews of completed micro-projects / sub-projects independently with the support of METs in order to identify improvements in mitigation measures and the screening checklists; * Provide technical support to the Environmental and Social Coordinator. 6.3.3 Terms of reference for Mobile Extension Teams (METs) Objective To assist communities and communes in applying the screening and review forms to assess proposed subprojects for potential environmental and social impacts and to support communities in managing basic environmental and social mitigation and monitoring for their community development needs. Tasks * Train and advise communities/villages to develop community development plans necessary for project planning, selection and implementation; * Assist communities and communes to carry out screening of micro- project/sub-projects using agreed screening format; * Assist both PPU and CDC staff in carrying out the necessary environmental and social project screening and reviews; * Provide specific technical guidance and support to communities and communes on environmental and social issues; ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 57 * Report monthly to PPU Environmental and Social Mitigation officers and assist with annual performance review as required. 6.3.4 Terms of reference for an annual performance review Objective To review the performance of the PNDP in integrating natural resources and environmental management and mitigation measures into the operation of the project, and make practical recommendations for improving performance. This annual performance review should be undertaken by an independent consultant and will satisfy most annual monitoring and evaluation requirements. Tasks * Review of the paper trail of screening checklists and EIA reports/RAPs, and review of reports on wider issues of natural resources and environmental management; * On the basis of this review, select a number of community micro-projects and sub-projects for field visits to investigate compliance with proposed mitigation measures, and identification of potential impacts that are not being adequately identified or dealt with by METs, communities or Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers; * Recommend practical improvements to the ESMF (e.g. roles, responsibilities, screening checklist, operation of METs) in order to fine-tune the operation of the ESMF based on practical experience; * Discuss PNDP activities in natural resources management planning with Environmental and Social Coordinator and Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers; * Recommend additional assessment studies to be carried out to complement development of the project's approach to natural resources and environmental management. Outputs A report of the annual performance review delivered to the Central PCU, the GoC and the World Bank, setting out: * Summary of the numbers of micro-projects and inter-village projects (i) carried out, (ii) screened for environmental and social impacts, (iii) provided with technical advice from (iv) assessed with a full EIA, RAP etc; * Description of the actual operation of the Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers, ESMF as it has occurred in practice; * Identification of environmental and social risks that are not being fully addressed or mitigated; * Conclusions on whether the project is maximising its positive contribution to natural resources and environmental management: * Areas for improvement and practical recommendations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 58 6.4 SCREENING FOR COMMUNITYAND INTER-COMMUNITY MICRO-PROJECTS The following pages set out a proposed system of screening and assessment for the activities to be funded under the PNDP. Figure 6.3 below illustrates the system in a decision tree. The screening system is sufficiently flexible to be used for screening and assessing micro-projects, both community and inter- community, to be financed under the Community Investment Fund, to prevent and mitigate against environmental and social impacts. Since Cameroon has not adopted a formal set of guidelines for environmental and social assessment for projects, the proposed ESMF should be used. Figure 6.3 refers to the report or checklist formats that are proposed and set out in this chapter. Figure 6.3 Process of screening community and inter-community micro-projects NIdn f erth acpation rget identification _,PPUs and communities_ Spe~~~~~~~~~~cifi advice, EA, RAP, Mini Waste _ t ~Management Plan, Mini Pest See Forinat 6.1 Management Plan as necessary Note: It is also recommended that more specific Impact Guidelines be developed after the first year of the project to facilitate in assessing and recommending mitigation measures to address potential impacts. By the end of the first year, it will be clear what types of activities are being or will be financed under the Project, and thus project-specific impact guidelines can be developed. A terms of reference for technical assistance under the PNDP to finance these guidelines is provided in Annex 7. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 59 6.4.1 Application of Screening Forms for Community and Inter-Community Micro- projects Following identification of micro-projects by communities/communes with the assistance of the PPUs, the proposed micro-project is checked against a simple screening checklist (Format 6.1). PPUs should encourage communities/communes to carry out this task themselves, possibly by the community animal health workers, teachers or other literate members of the community. This checklist is a simple yes/no checklist, culminating in whether specific advice to the community on environmental mitigation, environmental assessment (EA), Resettlement Action Plans (RAP), mini-Waste Management Plans (Mini-WMP) and mini-Pest Management Plans (mini-PMP) are necessary. This decision is based on likely impacts. METs will give this advice, or in cases, will call upon Environmental and Social Mitigation officers for specific technical advice. It is anticipated that a full EIA will not be warranted for all sub-projects. A suggested standard format for EIA is provided in Annex 9. Screening forms will be reviewed quarterly at CDC/PDC meetings. There are several aspects to the rationale for the design of this checklist: Box 6.2 Rationale for Design of the Screening Checklist * There will be thousands of micro-projects financed by PNDP, while there is only one Environmental and Social Mitigation Officer in each PPU. Therefore a system that is streamlined is required, and far as is feasible, communities must be responsible for completion of screening; * In most cases, communities will have very little knowledge of environmental and social screening, hence, for the first years of their involvement in the program, PPUs will be required to assist communities in using the screening forms. This service can be extended out to technical service providers, or mobile extension teams; * The screening prompts a list of yes/no answers in relation to questions on the location of the project and the anticipated impacts; if there are 'yes' answers to any of these questions, then the METs / community are obliged to make sure that adequate mitigation measures are included in the project design and/or recommend a course of action (specific advice, EA, RAP, mini- WMP and mini-PMP); * This action can be for the community itself to manage or avoid impacts, PPUs to provide specific advice, or if necessary, technical advice to be sought from elsewhere; * The forms will be reviewed at the quarterly CDC/PDC by the Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers meetings before construction or operations begin. In addition, the micro-project application document (to which the completed screening checklist would be attached) should have a section on "Environmental and Social Concerns" wherein, if needed, design features to avoid negative ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 60 impacts and capture benefits are described, and any "Yes" responses on the form are discussed and justified. The format should require those preparing applications to be very descriptive as to what they want to do, where, when and how. This will give the information needed to independently determine if the screening checklist has been properly completed. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 61 Format 6.1 Screening checklist for micro-projects CAMEROON PNDP: MICRO-PROJECT SCREENING FORM BASIC INFORMATION Micro-Project Name: Location (Village, Commune, etc.): Estimated Cost: Project Objective and Activities: Approximate size of the project in land area: How was the site of the sub-project chosen? PART A: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS Yes No Location I Are there environmentally sensitive areas (forests, rivers or wetlands) or threatened species that could be adversely affected by the project? 2 Does the project area (or components of the project) occur within or adjacent to any protected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, world heritage site, etc.) 3 If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affect the ecology within the protected area areas (e.g., interference with the migration routes of mammals or birds) 4 Will the project reduce people's access (due to roads, location etc) to the pasture, water, public services or other resources that they depend on? 5 Might the project alter any historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site or require excavation near such a site? Impacts 6 Will project require large volumes of construction materials (eg gravel, stones, water, timber, firewood)? 7 Might the project lead to soil degradation or erosion in the area? 8 Might the project affect soil salinity? 9 Will the project create solid or liquid waste that could adversely affect local soils, vegetation, rivers, streams or groundwater? 10 Might river or stream ecology be adversely affected due to the installation of structures such as weirs and by-passes for micro- hydro projects? Attention should be paid to water quality and ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 62 quantity; the nature, productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and variations of these over time. 11 Will the project have adverse impacts on natural habitats that will not have acceptable mitigation measures? 12 Does the project have human health and safety risks, during construction or later? 13 Will the project lead to changes in the distribution of people or of livestock? 14 Might the project lead to migration into the area? Alternatives 15 Is it possible to achieve the objectives above in a different way, with fewer environmental and social impacts? Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part A: Al. All answers to the checklist questions are "No". There is no need for further action. A2. For all issues indicated by "Yes" answers, adequate mitigation measures are included in the project design. No further planning action is required. Implementation of the mitigation measures will require supervision by the applicant and the appropriate local authority. A3. For the following issues indicated by "Yes" answers (specify questions numbers): the applicant has not provided adequate mitigation measures. The applicant must revise the proposed project plan to provide adequate mitigation. Specialist advice may be required in the following areas:_ A4. For the following issues indicated by "Yes" answers (specify questions numbers): .the applicant has not provided adequate mitigation measures. The applicant must prepare an environmental assessment of the proposed project, and revise the project plan according to the results of that assessment. Specialist advice will be required in the following areas:_ PART B: RESETTLEMENT AND/OR LAND ACQUISITION Yes No 1 Will the project require the acquisition of land (public or private, temporarily or permanently) for its development? 2 Will anyone be prevented from using economic resources (e.g. pasture, fishing locations, forests) to which they have had regular access? 3 Will the project result in the involuntary resettlement of individuals or families? 4 Will the project result in the temporary or permanent loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, etc)? ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 63 Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part B: B1. All answers to the checklist questions are "No". There is no need for further action. B2. There is at least one "Yes" answer. Consult the Resettlement Policy Framework and prepare a Resettlement Action Plan as appropriate. PART C: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Yes No 1 Might the project adversely affect "pygmy" communities (Aka, Bakola, Bagyele) living in the area? 2 Are there members of these groups in the area who could benefit from this project? Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part C: Cl. All answers to the checklist questions are "No". There is no need for further action. C2. There is at least one "Yes" answer. Consult the national and/or provincial committees for implementing the Indigenous Peoples Development Plan for assistance with including appropriate IP activities within the project.. PART D: PESTICIDES AND WASTE MATERIALS Yes No 1 Will the project result in the introduction of pesticides or an increase of pesticide use if use of such products currently exists? 2 Will the project result in the production of solid or liquid waste (e.g. water, medical, domestic or construction waste), or result in an increase in waste production, during construction or operation? Circle screening conclusion DI, or circle D2 and/or D3, for Part D: Dl. All answers to the checklist questions are "No". There is no need for further action. D2. Question 1 was answered "Yes" and a mini Pest Management Plan must be prepared. D3. Question 2 was answered "Yes" and a mini Waste Management Plan must be prepared. SIGNATURE: DATE: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 64 6.4.2 'Positive' environmental micro-projects The Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers should also be responsible for raising Mobile Extension Teams' awareness of the potential for communities to identify micro-projects with an explicitly 'environmental' nature. PPUs would in turn have the responsibility for sensitising communities to the willingness of PNDP to finance these projects, should the communities prioritise them. Table 6.2 provides an initial list of 'positive' environmental micro-projects which fall under the eligible investments described in the Document du Programme, funded by PNDP or otherwise. Table 6.2 Potential environmental community micro-projects o Soil protection and soil fertility restoration o Reforestation and forest management o Windmills and solar panels o Management of community forests o Eco-tourism and management of buffer zones for protected areas ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 65 6.4.3 Triggers for cumulative impact assessments The compilation of screening forms will enable each Environmental and Social Mitigation Officer to decide whether additional cumulative impact assessments are required to assess cumulative impacts on groundwater resources, surface water resources, and sources of materials. In each case, the officers must relate a number of projects to the receptors of impacts: Groundwater resources * Trigger where PNDP finances the rehabilitation or construction of more than 15 boreholes/wells in a community; * Action: Engage government and NGOs across the provinces in an assessment of the cumulative impact of all borehole rehabilitation / construction in the communities on groundwater resources; Surface water resources * Trigger where PNDP finances more than 15 small-scale irrigation projects along any one watercourse; * Action: Engage government and NGOs across the catchment in an assessment of the cumulative impact of all irrigation schemes extracting irrigation water from the watercourse; Sources of materials * Trigger where PNDP finances more than 50 micro-projects using timber, sand or gravel or any other construction material from the same single source, whether in the local area or outside of the project area; * Action: Cumulative impact assessment to ascertain significance of this extraction, to make recommendations on alternative course of action. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 66 6.5 ANNUAL REPORTFORMATS Forms proposed for completion on an annual basis are set out in Formats 6.3 and 6.4 below. These will provide: * A means of communication between provinces and the national Environmental and Social Coordinator in the PCU, and between the Coordinator and the overall PCU; * A paper trail of experience and issues running from year to year throughout the project; * Practical information from which the Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers and the independent consultant used to carry out the annual performance audit can draw on. