V. to MINISTRY O TRANSPORT PROJECT MANAGEMEN UNIT OF WATERWAYS VIET NAM INLAND 'ATERWAYS D PORT REHABILITATION PROJECT (Cr.No. 00-VN) ENVIRONME ,NTAL PACT ASSESSMENT (E.] A) FOR ADDI IONAL CIVIL WORKS AND DRED GING (RE *ED) FILE 6uPF ; HC CHI MINH C Y, APRIL 2004 Environmental ImpactAssess went of Additiona Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways a d Port Rehabilitati n Project LIST OF C )NTENTS Trang CHAPT] R ONE POLICY LEGAL ANI ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK FOR IN PLEMENTATION OF ENVIRC NMENTAL IM ACT ASSESSEMENT 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF T HE ENVIRO NTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1-1 1.2 LEGAL AND POLI Y FRAMEWO 1-1 1.2.1 World Bank Policy on Environmen l Assessment 1-1 1.2.2 Vietnamese Policy nd Administrat e Framework on Environmental Ass kssment 1-2 1.2.3 Documents related with the project investment 1-4 1.3 TECHNICAL DOCIjJMENT 1-5 1.4 EIA ORGANISATION 1-5 1.5 CONTENTS AND METHODOLOG' OF EIA 1-6 1.5.1 Study area 1-6 1.5.2 Content of EIA stuc Iy 1-6 1.5.3 Methology applied in this ELA 1-6 1.6 CLASSIFICATION DF IMPACTS 1-7 CHAPTE R TWO DESCRIPTION OF THE ADDI' IONAL CIVIL WORKS AND DREDGING OF PROJECT 2.1 PROJECT NAME 2-1 2.2 PROJECT OWNER 2-1 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK 2. 2.3.1 Additional dredging 2-1 2.3.2 Additional civil wo 2-1 2.4 TECHNICAL P TERS 2-2 2.4.1 Additional dredgin of Ca Mau-Nat Can and Kien Luong-Ha Tie i sections 2-2 2.4.2 Luong The Tran br dge 2-2 2.4.3 Landing stages (LS.,) 2-3 2.4.4 Navigation signal sy stems 2-4 2.5 RESETTLEMENT 2-4 CHAPTEI THREE THE ENVINRO1 MENTAL ST} TUS IN THE PROJECT SITE 3.1 LOCATION OF AD ITIONAL WOI KS AND DREDGING SITES 3-1 List of contents Environmental Impact Asse. sment of Addition Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways End Port Rehabilita on Project 3.1.1 Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can 3-1 3.1.2 Section of Kien Lu ong - Ha Lien 3-1 3.1.3 An Phuoc landing stage 3-1 3.1.4 Binh Long landing stage 3-1 3.1.5 Giao Long landing stage 3-1 3.1.6 Long Duc landing stage 3-2 3.1.7 Sa Dec landing sta e 3-2 3.1.8 Tac Cau landing s age 3-2 3.1.9 Luong The Tran b ridge 3-2 3.2 CHARACTERISTI S OF THE ENB RONMENTA IN THE MEKONG DELTA AND THE PROJECT SITE 3-4 3.2.1 Topography 3-4 3.2.2 Climate 3-6 3.2.3 Land resource 3-10 3.2.4 Hydrology 3-13 3.3 BIOLOGICAL EN IRONMENT 3-15 3.3.1 Aquatic ecosystem 3-15 3.3.2 Terrestrial ecosyst m 3-20 3.4 LAND USE IN TH] PROJECT SITI 3-24 3.4.1 Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can 3-24 3.4.2 Section of Rach Gia - Ha Tien 3-24 3.5 EXISTING WATEIT QUALITY OF HE PROJECT SITE 3-25 3.5.1 Water quality of Section "Ca Mau Nam Can" 3-25 3.5.2 Water quality of Se ction "Rach Gia - Ha Tien" 3-28 3.6 QUALITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMEN 3-30 3.6.1 Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can 3-30 3.6.2 Section of Rach Giai - Ha Tien 3-31 3.7 ASSESSMENT ON ACID SULFAT SOIL AT THE PROJECT SITE 3-32 3.7.1 Location of investig ating sites 3-32 3.7.2 Description of pro le 3-32 3.7.3 Chemical composit ion of soils 3-40 3.7.4 Commend 3-41 CHAPTE FOUR ASSESSMVENT OF ENVI] ONMENTAL IMPACTS 4.1 ASSESSMENT OFTHE ENVIRON] IENTAL IMPACTS BY THE PROJECT IN THE PRE-CONS RUCTION PHASE 4-1 4.2 IMPACTS DURING THE CONSTRl CTION PHASE 4-1 4.2.1 Impacts by additioi al dredging of o extension waterways 4-1 4.2.2 Impacts due to the construction of Unding stages (LSs) 4-9 4.2.3 Impacts by the construction of Luo g The Tran Bridge 4-11 4.3 IMPACTS DURINC THE OPERATI N PHASE OF THE PROJECT 4-16 List of contents Environmental Impact Assessment of Additiona Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways alid Port Rehabilitat n Project 4.3.1 Negative impacts d uring operation f the two extension waterways 4-16 4.3.2 Impacts during ope ration of landin stages (LSs) 4-17 4.3.3 Impacts during ope ration phase of uong The Tran Bridge 4-19 4.4 GENERAL EVAL ATION OF THE PROJECT IMPACT ON THE EN) IET 4-20 CHAPT] R FIVE ENVI ONMENTAL IV ANAGEMENT PLAN 5.1 MEASURES TO TIGATE THE E VRONMENTAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTR CTION OF TW ID EXTENSION WATERWAYS 5-1 5.1.1 Outlines of mitigation measures in e construction phase 5-1 5.1.2 Design of spoil relo ation areas (SA s) 5-2 5.1.3 Limiting the distur ance of waterc( urse (canal and canal) 5-4 5.1.4 Measures to mitiga te impacts due t widening of the canal 5-4 5.1.5 Measure of selectio a of suitable tim for construction 5-5 5.1.6 Public consultation 5-5 5.1.7 Selection of Spoil R]elocation Areas SRAs) 5-6 5.1.8 Improvement of en vironmental mo itoring and management 5-6 5.2 MEASURES TO M]TIGATE IMPA( TS DURING CONSTRUCTION OF LANDING STA GES 5-7 5.2.1 Mitigation of impac ts during constr ction phase 5-7 5.2.2 Mitigation of pollu ion during ope tion phase 5-7 5.3 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR TE E ENVIRONENTAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTR1 JCTION OF TH: BRIDGE 5-9 5.3.1 Organization for ca nstruction wort rs' accommodation 5-9 5.3.2 Prevention of work accidents and l or protection 5-9 5.3.3 Protection of water quality 5-9 5.3.4 Measures to mitigate impacts on ai quality 5-10 5.3.5 Mitigation of impacts due to noise aid vibration 5-10 5.3.6 Traffic safety 5-11 5.4 SUMMARY OF ME ASURES SUGG STED FOR ENVIRONMENTAI PROTECTION 5-11 CHAPT R SIX EN$VIRONMENT MONITORING 6.1 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BA KGROUNDS 6-1 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAI, MONITORIN IN THE PRE-CONSTRUCTION 61 6.2.1 Monitoring of wate - quality 6-1 6.2.2 Monitoring of botto mud 6-1 6.2.3 Monitoring acid sul ate soil 6-2 6.3 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAM DURING List of contents Environmental Impact Asses.ment of Addition Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways alid Port Rehabilita on Project CONSTRUCTION PHASE 6-3 6.3.1 Monitoring in the constructionph e of two extension waterways 6-3 6.3.2 Monitoring during construction of anding stages and bridges 6-6 6.4 MONITORING DURING THE OPE TION PHASE 6-7 6.4.1 Monitoring water (quality of the wa erways 6-7 6.4.2 Monitoring leakagl effluent from S RAs 6-8 6.4.3 Monitoring intake f water for don estic use 6-8 6.5 ESTIMATE COST OR ENVIROM IENTAL MONITORING 6-8 6.6 MONITORING SC UDULE 6-9 CHAPTElt SEVEN PU LIC CONSUL1 ATION IN EIA OF ADDITI NAL CIVIL W RKS AND DREDGING 7.1 POLICIES OF THE WORLD BANK AND GOVERNMENT OF VIETNAM ON P LIC CONSULT TION IN EIA 7-1 7.1.1 World Bank Policy 7-1 7.1.2 Policy of the Vietn mese Governm t (GOV) 7-2 7.2 THE PUBLIC CON ULTATION PF DCESS 7-3 7.2.1 Guideline 7-3 7.2.2 Organization of Pu blic Consultatio for the Project 7-6 7.2.3 Comments of participants from pu lic consultation 7-8 7.2.4 Benefits of public cpnsultation 7-10 CONCLUSION 4 List of contents Environmental Impact Assess ment ofAdditional Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways a Ild Port Rehabilitat n Project CHAPTEI ONE POLICY LEGAL AI ADMINIS1 TIVE FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTA TION OF EN RONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSE] ENT The Vietnam Inland Waterways and ] ort Rehabilitation Project has set up an Environmental Impact Ass ssment (EIA) R port, which has been approved by the Ministry of Science, Tech] ology and Envi nnment (MOSTE) in March 1999. At present, this project expanl s same additioni1 civil works and dredging. Following the guidelines of Vietnamn and the World E and (WB), this EIA for the additional works is prepared. 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF rHE ENVIRON ENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT This environmental mpact assessmer (EIA) report is to clarify the issues as follows. - Brief description of the 4ditional works f the project. - Brief description of th existing envir nment of the additional sites of the project and its surroundi gs. - Identification, assessme it and predictio of main impacts that the project may cause to the environment in the phases of pre-construction, construction and operation. - Proposal of and Environ mental Manage nt Plan (EMP) including measures for mitigating the negative mpacts, and an nvironmental monitoring program for the project. - Recommendation of publ ic consultation f r the project. 1.2 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEW RK 1.2.1 World Bank Policy pn Environment l Assessment The Project is classi led as a Catego B project and therefore requires the completion Environmnental Assessment (EA report, which is consisted of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and E P. The World Bank's policy on conducting EIA is to follo w Operational P licy 4.01: Environmental Assessment (January, 1999). This desc ibes guidance o Bank's policies and procedures for conducting environmental ar sessments of pro osed projects. CHAPTER ONE Environmental Impact Asse sment ofAddition! Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways < nd Port Rehabilit ion Project Additional World Eank policies that were considered through the EA process for this project include: - OP 4.04 Natural Habit ats - OP 4.11 Cultural Prop erty - BP 17.50 Public Discl sure 1.2.2 Vietnamese Policy and Administ ative Framework on Environmental Assessment * Vietnamese Policy Fr: mework Vietnam's most relevant environmen al policies for environmental assessment are as follows: Law on Environme ntal Protection ( EP) was enacted in January 1994 The LEP: - Identifies the responsi ilities of the st e centre, provinces, organisations and individuals to prevent and remedy en ironmental deterioration and pollution and carry out specified environmental p tection functions; - Provides for the deve opment of envi nmental standards and submission of environmental impact Essessment repo on new and existing facilities; - Provides for responsibl parties to pay c mpensation for environmental damage; - Establishes the right of individuals and ganisations to petition for enforcement of environmental regul ltions; - Calls for civil and crimi nal penalties for iolations; and - Encourages intemation Il environmental o-operation. Decree 175/CP was promulgated in 0 tober 18, 1994 by the Government to guide implementation of 1he LEP and pr ides broad guidelines for division of responsibility among Mi] istries; enviro ental impact assessments; pollution prevention and disaster co ntrol; sources of inance; and environmental inspections and standards. Circular No. 490 was promulgated in pril 29 1998 by the MOSTE to provide guidance on setting up and appraising envi nmental impact assessment reports for investment projects. The C ircular identifies e legal requirements according to the stages of implementation o a project and it category; defines the content of project subject to the EIA proc dures; and spe fies management of the EIA report appraisal. Law on Forest Prot ction (1992), is law regulates forest management, protection, development, and exploitation, revention of wood-cutting, and forest l__ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ __ _ 1-2 CHAPTER ONE Environmental Impact Assessi nent ofAdditional ivil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project destruction. It also encoura es individuals a d organisations to protect and develop forests. Decree 24/2000/ND- P specifies the i plementation on the Law on Foreign Investment in Vietnam (Art cle 82) concerni g environmental protection as follows: 1) enterprises with foreign investment capi al and joint ventures are obligated to observe regulations, satisfy standards in en ironment protection, and comply with Vietnam legislation on en ironment protect on; 2) if investors apply international advanced environmental tandards these tandards should be registered with MOSTE. Decree 52/1999/ND CP was apl ended to include environmental considerations for construclion management as follows: 1) for PFS, Provision 3 of Article 23 stipulates that requirements fz - environment study relating to the "selection of construction sites, estimation c land use area needed, in ways which comply to the principle o minimizing la d use and environmental and social impacts, and resettlement to the lowest po ible level". 2) Provisions 4 and 7 of Article 24 stipulate that FS must propose "s ecific site options (or regions, routes) which much match with co nstruction plans including documents on site selection, together with proposed olutions for rr inimizing environmental and social impacts)", and "architectiiral alternatives construction solutions, preliminary designs suggested for selection, enviro ument management and protection solutions". 3) For technical design: Section 3, Provision 1, Article 37 and Section A, Provision 2, Article 3 8, contain regu tions on appraisal and approval: of "techniques for the protec ion of environn ent and ecology; for prevention and combating of explosion nd fire and f- occupational safety and industrial sanitation." Decree 26/1996/CP p ovides regulatiol s on the punishment of administrative violation of Environment I Protection La . Chapter 1 describes the general provisions for punishment under the Env onment Protection Law. Chapter 2, Article 6 details recommen led punishments for parties who violate environmental pollution and prevention ac . These punish nts include financial penalties for not submitting an EIA report. Vietnam Standards fr the Environi ent (TCVN) are national standards published by MOSTE in 1 995, 2000 and 2 1 and applied to all government and non-government agencies, organisations and companies. The Vietnamese environmental standards inc lude acceptable imits of pollutants in ambient air, air emission, surface water, grcund water, waste waters, soils, etc. In general the list of physico-chemical parameters are broad nough such that most monitoring programmes can employ the standards for o valuation. There are some exceptions - for example, sediment, biological, and vi ration standards do not yet exist. In these cases, it is common practice for ODA projects to use standards from other countries or international or anisations. CHAPTER ONE Environmental Impact Asse sment ofAdditione I Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit, ion Project * Vietnamese Adminis rative Framewo k The Government of V ietnam is in the p ocess of creating a new administrative framework for environme ntal management For the Additional Works Project, the framework's relevant inst tutes are as follo ls: Ministry of Natura, Resources and Environment (MONRE). MONRE was established by a Prime Ministerial Decis on on November 11, 2002. This new ministry includes four vice-ministers, 16 departments, one newspaper, and one magazine. MONRE merg ;es numerous dep rtments from several national agencies. These are outlined in De cree 91/2002, N CP: Providing for the functions, duties, powers and organisation 1 structure of thl Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment. Environmental I act Assessment and Appraisal Department. This Department is under MONRE. Accor ling to Decree 91/2002/ND-CP, the Department's function i ncludes: To app laise environmental impact assessment reports of projects and business and p oduction establishments. Environmental Impact Assessment and Appraisal Del rtment is guided by the Vietnam's established regulatory fra nework: i.e. LEP Circular 490, CP 175, etc.- Provincial Depart ents of Natural esources and Environment (DONRE). Each provincial DONRE houses an Envir nmental Management Division (EMD). The EMD is responsible for ensuring envi onmental protection and management of provincial matters in acc rdance with LEP Decree 175, and Circular 490. Hence, it is DONRE - and in parti ular, its EMD - that will likely play a key regulatory role during project construction and operation. 1.2.3 Documents related with the proje t's investment This EIA report regr tted the followi ng decisions issued by the Ministry of Transport and Communic ation. - Decision No 2739/QI )-GTVT dated 1 I /9/2003 on approving of Ca Mau-Nam Can Inland Waterway Rehabilitation Pr ject. - Decision No 2740/Q -GTVT dated 1 /9/2003 on approving of Kien Luong - Ha Tien Inland Water vays Rehabilitati n Project. - Decision No 2679/QE -GTVT dated 15 9/20003 on approving of Giao Long-Ben Tre landing stage con truction investm t project. - Decision No 2680/Q D-GTVT dated 5/9/2003 on approving of Binh Long Landing Stage Consti ction Investmenl Project. CHAPTER__________________ _ ONE1-4 CHAPTER ONE Environmental Impact Asse ment ofAddition! Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways d Port Rehabilit ion Project Decision No 2681/QD GTVT dated 1 59/2003 on approving of An Phuoc-Vinh Long Landing Stage C nstruction Inves ment Project. - Decision No 2682/QD -GTVT dated 1 9/2003 on approving of Tac Cau-Kiern Giang Landing Stage C'onstruction Inve ment Project. - Decision No 2683/QD-GTVT dated 1 9/2003 on approving of Sa Dec-Dong Thap Landing Stage C¶ nstruction Inves ent Project. - Decision No 2684/QD GTVT dated 15 9/2003 on approving of Long Duc-Tra Vinh Landing Stage C nstruction Inves inent Project. 1.3 TECHNICAL DOCUMENT The following technical document were sed in this EIA study: - EIA report for the Southern Water vay and Cantho Port Rehabilitation, conducted by NEDECO finalized by th Environmental Protection Center (EPC) and approved by MOSTE, April 1999. - Ca Mau - Nam Can Waterway Rehabilit tion Investment Project. - Kien Luong - Ha Tien Waterway Rehab litation Investment Project. - Giao Long Landing Stage Project. - Binh Long Landing Stage Project. - An Phuoc Landing Stage Project. - Tac Cau Landing Stage Project. - Sa Dec Landing Stage Project. - Long Duc Landing Stage Project. - Reports on the monitoring programs For the Southern Waterway and Port Rehabilitation Project, conducted by the Environmental Protection Center (EPC of the Vietnam Environment & Sustaina le Development Institute - VESDI) 1.4 EIA ORGANISATION The Project Owner (Waterway PM ) in collaboration with the EPC has conducted various field survey on natu al and socio-economic environment, ._______________________________________1-5 CHAPTER ONE Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition! Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project sampling, analysis of environmental sampl s, desk studies and prepared EIA report. Various meetings with the project effecte households (PAHs) and representatives of local organizations were held during the IA study process. 1.5 CONTENTS AND METHODOL GY OF EIA 1.5.1 Study area - Area of water quality sampling and a alysis: Ca Mau - Nam Can and Kien Luong - Ha Tien canals. - Area of acid sulfate soil (ASS) samplin and analysis: along the banks of the Ca Mau - Nam Can and Kien Luong - Ha *en canals. - Data on meteohydrology were collected from the Meteohydrological Stations in the Mekong Delta. 1.5.2 Content of EIA study - Collection of the existing data on: mete hydrology, topography, soils, biological resources, socio-economy at the project ea. - Field surveys, sampling and analysis o water, soils, sediment, air quality and aquatic organisms. - Desk study on prediction, assessment o the potential impacts and measures for impact mitigation. - Preparation of an Environmental Manag ment Plan (EMP) and EIA Report. 1.5.3 Methodology applied in this ETA The following methods are applied for ts environmental impact assessment. * Judgment Judging possible impacts by the proje t on the natural and socio-economic: environment on the bases of international do uments and experience. . Checklist The relationships between the influences of each activity of the project and each environmental matter are revealed on the c eck list, on which further studies into impacts are oriented. 1-6 CHAPTER ONE Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditiona Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project * Matrix Matrixes are set up for initial definitior of the impact level of activities of the project on each environmental component. * Rapid assessment Methods of rapid assessment applica le to source of pollution in conjunction with air, land and water, prepared by Ecor mopoulos, and issued by the WHO in 1993. * Public consultation Organizing public consultation for en- ironmental impact assessment. In this process of public consultation procedure wa followed the WB guideline. 1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF IMPACTS In this study, the anticipated negative e] vironmental impacts are classified into five categories: "major", "moderate" "minm ", practically "not significant" or "no impact" and "unknown impacts". - A "major impact" can change an elemei of the environment or create a strong environment modification. Such an imp t can strongly affect an environmental component and/or on a large group of th population. - A "moderate impact" can change a p of the environmental component or creates a moderate environmental modification. Such an impact can significantly affect an environmental co onent or on a group of the population. - A "minor impact" may slightly chang value or use of an environmental component. Such as impact can slightly ffect an environmental component or a small group of the population. - A "not signiflcation or no impact" may ot significantly chance value or use of an environmental component. Environm -tal assessment will not be detailed but some commentaries may be given for thi type of impacts. - Some activities of the project may cause ome impacts but the magnitude of the impacts can not be predicted. This typ of impacts is identified as "unkn&wn impact". CHAPTER ONE Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditiond Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project In each type of impacts, there are "negat ve" and "positive" ones. Beside the 5 categories, each imp, ct may be assessed as "mitigable", "controllable" or "uncontrollable", "local , "temporary", "short-term" or "long- term", depending on the intensity and scale f the impact. Based on the impact classification in the Environmental Management Plan different measures will be recommended to itigate different types of impacts. - No impact or No significant impacts These impacts do no need to have measures for mitigation. - Minor and moderate impacts: For this tpe of impacts, the appropriate measures for mitigation should be developed. - Major impacts: it is necessary to ave more detailed information and quantification of impacts, and measures 'or mitigation have to be designed more carefully during project preparation and onstruction. - Unknown impacts: it is necessary to ha e further study to know the nature and scale of the impact. CHAPTER ONE Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditiona, Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project CHAPTEI TWO DESCRIPTION OF THE ADDIT ONAL CIVIL WORKS AND DREDGING O PROJECT 2.1 PROJECT NAME Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port ] ehabilitation Project - Additional Civil Works and Dredging. 2.2 PROJECT OWNER Project Management Unit of Waterw is, The Ministry of Transport Tel.: (848) 8365148, Fax: (848 8365149 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK After completion of main project omponents, the additional works are identified to carry out furtherly in the purp ses of raising the Project capacity and benefits. 2.3.1 Additional dredging - The stretch of Ca Mau-Nam Can (Ho Chi Minh-Ca Mau-Nam Can route) - The stretch of Kien Luong-Ha Tien (Ho Chi Minh-Kien Luong-Ha Tien route), and - River bank protection and installation of aterway transport signal system. 2.3.2 Additional civil works - Build up new Luong The Tran bridge at the place closed to the existing bridge which is across the Ca Mau-Nam Can se ion. - Building six landing stages (LSs), capa ty of each is 300.000tons/year, at six provinces including: An Phuoc (Vinh 1ng province), Binh Long (An Giang province), Long Duc (Tra Vinh provin ), Giao Long (Ben Tre province),. Sa Dec (Dong Thap province), and Tac Cau Kien Giang province) LSs. Construction of all six LSs is necessary or improvement of waterway transport in the Mekong Delta (see F/S reports of LSs). According to PMU-W work is justified. CHAPTER TWO Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditions Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project 2.4 TECHNICAL PARAMETERS 2.4.1 Additional dredging of ca mau-nar can and kien luong-ha tien sections * Standards of inland waterway The inland waterway of extension will be improved to canal - class III (TCVN 5664-1992). Bottom width: B=22m Slope changes in terms geological structures of river bank, average 1:2 to 1:3. Elevation of the designed bottom of naviga le channel at -3.20m/OMN down to ( 3,40 m/ OMN at Ha Tien, and 3.80m/OMN t Nam Can) * Dredging volume - Ca Mau-Nam Can section: 2,200,000 m3 and - Kien Luong-Ha Tien section: 782,000 m 2.4.2 Luong The Tran bridge * Location Luong The Tran Bridge is located on Hi ;hway 1 (section from Ca Mau to Nam Can) at Km2252+923, inside Ca Mau provir e. The bridge crosses over Luong Th& Tran canal, which is a navigation section ( the waterway from Ca Mau to Nam Can. * Technical standards Width: 9m, including: - Lane for cars :2 x 3.00 = 6.00 m - Sidewalk :2 x 1.00 = 2.00m - Shoulders : 2 x 0.50 = 1.00 m Total 9.00m Length :328.9m CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER TWO Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition| Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project * Clearance - Vertical: 7.0m, (p=5%, highest level of fod water). - Horizontal: 30m * Viaducts Technical specifications: Designed speed : 6 km/h Minimum radius of flat curves : I at=125m Minimum radius of convex curves : = 2500m Minimum radius of concave curves : F onave = 1 OOOm Maximum slope : Io = 5% * Organisation of construction: First, construction of the new bridge the place closed to the existing old bridge. There is not relocation of agricultura and / or residential land to be required. After construction of the new bridge, the ol bridge will be domolished. Therefore, normal transport will be continued during th construction of new bridge. 2.4.3 Landing stages (LSs) Six landing stages are being built with: - Maximum capacity of each is 300.000ton year. - Landuse is about 2ha for each port. Access road to Giao Long (LS.) is longes (about 2.5km). Detailed works of each LSs are likely sam items: - Wharf for barges (elevation of 2-2.5m) - Cargo yard - Internal and access road - Fence - Office building - Bank protection and group filling. 2-3 CHAPTER TWO Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditiona Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project 2.4.4 Navigation signal systems - Improvement of new signing regulation Inland waterway signing system of ietnam is required in the Decision "Vietnamese Waterway Signing System", August 3, 1993 of the Ministry of Transport. 