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 67 Format 6.3 Annual review form for Environmental and Social Mitigation Offlcers District: [type here] Reporting year: [type here] Community micro-projects Please enter numbers of micro-project in the following table (refer to Table 2.1 for more detailed project types): co 0~~.C) ~ 0) 3½ E) co 00 >2: 0C I~~~ ~~~~~~~~ 4D E -5 CL( 2a COLLECTIVE PUBLIC SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE Education Sports and cultural Health, hygiene and sanitation Roads/transportation infrastructure Energy and communication PUBLIC COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT Commercialisation Livestock equipment Rural and pastoral water systems MAANAGEMENT AND EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Soil protection and restoration Exploitation of water resources Exploitation of forest resources Area of improvement and exploitation of pastoral resources Protection and exploitation of biodiversity BENEFICIAL COLLECTIVE TRAINING Total Please describe the key environmental and social issues that have been identified from screening of community micro-projects: |[type here] ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 68 Were there any unforeseen environmental and/or social problems associated with any of the micro-projects? Problem Actions taken Actions to be taken [type here] [type here] [type here] Did any of the micro-projects focus on environment? II1 Yes [] No If 'Yes', please describe: [type here] Sub-projects shared by communities (under the Community Investment Fund component) Please enter numbers of sub-projects in the following table: CD - E & | 0E CD - cl)tc Reforestation ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A and0 maaDmn a) 0.E > ~~~~~E o _~~ 3 0 Water supply infrastructure Feeder road improvement/infrastructure Total _ Results of ElAs and other required safeguard management plans Type of and number of Impacts identified How successful was the projects that have been included: assessment in ensuring subject to EIA that mitigation or monitoring proposals were carried out? If not, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Type and number of Impacts identified How successful was the projects that required a included: assessment in ensuring mini-pest management that mitigation or plan monitoring proposals were carried out? If not, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 69 Type and number of Impacts identified How successful was the projects that required a included: assessment in ensuring mini-waste management that mitigation or plan monitoring proposals were carried out? If not, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Results of RAPs Type and number of Number of PAPs and area Have the PAPs been fully projects that have been and value of land and compensated? Has subject to a RAP assets acquired: effective monitoring been carried out? If not, why _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~n o t? [type here] [type here] [type here] Natural resources management Were you or your predecessor involved in the targeting or identification of any sub- projects? L1 Yes IZ No If 'Yes', please describe: [type here] Have activities in "natural resources management" been carried out in your province? If 'yes', please describe. If 'No' tick here __ Activity, review or study Summary of key Was the work successful? conclusions eg were its recommendations carried out? If not, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Has there been any further analysis of 'Community Development Plans/Commune Development Plans' or land tenure plans in your district? If 'yes', please describe. If 'No' tick here El Activity, review or study Summary of key Was the work successful? conclusions eg were its recommendations carried out? If not, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Has there been any analysis of cumulative environmental impacts in your province? If 'yes', please describe. If 'No' tick here El ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 70 Activity, review or study Summary of key Was the work successful? conclusions eg were its recommendations carried out? If not, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Have any other environmental or social analyses been carried out by other concerned agencies (public or private) in your province? If 'yes', please describe. If 'No' tick here [i Activity, review or study Summary of key Was the review conclusions successful? eg were its recommendations carried out? If not, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Please describe the activity of the following on environmental and social issues in your province this year Activity Government line agencies working with [type here] PNDP on environmental and social issues NGOs in partnership with PNDP to examine [type here] environmental and social issues CDC [type here] PDC [type here] Is the project contributing to improved natural resource management in the province? L Yes, it's contributing to an overall improvement El No, it's resulting in environmental degradation/ it's having a negative impact on the environment El Too early to say Please explain: [type here] Policy issues Are there any policy issues that limit environmental sustainability that require addressing at a national level? Policy issue Reforms required [type here] [type here] ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 71 Training Please list the training you have received List TWO key areas of training you need under the PNDP or otherwise in order to carry out your role in the PNDP [type here] 1) [type here] 2) [type here] Completed by: [type here] Name: [type here] Position: [type here] Date: [type here] ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 72 Format 6.4 Annual review format to be completed by Environmental and Social Coordinator Reporting year: [type here] Community micro-projects Please enter numbers of micro-project in the following table (refer to Table 2.1 for more detailed project types): C 0 D~ eCE e a E E i 0~~~~~~01 >D Cc a 2 E- : *2 CD E E . COLLECTIVE PUBLIC SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE Education Sports and cultural Health, hygiene and sanitation Roads/transportation infrastructure Energy and communication PUBLIC COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT Commercialisation Livestock equipment Rural and pastoral water systems MAANAGEMENT AND EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Soil protection and restoration Exploitation of water resources Exploitation of forest resources Area of improvement and exploitation of pastoral resources Protection and exploitation of biodiversity BENEFICIAL COLLECTIVE TRAINING Total ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 73 Sub-projects shared by communities (under the Community Investment Fund component) Please enter numbers of sub-projects in the following table (ie insert totals from provincial reports): | E E e j E | a) C CL > .C < D E iP0 Soil and water conservation Reforestation and management Water supply infrastructure Feeder road improvement/infrastructure T otal__ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Management issues Summarise, from province level reports, the ways in which Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers have been involved in the targeting or identification of any micro- projects under the PNDP: [type here] Please summarise key points concerning the activities of the following on environmental and social issues in the provinces Activity Government line agencies working with [type here] PNDP on environmental and social issues NGOs in partnership with PNDP to examine [type here] environmental and social issues PDCS [type here] CDCs [type here] Results of reviews or assessments Summarise the key activities in "support to community forests and natural resource management": Examples of types of Typical conclusions Levels of success in activities achieving objectives. If not successful, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 74 Summarise the key activities to develop 'Community Development Action Plans/Annual Investment Plans' or land tenure plans: Examples of types of Typical conclusions Levels of success in activities achieving objectives. If not successful, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Summarise key studies to a alyse cumulative environmental and/or social impacts: Examples of studies Typical conclusions Levels of success in achieving objectives. If not successful, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Summarise any other environmental and social analyses been carried out by the the CVGT/CIVGTs: Examples of studies Typical conclusions Levels of success in achieving objectives. If not successful, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Summarise the results of ElAs, RAPs and other plans from your knowledge and from the provincial reports: Type of projects that have Typical impacts identified Levels of success in been subject to included: achieving objectives. If not assessment: successful, why not? [type here] [type here] [type here] Overall conclusions Is the PNDP contributing to improved natural resource management and community development? [1 Yes, it's contributing to an overall improvement F No, it's worsening natural resources/it's having a negative impact on the environment FI1 Too early to say Please explain: [type here] Summarise any unforeseen environmental or social problems associated with the projec t Problem Actions taken Actions to be taken [type here] [type here] [type here] Policy issues Please describe the activity of the PNDP in addressing policy constraints that affect environmental sustainability Policy issue Reforms required, and actions taken [type here] [type here] ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 75 Are there further policy issues that limit environmental sustainability that require addressing at a national level? Are these based on experience from the provinces? Policy issue I Reforms required [type here] [type here] Training requirements Based on feedback from districts, what are the 3 priority training requirements under the PNDP? Training requirement Who for 1) [type here] [type here] 2) [type here] 3) [type here] Please make any other comments not adequately described above: [type here] Completed by: [type here] Name: [type here] Position: [type here] Date: [type here] ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 76 6.6 MONITORING AND EVALUATION The key issues to be considered in the PNDP include monitoring of water quality, biodiversity indicators, agricultural production, income generation, health and population influx. For long-term monitoring, a table (Annex 8) is provided which outlines indicators, baseline data and targets. The goals of monitoring are to measure the success rate of the project, determine whether interventions have resulted in dealing with negative impacts, whether further interventions are needed or monitoring is to be extended in some areas. Monitoring indicators will be very much dependent on specific project contexts. Monitoring and surveillance of PNDP micro-projects will take place on a "spot check" basis at it would be impossible to monitor all the micro-projects to be financed under the project. The spot checks consist of controlling the establishment of mitigation measures. It is not recommended to collect large amounts of data, but rather to base monitoring on observations by project technicians and stakeholders to determine the trends in indicators. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) will be mainstreamed in the monitoring and evaluation system of the whole project. As for the whole project it will take place at several levels and be the responsibility of Local Committees (to allow for a participatory monitoring of the project, there will be one person in charge of M&E in the local committees), PPUs (by the person in charge of the M&E in the PPU in relation with the Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers and with the support of METs), the PCU (by the person in charge of the M&E in the PCU in relation with the Environmental and Social Coordinator) and the independent consultant contracted to undertake the annual performance review. The M&E data will be imported in the M&E system of the project as a whole. It will also be important to include the communal and community decision committees in the M&E process and ensure that results and issues are reported back to them in a timely manner. Ideally, monitoring and evaluation reporting should occur on a monthly basis and be the primary responsibility of the METs working with the Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers. The Environmental and Social Coordinator should ensure that these monthly reports be made available to the independent consultant for evaluation and inclusion in the annual performance review. 6.6.1 Monitoring of Participation Process The following are indicators for monitoring of the participation process involved in the PNDP activities. * Number and percentage of affected households consulted during the planning stage ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 77 * Levels of decision-making of affected people * Level of understanding of project impacts and mitigation/resettlement options * Effectiveness of local authorities to make decisions * Frequency and quality of public meetings * Degree of involvement of women or disadvantaged groups in discussions 6.6.2 Monitoring of Implementation of Mitigation Plans The following are indicators for monitoring of the implementation of mitigation plans. Detailed tables for environmental and social indicators are presented in Annex 8. Box 6.1 Environmental Indicators * Air quality - particulate pollution, noise pollution * Water quality - chemical content, sediment load and bacterial counts * Bio-indicators of environmental conditions - presence or absence of selected species of mammals, reptiles, birds, insects and aquatic animals * Fish species diversity and abundance * Vegetation change * Wildlife change Box 6.2 Social Indicators * Agricultural output and income of affected peoples * Height-weight ratio for children to measure nutritional status and food security * Malaria and water-borne vector diseases (blood and stool testing) * Waste disposal from camps and trading centres as well as waste disposal and sanitation arrangements for camps * Water use and availability of safe drinking water * Conditions of local dispensaries and staffing * STD testing and prevention program for project area and camps * Quality of buildings in project area and temporary dwellings for worker camps * Availability of schooling, attendance and teacher per student ratio * Availability and use of cooking fuel * Inflation and availability of essential goods in local markets * Effectiveness of compensation payments and procedures * Effectiveness of resettlement of affected families and procedure - provisions for support in relocation * Traffic safety * Worker safety, referral system to hospitals and work site inspections * Involvement of local authorities in project-related activities * Employment of local people on site * Population influx and general security in the project area ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 78 Evaluation of Results The evaluation of results of environmental and social mitigation can be carried out by comparing baseline data collected in the planning phases with targets and post-project situations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 79 7 CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS In order to ensure proper implementation of environmental and social screening and mitigation measures, as well as effective community development, the PNDP will undertake an intensive program of environmental training and institutional capacity building spread out over the lifecycle of the project. 7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING AND SENSITISATION Training and sensitisation will be required at the levels of the PCU, PDCs, CDCs and community workers. The Environmental and Social Coordinator, the PPU Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers and additional experts will provide the required specialists to deliver a range of technical training on environmental and social issues to these groups. Mobile extension teams (technical service providers) assigned to assist communities in screening and reviewing micro- projects for environmental and social impacts will also be included in the training program. Table 7.1 sets out the specific training requirements of each of these levels. The objective of this training is to build the capacity in these groups for implementation of the ESMF to be supported under the project. For each group, training will be provided to bring them to a different level of expertise in different areas (refer to Table 7.1): * In-depth training to a level that allows trainees to go on to train others, including technical procedures where relevant; * Sensitisation, in which the trainees become familiar with the issues to a sufficient extent that it allows them to demand their precise requirements for further technical assistance; and * Awareness-raising in which the participants acknowledge the significance or relevance of the issues, but are not required to have technical or in-depth knowledge of the issues. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 80 Table 7.1 Training and sensitisation requirements - 0~~~ a S. CO:> m 0 E Q E w 0 cwZ 0 0 I- Links between natural resource S T A A management and sustainable rural livelihoods Potential cumulative impacts S T A A Potential localised impacts of S T T S micro-projects and suitable mitigation measures Use of the ESMF (screening forms) S T T and RPF Potential environmentally positive A A T S micro-projects EIA law, relevant environmental S T A A policies & the PNDP's approach to policy reform and enforcement Inter-village and inter-provinces S T - lesson-learning and review * Community Animal Health Workers, Community Health Workers, Teachers, Elders, Women groups, Youth groups. ** T = detailed training, S = sensitisation to the issues, A = raised awareness. The details of the training to be carried out are set out in Table 7.2. Programs will also include training trainers for METs to the communities and providing refresher courses from time to time in all of the topics identified. As part of the Local Capacity Building component, the PNDP will also provide basic training and support awareness raising for local community representatives and interested members of the project communities. The objective of the awareness training is to mobilise the interest and participation of villages, existing local-level institutions, and traditional authorities to organise themselves at the level of villages, and inter-villages. The training programs aim to build capacity within PDCs and CDCs to successfully plan, implement and maintain inter- village and village level investments. An example of an agenda for proposed training focused on environmental and social issues is given in Box 7.1. The objective of this training is to raise the level of environmental awareness in the communities, promote adoption of the screening checklist by literate ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 81 community members, and raise awareness that the PNDP can finance environmentally positive micro-projects should the community choose these. The training will also build support for the screening and mitigation process, which originates at the community level. Table 7.2 Proposed environmental training and sensitisation program IntendedAudience TrainingComponent Input (days) Frequency PCU staff * Operation of the ESMF and RPF: 2 day In Year 1 of screening, mitigation and workshop the project environmental assessment triggers * Awareness of Cameroon and World Bank environmental safeguards * Approaches to Environmental impact assessment * Strategic and cumulative issues of natural resources management PDCS and CDCs * Sensitisation to the Operation of the I day In years 1, 2 ESMF: screening, mitigation and workshop for and 4 environmental assessment triggers every PDC * Sensitisation to natural resources and CDC management and environmental issues the provinces Environmental and * Operation of the ESMF and RPF: Long-term 1-week Social Mitigation screening, mitigation and training training Officers environmental assessment triggers programme programme, * Good practices and mitigation measures four times * GoC environmental law annually, * Good practice in EIA through years 1-4 * Inter-village learning / sharing of 2 day In years 1, 2, experience meeting and 4 Mobile Extension * Use of the community micro-project 2 day Years 1, 2 Teams screening checklist, and operation of the workshop in and 4 ESMF and RPF year 1, 1 day * Sensitisation to natural resources refreshers in management and environmental issues years 3 and 5 in the provinces Community * Use of the screening checklist 2 day per Throughout workers* * Mitigation measures for micro-projects community the project * Ideas for environmental projects * Community Animal Health Workers, Community Health Workers, Teachers, Elders, Women groups and youth groups. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 82 The training and sensitisation program recommended above will be supported by the Strengthening of Communes within the Decentralisation Process component. This component aims to support the government in a more structured legal and regulatory framework, and will assist with the current reform process as well as support measure to build capacity within communes, particularly in the knowledge of World Bank safeguards. The support will be provided by the provincial teams and delegated to third parties (private providers/firms, NGOs or government technical services) when necessary. 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAPACITY BUILDING At present, capacity to implement these recommendations exists; however there is dire need for training. There are a number of delegations of the ministries based in each province with adequate staffing; however it will be fundamental to focus on providing sufficient training in screening and reviewing micro-projects for environmental and social impacts, and in identifying appropriate mitigation measures. In addition, it will be necessary to appoint Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers in the PPUs, and to build awareness and knowledge in environmental and social screening amongst the decentralized levels of administration. The PNDP will address these deficiencies in accordance with investment for capacity-building across the regional, provincial and inter-village administrations. Where gaps exist in terms of staff availability or qualified staff at each level of project implementation (national, provincial and community), measures will be taken throughout the project life cycle to hire skilled personnel and train staff. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 83 Figure 7.1 Typical agenda for a 2-day workshop on ESMF's Screening and Review Process Day I (a) Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment This section will introduce participants to the theory and application of EIA as a decision making tool. It will outline the principles of EIA and provide clear definitions on EIA practice terminology (e.g. screening and scoping, impacts [negative, positive, cumulative, strategic] natural resource base (water, soil, land, biodiversity, air, etc., mitigation and monitoring). Social issues as they should be mainstreamed into the EA process will also be discussed. (b) World Bank Safeguard Policies and Cameroonian Legislation This section will discuss the principle World Bank safeguard policies and their application to subprojects under the PNDP. Each policy will be discussed in detail. In addition, the applicable Cameroonian legislation will be discussed in terms of the relevant environmental laws and policies, land tenure, and community planning which apply to activities under the program. (c) Screening and Scoping of Sub-projects A list of potential activities to be financed under the Community Investment Fund will be discussed. Application of the screening checklist (formats in Chapter 6) for community investments and for inter-village investments will be explained using case studies. Day 2 (d) Impact Identification Potential impacts related to various types of activities will be discussed, in terms of their significance (adverse or minimal, positive or negative), magnitude (long term versus short term), and impact category (localised or cumulative). Types of social and environmental impacts will be explained. Triggers for identifying impact types as set out in Chapter 6 will also be explained. (e) Mitigation and Monitoring Mitigation measures as they apply to various types of investments will be discussed, in terms of their application, cost and feasibility. Monitoring measures will also be recommended to measure the effectiveness of mitigation plans and to monitor performance. (d) Responsibilities for Planning and Reporting For each target audience, responsibilities for environmental management, EIA planning and resettlement planning will be discussed as they relate to the PNDP implementation. This will include responsibilities for planning, management of impact identification and mitigation/monitoring, partnerships with NGOs and technical service providers, partnerships among community members, and reporting. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 84 8 ESTIMATED COSTS The breakdown of estimated costs in for putting the ESMF into operation is provided in Table 8.1. This includes the costs of providing the training set out in Chapter 7. 8.1 COSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS The total estimated costs for mainstreaming environment and social issues into the PNDP is USD 1,616,000, spread out over the first phase of project implementation (four years). Some of these costs are integrated into the mainstream budget of the project. However, most of the proposed budget lines are separately identified in the project budget (particularly relating to training and impacts assessments): this will ensure that the ESMF has significant 'clout' within the operation of the project, and is not sidelined. A specific responsibility of the Environmental and Social Coordinator will be to report on expenditure within the project that can be explicitly related to mainstreaming of environment. This will be one way of monitoring the extent that environmental and social issues are being addressed. 8.2 MAINSTREAM COSTS Some costs of environmental management and mitigation are directly integrated into the main project budget. Specifically these are: * Costs related to mitigation measures for micro-projects, which will be assessed and internalised as part of the overall micro-project cost; and * Costs related to mitigation measures for commune (inter-community) projects, which will be assessed and internalised as part of the overall sub- project cost. 8.3 COSTS OF TRAINING The total estimated cost for expenses associated with training and sensitisation, as shown in Table 8.1, is USD 165,000. This figure does not include the cost of the Environmental and Social Mitigation Officers, who will act as lead facilitators of training programmes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 85 Figure 8.1: Costs for mainstreaming environmental and social recommendations into the PNDP _______ _ _______ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Activity USD Total Note Year l Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Component 1: :Financial support for rural community development Financing for community micro-projects Provision of EIA studies for micro-projects 50pOOX 50pC 50pOC 50,000 200000 provision to ElAs as they come up, based on rough figure of6 a year. per commune Financing for commune micro-projects 50p000 50EJO0 50pOC 50,000 200,000 provision to ElAs as they come up, based on rough figure of5 a year, per province Cummulative impact assessments 20pJ0 20pOO0 20,OOO 20,000 S0,00 2 x 1 man-month of Cameroonian consultant in each province ,Component 2: |Strengthening of communes within the decentralization lprocess Fiscal reform None Capacrty building for communes Appoint full time Environmental and Social 40pJOO p 40 4000 400 40,000 160,000 estimate based on cameroon consultancy rates, Mitigation Officers for PPUs please revise as appropriate Administrative training and Training of PCU staff in the ESMF/EIAN 35pOO 35,O0 35,000 105,000 provision of 2-day training coursetworkshop with capacity building cumulative impacts materials Sensitisation for PDCs and CDCs on operation 10pOO 10,0OO 10,0D00 30,000 this is provision for expenses associated with a of the EMF screening, mitigation and 1-day workshop for the committees of each pilot environmental assessment triggers commune and province in Vi, Y2. and VA - sensitisation to be grven by Environmentat and Social Coordinator IComponent3: capacity building and support at the local level Contracting and support of METs Provide support to four METs working in four 100p0OO 100t0U 10tOhi 100.000 400,000 this budget needs to be taken from Technical _____ ____ _____ ____ ____ _____ ____ _____ ____ ____ provinces Assistance budget an proposed in Annex 7 Training in the preparation of Community Action Plans Training for Environmental and Social Mitigation 10p000 10p000 10ptOC 30,000 important budget line - figures based on regular and Local Development Plans Officers in screening and review forms weekly training sessions to be provided by Cameoronian consultants to groups of officers, on a regular basis for 3 years Specific training and awareness Inter-commune review sessions to promote 2p00 2,000 2,000 6,000 2,000 USD to cover expenses of getting officers leaming on envronmental and social issues together in a venue, Y1 ,Y2 and Y4 Capacity building of PDC and CDC offices 50pOO 60,000 to cover expensas for computers, materials etc Technical assistance for developing micro- 50,000 25pOC0 75,00O should commence dunng protect preparation, project specific Impact Guidelines including a and be developed in detail during first year Pest Management Framework and a Waste implementation in order to build on expenence Management Framework wvith micro-projects on the ground ,Component 4: IProject management and monitoring Project management Appoint full time Emironmental and Social 50,000 50pOO 50pO0 50,000 200,000 estimate based on cameroon consultancy rates, Coordinator in the PCU please revise as appropriate Monitoring and evaluation Annual environmental performance audit 20 DpO 2000 20, 20,000 60,000 based on intemational consultant making a 3- I I week visit Totals 467B pO 412,101 340,pO 377,000 1,616,000 Annex 1 Authors of Environmental and Social Management Framework Authors Environniental Resources Alanagement, DC Kurt Lonsway, Project Director and Environmental Specialist Tania Mansour, Safeguard/Social Specialist Tuya Altangerel, Support in Social Assessment ERE Developpement, Yaounde Gerard Ledoux Nanko, Socio-environmentalist Marthe Boutiom, Agro-socio-economist Mathias Sakah, Environmentalist ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON I Annex 2 Papers and Literature Reviewed Aloysius, A. and Dubois, J. 1999. Update of the Cameroon Poverty Profile. Annuaire statistique du Cameroun2000, Decembre 2001. Institut national de la Statistique. CIA Fact book: Cameroon. 2002. Egziabher, T.G. 2001 The Experience of Selected Donors /NGOs in Rural Service Delivery. Etudes socio-economiques r6gionales au Cameroun, Province de l'Ouest, 1999. Etudes socio-economiques regionales au Cameroun, Province du Sud, Mai 1999. Etudes socio-economiques r6gionales au Cameroun, Province du Nord, 1999. Etudes socio-6conomiques regionales au Cameroun, Cadrage national, Fevrier 2000. Graham, D.J., Green, K. & McEvoy, K. 1998. Environmental Guidelines for Social Funds GOPA. 2001. Mainstreaming Safeguard Policy Compliance within Comm unity- Drive Development Inititatives (CDDs) in World Bank-Funded Operations, An Exploratory Study Focusing on Africa. Green, K. & Graham, D. 1999. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook update: Environmental Assessment of Social Fund Projects Government of Cameroon and World Bank. 2000. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Government of Cameroon. 1994. National Sectoral Report on Women, Agriculture and Rural Development. Ministry of Livestock. 1999. Fisheries and Animal Husbandry: Regional Socio- economic Study of Cameroon. MINEF. 1996. Law No. 96/12 of 5t August 1996, relating to Environmental Management. MINEF. 2002. Projet d'Amenagement et de Gestion de la Biodiversite Campo Ma'an - Pr6sentation de l'Unit6 technique Operationnelle Campo-Ma'an. MINEF. 2002. Evaluation de la Biodiversit6 du Cameroun et Dve6oppement d'une Vision pour la Conservation et la Gestion Durable des Ecosystemes Naturels. Direction de la Faune et des Aires Protegees. MINEF. 2003. Programme Sectoriel Forets et Environnement (PSFE), Document de Programme. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 1 MINEPAT/Projet PNUD-OPS CMR/98/005/01/99. Ndih, J. Beyond the Limits of Sustainable Growth, Cameroon under threat, Le Monde Diplomatic, December 2002. Sunderland, T., 1999. Non-wood Forest Products of Central Africa. Current Research Issues and Prospects for Conservation and Development. CARPE/FAO, Rome. Warner, M., Jones, P., 1998. Assessing the Need to Management Conflict in Community Based Natural Resources Projects. World Bank Technical Paper No139: Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Vol 1 Policies, Procedures and Cross-Sectoral Issues, Overseas Development Institute, UK. World Bank. Aide Memoire: Mission d'appui technique au Programme National de Developpement Participatif 11-22 November 2002. World Bank. 2001. Nigeria Second Fadama Development Project (SFDP), Project Preparation Mission Report, Conflict Resolution and Livestock Components. By Mr. Cees de Haan. WWF Cameroon Programme, 2003, Tri-National Sangha. Verbelen, F. 2002, Illegal Logging in Cameroon, Greenpeace: Belgium. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 2 Annex 3 Itinerary and Methodology DE~ROULEMENT DE LA MISSION Calendrier de la mission La mission d'evaluation d'impact environnemental et social du PNDP dans les quatre provinces pilotes, mission menee par ERM et ERE Developpement, s'est deroulee du 28 janvier au 13 fevrier 2003 selon le calendrier suivant: Pro% ince Date Equipe Cabinet Centre - Mardi 28 au mercredi Kurt Lonsway ERM 29 janvier Tania - Lundi 3 au mercredi 5 Mansour ERE D6veloppement fevrier Marthe - Vendredi 7 fevrier Boutiom Matthias Saka Sidoine Mouchili Nord Jeudi 30 janvier au lundi 3 Kurt Lonsway ERM f6vrier Marthe ERE Developpement Boutiom Ouest Jeudi 30 janvier au Tania ERM dimanche 2 fevrier Mansour ERE Developpement Matthias Saka Sidoine Mouchili Sud Samedi 8 au lundi 10 Kurt Lonsway ERM fevrier Tania Mansour ERE Developpement Marthe Boutiom Pendant la periode impartie a chaque province, La mission peut etre divis6e en deux temps: les rencontres au niveau des chefs lieu de province ou d'arrondissement et celles avec les villageois. Le travail au niveau des chefs lieux de province et d'arrondissement YAOUNDE Les visites a Yaounde, qui se sont deroulees en trois sequences, ont permis de rencontrer: * Le Bailleur de Fonds, A savoir la banque Mondiale * Le PNDP et les ministeres interessees: MINA GRI, MINEF MINEPAT, MINEPIA, * Les ONG: APM CANADEL, WWF, DFID * Le FEICOM ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE D£VELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 1 GAROUA Les personnes et structures rencontrees le jeudi 30 et vendredi 31 sont les suivantes: * La haute Autorite administrative de la Province, ci representee par le Conseiller aux Affaires Economiques, en place du Gouverneur empeche, * Les services techniques provinciaux proches du programme (MINEPAT, MINAGRI, MINEPIA, MINEF), * Le Projet de Developpement du Bassin de la Benoue (PDBB), dont le perimetre d'action couvre la plus grande zone d'immigration de la province . Des ONG choisies en fonction de leur domaine d'intervention (conservation, appui aux communes), a savoir la SNV, CIELDIE, CAPEN; • L'Agence r6gionale du FEICOM, et la commune rurale de Garoua, Les entretiens avec les responsables des structures ci-dessus ont permis de degager les contraintes environnementales dans chaque secteur, la strategie d'intervention, les mesures prises et les mesures eventuelles a prendre. Des rapports d'activites et autres documents importants pour le diagnostic ont ete glanes pendant cette etape, a savoir: Les etudes socio-economiques des provinces Le schema d'amenagement du Nord Les rapports d'activites du PDBB et du MINEF Le rapport du Comite provincial de Developpement de la Province du Nord Le Plan de Developpement du village * La l6gislation en matiere d'Environnement et des Forkts Les autres chefs lieux Dans la province du Sud oil il n'a pas et possible de passer par Ebolowa, les villes de Akom II et Campo dans l'UTO de Campo Ma'an, respectivement chefs lieux des arrondissements de meme nom, ont ete l'objet de l'interet de la mission, qui y a rencontre les responsables des services de l'Environement et des Forets, pour le diagnostic de la situation dans leur secteur d'activite. Le travail avec les communautes villageoises Trois principaux criteres ont guide le choix des localites a visiter. * La presence d'un plan de developpement. La plupart des villages visites dans les provinces pilotes sont ceux qui ont beneficie de l'approche participative en vue de la planification des activites, soit a travers l'APND, soit a travers la SNV (cas des villages riverains des aires protegees dans le Nord). ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 2 • L'appartenance a la zone d'immigration dans le Nord * La proximite d'une aire protegee. La situation des villages visites est presentee dans le tableau ci-dessous Province Nombre Village Departement Centre 2 - Edou Nyong et Mfoumou - Atong Nord 5 - Djougui Mayo Louti - Sorawel - Dogba Mayo Rey - Gouna Benoue - Nari Sud 2 - Nnemeyong Ocean - Mabiogo Ouest 4 - Foyet - Ngoundoup - Baigon - Kouoptamo ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 3 31 METHODOLOGYAND CONSULTATION 31.1 INTRODUCTION The approach used to carry out the study was two-fold. - Extensive public consultation and brief field visits to each of the four Provinces, to meet with relevant stakeholders, government and non- governmental organisations, and selected community members to ensure that a participatory approach to developing the Environmental and Social Management and Plan has been taken. - Thorough review of the project preparation documents, and all relevant guidelines, reports, and documentation related to the project components. This ensures that the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan has been prepared in compliance with required donor standards, and has taken into account all the relevant issues related to environment and social livelihoods in Cameroon. This chapter outlines (a) the environmental and social guidelines that were reviewed, and (b) the methodology and consultations carried out to prepare the Environmental and Social Management Framework. 31.2 APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL GUIDELINES In order to ensure that the Environmental and Social Management Framework complies with relevant environmental and social policies and regulations, a review was carried out of the key environmental and social guidelines and requirements of the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the Government of Cameroon (GoC). 31.2.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies The proposed PNDP has been rated Category B under the World Bank safeguard policy on environmental assessment (OP 4.01), requiring a partial environmental assessment. This category is intended for programmatic lending, requiring an environmental and social management framework for micro-project screening. At present, there is no Bank policy which exists for social assessment; however, social issues should be incorporated under the umbrella policy of the OP 4.01. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 4 The PCDP has triggered the following Bank safeguard policies: Policy Applicability Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) Yes Natural Habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04) Yes Forestry (OP4.36, GP 4.36) Yes Pest Management (OP 4.09) Yes Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) Yes Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) Yes Involuntary Resettlement (OP4.12, BP 4.12) Yes Safety of Dams (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) No Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) Yes Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60) No Chapter 3 of the ESMF, Safeguard Screening Procedures, discusses the rationale for the PNDP to trigger these safeguard policies. Implications of these safeguards have been incorporated in the Environmental and Social Management Framework (refer to Table 8.2). 31.2.2 Cameroonian Legislation for Environmental Assessment The Government of Cameroon does require environmental assessment of proposed projects or programs in the country. These requirements are spelled out in the Law No. 96/12 of 5th August 1996 Relating to Environmental Management. However, EIA guidelines are still under preparation and are not yet officially available to provide specific EIA instructions to potential project sponsors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 5 31.3 METHODOLOGY The first stage in the study involved a desk-based analysis of the draft project appraisal document (PAD) and associated papers. This was carried out during January - February 2003. The list of reports and documents reviewed is provided in Annex 3. 31.3.1 Stakeholder interviews in Yaounde and Project Target Areas The second stage involved carrying out stakeholder interviews in country and making field trips to the provinces targeted for financing of PNDP micro- projects and support. The ESMF team conducted a series of visits with stakeholders and key informants in Yaounde, Province du Centre, Province du Nord, Province de l'Ouest, and Province du Sud. The contacts in Yaounde and itineraries and contacts for the visits to the various regions are provided in Annex 2. Stakeholder consultation Stakeholder consultation was one of the key tools to achieve the ESMF objectives. An intensive schedule of interviews with key stakeholders and informants, especially in representative villages at the provincial levels, as well as joint meetings/workshops with groups of stakeholders was followed. A typical agenda of a meeting would include an introduction of the ESMF team, and introduction of participants/consultees, a brief overview of the project, views and comments of the consultees, and specific questions from the ESMF team regarding the details of environmental and social sensitivities, people's interaction with the environment, and potential impacts of the project. Key stakeholders consulted on the project included: - Ministry officials, and other relevant agencies present in Yaounde; - Regional Ministry delegations; - Commune and community administrations and organisations; - Community members in each of the four Provinces; - Environmental and social NGOs; and, - International development agencies, and staff of agency-funded projects. A detailed table of those consulted and key issues discussed is attached in Annex 4. 31.3.2 Field visits Four separate field visits to the provinces of the North, South, West and Center were carried out over the period of January- February 2003. The objective of the visits was to meet and consult with local governments and agencies, as well as with potential participant communes and communities, and verify our initial analysis of potential environmental and social impacts of the Project. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 6 31.3.3 Wrap-up and completion The final event scheduled for February 13, 2003 before departure of the ESMF team was a briefing meeting in Yaounde to present and discuss preliminary findings based on recent fieldwork to each of the four Provinces. Draft versions of the ESMF and the Resettlement Policy Framework were submitted to the World Bank in April 2003 for review. Comments were received from the World Bank Africa Safeguard team (ASPEN) and the PNDP Task Team in Yaounde and were incorporated into the drafting of a final version of the reports. A workshop was held in Yaounde on April 28, 2003 to which the members of the multi-stakeholder working group involved in the preparation of the PNDP were invited. The international consultants participated in this workshop from Washington through a videoconference. A final ESMF and RPF have been submitted for Bank approval. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, ERE DEVELOPPEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 7 Annex 4 Stakeholders consulted YAOUNDE GOVERNMENT Marie- Madeleine N'ga, Project Coordinator, PNDP, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Land Development Planning Alphonse Boyogueno, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Land Development Planning Issac Ekeme, Ministry of Agriculture (PNVRA) Johannes A. Takangeyong: Chief of Division of Norms and Environmental Control in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Jean Claude Teku, Chief of the Division of Programmes and Sustainable Development unit in the Ministry of Environment and Forests Nkwinkwa Robert: Chief of service Committee Forestry unit in the Ministry of Environment and Forests NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS Suzanne Ngane, Gender Lenses Jeanot Minla Mfou'ou/Andre Marie Afouba, CANADEL Aimyll Prosperre Dzali Dikapa, Cameroon Oil Transporation Company, S.A. Robbert Bekker, Programme de Conservation et de Gestion de la Biodiversite au Cameroon Laurent M. Some, World Wildlife Fund for Nature, Central Africa Programme INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Clotilde M. Ngomba: of the World Bank. Carole Megevand: Forestry specialist of the World Bank. Jean-Luc Roux, Forest Programme Coordinator, DFID Representative, Department for International Development Serge Emeran Menang Evouna: Forestry Technical Adviser of the Department for International Development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON WEST PROVINCE PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS Foyet Village Njita Jacques: President of the Coordination Committee of Foyet Penda Inussa: Counsellor of Foumban Rural Council Mbehouo Issiaka: Secretary of the coordination Committee Foyet Mbopou Ouo: Member of the Coordination Committee of Foyet Nji Nsangou Amadou:village chief Shasha Amadou :Member of the coordination committee of Foyet Nji Ngouh Joseph: Member of the committee of Foyet Ngoundoup Village Linjouom Issa: Village Chief Potouossa Inoussa: Secretary of the Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Nji Elhadji aldou : President of the Coordination committee of the 4th Zone of Ngoundoup Ndapen Issah: Member of the Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Regou Daouda: Member of Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Mefie Mama: Member of Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Kpouyona Salifou: Member of coordination Committee of Noundoup Nzie Assana:: Member of Coordination Committee of Noundoup Mefire Aldou Raman: Counsellor Koutaba Rural council Qambordam Mariatou: Member of the Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Nji kopu Chouoibou: Member of the Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Ngouh Issah: Member of the Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup El Hadj Moluh Mama: Membre of the Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Rieyou Mariama: Member of the Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Mbouombouo Idrissou: Member of the Coordination Committee of Ngoundoup Pekouji Issofa: Nurse Ngoundoup Health centre Matam quarter of Baigon Village Pempeme Inoussa: Secretary of the Coordination Committee Njifit Moussa: Quarter head Kouotou Abdou: Village Notable Mbombo Moussa: Village notable Nkahere Joueretou : Group Animator ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 2 Kouoptamo Village Mbombo Evariste : Sub Divisional Delegate of Agriculture- Kouoptamo Nji Nsangou Elie: Village Chief Bernard Dadjo: Member of the Coordination Committee GOVERNMENT Kongawa Joseph: Provincial Delegate of MINEPAT Claude Lacordaire Mbimi: Provincial Delegate of Agriculture Sylvain Tuekam: Provincial Chief of service of the Economic Division in MINEPAT Sop Fonkoua Desir6: Provincial Chief of service of forestry Engon-Zibi Esther Elisabeth: Provincial Chief of service for Councils Jerome Lebogo: Provincial Chief of service for FEICOM agency Songwe Robert: Provincial Chief of service for Community Development Tanmy Luc: Chief of Animation in the Provincial service of Community Development Jean Claude Owoutou Owoutou: first Assistant Divisional Officer for Noun Division Ondja'a Mendoula Gerard: Divisional Delegate of Environment and Forests for Noun Division Kenfack Antoine: Chief of service for forestry section for Noun Division NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS Valentin Mouafo: National Director of CIPCRE-Cameroun (Cercle International pour la Promotion de la CREation) ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 3 CENTRE PROVINCE PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS Edou MENGUE MICHELINE: Tresoriere du Comite de Coordination ENGOULOU MARIE LOUISE: Deleguee du GIC Espoir ENGOULOU NOMO ANDRE: President du Comit6 de Coordination EFOUTOU ETIENNE: Directeur de l'6cole de Nyodo TSINDA PIERRE: Secretaire General du Comite de Coordination Atong MVONDO SIMPLICE: Pr6sume chef de village MBELE GEORGES: Jeune du village GOVERNMENT Mme NGAH: Chef du PNDP ALPHONSE BOYOGUENO: Charge d'Etudes Assistant au PNDP ISAAC EKEME: PNVRA JOHANNES TAKANG EYONG: Chef de Division des normes Secretariat Permanent a NKWINKWA ROBERT: Chef de Cellule de la Foresterie Communautaire, MINEF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS JEAN LUC ROUX: Representant DFID, coordonnateur du Programme Forets MINLA MFOU'OU: Coordinateur General de CANADEL MARIE ANDRE AFOUBA: Coordinateur de Programme n° 1, CANADEL SERGES EMERANG MENANG: DFID, Conseiller Technique en foresterie LAURENT M.SOME: Representant r6gional WWF DZALI DIKAPA AIMYLL: Coordonnateur Liaison COTCO ROBERT BEKKER: Conseiller Technique Principal Secr6tariat Executif du Projet GEF/Biodiversite ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 4 NORTH PROVINCE PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS Gouna Mme AOUDJI ANGELINE: Presidente du groupe << Banimvili > AMADOU OUMAROU: Marailcher de Gouna AOUDOU: P6pinieriste AOUDJI GERMAIN: President de l'Union des Comites Villageois de Faune OUSSOUMANOU BOUBA: Membre de l'Union des Comites Villageois de Faune BELLO OUMAROU: Secr6taire de l'Association des Jeunes Villageois Dourou de Gouna OUSSEINI SADOU: Technicien pepinieriste Dogba NASSIMA JEAN BERNARD: Animateur de << SOC GIC >> ISMAIEL ABDOULAYE: Garde Communautaire de Faune ISSA HAO: Cultivateur ANIA HAMIDOU: Membre du GIC Zanguin de Dogba HAMADOU SIMON: Tr6sorier SOC GIC SAMBA YAYA: Chef du village ABDOULAYE ISSA: Delegu6 du groupe << Atazili >> IBRAHIMA BELLO: Delegue du groupe Zanguin SAIDOU: Paysan DINA ADAMOU: Paysan IBRAHIMA ABDOULKARI: Paysan SYLVIN: Paysan IBRAHIMA BELLO: Paysan SAIDOU: Paysan Sorawel DAIROU EMA: Lawan, chef de village HAMADOU MOUSSA: Secretaire General du Comite de Coordination MOUSSA YASSA: President MAIRAMA HAYA: Presidente des femmes DAMVA RACHEL: Secretaire des femmes OUMAROU YAYA: Delegue a moulin >> ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 5 Nari SOUAIBOU: Ardo (chef) ABDOULAYE: President du GIC des maraichers DJIBRILLA: Membre du GIC NANE FANTA LAYE: Presidente du groupe Djougui Guabla DJIDDERE ZAOUKA: Chef du village OUMAROU OULDRA: Infirmier assistant du Centre de Sante Integre WESSIKI TROUMBA: Secretaire General du Comite de coordination GOVERNMENT ROGER TCATCHOUANG: Delegue Provincial du MINEPAT MBOLO BISSO ROGER: Conseiller aux Affires Economiques de la Province El HADJ HAMADOU ABDOULAYE: Delegue Provincial MINAGRI du Nord BERTHE OWONO NANGA: Chef Service Provincial des Enquetes et Statistiques Agricoles JUSTIN GANGNONG: Chef Service Provincial de l'Environnement CELESTIN MBON: Del6gation MINEPIA du Nord MOUHAMADOU AWAL: Chef d'agence FEICOM du Nord NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS MOHAMADOU BAYERO: Directeur du PDBB JEAN PIERRE SCHOONHYET: Assistant Technique PDBB PIETER SCHERMERHORN: Chef du Projet GEF/Biodiversite, Composante Savane J.LOU ISSA: Coordonnateur National du PARFAR ABOUBAKARI BINDOHO: Coordonnateur CAPEN BONIFACE BOTNA: Coordonnateur de la CELDIE COMMUNES MOHAMMADOU AWAL :Responsable agence regioanale du FEICOM HAYATOU BAKA: Maire de la Commune Rurale de Garoua ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 6 SOUTH PROVINCE PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS Nnemeyong EKOYO SAMUEL: President du Comite de Coordination EVINA RACHEL: Responsable du Comite de Coordination EYI JEAN ROGER: Membre du Comit6 de Coordination EDIMA THERESE: Membre du Comite de Coordination ABOU JACQUES: Membre du Comite de Coordination MBANG ALICE: Membre du Comite de Coordination EYI DENISE: Responsable de projet dans le Comite de Coordination MEDJO OSCAR: CommerSant Mabiogo NANYABO NGUIONG MARTIN: Chef du village GOVERNMENT ABE'ELE BILOUNGA JEAN BASILE: Chef du poste forestier et de chasse de Campo LONTCHI CHARLES: AVZ de Akom II/Bipindi ZENG MENGUE SIMEON ACHILLES: GFA du poste forestier de Akom II ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 7 Annex 5 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Framework in Cameroon 51 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT 51.1 INTRODUCTION Prior to 1992, several ministerial departments and attached services were charged with the formulation and implementation of sectoral policies on the environment. As environment management issues became more important or prominent in international circles, a Ministry of the Environment and Forestry (MINEF) was created in April 1992. There are a number of policies that relate to environmental protection and management in Cameroon and MINEF fills a central role in administering and implementing these policies. There are also some recent developments in environmental policy reform, including the development of guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment. These guidelines are still under preparation and are not yet available for use by potential project sponsors. 51.2 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT The primary environmental policy of Cameroon is contained in Law No. 96/12 of 5th August 1996, relating to Environmental Management (loi No. 96/12 du 5 A6ut 1996, Portant Loi-Cadre Relative a la Gestion de 1'Environnement). The policy was developed by the Permanent Secretariat for Environment (PSE) of MINEF within the framework of the Support Project for National Environment Management Programme (SP/NEMP). The policy lays down the general legal framework for environmental management in the country and pertains to forestry, wildlife and fishery resources, and related implementation instruments to provide for important regulations with respect to responsibilities, offences, and enforcement. 51.2.1 International, Continental and Sub-Regional Conventions Cameroon is a party to over thirty conventions on the environment and has translated some of these conventions into national laws and regulations. One in particular is the fundamental law to protect the environment and which provides for the management of natural resources within the framework of Law No. 96/12 of 5th August 1996 mentioned above. Other conventions are listed below: Box 1.1 Conventions Signed/Ratified by the Government of Cameroon International Conventions * Convention on the Projection of Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 23 November 1972) * Convention on International Trade in Wildlife and Endangered Species (Washington, 3 March 1985) * Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna, 22 March 1985) * Montreal Protocol on the Control of Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) (Montreal, 16 April 1987) * Convention on Climate Change (14 June 1992) * Convention on Biological Diversity (14 June 1992) * Convention on Desertification (Paris, October 1994) * Cooperation Agreement with International NCOs a(UCN, WWF, ITTO, ATO) Continental Conventions * Convention on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Resources (Algeria, 1968) * Bamako Convention on Waste Importation in Africa and Transborder Movement and Management of Toxic Wastes Sub-Regional Conventions * 1964 Accord creating the Lake Chad Basin Commission * Accord on joint regulations of fauna and flora within Lake Chad * Convention on cooperation relating to the protection and development of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Areas of West and Central Africa (Abidjan, 16 March 1981) * Accord for cooperation and consultation among central African states relating to wildlife conservation (Libreville, 16 April 1983) 51.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION As mentioned earlier, Law No.96/12 requires that all projects which may have a negative impact on the environment undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). However, at present, there are no specific guidelines which have been produced to assist proponents and developers in preparing EIAs. To date, the World Bank Policy 4.01 is the only major guideline being used by consultants in preparing their assessments. According to officials at the Permanent Secretariat for Environmental Protection (PSEP), national EIA guidelines are currently under preparation. Despite the slow progress of developing guidelines on EIA, there are recent actions that have been introduced related to environmental management. These are discussed in Table 4.1. Table 1.1 Recent Legislation Related to Environment Management Legislation Description Environmental Code of Cameroon The GoC has launched a project entitled "Drafting the Environmental Code of Cameroon" to address the lack of application texts (guidelines), modifications and partial repeals of outdated norms, and lack of appropriate codes. Forest and Natural Resource Policy Strategies to sensitise local populations, involve them in all activities related to the environment and create alternative activities capable of generating reasonable amounts of revenue, reduce pressure on the environment and improve environmental awareness. Priorities include: establishment of a permanent forest estate; quantitative and qualitative monitoring of resources; management, conservation, and further development of forest biodiversity; development of rural forestry (community forestry, agro- forestry); further development of non-timber forest products. 51.4 POLICIES RELATED TO POVERTYREDUCTIONAND RURAL DEVELOPMENT A recent analysis was undertaken in 2000 to prepare the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The analysis identified certain obstacles to rural development: 1. Insufficient and ineffective basic services for the rural population in the areas of: education, sanitation, health (with particular attention to HIV/AIDs); inadequate transport infrastructure and means, and services; lack of potable water, agricultural and livestock water sources; low access to rural electrification. 2. Degradation of the natural resource base due to: lack of a clear land tenure system; inequitable and over use of resources; accelerating and unsustainable exploitation of forestlands for agriculture, logging, uncontrolled burning, and overgrazing. 3. Inadequate association of local communities in the rural development process such as: not properly allocating local financial resources by including the participation of local beneficiaries and provision or adequate support services within the context of proper political, social or legal standards. 4. Lack of coordination between stakeholders (GoC, rural communities, NGOs, donors, etc. leading to: duplication of effort (both national and international) and poor coordination. Faced with a continuing decline in the social welfare of the Cameroonian population, the GoC has decided to take action by mobilising internal resources toward communities to try to overcome the shortcomings of its past rural development and poverty reduction interventions. The objective is to channel resources, both internal and external, to resolve problems, especially in the areas of health, education and rural infrastructure. However, funding remains insufficient to fully support this strategy and difficulties persist in bringing the rural communities to a level where they can effectively address their own development problems necessary to contribute to poverty reduction at a both a local and national level. 51.5 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENvIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT Environmental protection and social issues are addressed both at the national level and at decentralized levels. Delegations for various ministries have been established at provincial levels, and departmental units at district levels in parallel with the decentralization efforts of the Government. 51.5.1 National Level Administration for Environmental Protection and Management At the national level there are various institutions with environmental and social welfare responsibilities. These are described in more detail below. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry The main agency responsible for environmental protection at the national level is the Ministry of the Environment and Forestry (MINEF). MINEF was established as a government institution of the Government of Cameroon in 1992. The ministry was formed by combining the Cameroonian forest and wildlife sectors in the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Tourism. Its mandate includes the following tasks: * Formulation, implementation and follow-up of government polices (including enforcement); * Guidelines on the environment, forests and wildlife protection and use; * Negotiation of signatories and ratification of international conventions and treaties; * Establishment of appropriate linkages with relevant institutions and individuals; * Sensitisation and community education of environmental issues. MINEF is also supported in formulating, coordinating, implementing and monitoring environmental policies by an Inter-ministerial Commission on the Environment and Sustainable Development. In addition, a special fund called the National Environmental and Sustainable Development Fund was set up in 1996 to contribute to (a) the financing of environmental auditing, (b) backstopping for sustainable development projects, (c) backstopping for environmental research and education, (d) programmes promoting clean technologies, (e) local initiatives on environmental protection, and (e) backing up other ministries involved in environmental management. Permanent Secretariat for Environmental Protection As MINEF is the environmental policy making body in government, the Permanent Secretariat for Environmental Protection (PSEP) is the operational arm. The objectives of the PSEP include the following: * Elaboration, implementation and supervision of national policies which pertain to environment; * Elaboration of strategies for the management of natural resources and pollution prevention; * Combating desertification; * Promote environmental awareness and sensitisation programs; * Review and appraise Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs); * Carry out environmental inspections; * Participate in the negotiation of international conventions on environment; * Manage an environmental information system; * Elaborate on the responsibilities for environmental management in liaison with concerned administrations; * Manage the National Environmental and Sustainable Development Fund. The PSEP is further divided into a (a) Division for programmes and sustainable development, (b) Division of norms and environmental inspections, and (c) Centre for information and documentation on environmental issues. 51.5.2 National Level Administration for Social Advancement and Gender Ministry of Social Affairs and Women The Ministry of Social Affairs and Women (MINASCOF) works with women at the village level through women extensionists who promote the organization of women in the areas of food security, family health and education, income- generating activities, and savings and credit. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Following legislation of 1990 and 1992 that facilitated the formation of NGOs, a large number of women's groups have been formed, including 1,000 organized by the Development Cooperation Department and almost 2,000 by the Ministry of Social and Women's Affairs. A large number of other NGOs have also been established. Policy Planning and Research A reliable data base and a system for the collection and analysis of data on the activities of rural women should be set up Farming Systems Research should be strengthened to take into account the needs of women. A clear development policy taking into account the role of women in agriculture and the constraints they face should be drawn up MINASCOF should promote activities by technical ministries to implement such a policy and set up a monitoring and evaluation system. 51.5.3 Other Ministries and Organizations The effective implementation of the legal and administrative responsibilities of MINEF also requires input from several other key ministerial departments, listed in Box 4.2. Box 1.2 Line Agencies with Environmental Responsibilities * the Prime Ministry, * the Ministry of Justice, * Ministry of Public Health * the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), * the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (MINEPIA), * the Ministry of Mines, * Water Resources and Power, * the Ministry of Town Planning and Housing (MINEPAT), * the Ministry of National Education, * the Ministry of Higher Education, * the Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research, * the Ministry of External Relations, and * the Ministry of Tourism. 51.5.4 Regional level administration At the regional level, administration as it involves environmental management and social issues are divided into various levels (a) provincial delegations, (b) departmental delegations, and (c) delegation posts (d) technical operational units. Provincial delegations Each province is entitled to a Provincial Delegation of which, the Delegation for Environment and Forests, is charged with the supervision and coordination of activities for the team services in that province. These services include provincial services for the (a) environment, forests, fauna and protected areas, (b) inspection control, (c) administrative and financial service, and (d) mail and communication. Departmental delegations At the departmental level, there are also delegations for environment and forests which are responsible for the organisation, coordination, information services, and control of activities under MINEF. These delegations hold parallel responsibilities to provincial delegations but at the departmental level. Posts for hunting and forestry, and posts for protection and control of the environment These posts exist under certain departments in the various provinces to supervise and control permanent forestry activities and hunting. There are also similar posts with a focus on environmental protection and control. WID Units or Focal Points in Technical Ministries A women's unit in the Department of Community Development in the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI) promotes the organization of women in cooperatives and farmers associations. To meet the needs of rural women, the unit would need more than its current 3.6% share of the budget of the Ministry. There are also technical operational units in other ministry departments which provide technical support to departments, relating to environmental issues, and report to the department heads. Annex 6 Detailed Baseline Data 61 BASELINE INFORMATION 61.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Tlhe Republic of Cameroon is bordered by Nigeria and the sea in the west, Chad in the north, Central African Republic in the east and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Congo in the south. Cameroon covers an area of 180 000 square miles (47 5650 sq. km) and has a population of 15.4 million (2001 estimate). Cameroon is immensely rich in biodiversity, with vegetation varying from the mangrove swamps on its southern Atlantic coast, to humid rainforests in the West, savannah grasslands and the Sahel in the north. The country is divided into ten provinces; two of them (North West and South West) make up the English speaking area of Cameroon, formerly known as West Cameroon under the federal structure. The other eight make up the French speaking area, previously known as East Cameroon. Around two thirds of the population is French speaking although birth rates and population pressures from neighbouring Nigeria are thought to be reducing the proportion. The provinces are: Central, Littoral, South West, North West, Adamawa, North, Extreme North, East and West. Population density is 32 persons per square kilometre. The annual demographic growth rate stands at 2.81%, and 46% of the people are less than 15 years of age. The distribution of population in the Provinces is very uneven. There are about 250 ethnic groups in Cameroon and more than 80% of the population are farmers. The population of Cameroon is ethnically extremely diverse and includes Bantu speakers, [Bamileke, Beti, Bulu, Bassa, Douala, Sudanic-speakers in the north [Fulani, Sao] semi Bantu, Choa and Baka (pygmies). There is a small expatriate population, of which the biggest group is the French, mainly diplomatic or business personnel. The country is officially bilingual, English and French being the two official languages. However, except in the Northwest and South West provinces, French is the dominant language. Table 6.1 provides some basic facts on the country. Table 6.1 Basic facts on Cameroon (2001 estimate) (U) Cameroon Characteristics Population 15.49 million (2001 estimate); 46% less than 15 years of age Climate North: tropical wet-dry, South: tropical wet, length of rainy season: 11 months in the south; 4 months in the north Economy GNP: US $550 (2001); GDP: US $8.5 billion; Agriculture-43.9% of GDP HIPC; Low-income food-deficit country; Poverty (% of population below poverty line) 50% Health indicators Life expectancy-50years Infant mortality-76 per (1,000 live births) Child malnutrition- 22% (under 5) Education Illiteracy-23% (age 15+) Gross primary enrolment- 91% Male-98% Female-84% 61.2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT PROVINCES The National Programme for Participatory Development (PNDP) project will be implemented in the following provinces: West, North and Centre, including three pilot communes in the Southern province, Campo, Ma'an and Akom II. 61.2.1 Population The most densely populated area is the West Province with 96.41 persons per square kilometre, and the most sparsely populated area is the South Province. Table 6.2 provides with basic demographic data on project areas. Table 6.2 Key demographic data on population distribution in project provinces (2) Province Population % Urban % Rural % Male Female Surface Density area West 1 346 095 12.82 437 32.51 908 67.48 672 673 896 13 982 96.41 641 454 199 South 374 132 3.56 104 27.89 269 72.1 184 189 599 47 191 7.92 357 775 533 Centre(*) 2 381 920 16 1 643 69 738 31 1 173 1 208 68 953 34.54 333 587 120 800 North 1 604 000 15.28 630 39.3 973 60.7 794 809 539 66 090 24.26 120 880 461 (1) World Bank Fact Sheet, 2002 (2) Source: Population census flgures of 1987. () MINEPAT/Projet PNUD-OPS CMR/98/005/01/99 61.2.2 Education The gross enrolment rate is the best indicator of access to education, whereas the illiteracy rate indicates poverty in human capability. The enrolment rate for children aged 6 to 14 years was 80% in 1998. Girl's enrolment rates are lower on average (76%) than those of the boys. Particularly, in Savannah region, enrolment of girls was low at 21,5%. Among the different regions, the highest enrolment rates are in Douala (95.4%), Yaounde (92.6%), the southern towns (94.0%), and the upper plateaus (92.5%). The lowest enrolment rates are found in the northern towns (38.3%) and the rural areas of Savannah (33.7%) (3). Table 6.3 Gross Enrolment Rate by Region Region Total % Douala 95.4 Upper Plateaus 92.5 Southern Provinces 91.6 (rural) and 94.1 (urban) Northern Province 33.7 (rural) and 37.8 (urban) Savanna 33.7 Source: ECAM96, and 1999 update of the Cameroon Poverty Profile Figure 6.1 Recently constructed primary classroom awaiting furniture in North Province (3) I Updae.of thecamroonPoverty rofile, loysius .Amin ard Jean-[uc Duboi W~t _e Ir _;l (3) 1999 Update of the Cameroon Poverty Profile, Aloysius A.Amin arld Jean-Luc Dubois 61.2.3 Health The health policy in Cameroon is based on primary health care and the provision of affordable drugs to the general population. There is uneven distribution of health institutions in the country. Especially in the rural areas provision of health care services is inadequate. Both private and national health care services lack adequate equipment, medical personnel, etc. Malnutrition affects about 24% of rural children. Box 1.1 Basic Health Facts * Life expectancy at birth is 50 years (2001) * Child malnutrition stands at 22% under the age of 5 * Access to clean water source: 62% of the population * HIV/AIDS: estimated 540 000 people as of 1999 (Source: UNAIDS/WHO, June 2000) In the West and North Provinces, most common diseases are water and dust related diseases such as typhoid, bilharzias, river blindness, diarrhoea, cough, meningitis, etc. Malaria, AIDS, and yellow fever are prevalent in all four Provinces. Studies based on ECAM96 show that there is a higher demand for medical assistance in Douala (82.1%) and Yaounde (73.8%), as well as in rural parts of Savannah (73.5%). The highest morbidity rate was found in Douala (30.7%), and the lowest in rural Savannah (12.3%). Table 6.4 shows distribution of hospital facilities in four regions of Cameroon. Table 6.4 Ratio of Hospital facilities in Four Project Provinces Provinces Population Ratios of the number 1 Medical Doctor of inhabitants to 1 bed Centre 2 356 627 761 4941 West 1 825 434 477 12 677 North 1 239 726 2094 20 662 South 518 983 462 5831 Source: Ministry of Public Health, 1999 HIV occurrence is on the rise in Cameroon. HIV prevalence has increased 1% in 1989 to 8% in 1996, the HIV spread is especially high in major urban areas Yaounde and Douala among sex workers, truck drivers, and military personnel. Table 6.5 HIV/AIDS summary (4) Estimated number people Adults Adult rate (%) Women Children living with HIV, end of (15-49) (15-49) (0-14) 1999 540,000 520 000 7.73% 290 000 22 000 Figure 6.2 Recently construct health post, supported by village in North Province ... _~ L _ ~~~-- -. LI,110I 61.2.4 Economy According to a World Bank country study (5), macroeconomic performance has been satisfactory with growth rates to 5% during 1996-2000. However, economic reforms have brought few tangible benefits for the poor. Poverty reduction continues to be a challenge with poor infrastructure and a poor delivery of public services. Structural adjustment programmes, have resulted in decreased state spending on health, education, agricultural research, extension services and road maintenance. Price liberalization and the devaluation of the currency have raised the prices of basic necessities. Main economic sectors are agriculture at 43.9% of GDP and industry (petroleum) at 20.2 % of GDP at 2001. The main commercial crops are cocoa, coffee, tobacco, timber, cotton and bananas. Petroleum products and logging industries make up most of exports. The main subsistence crops are roots, tubers, plantain, millet and (4) Source: UNAIDS/WHO, June 2000 (5) http://www.worldbank.org/afr/cm2.htmI sorghum. Livestock is also important to the food supply. The country is generally self-sufficient in food. 61.2.5 Division of Labour by Gender It is estimated that rural women supply about 90% of the food needed for the subsistence of the population. Women also participate in the cash crop sector. During the high growing season, women devote 6 to 8 hours a day to agriculture in addition to their household work. More than 20% of rural households were headed by women in 1989/90. Men work mainly in the cash crop sector, while women bear the entire responsibility for food production and also help men with land preparation, harvesting and other work in the cash crops. While men are primarily responsible for fishing and livestock, women are in charge of fish processing and marketing, raising poultry and small livestock, and share in the processing of milk products, both for home consumption and for sale. Women are also responsible for all domestic tasks, including food processing and the collection of fuel-wood and water. In general, rural women work 1.5 to 3 times longer than men. 61.2.6 Access to Natural Resources and Agricultural Services Until recently, research and financial assistance have been directed to the export cash crop sector at the expense of subsistence food production. The fall in the price of raw materials on the world market has negatively affected the economy and the agricultural sector in particular. Consequently, the country's current agricultural policy includes increased food production, revitalization and protection of markets, and the development of improved food processing and storage. Land rights Although only male heads of household have land rights, rural women traditionally had access to land. Problems of lack of access may arise particularly in the case of widows who are not on good terms with their in-laws. The concept of land title is not yet widespread in rural areas, except among the elite. Table 6.6 Land Use in Cameroon (1993 est.) Arable land 13% Permanent crops: 2% Permanent pastures 4% Forests and woodland: 78% Other: 3% Source: CIA Fact book: Cameroon The largely rural and agricultural population depends on the proceeds from the land for much of its livelihood. Consequently, various people developed cultural patterns and land ownership regulations in order to ensure sustained productivity from the areas where they are settled. The poor state of road network in the project zones has hampered the full exploitation of its land potential causing a drop in income generating activities and a fall in standard of living in these areas. The general pattern of land use in the West and North Provinces is for farmers to cultivate on gentle slopes; plains and plateau areas while animals rearing are done on the hilly grass areas. In the South and Centre Provinces, the pattern of land use is seen with the rampant destruction of the rain and equatorial forest for various purposes ranging from farming, fire wood collection, construction, logging concessions to foreign companies, community forestry, urbanization, Government project, etc. These unsustainable activities compete for land and the situation if not controlled will become more aggravated in future. The result of such activities is extensive deforestation, soil erosion, and soil infertility, fall in productivity, over exploitation of forest resources, fall in revenue and standards of living. Figure 6.3 Recently cleared field using slash and burn method in South Province 61.2.7 Livestock In all regions of Cameroon, the family farms raise small livestock (goats, sheep, pigs, and/or chickens), which are tended to by women and children. Table 6.7 below estimates livestock number in three of the four Provinces; unfortunately information for the Centre Province is not available at this time. Table 6.7 Estimated livestock number in Project Provinces as of 1999 Provinces Cattle Sheep Goats Pig breeding Poultry (chicken) Equines North 355 405 259 266 314 769 9 229 901 West 83 421 70 850 107 375 321 955 1 471 990 South 1 020 000 88 000 97 000 215 000 10 000 Source: Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Husbandry: Regional Socio-economic Study of Cameroon, 1999 Figure 6.4 Livestock are especially important to livelihoods in the drier Northern Provinces of Cameroon 61.2.8 Agricultural production Agricultural production is varied and diversified. The variety of crops produced in the four Provinces is subject to climatic variations and soil fertility. Data per unit output for the year 1999/2000 for the Centre Province was not available to the authors of this report at the time of writing. Table 6.8 indicates the type of agricultural products in each province. Table 6.8 Agricultural products in project provinces as of 2000 Centre West North South Cassava Banana/Plantain Maize Cassava Plantain Maize Millet/Sorghum Banana/Plantain Maize Cassava Groundnut Cocoyam(Colocasia) Banana Irish potatoes Beans/Nieb6 Groundnut Cocoyam (Colocasia) Beans Sweet potatoes Maize Groundnut Groundnut Onion Coffee (Robusta) Ol palm Onion Rice Cocoa Yams Rice Cotton Beans Sweet potatoes Tomatoes Yams Irish potatoes Tomatoes Pineapple Cassava Yams Pineapple Soya beans Irish potatoes Sweet potatoes Melon Melon Cocoyam (Colocasia) Oil palm Coffee (Robusta) Coffee (Arabica) Sesame Sugarcane Cocoa Ginger Aubergine (Eggplant) Rubber Source: MINPAT/Projet PNUD-OPS CMR/98/005/01/99 61.2.9 Forestry More than 50% of the country is forested. Government plans in the forestry sector include people's participation in managing community forests in the framework of new legislation regarding forests. Forest areas under protection status represent 12% of national territory. The entire rural population, at various levels, rely on forest products for food, medicine, firewood and construction materials (6). Cameroon is the number one tropical timber exporter in Africa, and ranks among the world's top five tropical log exporters. Less than 20% of Cameroon's unprotected forests remain free from logging development. Cultural and Traditional Values towards forests African traditional beliefs reflect environmental concerns at every stage of life. People define themselves in part by their relationship with nature, and this is borne out by initiation rituals, social taboos and other acts in homage to the vitality of our surroundings. Rural people, whether fishing, farming, hunting, gathering, are closely