2.5 RESETTLEMENT In October - December 2003 a statistics on PAHs was conducted by the PMU. Data on PAHs are given in Tables 2.1 - 2.8. Table 2.1 Number of Project Affected I useholds Province removed Location 1. Landing stage An Giang (*) 0 0 Binh Long Ben Tre 5 29 Giao Long Dong Thap 2 Sa Dec Tra Vinh 0 Long Duc Kien Giang 1 4 Tac Cau Vinh Long 3 20 An Phuoc- 2. Dredging Ca Mau 9 25 F section Kien Giang 83 25 C section 3. LTT Bridge Ca Mau __ 2 6 Total 35 110 Table 2.2 Professional structure of PAL No Profession Ca Mau - Nam Kien Luong - Ha Can section Tien section 1 Agriculture 84,4% 80,5% 2 Trade 6,0% 5,4% 3 Temporary work 3,2% 9,7% 4 Small-industry 1,2% 0,9% 5 Depending/Retire 0,8% 0,7% 6 Government staff 2,0% 1,8% 7 Others 2,4% 1,2% Total 100% 100% Mean of number of people in a family s 5.3, in which 3.1 are age of labour. 2-4 CHAPTER TWO Environmental Impact Assessment of Addition Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project Table 2.3 Size of houses of PAHs No House Area (mn2) (a Mau - Nam Can Kien Luong - Ha section Tien section <20m2 26,4% 17% 2 20 - 40 m2 18,9% 48% 3 40 - 60 m2 34,0% 5% 4 60 - 80 m2 11,3% 15% 5 80 -_ lO m2 1,9% 10% 6 > 100 m2 7,5% 5% Total: 100% 100% Table 2.4 Distance to service agencies Mean of distance No Province/district/comm . People une Mark M 1C School comit Temple/Ch et eurch e A Ca Mau province _ - I Tran Van Thoi district ____. Loi An commune 1 1 10 5 II Ca Mau City L Ly Van Lam commune 4 1 5 10 III Cai Nuoc district Luong The Tran commune 1 1 10 10 B Kien Giang province I Kien Luong district Hoa Dien commune 2 3, 1 1 6 4 I Ha Tien Town Thuan Yen commune 3 1 10 9 CHAPTER TWO Environmental Impact Assessmentt ofAdditiona Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project Table 2.5 Staying duration of PAHs No Staying duratiCa Zau - Nam Can Kien Luong - Ha section Tien section 1 Before 1945 2 1945- 1974 8% 1% 3 1975- 1986 26% 29% 4 After 1986 66% 70% Total: 100% 100% Table 2.6 Average monthly income of lHs Average Kien Luong - Ha Tien No monthly income Ca Mau - Nam C -n section section (VND) Agricult Agricult ure Trade Others ure Trade Others 1 < 1 million 43% 53% 40% 78% 25% 64% 2 1 - 4 millions 53% 40% 60% 22% 75% 36% 3 4-8millions 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4 > 8 millions 1% 7% 0% 0% 6% 0% Total: 100% 100% _ 100% 100% 100% 100% Table 2.7 Ethnic group of PAHs o c Mau - Nam Can Kien Luong - Ha No Ethnic group section Tien section 1 Kinh 99% 99% 2 Hoa 1% 1% 3 Khmer 0% 0% 4 Cham 0% 0% Total: 1 100% 100% Detail data on Socio-economy and res( tlement are given in a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). CHAPTER TWO Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit, ion Project CHAPTEi THREE THE ENVINRONMENTAL ST US IN THE PROJECT SITE 3.1 LOCATION OF ADDITIONAL Vi'ORKS AND DREDGING SITES 3.1.1 Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can The canal section from Ca Mau c y to Nam Can connects the Ong Doc River, Luong The Tran canal, and Bay Hal - Ganh Hao canal in territories of Tran Van Thoi district, Ca Mau City and district of Cai Nuoc, Dam Doi, Ngoc Hien and Nam Can. Located in the Ca Mau peninsu , the section is an important waterway linking Ca Mau City with the coastal areas. 3.1.2 Section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien The canal section from Kien Luong Ha Tien joins the canal of Rach Gia - Kien Luong, crossing Kien Luong district :nd Ha Tien town. Located in the Long Xuyen Quadrangle, that is an important wat rway linking to the Gulf of Thailand. 3.1.3 An Phuoc landing stage The landing stage of An Phuoc is 1C ated in Mang Thit district, Vinh Long province, on the right bank of the Co Chien River (a branch of the Tien River). It is located in land of orchards with the area of te clearance up to 1.962 ha. 3.1.4 Binh Long landing stage The landing stage of Binh Long is lo ted in Binh Long commune, Chau Phu district, An Giang province. It is on the ght bank of the Hau (Bassac) River, bordering on Cai Dau canal in the north, on fields and residential land in the south, on the Hau River in the East and National oad 91 in the West. The distance from the landing stages to Long Xuyen City, al g National Road 91, is approximately 34 kin. 3.1.5 Giao Long landing stage The landing stage of Giao Long is ocated on the right bank of the Tien (Mekong) River, in the territory of Giao Lo g commune, Chau Thanh district, Ben Tre province. That is a place very conveni nt for road to waterway transport and vice versa. It is adjacent to the waterway o Ho Chi Minh City - Ca Mau and also overlaps the waterway of the Tien River ( Chau - Cao Lanh - My Tho - Cua Tieu). CHAPTER THREE 3-1 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C vil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project 3.1.6 Long Duc landing stage The landing stage of Long Duc is 1 cated in Long Duc commune, Tra Vinh town, Tra Vinh province. Its location has een determined in the concrete plan for Long Duc Industrial Park. It is located on he right bank of the Co Chien River, the division line of 2 provinces, Tra Vinh an Ben Tre. From the center of Tra Vinh town, it is 2.5 km by road and 4.0 km alor Tra Vinh canal (the Long Binh River). To Vinh Long town it is 67 km along Nati nal Road 53. And to Ho Chi Minh City, it is 198 km of road. By waterway, it is 3 km to Cai Nhum Junction (Junction of rivers of Mang Thit and Co Chien). 3.1.7 Sa Dec landing stage The landing stage of Sa Dec is ocated on the right bank of the Tien (Mekong) River, in Sa Dec town, Dong Th ip province. It is a place very convenient for road to waterway transport and vice v sa. It is adjacent to the waterway of Ho Chi Minh City - Kien Luong and also con ects the waterway of the Mekong River (Tan Chau - Cao Lanh - My Tho - Cua T u). Those are the life-line waterways of the Mekong Delta, as they link landing sta es with backbone roads in the provinces and to other provinces as well. 3.1.8 Tac Cau landing stage The landing stage of Tac Cau on th Cai Be River is about 300 m upstream to Tac Cau Ferry Landing. That is planned or Tac Cau industrial zone, Chau Thanh district, Kien Giang province. 3.1.9 Luong The Tran bridge Luong The Tran bridge on section rom Ca Mau to Nam Can of National Road 1. Its environmental features are the ame as region of Luong The Tran cana! of the canal section of Ca Mau - Nam Can. The location of additional building nd dredging works are shown in Figure 3.1. CHAPTER THREE 3-2 Environmental impact assessment of additiontz civil works and dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitation Project Fig 3.1: Location of additional civil works and dredging CAMPUCHIA *,C LO= , j VItT NAM %aw r - a., * - i& *n3t s ¾ r6 A a_ . 0CANd 4A al4 * .e.ao .. t o. .D * *~f C~ ia 4; \.s ,. - - -v I sa I I- CANG TAO CAU l h _ s |)OAN KINH / cJ s cAc CONG TRINH CAv LAP CANG TAc °c 4/ ^ VANAOVtrB6SUNG DV AN NANo CAP HAl TUYEN wANG THOy VI>t* DIAJLAHD I ~ -*' PHA NAN vA cANa cAN THa OtVINI OINLANO ,nj , "AND GL. ILFcC' -W- (INLAND WATERWAYS AND PORT REHA8ILITATION PROJECT) tvt9AItI MAU 3 t ' (CR 300QVN) mq'z ffit. Gt cAu LLIONG TH# TRAN - - - - - - ... . .. . ......... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * ac .4wwmt Cu~e .~~ p . >SCA. \N KINH NAM CAN -cA MAU ±. ........................ t;-' w CHAPTER THREE Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C iil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project 3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NVIRONMENTAL IN THE MEKONG DELTA AND THE PF OJECT SITE The Mekong Delta in Vietnam incli des 13 provinces and city, namely Long An, Tien Giang, Ben Tre, An Giang, Dong Thap, Tra Vinh, Vinh Long, Hau Giang, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Kien Giang and Can Tho city. Its total area is about 39,000kM2. 3.2.1 Topography Topographic characteristics Generated from Tibet, the Mekong River, 4.200 km in length, flows across China, Myanrar, Laos, Thailand, Cambo ia and Vietnam then pour water to the East Sea (South China Sea). Its basin is ab ut 783,000 kM2, of which 172,000 km2 is of the Upper and 611.000 km2 the Low . The Lower part covers some 205,000 km2 in Laos, 184,000 km2 in Thailand, 15 ,000 km2 in Cambodia and 65,000 km2 in Vietnam. With the annual flow rate of 4 6 km3 the river ranks 10th in the world's largest rivers in term. The Delta of the Mekong River, inc sive of the region in Cambodia and the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, is plain and low with 3.6 million ha lower than 2 m (< 2 m) over the sea level and 3.7 ha lower th 1 m (<1 m) over the sea level. As a result of the low and plain topography and e high flow rate of the Mekong (Tien) and the Bassac (Hau) Rivers, drainage of witer in this Delta is very slow such that a: large area is annually flooded. If the definition of wetlands, i.e. the regions inundated temporarily or frequently, inclu ing land, forest, rice field or water of rivers and lakes, applies, a major part of the Mekong Delta should be considered wetlands. * Topographic conditions for the buildin and dredging works - Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can (F/Extens n) This region is shallow and on averag 0.5 - 1.0 m under water with relatively poor drainage. The influence by salt water n this region is heavy and long, more than 9 months. Its salinity varies from low medium. The end of the section (near Nam Can) goes through a region of shallo acid sulfate soil under the mangrove forest. - Section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien (C/Exte sion) The plain area adjacent to the estuar e does not suffer the direct influence by the floods of the Mekong Delta. Neverth less it is inundated by tidal water from rivers and canals if not protected by flood co trol dikes. CHAPTER THREE 3-4 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional (vil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabili tion Project The region of Ha Tien is a marsh a d tidal plain or shallow land. The alluvia therein consist of humus or clay. The soil reviously deposited at marshes is heavy clay. The deposit at the estuarine is poten al acid sulfate soil at the depth of 1.2 m in marshes to above 2 m in alluvial grour s. This region is inundated 0.2 - 0.3 m under the water for many weeks in every fM od. - An Phuoc Landing Stage (Vinh Long Pi vince) The river section at the position se ected for building the landing stage has the average width of 600 m to 800 m. Th riverside is plain with many residential blocks together with systems of small-sca pottery kilns. On the Northeast bank is Con Kien Islet belonging to Ben Tre prov ce which is mainly orchards on alluvial grounds. The river bottom line presses aga st the bank on which the landing stages will be built with the utmost depth of-14.5 m (Mui Nai hypsometric system. - Binh Long Landing Stage (An Giang Pr vince) The land subject to construction i a riverside low land, which is almost abandoned. It is, however, rather plain ith the altitude from +3,Om to +3,5m (National Hypsometric System). The regi in front of the landing stage is deep. The average depth is +l,Om near the bank, and -3.0 at the distance of 30m from the bank. The watershed is stable with incon iderable sedimentation. In front of the wharf is the Hau (Bassac) River, which can facilitate ships with tonnage up to 2,000 DWT. - Giao Long Landing Stage (Ben Tre Prov ce) This is a plain region of rice fields ntermixing with orchards and people's houses. The bank of the river here is stra ht and the site is slightly hollow. The average altitude along the river bank is on average 1 m higher than the flood tide level. The river section at the landing st ges is about 1,000 in width with the average bottom altitude of -10.Om, meanin that the site can facilitate cargo ships and passenger ships and ferries of 500 T as well as sea/river going ships. Nevertheless, on building the landing stag the water adjacent to the bank should be dredged for ships to easily turn and anchi. - Long Duc landing stage (Tra Vinh provi, se) The project site is a riverside stre h of orchards in a major part. It is comparatively plain with the altitude of +1. m to + 2.Om (HN-72). Its site clearance is complete. The water in front of the wha is deep. The average depth is -1.0 m near the bank, -5.0 m at the distance of 4 m. The bank is stable for many years with inconsiderable sedimentation. In front f the landing stage is the flow of the CHAPTER THREE 3-5 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional ivil WVorks and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabili ation Project Co Chien River, which is under the mana ement of the River Control Branch 11. At present, ships with tonnage up to 2,000 D 'VT can go by the passage from Vinh Thai port through the port to Cung Hau Moutl Nevertheless, marine administration has not covered the passage through Cung Haa estuary. - Sa Dec Landing Stage (Dong Thap Pro ince) The topography of the site is slopi g to the pier with the average altitude of +2,20m/OMN at the existing warehous s, compared with the average altitude +2,1 Om/OMN of the existing road (Nation 1 Road 80). - Tac Cau Landing Stage (Kien Giang Pf vince) The inland part has the natural alt tude of - 0.5m to +1.Om over Hon Dau National Hypsometric System. The site is ollow with Nipa palms in water and fruit trees on land. The inundated part upstrea n from Tac Cau Landing Stage is about 250 m, with the altitude of-0.5m to -2.0I near the bank, and -4.Om to-5.Om amid the river. 