bound to nature and its gifts. Ancient knowledge, such as traditional medicine, may contribute to heightened environmental awareness, which may foster an expansive approach to economic, political or cultural problems (7). Desertification and deforestation The environment in the north of Cameroon has been severely damaged by desertification, and this now threatens the forests of the central region. This disaster has an ecological component, but the industry is the real culprit, since it does not give forests enough time to regenerate their dense cover of trees. Soaring poverty rates have forced residents to clear more growth for firewood. Clear-cutting even affects the Sahel zone, where the government launched its northern forest plan (Operation Sahel Vert) in the late 1960s, aimed at halting desertification by planting trees that needed a lot of water. In the southern part of the new desert, deforestation looms. Cameroon's forest/agricultural sector accounts for 42% of GDP and employs nearly 60% of the population. Oil, wood and cocoa are the three main exports. Cameroon's forests were historically unharmed by human activity; logging techniques and demand for forest products were in balance with the ecosystem. There are several explanations for the current plight, including cocoa cultivation, which dates to the colonial era, and required the clearing of forested areas. Cocoa production was then boosted to maximise earnings even though prices dropped on world (6) World Bank Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet for Cameroon, 2002 (7)Beyond the Limits of Sustainable Growth, Cameroon under threat by Jean Nke Ndih, Le Monde Diplomatic. December 2002 markets. This became risky in the 1980s, when foreign timber companies with direct government ties began extensive forest cutting (8), Logging industry Over 60% of logging and timber is controlled by a small number of foreign companies, such as Thanry (French), Bollore, Coron& Rougiear. The high level of corruption in Cameroon and the dramatic lack of capacity in the forestry departments are serious constraints for enforcemen't of forestry legislation. In the East province, home to the majority of concession area, one forestry official is responsible for an average of almost 21,000 ha of concession. A new log export law came to effect in 1999, but is not effectively implemented as logs still make up the majority of exports along with petroleum (9). Traditional ways of protecting environment through community management and stewardship, coupled with transparency in the logging industry may help resolve problems of desertification and deforestation. Figure 6.5 Forested area in the Centre Province previously logged for larger timber (8) Ibid (9) Greenpeace, Illegal Lbogging in camerroan Fullp Verbzelen. i3elgium 61.2.10 Potable water According to the Ministry of Mining, Water and Energy, 40% of the rural population has access to safe drinking water. However, as a result of the financial crisis, over 40% of the supply systems are not operational. Moreover, in certain areas of the Extreme Northern Province, women have to travel 10 km or more to obtain water. More than 60% of households in project areas obtain their drinking water from nearby rivers, lakes, wells or springs. Since water is often not treated, water- borne diseases are rampant. Most of the households fetch water from a common tap and this practice is quite wide spread across the urban/rural milieu where taps are found. The official water distributor, Societ6 Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun (SNEC), provides water to Douala, Yaound6 and Garoua, but does not reach many rural towns and villages. In many rural areas organization SCAN Water distributes clean water. Figure 6.6 Example of domestic water supply and use, Centre Province er-t~w The provision of water remains an acute problem in both the rural and urban areas of Cameroon. For example, daily consumption of drinkable water in the Northern Province is less than 10 litres per person in contrast to the recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) standard of 80 to 120 litres per day. Table 6.9 provides data on access to safe water by households in different regions of Cameroon. Table 6.9 Access to Safe Water by Households Regions 1996% Urban 75.3 Rural 26.4 Centre, West, East and Northwest 25-36 Far North 5 Littoral 62 Southwest 52 Source: ECAM 96, IMF 1998 61.2.11 Access to micro-credit Lack of access to credit is a problem for both rural men and women, due to high interest rates and collateral requirements. The Agricultural Credit Bank of Cameroon is not yet carrying out activities in the area of rural credit, but measures have been taken to institute credit funds that are accessible to the rural population. The Investment Fund for Agricultural and Community Micro- Enterprises (FIMAC) finances projects presented by both men's and women's groups. 61.2.12 Distribution of electricity in rural areas Majority of houses in the project area use kerosene for lighting in the evenings. According to information from the Ministry of Mines, Water and Energy statistics, the total access to electricity in Cameroon is about 50% in the urban areas and 6% in the rural areas, making a national average of only 11.2%. National Electricity Authority (SONEL) is a para-statal authority that provides electricity. Please see Table 5.10 for energy supply in rural provinces. Table 6.10 Provision of electricity in project provinces (as of 1993) Province N° of localities N° of localities where Localities Localities whereby Total Rest of population is more than or electrified in electrification work is coverage areas to be less than 250 inhabitants zone going on covered Centre 2312 1054 283 76 15.5 695 West 1048 720 168 55 19.8 497 North 1448 513 21 1 1.5 491 South 1251 336 202 44 19.8 90 Source: MINEPAT/Project PNUD-OPS CMR/98/005/01/99 61.2.13 Agro-ecological regions The Ministry of Public Investment and regional planning, in collaboration with United Nations Development Program (UNDP) carried out a regional socio- economic study of Cameroon in 1999. According to this study the project area is divided in four agro-ecological zones. These include: * Sudano-sahelian zone; the environmental problems faces by the population are the diminution of the quantity of water, the disappearance of certain species, the surface of forest, and low soil fertility. * High plateaux of the West zone; the environmental problems faced by the people include: deforestation, soil erosion, soil infertility and bush fire. * Tropical humid dense forest zone; environmental problems include: overexploitation of forest products, deforestation, flood, bush fire, soil degradation, pollution of air and water. Table 6.11 Agro-ecological Zones in the Project Areas Area, altitude Temperature and Agriculture and livestock Wildlife and vegetation Rainfall North -Average temperature -Cash crop (cotton) and subsistence -Wildlife include endangered species: Province: 28°C crops. Trichechus senegalensis. Crocuta Sudanu- -Rainfall between -Extensive rearing of cattle and sheep. crocuta, Diceros bicornis, etc. Sahelian zone 500/800 and 7000mm -Vegetation is the steppe, savannah -Altitude with shrubs. between 1000 and 1500 West Province: -Average temperature -Cash crop (Arabica coffee) and -Wildlife includes endangered species High plateaux 20°C subsistence crops. like Diceros bicornis, Orycteropus afer, of the West -Rainfall: 1400 to -Intensive agriculture with maize etc. zone 1700mm covering more than 50% of area -Vegetation is high savannah and trees -Altitude cultivated. form a thick woodland with grassy between 800 -Pig rearing represents 43.8% of undergrowth and more than national production. 1800 m. East Province : -Temperature varies -Cash crops (Robusta coffee, cocoa, -Wildlife includes endangered species Tropical humid between 23 and 27°C. rubber, etc.) and subsistence crops. like Varanus niloticus, Manis giganta, dense forest -Rainfall between -Animal rearing is insignificant (Small Neotrogus pygmaeus, etc. zone 1500mm and 2000mm ruminants and poultry). -Vegetation is the wet Evergreen forest -Altitude with thick dark and damp forest having between 200 continuous canopies. Area, altitude Temperature and Agriculture and livestock Wildlife and vegetation Rainfall and 800 m South Province: -Temperature average -Cash crops (Robusta coffee, cocoa, -Wildlife includes endangered species Marine and more than 25°C rubber, etc.) and subsistence crops. like Gigantorana goliath, Hyemoschus coastal zone -Rainfall more than -Animal rearing is insignificant (Small aquaticus, Cephalophus callipygus, etc. -Altitude 2000mm ruminants and poultry). -The vegetation is covered with between 0 and -Fishing is intensive. Mangrove trees. This zone is rich in the 500m breeding of a variety of fish species. 61.2.14 Biodiversity Cameroon is one of Africa's most geographically diverse countries and contains a wide range of habitats, some of which are fragile and endangered (equatorial rainforests, beaches, coastal plain, savannas, volcanic mountains and semi-arid plains). There are 9 000 plant species in Cameroon, of which at least 156 are endemic. It is home to between 250 and 300 mammal species and around 850 birds. 61.2.15 Protected areas and endangered species In 2000, protected areas covered a surface area of 4 551 990 ha. Concerning fauna, 48% of the African species are mammals and 75% species of reptiles are found presently in the country. Cameroon has at least 50 wood species of high quality value among others. Protected areas in the country also have a variety of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Some of these endangered species are medicinal plants, etc, popularly used by the growing population in the four project zones concerned. In the West Province trees like Eucalyptus spp., Pines, etc, are found which are used for the construction of houses, firewood, supply of electricity and telephone poles, etc. In the Centre and South Provinces, international logging companies harvest timber, which is primarily exported to Europe and other parts of the world. Trees harvested are species such as Mahogany, Sapelle, etc. Conservation efforts The Tri-National Sangha (TNS) is a trans-boundary conservation zone in which contiguous protected areas belong legally and territorially to Cameroon, the Republic of Congo-Brazzaville and the Central African Republic (CAR) and are managed in common and for purposes where the three countries commit themselves to develop collaborative management practices and a common set of regulations (10). Other aspects of the TNS include the following: * The TNS comprises a core protection zone in which human activities are either forbidden or controlled and a peripheral zone in which participatory and sustainable management of wildlife and forest resources is practised. * The core protection zone of the TNS comprises the protected areas of Lobeke (Republic of Cameroon), Dzanga-Ndoki (Central African Republic) and Nouabale-Ndoki (Congo Republic), a total area covering some 7,750 km2. * The peripheral zone includes production forests, sport-hunting concessions, community-hunting zones, agro-forestry areas or any other compatible activity and covers about 21,000 km2. Figure 6.7 Elephant hunting in a ZIC, North Province V. 4~~~~~- Table 612 below shows some of the endangered flora and fauna species in the Project area. (10) WWF Cameroon Programme. 2003. Table 6.12 Endangered species in Protected areas in the four Provinces North Centre West South Flora Flora Flora Flora Enantia chlorantha Enantia chlorantha Enantia chlorantha Baillonella toxisperma Baillonella toxisperma Diospyros crassiflora Diospyros crassiflora Donella pruniformis Donella pruniformis Sacoglottis gabonensis Sacoglottis gabonensis Guibourtia tessmannii Guibourtia tessmannhi Fauna Fauna Fauna Fauna Trichechus Gigantorana goliath Diceros bicornis Gigantorana goliath senegalensis Crocuta Naja nigricolis Potamochoerus porcus Crocuta crocuta crocuta Diceros Varanus niloticus Orycteropus afer bicornis Trichechus senegalensis Orycteropus afer Manis giganta Crocuta crocuta Manis giganta Hyemoschus aquaticus Cephalophus callipygus Potamochoerus porcus Neotrogus pygmaeus Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Orycteropus afer Manis giganta Source: T. Sunderland, Non-wood Forest Products of Central Africa. Current Research Issues and Prospects for Conservation and Development. CARPE/FAO, Rome 1999. A majority of the protected areas are facing massive encroachment to due to population pressure and a lack of good management plans by Government for these areas. The situation is very significant in the West Province where more than 90% of the protected areas have been deforested to become farmlands, etc. Table 6.13 Protected areas in project provinces Centre West South North Yaounde zoo Nkoabang forest reserve Campo fauna reserve Benue Wildlife reserve Baleng forest reserve Faro Wildlife reserve Balengou forest reserve Bouba_Njida Wildlife Noun Plain forest reserve reserve Baloungou forest reserve Garoua Zoo Nkouyaman forest reserve North hunting zones Nzemabou (Nkoutouop) forest reserve Metche-Ngoum forest reserve Mongoue-Nkam forest reserve Tsena-Nkam forest reserve Maha forest reserve Fiba-Mahou forest reserve Moa forest reserve Koutaba forest reserve Koutchankap forest reserve Mou forest reserve Ngambouo forest reserve Melap forest reserve Foreke-Dchang forest reserve Menoua-Quinquina forest reserve Signal de Dchang forest reserve Santchou Wildlife reserve Bamending forest reserve Mt.Bamboutos forest reserve 61.2.16 Poverty and Inequality As of 1996, based on absolute poverty line of fCFA 148,000 per adult equivalent, the incidence of poverty was estimated to be 50.5% (6.5 million out of 12.9 million inhabitants), or 38.4% households. (11) The rural areas, which represent 70% of the population, constitute 86.5% of the poor, while the urban areas constitute 13.5% of poverty incidence. There is a great regional variation in the incidence of poverty, and upper plateau contributes the most, followed by the forest, and savannah. (11) all data in this section is based on ECAM 1996 (Enquete Camerounaize aupres des menage) as presented in 1999 Update of the Cameroon poverty profile (Aloysius. A. Amin and Jean-Luc Dubois) The following table presents the variation of poverty according to regions: Table 6.14 Regional Incidence of Poverty Region Poverty Incidence (%) Poverty contribution Poverty Intensity (%) (%) Douala 19.7 3.8 12.8 Other Urban Areas 21.4 5.5 12.6 Yaounde 29.6 4.2 16.7 Savannah (North) 56.7 27.2 36.7 Forest (East and South) 63.8 22.9 41.2 Upper Plateau (West) 66.0 36.4 41.5 Cameroon 50.5 100.0 32.0 Source: ECAM 96. Social disaggregation according to gender, age, family size and composition, and socio-economic group, also shows inequality within population. * Gender: about 50.8% of total population are women and girls, and 51.9 percent of females live in households below the poverty line. * Age: the rural areas have much higher incidence of poverty for all age groups. In Douala and Yaounde, the children younger than age 15 are the most affected by poverty. Half of the people living in poor households are younger than 15 years old (in upper plateau is higher than 50%). * Household Size: the average household size is about 7.8 persons for the poor, and 3.8%-for the non-poor * Economic Activity: the unemployed and informal sector workers are most affected by poverty. In rural areas, the farmers of export crops have the highest incidence of poverty. Table 6.15 presents socio-economic and gender disaggregation of poverty in Cameroon (as of 1996). Table 6.15 Poverty incidence by socio-economic groups and gender Region Female Poverty (%) Rural Farmer: Export Food Crop Farmer Crop Yaounde 50.2 Not applicable Not applicable Douala 42.0 Not applicable Not applicable Forest 52.1 49.5 48.6 Upper Plateaus 51.7 73.8 14.3 Savannah 53.3 46.9 48.9 All Rural 51.0 63.9 53.4 Other Urban Not applicable Not applicable All 51.9 63.9 53.4 Source: 1999 Update on Poverty 61.3 LIVELIHOOD - ENVIRONMENT LINKAGES Bush fires and deforestation: Bush fires generally used by hunters in the dry season to obtain bush meat are frequent causes of the reduction in organic components of the soils, which reduces soil fertility. This is especially seen in the West and North Provinces. In the West Province bushfire often comes as a result of the burning of grass by the Fulani cattle herders consequently leading to deforestation and soil exposure. Logging In the Centre and South Provinces mainly, logging operations among the villagers and internationals logging companies results in extensive deforestation exposing the soils to various agents of erosion. Soils are therefore rendered useless resulting in declining productivity and making life more difficult in the rural areas. Soil erosion Soil erosion and soil impoverishment are the consequences of deforestation, which act as the causes of low agricultural output especially in the rural areas. Another significant cause of soil erosion is seen in the West and North provinces with the movement of cattle especially in the hill slopes whereby fertile soils are eroded rendering the soils infertile leading to the reduction of agricultural production. Environmental degradation Environmental degradation is most acute in the northern part of the country, which is subject to drought and floods, locusts, and destruction of fields by elephants and other wildlife, rendering the area increasingly dependent on outside food aid. Moreover, the risk of erosion is very high in the highly populated zone of the high plateau of the Western Province, and of the Central Province where the carrying capacity of the land has been reached or exceeded (12) Medicinal plants There is a significant traditional practice of the use of wild grassland and bush land species for the treatment of livestock as well as people. (12) http://www fao org/docrep/V9319e/TopOfPage 61.3.2 Gender-differentiated use of environmental resources Cameroon signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1983 and acceded to it in 1994. The Constitution guarantees equality between men and women, and civil law provides equal rights in the areas of inheritance, credit and employment. However, the weight of tradition often discriminates against women. Only male heads of household have land rights. Discussions with stakeholders and non-governmental representatives indicate that responsibilities for environmental and pastoral resource management, and dependence on wild resources are differentiated according to gender in rural communities. It will be key to ensure consultation and targeting of women during micro-project appraisal. This is taken into account in the Environmental and Social Management Plan described in Chapter 8. Figure 6.8 Women and children fetching water for domestic uses, North Province I. ..._ . - _ _ _ 4 .-. p pt .- I Annex 7 Terms of Reference for Technical Assistance to the PNDP - Environmental and Social Guidelines General Terms of Reference for Mainstreaming the Environmental and Social Management Framework into the PNDP Background Additional consultant input will be required to ensure that the PNDP mainstreams the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) into the project cycle set out in the Project Implementation Manual (PIM). This input should begin during project preparation immediately after PNDP project staff are in place and continue through project implementation, during Phase I of PNDP (four years). Objectives Terms of reference for this technical assistance will be based on the following requirements: * Establish and integrate the system of ESMF screening checklists and reporting forms set out in the ESMF report into the PIM; * Develop specific impact guidelines and mitigation measures for micro- projects to be financed with PNDP support; * Prepare necessary framework and guidelines for the preparation of a mini- (medical) waste management plan for micro-projects generating these wastes (see Example A attached); * Prepare necessary framework and guidelines for the preparation of a mini- agricultural chemicals (pesticide) management plan micro-projects using these chemicals (see Example B attached); * During Phase I of PNDP develop and deliver a set of training and sensitisation workshops, primarily to PNDP staff and any others responsible for screening, reviewing and approving the funding of micro- projects, for the above. Input It is recommended that an international consultant be hired with the support of local consultants to prepare the specific impact guidelines, and to consult with the relevant stakeholders to ensure that these guidelines are parallel to national environmental regulations, for waste, pollution control, land use planning etc. Approximately 60 weeks of consultancy input is required to produce these requirements. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANACEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 71 Example A: Terms of Reference for Development of Guidelines for Mini- Medical Waste Management Plan Objective: To provide technical assistance and advice to the Program National de Developpment Participatif (PNDP) to develop guidelines for mini-Medical Waste Management Plans. Background: Packaging associated with pharmaceuticals, drugs or medical waste of any kind carries disposal risks. Indiscriminate disposal carried risks for human and animal health, pollution of watercourses, and land or water resource contamination in localized areas. Waste categorized as infectious or biohazardous is capable of spreading infectious disease, and has become a very significant issue especially for HIV/AIDS- contaminated materials. Because PNDP support will be for micro-projects both for humans and animals, it is proposed that an appropriate mini-medical waste management plan be developed for facilities or activities generating such wastes and put in place before full operation can begin. A typical mini- medical waste disposal plan would need to consider handling and disposal of the following: • Laboratory wastes - specimen or microbiologic cultures, stocks of infectious agents, live and attenuated vaccines, and culture mediums * Blood or body fluids - liquid blood elements or other regulated body fluids, or articles contaminated with blood or body fluids * Sharps - syringes, needles, blades, broken glass * Contaminated animals - animal carcasses, body parts, bedding materials * Surgical specimens - human or animal parts or tissues removed surgically or by autopsy * Isolation waste - waste contaminated with excretion, exudate, or secretions from humans or animals who are isolated due to the highly communicable diseases such as: Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever, Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex (Absettarov, Hanzalo, Hypr, Kumlinge, Kyasanur Forest disease, Marburg disease, Ebola, Junin virus, Lassa fever virus and Machupo virus Tasks: * Review and compile a comprehensive inventory of medical wastes that are currently produced or could be introduced under the project; * Classify the above wastes according to their inherent risks with clear instructions on safe handling, storage and disposal; ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 72 * Develop overall preparation guidelines or criteria that can be employed at the provincial/village level to develop mini-medical waste management plans; and, * Test these guidelines on a representative sample of provinces/villages and revise as necessary. Outputs: * Comprehensive medical waste inventory with safe handling, storage and disposal instructions; * Mini-medical waste management plan preparation guidelines presented in the form of a manual. Schedule: It is estimated that this assignment can be completed within two to three weeks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 73 Example B: Terms of Reference for Development of Guidelines for mini- Pesticide (Agricultural Chemicals) Management Plan Objective: To provide technical assistance and advice to the Program National de Developpment Participatif (PNDP) to develop guidelines for mini-Pesticide (Agricultural Chemicals) Management Plans. Background: Small-scale agricultural projects may involve strengthening existing practices, introducing, diversifying or the intensification of crop production. Support for the development of small-scale agriculture or certain livestock activities (e.g. tick dips) may lead to the introduction or increased use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals such as herbicides and fertilizers. It is critical that appropriate planning, design and management be adopted for the handling, use and management of all agricultural chemicals, including pesticides, to avoid potential negative environmental impacts. PNDP will support the development of smaller-scale or micro projects therefore it is anticipated that mini-pest (or chemical) management plans will satisfy local needs. This plan should include the following: * Proper use of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers to avoid reduction in soil and groundwater quality * Prevent fertilizer runoff into surface water sources to avoid negative impact on aquatic environments * Proper use of pesticides and herbicides to avoid contamination of crops, soils and water * Proper use, handling and storage of all agricultural chemicals to avoid adverse health impacts on rural population * Ensure that banned or unauthorized agricultural chemicals are not used * Proper handling and disposal of unused agricultural chemicals and packaging materials (e.g. sacks, plastic containers, etc.) Tasks: * Review and compile a comprehensive inventory of agricultural chemicals that are currently used or could be introduced under the project; * Classify the above chemicals according to their inherent risks with clear instructions on safe handling, use and storage; • Develop overall preparation guidelines or criteria that can be employed at the provincial/village level to develop mini-pesticide (or agricultural chemical) management plans; and, * Test these guidelines on a representative sample of provinces/villages and revise as necessary. Outputs: * Comprehensive agricultural chemical inventory with safe handling, use and storage instructions; * Mini-pesticide (agricultural chemical) management plan preparation guidelines presented in the form of a manual. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 74 Schedule: It is estimated that this assignment can be completed within two to three weeks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 75 Annex 8 Environmental and Social Indicator Tables ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND POSSIBLE TARGETS The following table shows environmental indicators and possible targets, which are measurements that help to present a meaningful picture of what is happening with the environment. They are useful in tracking changes overtime and in identifying trends. They can be based on physical, biological or chemical measures associated with environmental quality or natural resources. Process indicators can also be used to measure the level of response. Indicators make more sense when compared with targets. Some indicators and targets related to the PNDP have been identified whenever possible but will be project-specific. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 1 Indicator Baseline Data Target AIR QUALITY Ambient air quality standards Non-violation of intemational standards Visibility Visibility not hampered Ambient Noise levels Acceptable noise levels by intemational standards RIVER FLOW River flow speed Unaltered or minor alterations in river flow River flow pattem No or little change in river flow pattems Velocity in reservoirs Unaffected velocity or minor changes in velocity in reservoirs WATER RESOURCES Salinisation level NEMA Standards Pollution level Clean water supply Siltation of water bodies No or limited temporary siltation Water transparency Transparent/clear water Erosion load No or limited temporary erosion load Sedimentation load No or limited temporary sedimentation load Microbial counts in water Low microbial counts in water Level of water table Maintenance of high water table Volume of surface water Abundant water supply SOIL CONDITION Soil erosion incidence Low rate of or no soil erosion incidence rate Soil compaction No soil compaction Oil spillage Controlled oil handling VEGETATION Deforestation/devegatation rate Conservation awareness and devegetation/reafforestation Changes in species composition Maintenance of species composition Indicator Baseline Data Target WILDLIFE Protection of natural habitats Disruption of natural habitats Maintenance of species composition Changes in species composition Protection of endangered species Endangered species Prevention of loss in biodiversity Biodiversity Ecological restoration Ecological balance AESTHETIC QUALITY Changes in natural terrain Unaltered natural terrain ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 2 SOCIAL INDICATORS AND POSSIBLE TARGETS The following table shows social indicators and possible targets. This table covers many indicators that may not be relevant for all PNDP micro-projects but could function as a checklist for monitoring, especially long-term monitoring of a project area. Possible targets are filled in whenever possible but these would have to be defined in specific EAs or ESIAs and relate to the baseline data collected. Monitoring and Evaluation will be carried out by the PPUs and other hired consultants and will be funded by the communities. Indicator Baseline data Target GENERAL Village access to roads Roads maintained or improved Consumer price index Stable Real GNP per capita Exceed national average Calorie intake Headcount index Reduction of poverty and food poverty lines Poverty gap index No increase in poverty gap Cultural heritage No loss of cultural heritage site or full replace of sites INCOME GENERATION Amount and number of small Possible increase depending on demand and enterprise loans disbursed/repaid local economy Number of small enterprises increase during construction in project area Number of skilled labourers Increase during construction in project area Unemploymkent Decrease during construction in project area Number of unskilled wage earners Increase during construction through employment of local labour Number of skilled wage earners Increase during construction through employment of local labour Unskilled rural wage Increase in average wages due to increase in demand during construction Skilled rural wage Increase in average wages due to increase in demand during construction Credit and Savings groups Establishment of groups in project area established ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 3 LIVELIHOOD Desegregated (ethnicity, gender, Need to be enough so as to provide basic village income strata) imputed needs (food, shelter, health, education) and income summation of livelihood savings for investment. components (hunting/gathering, arable cropping, tree cropping, livestock husbandry, forestry, handicrafts, other commercial activities, wage labour) Sustainability analysis For sustainability (i.e. compliance with the requirements of environmental and ecological integrity, social equity and legality) Food staple sufficiency Less than 2,100 calories per capita, per day, considered to constitute food poverty (UNDP, 1999) Livestock holdings Defined number of cattle equivalents per hectare of arable crop land Land holdings (by category) Proportionate to family labour availability Agricultural equipment In accordance with agricultural practice requirements House size and type Not less than average floor space per capita than in project surrounding area Household assets (proxy, as a Savings target of 10% annual imputed measure of savings) income Crop yields (by land type) Not less than average yields for region HEALTH Maternal mortality Significant improvements Infant mortality Significant improvements Under 5 mortality Significant improvements Calorie intake Significant improvements Dietary diversity Adequate balance between staples, proteins and 'greens' Public expenditure on health related Significant increases services Access to health care Access for all households in project affected areas Population per nurse/health Increase in ratio due to recruitment and assistant training of local personnel and upgrading of facilities Population per doctor Increase in ratio due to recruitment and training of local personnel and upgrading of facilities Access to clean drinking water Improved access Access to sanitary means of human waste disposal (toilets) Inmmunisation of children (DPT) Immunisation of children (Measles) Life expectancy at birth Improvements Under 5s severe malnutrition Deaths from pneumonia per 1000 live births Percentage of births unattended by Attended births for all women in project ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 4 trained health personnel affected areas Availability of contraceptives Increase as part of health awareness (STD prevention) Contraceptive use Increase as part of health awareness (STD prevention) EDUCATION Villages with complete primary school Primary school enrolment Lower secondary school enrolment Primary school completion rate Lower secondary school completion rate Adult literacy Skills training Improvements in project areas GENDER ISSUES Women in administrative positions Possible increase depending on positions at local level and promotion Women in professional and Possible increase depending on demand and technical positions local economy Amount and number of small Possible increase depending on demand and enterprise loans disbursed for local economy women Number of small enterprises for Increase during construction in project area women Number of female skilled labourers Increase during construction in project area Female unemployment Decrease during construction in project area Number of female unskilled wage Significant increase during construction earners through employment of local labour Number of female skilled wage Significant increase during construction earners through employment of local labour Unskilled rural wage for women Increase in average wages due to increase in demand during construction Skilled rural wage for women Increase in average wages due to increase in demand during construction Credit and Savings groups Establishment of groups in project area established for women Female literacy Increase during project ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 5 Annex 9 Format for Environmental Impact Assessment studies ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON 1 Environmental Impact Assessment - Format (c) Please use short descriptions to respond to the following: General Description of Sub-project Sub-project objective [type here] Sub-project phases, components, and budget [type here] Alternatives rejected by Sub-project Presenters [type here] Baseline Description Could the sub-project have a negative impact on any of the following features? Physical-chemical environment Biological Environment Socio-economic environment 2 Groundwater R Pasture resources L Women's livelihoods 2 Rivers, streams and springs 2 Wildlife D Human health g Soil FJ Herbs and grasses EJ People's access to land they are currently using ] Forest D Ethnic communities 2 Protected areas or national parks Please give a short description of the baseline for each tick above. [type here] Negative Environmental Impacts For each you have ticked above, please describe the type of impact, risk, significance, and proposed mitigation and monitoring. Type of impact Description of impact Risk of impact (low, Significance of impact Mitigation and monitoring requirements medium, or high) (low medium, or high) [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [tpe here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] (expand as necessary) Environmental and Social Management Plan Please insert the actions you propose to ensure that negative impacts are mitigated, or any required monitoring. Action Who by By when Cost [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] [type here] (expand as necessary) Completed by: [type here] Name: [type here] Position: [type here] Date: [type here] ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENTOFKENYA Hl Annex 10 Terms of Reference for ESMF PROGRAMME NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT PARTICIPATIF (PNDP) EVALUATION SOCIALE ET ENVIRONNEMENTALE PROSPECTIVE Termes de Reference I. CONTEXTE ET JUSTIFICATION A. Cadre strategique Dans son engagement A sensiblement reduire la pauvrete, le Gouvernement elabore depuis janvier 2000 suivant un processus participatif faisant intervenir toutes les forces vives, notamment les couches les plus defavorisees de la population, un Document de Strategie de Reduction de la Pauvrete (DSRP). Ce document va constituer le cadre de reference qui definit l'ensemble des strategies sectorielles, programmes et projets A mettre en cruvre par le Gouvemement dans le cadre de son programme economique dit de deuxieme generation axe sur la reduction de la pauvrete, la croissance et la bonne gouvernance. La mise en place de cette strategie de reduction de la pauvrete sera en partie facilitee par le PNDP dont l'objectif est d'assister le Gouvemement dans une optique de reduction de la pauvrete et de developpement durable des zones rurales. B. Description sommaire du PNDP Le PNDP est un programme camerounais multi-bailleurs permettant d'assister le Gouvernement Camerounais, dans une optique de reduction de la pauvrete et de developpement durable des zones rurales, A definir et mettre en oeuvre des mecanismes visant A responsabiliser les communautes rurales et les collectivites locales decentralisees, afin de les rendre acteurs de leur propre developpement, ceci dans le cadre du processus progressif de decentralisation. C'est un programme en trois phases dont la premiere initiera les activites dans certaines zones du pays, permettra d'affiner l'approche et les methodes d'intervention, et projettera sur les deuxieme et troisieme phases successives. Le programme est constitue de quatre composantes: - Composante 1: Un Fonds d'Appui au Developpement des Communautes Rurales(FADCR) qui aura pour objectif d'apporter des subventions en complement des contributions des beneficiaires (en numeraire, en nature ou en travail) pour la mise en wuvre de micro-projets ou activites inities par les beneficiaires (villages, quartiers, communes, groupements etc.) afin de contribuer A la reduction de la pauvrete. Les micro-projets entrant dans le cadre des activites financees par le FADCR et decoulant d'un diagnostic et d'une analyse participative decentralisee pourront porter sur: (i) les projets de construction / rehabilitation d'infrastructures, (ii) les projets A caractere social et socio-economique, (iii) les activites de gestion durable de l'environnement et de la biodiversite. - Composante 2: L'appui aux communes dans le cadre du processus progressif de decentralisation qui couvrira les aspects de (i) gestion des ressources humaines, (ii) disponibilite des moyens materiels, (iii) gestion financiere, (iv) renforcement des capacites en maitrise d'ouvrage et (v) partenariats. - Composante 3: Le renforcement des capacites au niveau des communautes. Cette composante vise l'amelioration des connaissances et des aptitudes des acteurs de developpement et des populations rurales A s'impliquer de facon concertee aux efforts de reduction de la pauvret&. Les activites pourront se regrouper en activites prealables A l'elaboration des Plans de Developpement Locaux, et A des campagnes de sensibilisation I 1 formation visant A modifier les comportements des populations pour une meilleure qualite de vie. - Composante 4: Le suivi evaluation. La composante suivi-evaluation du PNDP comprend: (i) le suivi-evaluation technique (performance et impact) et