3.2.2 Climate * Tropical monsoon climate The Mekong Delta is located in he zone of tropical monsoon climate. Influenced by the Northeast (NE) and Sou hwest (SW) winds, air convection in this plain causes in a year two distinct seasons ith a transition period. The Southwest (SW) wind is domi ant in the rainy season, appearing in the period when the atmospheric pressure of e continent is relatively low. The rainy season in the Mekong Delta lasts from 1' to 190 days, from the late April to the end of October. The rainy season appear e liest in the plain near Thailand gulf and latest in the Northeast (My Tho-Go Cong . More than 85% of the annual rainfall falls in the rainy season. However, during he rainy season there are two periods ol drought, each lasts about 10 - 15 days in ay - June and August - September (Ba Chan drought). The season of Northeast (NE) wind s also called the dry season, lasting from November to April with the dominant win from Northeast. The rainfall during the dry season is accounting for only abo 15 percent of the total annual. The evaporation and the sunny hours are very gh then a large area of the Delta is dried up. Because the flow of fresh water dec ases during the dry season, salinity of water and soil increases, hampering agricul ure and water supply for domestic use. CHAPTER THREE 3-6 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Cil /I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilital on Project . Rainfall As a result of geographic factors, lie variation of rain distribution in the Mekong Delta is dependent on not only t le season but also geographic position from Southwest to Northeast. The annual rainfalls have been recc rded by meteo hydrological stations in the Delta since 1910. Data show the averag rainy days in a month, i.e. the day with the rainfall of at least 1 mm. In details, it is 0-6 days in the dry season and 13 to 21 days in the rainy season. The annual rainfal of provinces in the Delta is of betweer. 1400 and 2400 mm. September and October are the mor hs of highest rainfalls, about 200 mm, sometimes over 300 mm. January and Febr iary are the months of poorest rain with the average rainfall under 10 mm. Sometim s and as recorded by some stations, the rainfall recorded in those months is even lo er than 1.0 mm. In the Mekong Delta, the big diffi rence in rainfall is found not only in months but also in years and regions as we11. The Southwest of the Delta has the highest annual rainfall (more than 2.000 r nm/year). And going to the center, the annual rainfall decreases to less than 1,5 0 mmn/year. And going further to the Northeast, the rainfall again increases to m e than 1,750 mm (Table 3.1). Table 3.1 Monthly average of rainfall Meteo Hy rological Stations Moc My Ba Cang Can Cao Ca Rach Chau- Hoa Tho Tri Long Tho Lanh Mau Gia Doc I 11 1 0 1 4 4 27 8 6 II 3 1 1 0 2 7 7 14 1 III 11 1 1 11 8 16 44 19 21 IV 54 47 49 36 44 48 91 84 72 V 198 135 150 237 186 171 230 276 194 VI 161 218 214 248 238 140 346 308 112 VII 164 133 168 185 181 149 290 249 124 VIII 155 184 177 256 237 175 369 470 161 IX 302 244 279 253 268 273 389 335 175 X 300 273 257 247 310 240 334 274 286 XI 183 113 92 149 164 140 186 229 173 XII 43 19 8 18 24 25 51 26 42 Total 1583 1369 1398 1641 1667 1386 2366 2293 1368 Source: General Department of Statistics CHAPTER THREE 3-7 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitz ion Project Temperature, evaporation, relative moisture and solar radiation The atmospheric temperature is con paratively even over the Mekong Delta, around 26 -270C. The change in atmosphe ic temperature over months is not large. The temperature of the warmest month i 28.50C (April) and the coldest 25.0 C (January) (Table 3.2). Table 3.2 Monthly average of tempera re in the Mekong Delta (0C) Month I_Station Moc Hoa Cao Lanh M' Tho Can Tho Ca Mau Chau Doc I 25.5 25.0 2 .5 24.9 25.3 25.2 II 26.2 26.2 2 5.9 25.7 25.8 26.3 III 27.3 27.4 2 .1 26.8 26.9 27.G IV 28.7 28.6 .5 27.8 28.0 28.4 V 28.4 28.5 2 .4 27.5 28.0 28.0 VI 27.8 27.7 2 .5 26.7 27.4 27.5 VII 27.7 27.5 2 .1 26.6 27.3 27.6 VIII 27.7 27.32 .9 26.5 27.2 27.7 IX 27.8 27.7 2 .8 26.3 27.1 27.9 X 27.8 27.7 2 .9 26.6 27.0 27.6 XI 27.0 26.9 2 .1 26.0 26.4 27.1 XII 25.8 25.4 2 .2 25.7 25.4 25.5 Average 27.3 27.2 2 .8 26.4 26.8 27.2 Source: Southern Meteo - Hydrological Sta ion The relative moisture reaches a pe;k in the period of August to October, varying in the range of 84 to 90%. The eva oration is lowest in February - March, in the range of 65-80%. Sunny hours and solar radiation als change seasonally. The highest values of sunny hours and solar radiation reac peaks in the end of the dry season (February - March) (9 to 10 hours per da and 450,550Cal /m2, respectively). The lowest values fall in September or Octobc , 5 - 7 hours/day and 360-400 Cal/M2, respectively. (Table 3.3 and 3.4). The monthly and annually evaporatien show the clear-cut difference between seasons and among regions in the Delta. she highest value is recorded in March (2.5-5.5 mm/day) and the lowest in October (1.8-2.0 mm/day). * Atmospheric stability In the Mekong Delta, the atmospheri stability of Class A or B in sunny days with slight wind (2-4 m/s) and of Class C D in windy days. In nighttime, it is of Class E and F (according to Pasquill's class cation, Table 3.5). CHAPTER THREE 3-8 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci Iil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project The diffusion of emission when the atmospheric stability is of Class D, E, and F is better than that of Class A, B, and ( : . Table 3.3 Total sunny hours in the MeA ong Delta (hour) Month Station Moc My Ba Cang Can Cao Ca Rach Chau Hoa Tho Tri Long Tho Lanh Mau Gia Doc I 276 263 246 261 203 276 257 203 277 II 267 274 205 273 201 366 263 257 259 III 295 311 297 311 297 301 287 288 296 IV 254 282 272 281 303 200 247 255 242 V 229 225 227 224 212 230 186 216 228 VI 176 173 153 168 162 110 144 156 170 VII 215 215 189 200 190 210 169 191 209 VIII 195 206 165 180 177 203 160 161 190 IX 196 179 169 168 163 186 141 160 190 X 215 194 183 178 172 199 161 195 207 XI 229 210 209 202 192 191 182 211 214 XII 253 234 207 231 230 244 214 237 255 Average 2801 2766 2582 2673 2583 2743 2413 2591 2738 Source: Southern Meteo - Hydrological Sta on Table 3.4 Monthly average of total radi tion in the Mekong Delta (cal/m2) Month Moc Hoa Cao My Can Tho Ca Mau Soc Rach Lanh Tho Trang Gia I 435 437 450 434 452 431 411 II 498 505 519 494 470 496 455 III 527 507 548 521 530 515 478 IV 495 496 510 489 459 509 475 V 435 426 447 432 388 403 4 25_ VI 404 396 416 408 364 366 394 VII 398 391 411 403 372 380 389 VIII 392 384 398 398 362 376 384 IX 383 389 397 391 370 363 391 X 388 375 402 397 359 364 390 XI 405 370 413 403 375 386 390 XII 398 399 418 397 393 376 391 Monthly 428 437 444 431 406 416 414 average . Source: Southern Meteo - Hydrological Stat on CHAPTER THREE 3-9 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Cil il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project Table 3.5 Pasquill's Classfllcation of A ospheric Stability Wind speed Daytime radiation Nighttime cloudiness (m/s) Strong > 60 Medium 36- Weak 15-35 Not much Much 60 -B > 4/8 /4 < 2 A A-B B - 2 - 4 A-B B C E F 4 - 6 B-C B - C C D E >6 C D D D D - A: Very unstable - B: Ur table - C: Less stable -D: Midium - E: Stable - F: Very stable 3.2.3 Land resource The interaction of numerous facto] such as sedimentation, topography, climate, hydrology and vegetation lead to t e formation of numerous kinds of soil (Figur e 3.2). Considering the data collected land in the Delta can be classified into 8 classes as follows: Sand soil Accounting for 43,320 ha (1.1% oft te total), this kind of soil mainly exists in the sand hillocks near estuaries in provinc s of Tra Vinh, Ben Tre and Soc Trang. This soil has high capability of ionic exchan e, and very low organic decomposition and fertility. Sometime its surface is slight acidic yet the sub-stratum is always neutral. The newly formed sand hillocks EXongside the coast are still salted, not suitable for rice cultivation yet they can be v sed for developing some kinds of crops adaptable to salty conditions. * Saline soil Saline soil is accounting for a large area of the coastal plain (744,550 ha), from Long An till Ca Mau. Its organic co nposition is fairly high. Saline soil is formed from marine sediment and the accum lation of acid in this soil is limited. The medium and slightly saline soils 586,420 ha) is distributed in the places where the altitude is of between 0.8-1.3 ml far from the coast and the density of watercourses is low. Saline intrusion is main y because of the penetration of ground water of high salinity. CHAPTER THREE 3-10 a t- a a L gC X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t I~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . . . . . . . . . . liii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit; ion Project The heavy saline soil covers 102, 00 ha, mainly in the places where the altitude is lower (0.5-0.8 m), alongside the big rivers near the coast in provinces of Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Long An an Ben Tre. On the narrow coastal strip in prov ces of Ca Mau, Tra Vinh and Ben Tre are many marshes covered by the mangrov forests. Saline-inundated marshes links to various tide-leading canals and are usu lly inundated by sea water in the flood tide. In the zone of saline soil, the salinity f soil is very high. In the dry season, the surface layer contains about 0.5-0.7% l. Under such conditions, only few vegetation species can develop. * Acid sulfate soil Acid sulfate soil (ASS), accounts fIr 1,600,000 ha or 41% of the Delta, is mainly found in the regions of Dong Thap Iuoi, Long Xuyen Quadrangle, Ca Mau Peninsula and some spots in the region mid the Tien (Mekong) and the Hau (Bassac) Rivers. The soil containing alum-producing re (Pyrite -FeS2) is called potential acid sulfate soil (PASS). The area of this soil i largest in Ca Mau peninsula. In the U Minh forest, the PASS layer is as thick a 0.5-2.5 m. On this kind of soil, some kinds of forests such as mangrove and mela uca can develop very well. The contact between the PASS and xygen in the air as a result of dredging and the like leads to oxidation of acidi formulation materials and produces sulfuric acid that in turn acidifies soil and Water. This case is the formation of actual acid sulfate soil (AASS), which has low H, hampering cultivation of almost all crops because only few species can suffer t e environment of pH as low as <4. The AASS releases acid to surface water, damag ng aquaculture and crops. * Alluvial soil This soil class accounts for 1,184,8 (30.4% of the total area of the Delta), distributing along the Tien and the Ha Rivers. Groups of alluvial soil are formulated by the sedimentation in the N kong River. The soil has pH of 4.5 to 6.5, medium organic composition in the su ace layer and poor organic composition at lower layers. It has medium organic ecomposition, low phosphate content, medium ionic exchangeability. Alluvial soi is good for intensive cultivation and the yield may be very high. * Peat soil This class of soils occupies some 24, 30 ha (0.6%), mostly in the West of Ca Mau peninsula (U Minh forest) and smaller reas in Ha Tien and the Plain of Reeds. Its thickness is 0.5 m -1.5 m. The upper yer is soft and the lower moisturized CHAPTER THREE 3-11 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project layer is constituted of clay and a part of d composed organic matters. The lowest layer is acid sulfate soil originated from aline-inundated marshes. It has poor phosphate content but rich in (pyrite) (FeS2 On contacting with the air, the surface layer can intoxicate crops. In the conditions f slight sulfate acid and salinity, some trees such as mango, sugar cane, banana anl especially melaleuca can develop well on peat lands. * Grey soil The grey soil on old alluvia terrace cc vers 134,650 ha, mainly in the North of the Plain Reeds. It has poor contents of orga ic matters, nitrogen and phosphate. Its acidity is however low (pH 3.5-5.0) and its ay content is high (30-40%). This kind of soil is unsuitable for cultivation of ri of high yield but it is suitable for vegetable and other crops. * Red-yellow soil There are some 2,420 ha of this soi in the Northwest of the Long Xuyen Quadrangle. Formed by the erosion of roc ;y mountains, the soil is very poor in nutrition, organic matters, nitrogen and pho phate. Suitable trees include ecalyptus and fruit trees such as mango and cashew. * Hills and mountains There area some 8.790 ha of hills ax mountains, mainly in An Giang and Kien Giang. Soil there is mixed with pebble nd stone and highly eroded. This kind of soil is exploited for production of constru ion materials. 3.2.4 Hydrology * Overview of water resources of the Me ong Delta The flow of the Mekong River is sig ficantly dependent upon the upstream flows. The Tonle Sap is the river to link th Hau (Mekong) and the Tien (Bassac) Rivers with the Great Lake of Cambodia. e great lake has an important role to play in regulation of the flow of branche in the Lower region. From May to August, Tonle Sap receives water from the ekong River via the Tonle Sap River. In the other time, water is discharged frc m Tonle Sap to the Mekong River. Therefore, Tonle Sap is also considered a nat ral regulator. The average flow rate of the Mekong liver is 14,800m3/s. In the dry season, it decreases to 2,000 m3/s (December). Sinc the Delta is plain, salining inundation in the dry season occurs in almost all coastal lains. That is a hindrance to irrigation and water supply in the region. CHAPTER THREE 3-12 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat in Project Hydrological characteristics of the sec on of Ca Mau - Nam Can This is a region of interlacing canals bn a plain area with small slopes of the basin as well as bottoms of canals. It is however located amid two sea w ters of different marine systems. In the West it is Gulf of Thailand with the un ven diurnal tidal regime and narrow amplitude, and in the East it is the East a with the uneven semi-diurnal tidai regime and large amplitude. * Hydrological characteristics of the sec on of Kien Luong - Ha Tien The canal section of Kien Luong - F a Tien is influenced by factors such as the current of the river, rain, tidal regimes the Gulf of Thailand. A major part of the section is under the influence by diurnal de, other places by semi-diurnal tide. Those regimes influence on various egions at various times. However, in general the hydrological regime in this re on is constituted of two seasons, the flood season and the dry season. The West Sea has the mixed tidal re me (inclining toward diurnal tide) and the tidal amplitude of 0.8 . 1.Om with the ifference of 0.5 - 0.7m between twc tidal peaks in a day yet an inconsiderable di erence between two bases. The highest tidal amplitude in Rac Gia is 118 cm (on January) and the lowest is 2 cm (on October). In this region, e flow regime is heavily influenced by the tide of the West Sea and the flow of the Hau (Bassac) River, whereas the effect of the in-field rain is inconsiderable. In the ry season, two flow regimes influences at the same time on the region, yet the effe of the West Sea (Gulf of Thailand) is stronger then in the end of the dry seaso , saline intrusion goes further inland. Nevertheless, since the water level average n the West of the Hau River is always higher than that of Rach Gia, the current te s to flow from the Hau River to Rach Gia gulf. Floods usually appear in late A ust or early September. In the flood season, almost all the region is inundated ith the maximum inundation depth of 1.0 . 1.5m at the center, usually in late ptember or early October. The flood usually lasts for 2 to 4 months. On Nov mber, water begins to drain and the drainage is almost complete by mid Decemb r. An Phuoc Landing Stage The whole region is influenced by u even semi-diurnal tide of the East Sea (South China Sea) via two main rivers, th Tien (Mekong) and the Hau (Bassac), which are cross-linked by the Mang Thit Ri er. The waver level and tidal amplitude are very high, the intensity of tidal transfe is high, and the tidal amplitude is 70- CHAPTER THREE 3-13 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civi Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project 90cm in the flood season and 114-140cm in he dry season. In combination with the interlacing canals, it is possible to conduct t e self-watering for the region. Besides, good drainage at high land near the banks (if the Tien River (the region where the landing stages is built) can be utilized. * Binh Long Landing Stage - The landing stage is located on the Hau Bassac) River then it is influenced by the tidal regime of the river that is uneve semi-diurnal with two flood tides and two ebb tides in a day. The tidal amplituc is of between 0.40m - 1.00m. - Current: In general, the current is parallel with the banks, the current velocity is V = 0.42m/s in flood tide and V = 0.90n Js in ebb tide, the maximum velocity is Vmax = 1.15m/s. - Wave regime: because the landing stage is located further in land, waves in the water are small. Waves there are mostly caused by wind and ships; their height is, according to statistic date, usually loA zr than 0.5m. * Giao Long Landing Stage The hydrological regime in Ben Tre controlled by many factors such as the water regime of the Mekong Delta, rain and the tidal regime of the East Sea. Those factors influence on various egions in various times yet in general, the hydrological regime in the site is divide i into two seasons, the flood season and the ebb season. The tidal regime of the Eas Sea is semi-diurnal with the amplitude of 2.5 - 3.0 m, with the difference of 0.3 . 0.5 m between two tidal peaks in a day yet an inconsiderable difference between tw bases. * Long Duc Landing Stage - The landing stage is influenced by th hydrological regime of the Co Chien River, which is complicated with the influences of the uneven semi-diurnal regime of the East Sea and the upstrea flood as well. The maximum of tidal amplitude at Tra Vinh station is of betw en 3.3Gm - 3.50 m. - Current: In general, the current is parall l with the banks, the current velocity is V = 0.52m/s in flood tide and V = 1.56 s in ebb tide, the maximum velocity is Vmax = 1.86 m/s, downstream. - Wave regime: because the landing stag s is located further in land, waves in the water are small. Waves caused by lo al wind are weak; the effective wave CHAPTER THREE 3-14 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civi Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project height (H1/3) is usually lower than 0.3 n. During storms (very rare), wave can reach the thresholds of 0.5 m. * Sa Dec Landing Stage The hydrological regime in Sa Dec is influenced by the uneven semi-diurnal tide with the amplitude of between 2.5 - 3.0r . * Tac Cau Landing Stage The tidal regime in the Gulf of Thaila id is mainly uneven diurnal with small amplitude (almost less than lm). 3.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.3.1 Aquatic ecosystem * Overviews of the aquatic ecosystems in the Mekong Delta In association with hydrology water uality (salinity and acidity level) three aquatic ecosystems are determined in the M ;ong Delta, namely: - Fresh water - Brackish water - Saline water - Fresh water The main characteristics of the fresh ater ecosystem include: - Neutral or slightly acidic pH (pH .0-7.5) in both canals and rivers. - Low salinity with EC < 2000 pLS/I in both seasons. - Low suspended solids - Large variation of DO concentr ion (2.5-4.0 mg/l in the significantly polluted canals and 5.0-7.5 mg/l iI the rivers). - Low concentrations of ammonium nitrate and phosphates. - Low concentrations of some chem cal pesticides. With the physical and chemical char ateristics as mentioned above, the fresh water is mainly polluted by organic matters which may be harmful for various fish and shrimp species. According to The Mekong Delta Ma er Plan Project (1991-1993) conducted by NEDECO, in the fresh water in the Mek ng Delta are 260 fish species, of which CHAPTER THREE 3-15 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civi Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project 57 have high economic values. The most p pular families include Cyprinidae (84 species), Gobiidae Schilbeidae (1 3 species), Ariidae (II species)... Besides, there are some shrimp species, particularly green -.rayfish (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) of high economic value. -Acidic water This ecosystem covers large areas in he Plain of Reeds (Dong Thap Muoi), Long Xuyen Quadrangle and the Middle o Ca Mau peninsula. A characteristic of water in this region is high acidity (pH 3.0-5 0), with high concentration of iron and aluminum. In canals and fields with high acidity only some acid-tolerant fish species can live (for instance Ophiocephalid e, Anabatidae, Claridae...). - Brackish water and saline water This is located in the coastal or estua ne areas where the salinity is medium (5-7%o) or high (15-25%o). Its water has high contents of nutrients and solid matters. In the brackish and saline water in th Mekong Delta 278 species of phyto- plankton species with the density of 114, 00-3,103,300 individual /m3, and 36 zooplankton species and 152 fish species we e identified. * Aquatic ecosystem in the project site a. Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can (F Exten ion) A feature of this section is high linity (>5%o) and the present heavy pollution due to organic matters and slight xollution of oil and bacteria. There are various fish species of high economic value (anchovy, snapper, scads, etc...). Their number is reduced due to overexploitatio and use of chemicals pesticides and pollution due to waste matters. Results of investigation in februaty 2 04 by EPC (VESDEC) are as follows: Species composition: - Phytoplankton: NI (Nam an) N2 (L.T.Tran canal) Cyanophyta 2 species 7.4% 1 species - 4.5% Bacillariophyta 24 specie - 88.9% 21 species - 95.5% Euglenophyta 1 species 3.7% Total: 27 specie - 100% 22 species - 100% CHAPTER THREE 3-16 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civi, Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitatiz n Project - Zooplankton: Copepoda 9 species - 64.3% 9 species - 69.2% Mysidacea 1 species- 7.1% 1 species - 7.7% Larva 4 species - 28.6% 3 species - 23.1% Total: 14 species -100% 13 species- 100% - Zoo benthos: Polychaeta 2 species- 50.0% 1 species - 16.7% Crustacea 2 species 50.0% 5 species - 83.3% Total: 4 species- 100% 6 species - 100% The aquatic organism in the section of Ca Mau - Nam Can include only saline water species. Nevertheless, near Lu ng The Tran bridge (Ca Mau) there appear some species adapted to low salinity s lch as: - Phytoplankton: Melosira granulata - Zooplankton: Oithona rigida, Mesopo opsis slabberi - Zoo benthos: Melita sp., Gran idierella lignorum, Grandidierella viernamica, Apserdes vietnamensis. There are also species indicating the esoaprobic environment (organically polluted at a medium level). - Phytoplankton: Oscillatoria acuta, Oscillatoria princeps, Oscillatoria proboscidea, Melosira granulata, keletonema costatum, Chaetoceroi compaetum, Thalassiothrix frauenfe dii, Nitzschia longissima, Nitzschia sigma, Trachelomonas volvocina. - Zooplankton: Acartia clausi, Oithona igida, Oithonaplumifera. - Zoo benthos: Maldane sarsi. Quantity: The quantity of phytoplankton is l w, about 400,000 cells/mi3 with the dominance of species such as Coscinodisc s marginatus, Coscinodiscus lineatus. Possibly, water of high turbidity has stunted I ie growth of phytoplankton. Zooplankton: The quantity is mediu n, about 4,800-6,000 cells/mi3. Acatia clausi (Copepoda), the species indicating a mresoaprobic environment, is dominant. Zoo benthos: about 150-300 individu Is/M2 . Neanthes cauda is dominant in Nam Can, whilst Apseudes vietnamensis (C ustacea - Tanaidacea) is dominant in CaMau. CHAPTER THREE 3-17 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civii Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati ,n Project b. Section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien (CExte l ision) Due to severe living conditions, th s region has low biodiversity. The numbers of species and biomass of phytoplar kton, zooplankton and zoo benthos are all low. Main fish species include the fish drOphiocenphalidae, Anabantidae, and Clariidae. Their quantity is limited due to clverexploitation, use of chemicals and pollution. Results of investigation are as follows Species composition: - Phytoplankton: N7 (Ha Ti n) N9 (Kien Luong) Cyanophyta 2 species - 8.7% Bacillariophyta 16 species - 69.6% 13 species - 65.0% Chlorophyta 3 species - 13.0% 5 species - 25.0% Euglenophyta 2 species - 8.7% 2 species - 10.0% Total: 23 species - 100% 20 species - 100% - Zooplankton: Rotatoria 3 species I 30.0% 5 species - 26.3% Cladocera 2 species I 20.0% 7 species - 36.8% Copepoda 3 species 30.0% 3 species - 15.8% Protozoa - 1 species - 5.3% Larva 2 species I 20.0% 3 species - 15.8% Total: 10 species - 100% 19 species - 100% - Zoo benthos: Mollusca-Bivalvia 1 species 50.0% 1 species - 25.0% Insecta larva 1 species I 50.0% 3 species - 75.0% Total: 2 species- 100% 4 species - 100% On analyzing the species compositio-aL of aquatic organism, it is possible to identify species as follows. The group of phytoplankton indi ating the saline intrusion includes Chaetoceros diversus, Chaetoceros co mpactum, Cerataulia compactum, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Nitzschia paler, Pseudonitzschia sp... CHAPTER THREE 3-18 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civi Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project - Zooplankton and Zoobenthos species o not appear in the list of saline water species but there are only some fr sh water species adapted to slightly brackish water such as Diaphanosoma excisum, Mesocyclops leuckarti. - That the number of Zooplankton aj d Zoobenthos species in Ha Tien is higher than that of Kien Luong means the salinity in Ha Tien is higher. - The group of species indicating an cidic environment is abundant in all three groups of aquatic organism and both sampling regions: Phytoplankton: Phormidium tenue, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Eunotia sudetica, Eunotia tautoniensis, Eunotia obusta, Navicula peregina, Navicula phyllepta, Pinnularia divergens, Pinnul rria viridis, Monoraphidium grffithii, Monoraphidium contortum, Closteriopsis longissima. Zooplankton: Lecane luna, Lec e (Monostyla) bulla, Brachionus quadridentatus, Latonopsis australis, 1 facrothrix triserialis and species of Chydoridae family (Cladocera). Zoo benthos: Ablabesmyia sp., Polype ilicon sp. (Chironomidae - Diptera). - The groups of species indicating n environment rich and organically polluted at a medium level (Mesosapr bic) Phytoplankton: Phormidium tenue, Vitzschia palea, Pseudonitzschia sp., Monoraphidium griffithii, and Euglenoph ita species. Zooplankton: Philodina roseola, olyarthra vulgaris, Lecane luna, Brachionus quadridentatus, Mesocyclops leuckarti. Zoo benthos: Chironomus sp... Species composition: - The density of Phytoplankton in Ha I en is 1,500,000 cells/m3 to 43,000,000 cells/m3. The dominant species ai e Eunotia tautoniensis, Eunotia cf sudetica. - The density of Zooplankton is 1 300-13,100 individuals/m3 with the dominance of Brachionus quadridentc tus and Thermocyclops hyalinus. - The density of Zoobenthos is low 40 - 110 individuals/M2 with the dominance of Ablabesmya sp., Chiro omus polypedilum sp. (Chironomidae- Diptera) CHAPTER THREE 3-19 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ |I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat n Project All aquatic species indicate an envir ment rich of organic matters in acidic water. The composition and quantity of uatic species in the section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien are typical for a wate ourse of slightly brackish water and strongly acidic water (pH < 5.5). 