financier des activites financees par le Programme, (ii) la gestion de la connaissance dans le cadre du Programme, ce en liaison avec le suivi du secteur du developpement rural et (iii) I'aide A la decision pour l'evaluation des micro-projets. La mise en ceuvre du PNDP va aboutir au financement d'investissements et une restructuration du milieu rural, ce qui peut susciter certainement des modifications sur le milieu social et environnemental. C'est pourquoi une etude sur la situation socio-environnementale initiale, sur l'impact potentiel du PNDP et sur les mesures d'accompagnement A prevoir s'avere necessaire. II. OBJECTIFS DE L'ETUDE A. Obiectif global: L'evaluation sociale et environnementale prospective vise A etablir une situation de reference et A projeter les impacts sociaux et environnementaux potentiels du PNDP afin d'orienter les actions preconisees sur l'environnement social et environnemental et de prevoir les actions d'accompagnement en vue de minimiser et eventuellement de compenser ses impacts negatifs potentiels et renforcer ses impacts positifs potentiels. B. Objectifs specifiques: L'etude devra plus particulierement permettre: Realisation d 'un diagnostic.: - identifier les caracteristiques environnementales et humaines, les ressources naturelles et culturelles (sites d'heritage) par zone agro-ecologique '; - evaluer le contexte social : contexte socio-economique, niveau d'acces des populations rurales aux services sociaux de base (en s'appuyant sur la decomposition des beneficiaires dejA etablie : carte sociale), nature des conflits (sociaux, familiaux, fonciers), precarite et vulnerabilite des groupes, analyse des valeurs socio-culturelles et religieuses; - collecter des donnees sur les relations des populations et des groupes vulnerables vis-A-vis de la terre et des ressources naturelles : cadre legal, lois coutumieres, acces, systemes de propriete, droits d'usage, systemes de distribution, revendications individuelles ou collectives, valeur religieuse ou sacree, - examiner le cadre politique, institutionnel, legal et reglementaire camerounais, en particulier en matiere d'evaluations sociales et environnementales et les conventions, accords et protocoles dans lesquels le Cameroun est engage; - examiner et prendre en compte les directives de sauvegarde sociales et environnementales applicables des differents bailleurs de fonds. Tout ceci sera realise dans le souci de mettre en evidence les potentialites, les opportunites et les contraintes liees au milieu humain et naturel. zone soudano-sahelienne, zone des hautes savanes guineennes, zone des hauts plateaux de l'Ouest, zone cotiere et maritime, et zone des forets tropicales 2 Evaluation des impacts et proposition de mesures d 'attenuation et de compensation.: faire l'inventaire et la description des impacts du programme et des micro-projets sur les differentes composantes de l'environnement naturel et humain. On apportera une attention particuliere aux conflits fonciers possibles resultant du programme et des micro-projets: leur impact potentiel sur les differents groupes de la societe (y compris les groupes vulnerables) a cause des systemes existants d'acces a la terre sera ainsi analyse; a partir des experiences anterieures, faire l'evaluation des impacts sociaux et environnementaux potentiels aussi bien du programme que des micro projets, selon les criteres de sauvegarde sociaux et environnementaux nationaux et des bailleurs. Ceci sera fait a court, moyen et long terme et en mettant en evidence les effets positifs et negatifs et les effets cumulatifs. Examiner les alternatives et prevoir des mesures d'accompagnement possibles (y compris mecanismes de gestion des conflits et sensibilisation / information / consultation / participation des populations) afin d'eviter, d'attenuer et de compenser les effets negatifs ou de renforcer les effets positifs du programme et des micro-projets. On procedera a une evaluation chiffree du cout des mesures preconisees qui devra etre inclus dans le coat total des micro-projets (on explicitera egalement comment ces cofits seront pris en charge); Les micro-projets seront classes suivant leur degre/type d'impact et le besoin et/ou la nature des evaluations socio-environnementales et mesures d'accompagnement a prevoir. Proposition d' un Plan de gestion social et environnemental: proposer un mecanisme permettant l'integration des aspects sociaux et environnementaux (en conformite avec les politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs) dans la preparation des plans de developpement locaux et dans le cycle des micro-projets. L'examen prealable des impacts sociaux et environnementaux et l'examen du respect des politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs devront etre systematiques et faire partie integrante des procedures et criteres de selection, d'examen et d'approbation des micro-projets; definir la politique pour la rialisation des evaluations socio-environnementales (lorsque necessaire, cf. classification des micro-projets), en conformite avec les politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs, incluant notamment les guidelines pour le cadrage de l'evaluation en fonction des impacts, les etudes sur l'etat initial, I'analyse des impacts, I'analyse des alternatives, la definition des mesures d'accompagnement (compensation/attenuation des impacts negatifs et renforcement des impacts positifs) et du plan de gestion des impacts definir la politique pour les plans de riinstallation des populations (Resettlement Policy Framework) conformement a la politique de sauvegarde de la Banque mondiale. Cette politique couvrira ainsi l'ensemble des elements mentionnes aux paragraphes 23 a 25 de l'annexe A de la Politique Operationnelle 4.12 de la Banque mondiale. Cette politique devra egalement inclure une evaluation des procedures et capacites institutionnelles, conformement au paragraphe 27 de la Politique Operationnelle 4.12 de la Banque mondiale; proposer des mecanismes de consultation/participation du public en conformite avec les politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs; proposer des mecanismes de suivi-evaluation (avec indicateurs, types et frequence des rapports, responsabilites, etc.) de la mise en ceuvre des mecanismes definis ci-dessus et de surveillance des impacts sociaux et environnementaux; identifier clairement les responsabilites, proposer des arrangements institutionnels et evaluer les capacites institutionnelles pour l'ensemble des taches definies ci-dessus (examen et evaluation des impacts sociaux et environnementaux, mise en ceuvre des mesures d'accompagnement preconisees, realisation des plans de reinstallation, suivi-evaluation, etc.) au niveau central, deconcentre, decentralise et des beneficiaires (on r6sumera la r6partition des responsabilites dans un tableau ou un organigramme); proposer les mesures de renforcement de capacites et formation necessaires afin de permettre aux individus et entites identifies ci-dessus de remplir ces mandats. Ces actions de renforcement porteront notamment sur la connaissance et l'application des politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs; 3 proposer un calendrier et un plan de financement des propositions; demontrer la conformite des propositions avec les Politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs. III. METHODOLOGIE ET MECANISMES DE MISE EN OEUVRE A. Approche methodologique L'etude se deroulera en trois phases: - La premiere phase consistera a une collecte de donnees, une analyse documentaire et des rencontres avec les groupes d'interet a Yaounde. - La seconde phase consistera a realiser des enquetes de terrain dans les 3 provinces concernees par la premiere phase du projet afin d'evaluer les impacts potentiels, prevoir les mesures d'attenuation et les mecanismes d'evaluation de ces impacts. Les consultations dans chaque province s'etaleront sur environ une semaine. Les consultations devront concerner toutes les composantes de la societe (femmes, jeunes, vieux, groupes marginalises, etc.). Une annexe comprenant les dates et nature des consultations, participants, conclusions, la facon dont les points de vue ont ete pris en compte dans l'etude etc. devra figurer dans le rapport. A l'issue de cette phase, et une reunion sera organisee pour que l'equipe presente ses resultats preliminaires. - La troisieme phase consistera en l'integration des commentaires du Gouvernement Camerounais, des differents groupes d'interet et des partenaires financiers. Deux semaines apres le depart du Cameroun, I'equipe de consultants remettra un rapport provisoire a la Banque mondiale et un rapport a la Cellule de Coordination en format papier et informatique. Le rapport sera ensuite diffuse aux partenaires par la Cellule de Coordination. Un atelier de validation du rapport provisoire par le Groupe de Travail et les groupes affectes par le programme (en particulier les ONG) sera organise au Cameroun. Le rapport final sous format papier et sous format informatique sera remis a la Banque mondiale (1) et a la Cellule de Coordination (1). B. Coordination de l'etude L'etude sera sous la maitrise d'ouvrage de la Banque mondiale. L'etude sera coordonnee par la Banque mondiale en etroite relation avec la Cellule de Coordination du PNDP et sera realisee en etroite collaboration avec le Groupe de Travail. 4 IV. RESULTATS ATTENDUS Le rapport de l'etude d'impact social et environnemental devra contenir tous les elements mentionnes en II B, plus particulierement les elements suivants: - description du PNDP et des activites susceptibles d'avoir des impacts sociaux et environnementaux; - presentation des methodes et des techniques employees pour evaluer et analyser les impacts sociaux et environnementaux - la description de l'Ftat initial du milieu notamment l'analyse des caracteristiques de l'environnement naturel et humain et du cadre institutionnel, legal et reglementaire; - I'analyse des poids et cofits des contraintes socio-culturelles et religieuses qui peuvent exister et sont susceptibles de compromettre l'execution du PNDP; - la presentation, l'identification et l'evaluation des effets possibles de la mise en ceuvre des micro- projets sur l'environnement naturel et humain et le classement des micro-projets; - examen des alternatives et indication et evaluation chiffree des mesures d'accompagnement possibles; - elaboration de propositions de strategie(s) de sensibilisation et d'information (IEC / CCC) des populations concemres sur la gestion de l'environnement; - proposition de mecanismes de consultation/participation du public, visant tout particulierement a limiter et regler les conflits susceptibles d'exister (notamment sur les aspects fonciers); - proposition d'un mecanisme permettant l'integration des aspects sociaux et environnementaux dans la preparation des plans de developpement locaux et dans le cycle des micro-projets; - proposition de politique pour la realisation des evaluations socio-environnementales; - proposition de mecanismes de suivi-evaluation et d'un plan de surveillance et de suivi socio- environnemental du PNDP; - identification des responsabilites et proposition des arrangements institutionnels adequats; - evaluation des capacites institutionnelles; - proposition chiffree de mesures de renforcement de ces capacites; - calendrier et budget des propositions; - demonstration de la conformite des propositions avec les politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs; - annexe politique pour la preparation de plans de reinstallation des populations - annexe le descriptif des consultations et leur resultats (dates et nature des consultations, participants, conclusions, etc.). NB: la politique pour les plans de reinstallation des populations devant etre publie separement, elle sera presentee en annexe et devra pouvoir se suffire a elle-meme. Le rapport sera redige en anglais et comprendra un resume executif en frangais et en anglais. Les consultants s'attacheront a la concision du rapport. 5 V. CONDITIONS D'EXECUTION DE L'ETUDE Le consultant aura la responsabilite definitive de la qualite de l'etude et du maintien du calendrier des travaux. A. Profil du Consultant L'equipe comprendra: - un expert d'experience internationale, chef d'equipe, specialiste en environnement et ayant participe a des evaluations de projets analogues au PNDP. Cet expert devra egalement etre familier des politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs; - un expert d'experience internationale, specialiste des politiques de sauvegarde des bailleurs et ayant participe a des evaluations de projets analogues au PNDP; - un consultant national de haut niveau de technicite, socio-environnementaliste. B. Duree de l'etude L'etude durera onze semaines. C. Chronogramme previsionnel SemI Sem2 Sem3 Sem4 Sem5 Sem6 Sem7 Sem8 Sem9 SemlO Semll Etudes documentaire X Enquetes de terrain et X X X analyse des effets sur 1 'environnement naturel et humain et presentation au groupe de travail Preparation du rapport X X provisoire - Examen des rapports X X X X X provisoires par le Secretariat technique et les partenaires - Atelier de validation du rapport _ _ _ Finalisation du rapport _ X 6 Annex I 1 Baseline Maps * I FilED~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c 16 ~~~~~ if ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 h71A~~~~ liii I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ II '411111 Ii!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Iii HI 111111111 ~~~~~~~~~~~~IJ I II II JWAII ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c P Projet dArmenajefinent et de Corservdtion de Id Biodiveisite CanIpo-Md'an. Camerouni TOPOGRAPHIE DE L'UTO CAMPO-MA'AN Legende 7AE'OT^ 10610'F I{T'01 r0F 10740E 10'36'0'F Fw flt- .4 Map 11.2 - Topographic map of the Campo- Ma'an Operational Technical Unit (UTO). g~Projet d'Am&ngdement et de Coiiervatiori de la Biodivetsite Campo Maan, Camerounl PLAN DE ZONAGE DE L'UTO CAMPO-MA'AN 948Y 10W600t 1010.tC 1024'0E 1016OE 10'4VOT KCRIBk t< < < Legende A Akoin 11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~Ij /f44br_e_eS_-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1w, ,wl 4 t lffi.§ {evecarrl.~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - C4tIesead - ityi * t \ * =H ro lrapi,e lb a H t nur. M.. Map 11.3 - Lan use Ma of MCamp-Ma'nOprtioa ehialUi UO t / OFA 09024 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ff~~k r - GuM . I,fM > _ [> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-6p.1 n X-t It;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o20 Map 11.3 - Land s.a fCmoM'nOeainlTcnclUi UO Proaet dAmenagement et de Conservation de Ia Bioo2versit6 Campo-Ma'an. Cameroun VILLAGES DE L'UTO PROPOTIONNELLEMENT A LEUR NOMBRE D'HABITANTS N I KRUM Lgende h > } z j ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Nbre d7tbitnt tu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Rsa r Ftutier - WArt'~ /- w : * C t. !S'-.t !. ' , ;LnoL* -.e ; _- -rr 7_w _ GUINEE ECUATORIALE L-w,,.~. Map 11.4 - Villages of the UTO proportional to number of inhabitants -9mm" ERE DEVELOPPEMENT Prqet dAmenagemeent et de Conservaticn de la Biodversite Campo-Woan, Camercun ZO Eldsof ltidft.WIaons Ecnm po Qb 04iobpp...ti D 8w dBud4dz dbgdiwI Colti5 -NGE DISTRIBUTION DES ETHNIES MAJORITAIRES DANS LSUTO CAMPO-MA'AN Exclu les ouvriers de Socapalm et Hevecam NKRt@ klI Z L snde *b. Par < . a fi- t o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-v 't,-Z d - 7 _ -~ GUINEE EQUATORIALE t . ,,^, . ,. , J. -- , u Map 11.5 - Distribution of major ethnic groups in the Campo - Ma'an UTO Prqet d'Amenagement et de Ccnservation de la BJodcversItH Campo-Ma'an, Cameroun CARTE DE VEGETATION DE L'UTO CAMPO-MA'AN $'4 nL lolt~~uo Oq U10 01 10'24WU1 IWXY0O 10-400 |NS W KRSI ALgende - _'0ed ...O0k Hydrograhie S H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 F, 5-X".n 1, . S I. Uf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"t t,.,, F,Ci L Me o.C A - - -I-.-- '-'"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z- 3 ' P - _ -Fn 5 - - c ' GUINEE EQUATORIALE L. Map 11.6 - Vegetation map of the Campo-Ma' an UTO ,-dmbl ERE DEVELOPPEMENT Prqoet dAmenagement et de Conservaton, de la BiodCersa Cam,po-Ma,an Cameroun 1- Z Ewi6s if F*daw ECM rr Pws b *WWMgFM J &'> D Ri- BusadEr WR r sCa Mdln- CW PRINCIPAUX FOYERS DE PRESSION DE CHASSE SUR LE PARC CAMPO-MA'AN 9*481Fi'E. 1atot-E 10'IirE 11024'UE 1048V1L N KlUEiFR . . L*gende W 7 .1 r Y . S o - 4 ? ivolR6mu t PI R-rn. r~~~~ A: - . ,F> 47- I-ds9, I \ v JFf } * F - awWqrsoi Map 11.7 - Principal camps exerting hunting pressure on the Campo-Ma'an Park UPAvBcam r ' GUINEE EQUATORIALET .1 PA 09M UFAOM4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.jC ~ Ma 17 rniplcmseetighnigpesueorh"amoM'nPr by" hJm 1s-tKW r , I& i or n 45I0 IonoW it' § . I~~~~~~~~ _ __ _ _ _____ 4)00 ,.-0( _ _____ COMPOSANTE ECOSYSTEMES DES SAVANES OCCUPATION D'ESPACE DIVERS c- - - -_ ._I_t __ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \i 50 0_ So1 10Klme8 00 a i I 4 L ~± F N +o__ ' ZOZZ00 ~ ~ ~ DE 2500Z ES 30Z030Z 400 5Z0OZ0SOZ 1 2-30' 1 3°00' 1 3°30' 1 4°000 1 4°30' 1 500 W45EF eG a dBoC 1 1 5 730 ) Map 11.9 -Agricultural areas of North Province 1230' 13°00' 13-30' 14-00' 14-30' 15 00' 15-30' 200000 300000 400000 500 0 C ChC 1. A CV I* d. Pd A L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ' oo_ X n COMPOSANTE ECOSYSTEMES N8EE8 t AIRES PROTEGEES 3 y v t , c 50 I O I ~~~~~~~~~50 IS 100 15 etersI l 2000D0 300000 400000 12°30' 13-00' 13°30' 14-00' 14°30' 15-009 "M COBC, 15'30' Map 11.10 - Protected areas of North Province CM SA ECOSYSTEES 2 250 130 ° (350000 1400 3 145 5W 5 DES SAVANES ELEVAGE ...... /~~~~~~~ * Caphtale de Province * Sous Prnfecture rzs District ____ * Agglornration | Zone d'61eveurs s6dentaires 4, Zone de pAturage Couloir de transhumance officiel Couloir de transhumance negocId Route Nationale N1l Route carrossable / \/Fleuve ___,____ /\/ Cours d'eau saisonnier Frontiere Nationale * Limite Provinciate Barrage C] Zone d'interet du projet | _+ + + ~~~~~~~+ + t - +. b 200000 250000 300000 350D00 400000 4 0WO 500000 550000 12s30e 13' 13e3 14OW 143V 15 15-3t 60 0 60 120 180 240 Kilometers MINEPBC 2001 Map 11.11 - Livestock areas of North Province cOMPOSANTE ECOSYSTEMES DES SAVANES EVOLUT1ON DES AIRES PROTEGEES 6n DANS LA PROVINCE DU NORFD (1968-2002) SlttiDn appinm ad' 6L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 1969 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1972 ParI NaUonaVReservede Fauns Parc NtionaorReserve de Faunae 71r -A. par d6Crrt 1969 >, *C crbe par d6eret 1969 Lite de la zorne d'interMt du projet < ZIC cr6e per d6cret 1972 2DO O 20 40 ta \W- zjLimite de zone dint6rt du prqet 20 0 20 40 n W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 0 4OKlcnutamf-X Parc Nationa Moif/ _Prrartdonal t rLonal \< tJ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I F;crge par d6oret16 Ism Moiilpar decret 1996 /ModfFM par decret 199S ZJ re par decret 1996C_ iZCcepadcrt19 LLibdte daze onne dcrnaburpt du projet 2,0 o 40 K 1998 Map 11.12 - Evolution of protected areas in North Province (1969-2002) 1213 13'W 1330 14W 143 15Ow 15sw 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 54C000 COMPOSANTE ECOSYSTEMES DES SAVANES 9 ZONES DE CONFLITS 12 il S4KX,g,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C.. _,_~ ]a.~e A~~~V~ + q jp1'FrorNa u - l+ A U iZJ?to Iin*l D '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P .f d_ P_ et d_ Z w 0 506Ch En.00 5 & d5 a15ga5 P" H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~ fao.u dim E NG~ HOgrwnS & It pinsM0dfto -p0ds.mx rumm pdI.o.m MMawp & 11.d1 -P..otetdine c t zn i rPo c -AOaAw,ft aftoditn.- - o. hebblo (ZC). t EW.9" (Vmmh ~& seOsohere) -0h0009 (ZIC). t + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+~Zo,ne 0nt C~.gUqoo (ZIC) +~~~~~~~~~~~ b ___ _______ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~30 0 30 60 Klometers 210.000 250000 300000 330000 400000 4 50000 501000 530000 12'3 13'W 1~3O' WW0 143ff 131W 153V .N3ffCC.M Map 11.13 - Potential conflict zones in North Province