3.3.2 Terrestrial ecosystem * Terrestrial ecosystems in the Mekong elta In the Mekong Delta, the plain is se arated from the sea by wetland forests' the original area of which is half a millio hectares. In 1998, the total area of the forest shrunk to 180,000 ha and in 2003 it was only about 150,000ha. There are two kinds of forests in the Delta, namely the mangrove forest in coastal saline marshes and the melaleuca forest on inland wetland - Mangrove eco-system The mangrove forest in the Delta has 46 species saline and tolerate of vegetation in which Rhizophora, Avicenn , Bruguiera, Nipa, and Sonneratia spp. are dominant. In the past, the forest covered some 250,000 ha of the Delta. During the Vietnam War, 124,000 ha were destro ed due to herbicides sprayed by the US Army. After the Liberation (1975), the ea and quality of the forest has been damaged due to exploitation of wood as uel, reclaiming land for rice cultivation and shrimp farming. In Ca Mau peninsula, where the s dimentation of the Mekong Delta still continues and expands the Western and S Lthem coasts by 30 - 50 m in a year, sea waves are weak and the mangrove fore s are thick. The dominant species are Avicenna a.officinalis, A.alba, Rhizopho a (R. apiculata), Luminitzera Ceriops, which develop thickly over a large area al gside canals of brackish water. Along the Ha Tien Plain, since the idal amplitude is low and the degree of sedimentation is limited, the mangrove fo st has poorly developed and the density of Avicenna and Sonneratia. Rhizophora low in this region. - Melaleuca ecosystem By 2003, the area of melaleuca fo st in the Delta was only 100,000 ha. In the past, there were at least 200,000 ha o melaleuca forest on areas of acid sulfate soil. Melaleuca is the sole wood tree dapted to soil of heavy acid sulfate. Therefore, melaleuca usually develops in he seasonal (temporary) inundated land. where the environment is not suitable for lItivation of rice, crops and vegetable. CHAPTER THREE 3-20 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci: il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilital on Project - Roles of mangrove and melaleuca forest The mangrove forest and melaleuca irest are the place for many fish species to lay eggs and grow up. Those include s iwater fish in the early stage of growth and shrimp species of high economic valu Deforestation of the wetland anywhere can lead to the destruction of a larger harine biota, not only because of the disappearance of food but also the habitat of young individuals. Besides, erosion due to clearance of the mangrove forest is ausative of deposition and occlusion of canals which have been used as passage. Coastal erosion in the Mekong De a has appeared at a higher and higher frequency due to deforestation of the wetl ad in the recent decades. The forest also plays an important role in soil improvem t. Vegetation species in the mangrove forest not only curb the alluvial erosion but also accumulate soil around their respiratory roots. Since the roots cause de osition of alluvia and at the same time decrease the tidal speed, the mangrove for t can reduce coastal erosion. As long as the forest moves to the sea, the land beco es higher and drier and gradually turns to be suitable for cultivation or developm nt of forests . Rhizopora and melaleuca are furthermore important sources of fuel d wood in the Delta. In this project, activities in canal clcging, spoil disposal will not encroach into the magrove and melaleuca forest ar , due to along some parts of the canal sections there is only a thin belt of Nipa p m but not a real natural forests. Area of Nipa palm to be cut off may be replanted a other sites along the canals. - Estuarine ecosystem An estuary is a place where fresh ater from the river meets the sea. It is strongly influenced by the tide and the mix ng of saline and fresh water, the volume of fresh water is in turn dependent on th season and the flow rate of the river. Estuaries hold important processes such s transport of nutrients and plankton: migration of larvae, carcass of animals an vegetation and furthermore determine the forms of coastal sediment. The estuari ecosystem is one of the most abundant and active ecosystem. However, it is easil influenced by environmental pollution and changes in water regime (temperature salinity, and alluvia). Those factors can even break down the ecosystem. A major part of fish species in Ca au is dependent on the estuary. Their migration and reproduction are influence deeply by regimes of the river and tide. The life cycle of shrimp species of high v ue in Ca Mau is dependent much on the estuarine environment. They reproduce in he coastal water and the larvae migrate to the brackish water by means of the tid flow. Young shrimps live some 2 to 4 months in the estuary, where they can find prey and also residence against opponent species. Then they come back to he sea. CHAPTER THREE 3-21 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project - Animal resources Wild animals in the wetland of the /Iekong Delta are abundant. In the past, there were 23 mammal species such as mc ey, deer (Cervus unicolor), wild boar (Sus scrofa), otter (Lutra lutra), leopard P?eofelis nebulosa) Macaca munata, wild cat (Vivera chaus), wild cat (Felis riverrin ,... They were found mostly in U Minh melaleuca forest and mangrove forests in N m Can. However, at present, only Lutra lutra may be obseved. The wetland in the Delta creates exc Ilent conditions for reptile species such as snakes (Bulgarusfasciatus, Naja naja), ython (Python reticulatus, P. molurus), gecko (Gekko gekko), varan (varanus spp.), turtle (Cuora amboinenesis, Malayemys subtrijuga... ) The wetland is also the residence or numerous bird species, particularly water birds including the endangered ones such as red-head crane (Grus antigone sharpii), Ibis leucocephalus, Leptoptilos ja anicus, Leptotilos dubius, Threskiornis melanocephalus, etc. Human activities such as settleme t, war, agriculture, and hunting have caused heavy damages to the wild life inc iding that of bird species. As reported: the number of red-head crane in the Nati nal Park of Tram Chim was 20-30 in 1985, 114 in 1986 then quickly rose to 400 in 1987 and 1052 in 1988. However, in 1995 it fell to 861, then 500 in 1998 and ab( ut 350 in 2003. In the mangrove forest of Nam C n, in 1989 it was found 6 amphibian species, 18 reptile species, 41 bird species ind 15 mammal species including some precious and endangered ones (as spec fied in Regulation 18 HDBT dated 17.01.1992) such as panther (Panthera tigr ), otter (Lutra lutra), leopard (Neofelis nebulosa). Nevertheless, except otter, other pecies disappeared. * The bird sanctuary in Ca Mau - Nam Can area In Ca Mau province are 21 bird sa ctuaries, of which one is semi-natural, three are abandoned (Dam Doi, Cha La, Ho Thi Ky) and 3 are not investigated yet. Almost all of them are people-controlled. addition to hunting and cutting trees, deforestation for shrimp farning has cause 10 bird sanctuaries to disappear. Some rare bird species, which had been observed bird sanctuaries in the province, such as pink-leg pelican (Pelecanus onoc otalus), grey painted stork (Ibis leucocephalus), and Leptoptilos dubius are no longer seen in the province. Usually bird sanctuaries are natura hybrid forests with main vegetation species such as Rhizophora, Bruguiera, vicenna, accounting for 70%. Other species such as Phoenix paludosa account fir some 30%. CHAPTER THREE 3-22 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci l Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project Animal species in bird sanctuaries E e diverse and abundant, including wild animals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. With good management, protect on and development policies, bird sanctuaries will be attractive sites for ecotot rism, scientific studies and education. Out of 21 bird sanctuaries mention d above, Cha La is the nearest to the project site, about 2 km from the projected anal. Its characteristics invested by EPC (VESDEC) in February 2004 are listed belo v. Table 3.6 Brief description of Chala Bi d Sanctuary Area (ha) Natural conditions Typical vegetation Typical animal species species -Not inundated Phoenix paludosa, Little grebe, Ardea frequently Aegiceras, purpurea, frigate -High and flat Bruguiera. bird, night heron, About 14.7 ha topography Anhinga -Acid sulfate/saline melanogaster, ibis, soil asian open-bill stork -Rainfall > 2000 (high density) mm/year The Bird Sanctuary is about 25 km om Ca Mau town, about 30 km to the Southeast coast, distance from the Sanct ary to the Ca Mau - Nam Can canal section is about 2.0km. Cha La bird sanctuary is formed from a former mangrove forest. It is surrounded by crop land. Its area is about 1 .7 ha and enlargeable (buffer zone is 50 ha). The predominant plant is Phoenix paludosa, Nypa fruticans, Aegiceras, Bruguiera, Acrostichum,... Birds, especial y, immigrant birds live and breed here with the great number (about 50,000 indivi uals) such as: little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), purple heron (Ardea purpurea, frigate bird, night heron, green-billed malcoha, oriental darter (Anhinga melanog ster), minivet, ibis, asian open-bill stork (Anastomus oscitans), spotted-neck dove (S reptopelia chinensis)... 3.4 LAND USE IN THE PROJECT SI E 3.4.1 Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can By site study, it is possible to asses the usage of land along the canal of Ca Mau - Nam Can as follows: CHAPTER THREE 3-23 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project - Ong Doc River: The canal to be dredg d is expanded and curved, land hem, is mainly residential land and orchards. - Luong The Tran canal: The section to b expanded on the right belongs to Tran Van Thoi district and Ca Mau City. At present, land is used for 2-crop rice cultivation from May to November. In 2003, the production met myriad difficulties because of shortage of fresh water and the abandonment of land returned. People aggregate near Luong he Tran bridge and the right bank along the stone path of Cai Nuoc district, meai ing that other regions are not populated. - Canal of Ganh Hao - Bay Hap: The zone alongside the canal is mangrove forests with several shrimp ponds. L, d is used for forestation and 1-crop shrimp-breeding from January to April. Since there is no road, the population of this region is very small. - Nam Can canal: The zone alongside th canal is mangrove forests and shrimp ponds. Land is used for forestation and intensive 1-crop shrimp-breeding from January to April. The population is very mall, except for Nam Can town. 3.4.2 Section of Rach Gia - Ha Tien Through site study, it is possible to a sess the existing land along the canal of Kien Luong - Ha Tien as follows: - The canal section is expanded to the ight. Residential areas develop on the banks within the distance of 50 m. L md is used for forestation and 1-crop shrimp breeding from April to July. O the right bank, the population is very small since there is no road. People aggregate to the junction (Hoa Dien commune). In opposite, as roads exist on the left bank, the population there is dense. - Ha Tien Marsh: the work here includes redging for deeper passage. Around the marsh are forests and shrimp ponds in use from April to July. People mainly aggregate in Ha Tien town. 3.5 EXISTING WATER QUALITY 0 THE PROJECT SITE A purpose of the pre-construction e ivironmental monitoring is to set up a basic environmental database for the sites of building and dredging. That is for comparing the environmental changes ove phases: pre-construction, construction and operation. The analyzing results of th water quality in the pre-construction phase for 2 canal sections and 6 landing sta es are assessed as follows: CHAPTER THREE 3-24 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civil Vorks and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitatio Project 3.5.1 Water quality of Section "Ca Mau - am Can" The analyzing results of water quality of section "Ca Mau - Nam Can" in conducted by EPC/VESDI December 2003 ar shown in Table 3.7, Table 3.8. Table 3.7 Water quality of the Ca Mau - Nc n Can canal (December 2003) No Parameter Unit I Result at transect Km 324 Km 3 8 Km 332 Km 336 Km 340 Km 345 1 Temperature OC 29.8 29._ 29.7 29.9 30.3 30.0 2 pH 7.20 7.1_ 7.08 7.24 7.31 7.33 3 Salinity 0/00 0.87 1.1 _ 1.97 2.34 3.48 3.76 4 Turbidity mg/l 226 18 _ 298 310 241 264 5 SS mg/I 38 19 24 35 46 24 6 DO mg/l 3.5 3.( __ 3.8 3.4 3.9 3.2 7 BOD5 mg/l 6.3 7.4 _ 12.4 8.1 6.5 7.3 8 COD mg/I 14.7 16. 26.7 17.6 14.3 19.7 9 NO2 mg/l 0.008 0.0( _ 0.005 0.007 0.006 n.004 10 NO3 mg/I 0.61 0.5 _ 0.84 0.63 0.78 0.41 11 NINH4 mg/l 0.43 0.6 0.51 0.58 0.68 0.47 12 Zn mg/l 0.04 0.0 _ 0.13 0.06 0.06 0.11 13 Al mg/l 1.31 0.9 _ 1.14 1.34 1.48 0.82 14 Cd 1lg/l 0.26 0.1 0.32 0.22 0.29 0.19 IS Ni mg/l 0.12 0. _ 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.06 16 Hg 4g/l <0.01 <0. 1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 17 T. Coli MPN/ 21000 9.0 0 11000 11000 430 1100 100mI _ 18 F.Coli MPN/ 210 11 200 350 - 90 mOOMI _I I _ I Source: EPC (VESDEC), December 2003 Table 3.8 Water quality of the Ca Mau - A m Can canal (December 2003) No Parameter Unit _ Results at transect Km350 Km35_ Km360 Km365 Km370 Km375 Km380 1 Temperature OC 29.8 30.0 - 29,8 29.9 3.01 30.0 30.1 2 pH 7.18 7.21 7.14 7.33 7.38 7.26 7.43 3 Salinity 0/ 6.7 8.9 _ 12.8 14.6 15.7 18.6 '1,8 CHAPTER THREE 3-25 .3-25~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civi Works anld Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project 4 Turbidity mg/l 304 287 326 169 193 245 378 S SS mg/l 29 31 30 43 29 18 41 6 DO mg/l 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.2 3,4 7 BOD5 m/l 4.6 5.1 9.3 6.7 5.4 7.3 3,6 8 COD mg/l 14.3 13.8 22,6 15.6 9.8 18.1 14,8 9 NO2 mg/l 0.002 0.005o 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.004 0,003 10 NO3 mg/i 0.57 0.34 0.67 0.61 0.48 0.59 0,52 11 NH4 mg/l 0.51 0.36 0.49 0.64 0.59 0.42 0,37 12 Zn mg/I 0.11 0.24 0.14 0.16 0.09 0.17 0.07 13 Al mg/l 1.24 0.09 - 1.41 1.56 0.89 14 Cd .jg{l 0.19 0.22 0.37 0.41 0.32 0.26 0.24 15 Ni mg/l 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.16 0.22 0.15 0.09 16 Hg _ <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 17 T. Coli MPN/ 11000 2100 9000 1500 2100 1700 210 100ml _ 18 F.Coli MPN/ 200 150 210 90 40 70 40 l O O m I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __M_ _I Source: EPC (VESDEC), December 2003 Comment: Considering the tables 3.7, 3.8 a alyses, it is possible to give some comments on the water quality of the sectio of Ca Mau - Nam Can as follows: - Turbidity Turbidity measured along the river as 169-378 NTU. It was high at almost all measuring points. - Suspended solid (SS) The total suspended solid measured n the river was in the range of 18 - 46 mg/l. As such, the concentration of sus nded solid in the river still met the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5942-1995 sti lulates it at 80 mg/l for Source Class B), which is shown in Annex 2. CHAPTER THREE 3-26 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat n Project - Dissolved oxygen (DO) The measured concentration of di olved oxygen 3.1-3.4 mg/l met the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5942-1995 sti ulates on Source Class B at > 2mg/1), but not meet the standard for source class A mg/I). - Nitrite, nitrate and ammonia The nitrate concentration (N03-) ve ed in the range of 0.34- 0.84 mg/I, which is still acceptable according to the Vi tnamese Standard for the Environment (TCVN 5942-1995 stipulates it at < 10 mg/l The nitrite concentration (N02-) var d in the range of 0.002 to 0.008 mg/I, lower than the Vietnamese Standard (TC 5942-1995 on Source Class B is 0.O5mg/1). - Organic pollution The COD concentration of the riy r, 9.8-22,6mg/i, met the Vietnamese standard for B source class (TCVN 594 -1995: <35mg/1), but it exceeds the Standard for A source (use for domestic pug ose). The BOD concentration measured i the river (3.6-9.3mg/1) was lower than the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5942 - 1 5: for source class B< 25 mg/I), but it exceeds the Standard for A source (< 4mg/1 - Total Coliform All monitoring points showed high ncentrations of coliforms, even higher than the Vietnamese Standard on Sourc Class B (TCVN 5942-1995: 10.000 MPN/lOOml) at several points. - Pollution due to heavy metals Measuring data showed that the con ntrations of all heavy meals in water of the river section of Ca Mau - Nam Can w re lower than the Vietnamese standard for source class A (TCVN 5942-1995). 3.5.2 Water quality of the "Rach Gia - a Tien" section The analyzing results of water quali of the canal of Kien Luong - Ha Tien in December 2003 conducted by EPC are s wn in Table 3.9. CHAPTER THREE 3-27 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ l 1 Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat n Project Table 3.9 Water quality of the Kien LuG Ig- Ha Tien canal (December 2003) No Parameter Unit Results Km 316 |m 320 | Km 324 Km 328 Km 332 1 Temperature OC 30.2 30.0 30.0 30.1 30.1 2 pH 3,41 4.74 4,67 5.21 5.34 3 Salinity 0/00 1.56 2.34 4.72 5.41 8.8 4 Turbidity mg/l 154 _ 126 168 173 143 5 SS mg/l 34 27 38 36 41 6 DO mg/l 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.1 3,0 7 BOD5 mg/l 5.7 6.1 6.7 5.3 4.5 8 COD mg/l 11.5 13.4 16.3 17.8 15.2 9 NO2 mg/l 0.001 0.004 0.0008 0.006 0.005 10 NO3 mg/l 0.87 0.68 0.62 0.72 1.14 11 NH4 mg/l 0.89 0.69 0.74 0.81 1.46 12 Zn mg/l 0.13 10.16 0.08 0.07 0.11 13 Al mg/l 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.04 14 Cd z/l 0.19 0.07 0.06 | 0.08 0.12 15 Ni mg/1 0.21 0.15 0.26 0.18 0.28 16 Hg 1g/1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 17 T. Coli MPN/ 11.000 15000 9000 1700 21.000 18 F.Coli MPN/ 430 350 210 200 110 100ml _ Source: EPC (VESDEC), December 2003 Comments - Turbidity The turbidity measured along the ri er varied in the range of 126-173mg/i with lower values recorded in the section (if Rach Gia - Ha Tien when compared with the section of Ca Mau - Nam Can - Suspended solid (SS) CHAPTER THREE 3-28 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci I WYorks and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project The total suspended solid measured in the river was in the range of 27 - 41 mg/l. As such, the concentration of suspend d solid in the river met the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5942-1995 stipulates it at mg/l for Source Class B). - Dissolved oxygen (DO) The measured concentration of d solved oxygen met the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5942-1995 stipulates on S urce Class B at > 2mg/i). But it did not meet the Standard for source class A (6mg/li. - Nitrite, nitrate and ammonia concei trations The nitrate concentration (NO3-) v ried in the range of 0.62- 1.14 mg/l, which is lower than the Vietnamese Envii onmental Standard (TCVN 5942-1995 stipulates it at < 10 mg/l). The nitrite concentration (NO2-) var d in the range of 0.001 to 0.008 mg/I. The concentrations measured at all 3 pc nts were lower than the Vietnamese Environmental Standard (TCVN 5942-1995 on Source Class B is 0.05mg/I). The concentration of NFH4 varied the range of 0.69- 1.46 mg/I. The concentration of ammonia at Km 332 wa higher than the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5942-1995, < 1 mg/1). - Organic pollution The COD concentration of the river et the Vietnamese standard for source class B (TCVN 5942-1995: <35mg/i), but d fes not meet the Standard for A source. The BOD concentration measured in the river was lower than the Vietnamese standard for source class B (1 CVN 5942 - 1995: < 25 mg/i), but it exceeds the Standard for source class A (< mg/l). - Total Coliform All monitoring points showed hil h concentrations of coliforms. At 3 monitoring points the concentration were ligher than the Vietnamese Standard on Source Class B (TCVN 5942-1995: 10.000 lPN/100ml). - Pollution due to heavy metals Measuring data showed that the conc ntrations of all heaNy meals in water of the river were lower than the Vietnamese st ;mdard for source class A (TCVN 5942- 1995). CHAPTER THREE 3-29 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ | Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat :n Project 3.6 QUALITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMEN - 3.6.1 Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can (F Extension) The parameters selected for analyzi g the bottom sediment conducted by EPC in the pre-construction phase include: - Particle size - Contents of heavy metals Analyzing results are shown in Table . 1 0, Table 3.11. Table 3.10 Analysis ofparticle size of bo om sediment Sampling Particle size _ point > 0.1 0.1-0.05 0.05- ).01 0.01- 0.005 - < 0.00 I (mm) (mm) (nu l) 0.005 0.001 (mm) (mm) (mm) Km 324 0.31 5.29 31. 2 23.84 30.56 8.28 Km 332 1.28 7.82 38. 4 18.54 26.74 6.98 Km 340 0.87 6.37 41. ,7 28.34 19.53 3.02 Km 350 1.29 8.72 33. 9 17.64 27.51 11.55 Km 360 0.67 4.38 55. 1 12.36 22.13 5.05 Km 370 1.13 5.41 47. 1 18.23 26.51 1.11 Km 380 1.03 3.41 65. 8 7.84 20.00 2.24 Table 10: Heavy metals of bottom sedin ent Position Result Cr Pb Cd Hg (mg/kg) ( ng/kg) (mg/kg) (Lggkg) Km 324 27.2 56.4 14.1 3.24 Km 332 11.5 _ 134.1 9.5 1.28 Km 340 18.3 41.6 15.4 2.34 Km 350 31.2 51.0 8.4 1.16 Km 360 19.7 45.8 11.6 2.44 Km 370 15.6 29.6 12.8 3.57 Km 380 22.4 37.9 7.6 1.41 The results show that the contents o heavy metals such as Pb, Cr and Hg in the bottom mud in the regions of Luong Th Tran canal and Nam Can are relatively low when compared with the Dutch StandarI (alnnex 3). However, in order to assess the impacts on the water environment, auatic biota and aquaculture activities during the construction and dredging, the p ject will monitor the concentrations of CHAPTER THREE 3-30 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci1 1 Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita' on Project heavy metals in canal water during the con truction so as to dispatch timely notices to people, if necessary. 3.6.2 Section of Rach Gia - Ha Tien (C ]xtension) The analyzing results of particle siz and heavy metals in the bottom mud of the anal of Rach Gia - Ha Tien are shown i Table 3.12, Table 3.13. Table 3.12 Particle size of botom sedimo t Sampling > 0.1 0.10 - 0. 5 - 0.01- 0.005 - < 0.001 point (mm) 0.05 0 1 0.005 0.001 (mm) (_m) (n m) (mm) (mm) Km 316 2.03 44.85 2( 60 14.80 9.12 2.60 Km 332 1.69 19.43 55 36 11.84 7.68 Table 3.13 Analysis of heavy metals of bittom sediment Position RESULT Cr Pb Cd Hg (mg/kg) ( g/kg) (mg/kg) ( pg/kg) Km 316 22.1 54.2 7.8 3.78 Km 332 18.6 38.7 10.3 4.24 Source. Table 3.10-3.13: EPC (VESDEC),, ecember 2003 The analyzing results show that the ontents of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr and Hg in the bottom mud in the canal of Kien Luong - Ha Tien are relatively low when compared with the Dutch Standard (A nnex 3). However, in order to assess the impacts on the water environment, aquati biota and aquaculture activities during the construction and dredging, and the pr ject will monitor the concentrations of heavy metals in canal water during the co truction so as to dispatch timely notices to people. 3.7 ASSESSMENT ON ACID SULF E SOIL AT THE PROJECT SITE In March 2004, in the framework of this EIA study, EPC (VESDI) has conducted a program for sampling and a alysing acid sulfate soils (ASS) at the additional canal sections. 3.7.1 Location of investigating sites * Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can - CM - 01: Hamlet 7, An Khanh co mune, U Minh district. CHAPTER THREE 3-31 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project - CM - 02: Thanh Dien Hamlet, Ly an Lam commune, Ca Mau City. - CM - 03: Chanh Hamlet, Ly Van L m commune, Ca Mau City. - CM - 04: Trung Cang Hamlet, Trar Phan commune, Dam Doi district. - CM - 05: Xom Dua Hamlet, Quach Pham commune, Dam Doi district. - CM- 06: Kinh Tac Hamlet, Ham R :ng commune, Nam Can district. - CM- 07: Cai Nai Hamlet, Ham Ro g commune, Nam Can district. - CM - 08: Chong My Hamlet, Ham Rong commune, Nam Can district. * Section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien - KG - 09: Ha Giang Ferry Landing, huan Yen commune, Ha Tien Town. - KG - 10: Block 7, Nga 4 Hamlet, Ihuan Yen commune, Ha Tien Town. - KG - 11: Cang Hamlet, Hoa Dien c mmune, Kien Luong district. - KG - 12: Block 3, Kinh 1 Hamlet, lloa Dien commune, Kien Luong district. - KG - 13: Kinh 1 Hamlet, Hoa Die commune, Kien Luong district. 3.7.2 Description of profile * Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can - Prof ile: CM - 01 - Position: Hamlet 7, An Khanh comm ne, U Minh district. - Date: 7 March 2004 - Status: fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 120 E Color: 7.5YR - /2 brownish black. Wet, clay powdered, plastic, soft and icky. Much humus of semi-decomposed vegetation. Abrupt hange of strata in structure and mechanical composition. 120- 180 Cp.1 Color: 7.5Y - 3/2 Olive black. Wet, slightly viscous, clay powdered, very p1 ic and sticky, slightly thick, little of semi to fair-decomposed vgetation, strong gley. Gradual change of strata in color. 180 - 300 Cp.2 Color lOY - 5/1 ay. Wet, pasty, plastic clay, sticky, thick, little of fine organic matters, strong gley. Name: Deep potential acid sulfate soil IASS)with peat, medium to fair acid sulphate (Sp3) - Profile: CM- 02 - Position: Thanh Dien Hamlet, Ly Va Lam commune, Ca Mau City. - Date: 7 / March /2004 - Status: Fresh soil. CHAPTER THREE 3-32 Envirormental Impact Assessment of Additional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 20 A Color IOYR - 4 grayish yellow brown. Wet, soft, clay powdered with sharp structure, plastic and sticky, thick, medium humus, se eral brown spot on roots. Relatively clear change in color. 20 - 100 AC Color 2.5Y - 3/1, brownish black. Wet, soft,, slightly plastic with block structur , plastic and sticky, slightly thick, rich of humus, little of ser ii-decomposed vegetation. Gradual change of strata in color. 100 - 160 Cp. 1 Color 5Y - 4/1 M ray. Wet, slightly plastic, clay powdered, loose block structu e, plastic and sticky, slightly thick, little semi-decomposed Avzgetation, strong gley. Gradual change of strata in color. 160 -240 Cp.2 Color 7.5Y - 4/1 gray. Wet, plastic, clay powdered, pasty, sticky, slightly thic , little of fine organlic matters, strong gley. Gradual change of s irata in color. 240 - 280 Cg Color 5Y - 3/2 live black. Wet, plastic, clay powder_-d, plastic and sticky, thick with traces of brown-black humus, strong gley. Gradua change of strata in color. 280 - 300 Cg Color 7.5Y - 4/i ray. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic and sticky, thick, little fine humus, strong gley. Name: Deep PASS, medium acid sulfate, acid sulfate stratum at the depth of between 100 - 240 cm (Sp3) - Profile: CM- 03 - Position: Chanh Hamlet, Ly Van Lan commune, Ca Mau City. - Date: 7 / March / 2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 15 A Color 1 OYR - 4/ dull yellowish brown. Wet, clay powdered; sharp block structu , plastic and sticky, slightly thick, medilun humus, few radicle Gradual change of strata in color. 15 - 40 A Color 1 OYR - 3/ dark brown. Wet soft, clay powdered, block structure, very pa y, sticky, poor in humus, few radicals, several brown spot adhering to roots. Relatively clear change in color. 40 - 80 Bg Color 2.5Y - 3/ brownish black. Wet, slightly pasty, clay powdered, week st icture, plastic and sticky, slightly thick, little of fine humus, gley Gradual change of strata in color. 80 - 160 Cg Color 2.5Y - 4/ yellowish gray. Wet, slightly pasty, clav powdered, weak bl ck structure, plastic and sticky, thick, poor in humus, gley. Rel tively clear change in color. 160 - 300 Cg Color 2.5Y - 3/3 dark olive brown. Wet, slightly pasty, clay powdered, very wefl structure, plastic and sticky, thick, gley. Name: Gley alluvial soil (Pg) CHAPTER THREE 3-33 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat )n Project - Profile: CM- 04 - Position: Trung Cang Hamlet, Tran P an commune, Dam Doi district. - Date: 7 / March / 2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 70 A Color 7.5Y - 3/1 olive black. Wet, pasty, clay powdereld, plastic and sticky, slightly thick, few radicles, little of firne organic matters, gle r. Relatively clear change in color. 70 - 130 Cg Color 5Y - 3/ olive black. Wet, slightly pasty, clay powdered, plastic ind sticky, slightly thick with traces of decomposed organi matters, medium gley. 130 - 300 Cg Color 2.5Y - 3/2 rownish black. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, very plastic and stic y, thick, strong gley. Name: Gley alluvial soil (Pg) - Profile: CM - 05 - Position: Xom Dua Hamlet, Quach P am commune, Dam Doi district. - Date: 7 / March / 2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 25 A Color lOYR - 3/ dark brown. Wet, soft slightly pasty, clay powdered, sharp lock structure, very pasty, sticky, thick, medium humus w h traces of semi-decomposed vegetation. Gradual change of s trata in color. 25 - 50 AC Color SY - 3/ olive black. Wet, slightly pasty, clay powdered, weak b ock structure, very pasty, sticky, thick, few fine roots, poor i humus, few traces of humus, violet gray humus, little of fi organic matters, gley. Gradual change of strata in color. 50 - 130 Cp _1 Color 7.5Y - 4/; gray. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic, sticky, slightly so little of fine organic matters, strong gley. Gradual change of rata in color. 130-250 Cp_2 Color 7.5Y - 5/ gray. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic, sticky, slightly thi with several traces of fine organic matters over the whole str um, strong gley. Gradual change of strata in color. 250 - 300 Cp 3 Color 7.5Y - 5/ grayish olive. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, I________ _____ plastic, sticky with ittle trace of organic matters, strong gley. Name: Deep laten acid sulfate soil, medium acid sulfate (Sp2) CHAPTER THREE 3-34 Environmental Impact Assessmenzt of Additional Ciz I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project - Profile: CM- 06 - Position: Kinh Tac Hamlet, Ham Rorig commune, Nam Can district. - Date: 8 / March /2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 30 A Color lOYR - 3/3 ark brown. Wet, soft, clay powdered, sharp block structure, vei plastic, sticky, thick, few radicals, medium humus.. 30 - 130 Cg Color 7.5Y - 3/ olive black. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic, sticky, slig itly thick, medium in fine organic matters with several pieces f semi-decomposed vegetation, strong gley. Gradual change of kata in color. 130 - 200 Cg Color 5Y - 3/2 o ve black. Wet, clay powdered, sticky, thick with few traces o violet gray humus, strong gley. Gradual change of strata in olor. 200 - 300 Cg Color 7.5Y - 2/ black. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic, sticky, little of hun is, strong gley. Name: Gley alluvial soil (Pg) - Profile: CM- 07 - Position: Cai Nai Hamlet, Ham Ron commune, Nam Can district. - Date: 8 / March / 2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 -40 A Color 1 OYR - 3 brownish black. Wet, soft, slightly pasty, clay powdered, sh p block structure, very plastic, sticky, thick, few radicals, med am in humus. Gradual change of strata in color. 40 - 110 AC Color 2.5Y - 3/ brownish black. Wet, slightly pasty, clay powdered, weak st ucture, plastic and sticky, very few radicals, medium in humus little of fine decomposed vegetation, gley. Gradual change of ;trata in color. 110 - 185 Cp_ 1 Color 5Y - 3/2 o ye black. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic, sticky, slightly so with fine organic matters and little of semi- decomposed veget on, strong gley. Gradual change of strata in color. 185 - 210 Cp_ 2 Color 5Y - 5/1 gray. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic, sticky, slightly th k, with fine organic matters and little of semi-decomposed egetation, strong gley. Gradual change of strata in color. 210-300 Cg Color 7.5Y - S 1 gray. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, very ___________ Cplastic, sticky, thic , strong gley. Name: Very deep PASS, medium a id sulfate. Acid sulfate stratum stariing from the depth of 110 cm. (Sp3) CHAPTER THREE 3-35 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Cil il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project - Profile: CM- 08 - Position: Chong My Hamlet, Ham R ng hamlet, Nam Can district. - Date: 8 / March /2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 25 A _ 1 Color 1 OYR - 3/3 dark brown. Wet, soft, clay powdered, sharp block structure, thiSk, very plastic, sticky, poor in humus, few radicals, several b own landing stages on old roots. Gradual change of strata in color. 25 -45 A_2 Color 2.5Y - 3/ brownish black. Wet, slightly pasty, clay powdered, weak b ock structure, very plastic, sticky, slightly thick, very few rad cals with little of fine organic matters, weak gley. Gradual chan e of strata in color. 45 - 90 A . B Color 1OYR - 3 brownish black. Wet soft, slightly pasty, clay powdered, ve plastic, sticky, poor in humus with very little of fine organi matters. Relatively clear change in color. 90 - 170 Cg Color 2.5Y - 3/ brownish black. Wet, soft, slightly pasty, clay powdered, v -ak block structure, very plastic, sticky, slightly soft with ittle of fine organic matters, weak gley. Gradual change of trata in color. 170 - 300 Cg Color 2.5Y - 3/ brownish black. Wet, slightly pasty, clay __________ ____powdered, weak stl cture, plastic, sticky, gley. Name: Gley alluvial soil (Pg). * Section of Ha Tien - Kien Luong - Profile: KG - 09 - Position: Ha Giang Ferry Landing, T luan Yen commune, Ha Tien town. - Date: 10/March/2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 25 Ah Color 2.5Y - 3/1 brownish black. Wet, clayish, weak block structure, plastic ad sticky, slightly soft, medium in semi-_ to well-decomposed aganic matters, few radicals. Gradual change of strata in color. 25 - 130 Cp.1 Color lOYR - /2 brownish black. Wet, clay powdered, slightly pasty, weik structure, plastic and sticky, soft, few radicles, fine orga *c matters, weak gley. Gradual change of strata in color. 130 - 300 Cp.2 Color 5Y -3/2 01 e black. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic and sticky, slightl3 soft, medium in fine organic matters with several decompose( vegetation bodies, strong gley . Name: Shallow PASS, medium in acid sulf e, the depth of the acid sulfate soil is at most 25 cm (Spi) CHAPTER THREE 3-36 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat )n Project - Profile: KG - IO - Position: Block 7, Nga 4 Hamlet, Thu n Yen commune, Ha Tien town. - Date: 10 /March/2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 10 Ah Color 1OYR - 2/ brownish black. Wet, clayish, weak block structure, plastic a]d sticky, soft, rich at humus with many radicals and severl semi-decomposed bodies of vegetation. Gradual change of s rata in color. 10 - 40 AC Color lOYR - 3/ brownish black. Wet, slightly pasty, weak block structure, pla tic and sticky, slightly soft, little of semi- decomposed organil matters. Gradual change of strata in color. 40 - 120 Cp.1 Color 2.5Y - 3/2 rownish black. Wet, slightly pasty, clayish, very weak structur plastic and sticky, slightly soft, medium in organic matters, se ral bodies of semi-decomposed vegetation, gley. Gradual chan of strata in color. 120 - 200 Cp.2 Color 2.5Y - 3/1 rownish black. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic and sticky slightly thick, medium in fine organic matters, strong gley Gradual change of strata in color. 200 - 300 Cp.3 Color 7.5Y - 3/ olive black. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic and sticky, little of fine organic matters and semi- decomposed veget ion with many pieces of broken shells, strong gley. Name: Medium PASS, shallow acid sulfate ratum (Spi) - Prof ile: KG -11 - Position: Cang Hamlet, Hoa Dien co mune, Kien Luong district. - Date: 10 /March/2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) 0 - 25 Ah Color IOYR - 3/' dark brown. Wet, slightly pasty, very weak structure, plastic aid sticky, soft, rich at humus, few radicals, many semi- to w 11 decomposed vegetation bodies. Abrupt change of strata in ructure and mechanical composition. 25 - 120 AC Color lOYR - 4/ Grayish yellow brown. Wet, clay powdered, soft, block structure, very plastic and sticky, thick, few traces of black-brown humus Very clear change in color. 120 - 150 Cp.l Color lOYR - 3 brownish black. Wet, slightly pasty, clay powdered, very wek structure, plastic and sticky, slightly soft, medium in orga c matters with some bodies of semi- decomposed veget ion, gley. Gradual change of strata in color. CHAPTER THREE 3-37 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat )n Project 150 - 170 Cp.2 Color lOYR - 2/2 brownish black. Wet, pasty, clayish, plastic and sticky, soft, ri h in organic matters with some bodies of semi-decomposed v getation, gley. Gradual change of strata in color. 170 - 300 Cp.3 Color 2.5Y - 2/1 l ack. Wet, clayish, pasty, plastic and sticky, I_________ rich at decomposed rganic matters, gley . Name: Medium PASS, deep acid sulfate stra um (Sp3). - Profile: KG -12 - Position: Block 3, Kinh 1 Hamlet, E a Dien commune, Kien Luong district. - Date: 1O /March/2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratum Stratum Description depth (cm) _ _____ 0 - 15 Ah Color 1OYR - 33 dark brown. Wet, soft, slightly pasty, clayish, weak struc are, plastic, sticky, soft, many radicals and organic matters. lbrupt change of strata in structure and mechanical compos tion. 15 - 45 BW _ 1 Color IOYR - 6/ brownish gray. Wet, soft, clay powdered, block structure, v ry plastic, sticky, thick, poor in humus, several brown spot on roots and thin traces of 1-2% yellow- brown. Gradual cha ige of strata in color. 45 - 90 BW _ 2 As above yet 3 - %. Slight change of strata in color. 90 - 130 BC Color 2.5Y - 4/1 yellowish gray. Wet, soft, clay powdered, block structure, vexy plastic, sticky thick, few traces of black brown humus ove the entire stratum, weak gley. Relatively clear change in col . 130 - 230 Cp Color 5Y - 3/1 ol e black. Wet, pasty, clay powdered, plastic, sticky, slightly so , medium in semi- to well-decomposed organic matters, gl y. Abrupt change of strata in structure and mechanical compos tion. 230 - 300 BW Color 1OYR-6/2 ayish yellow brown. Wet, slightly soft, clay powdered, very pl tic block structure, very sticky, thick, many reddish yellow st ns (SYR - 5/6 bright reddish brown to reddish brown) Name: PASS, medium acid sulfate, very deej (130 - 230 cm) sulfate stratum (Sp3) - Profile: KG -13 - Position: Kinh I Hamlet, Hoa Dien c mmune, Kien Luong district. - Date: 10/March/2004 - Status: Fresh soil. Stratumr Stratum Description depth (cm) I l CHAPTER THREE 3-38 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional C il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project 0 - 15 Al Color 1 OYR - 4/ grayish yellow brown. Wet, clay powdered, block structure, r ixture of heterogeneous materials, slightly soft, plastic and s icky, few brown stains. Gradual change of strata in color. _ 15 -40 BI Color 7.5YR - i/1 brownish gray. Wet, slightly soft, clay powdered, sharp b ck structure, very plastic, very sticky, thick with several yello) sh brown spots. Gradual change of strata in color. _ 40 - 110 Bj Color 7.5YR - S 1 brownish gray. Wet, soft, clay powdered, sharp block struct e, very plastic and sticky, slightly thick, few jarosits on old veg tation bodies and cracks 2 - 3%. Color 5Y - 8/6 yellow. Relati- ly clear change in color. 110- 150 A2 Color 2.5Y - 4/1 ellowish gray. Wet, soft slightly pasty, clay powdered, sharp ock structure, plastic, sticky, thick, rich at humus. Gradual cb mge of strata in color. 150 - 180 A-2B Color 2.5Y - 4/ dark grayish yellow. Wet, clay powdered soft, slightly pas , mixed with some small pebbles, plastic, sticky, slightly thi , some brown red stains, weak gley. Clear change in color an color accumulation. 180 - 300 Bw Color lOYR - 7/ light gray. Wet, clay powdered soft, sharp block structure, ve plastic and sticky, thick, some stains with Color from 5YR - /6 light reddish brown to reddish brown 10 -15%. ._ Name: Actual acid sulfate soil (AASS), r. dium acid sulfate, acid sulfate stratum from 40 to 1 10 cm. (Sj 1). 3.7.3 Chemical composition of soils The analyzed results of soil samples long the section of Ca Mau - Nam Can are presented in Table 3.14 Table 3.14 Chemical characteristics of oil samples collected along section of Ca Mau - Nam Can No Code Depth pH pH :C Fe + W+ Clr S04 20) (H202) cm m /cm mg lOOg mg l OOg __ 1 CM-01 0 - 120 5.33 1.05 l 89 56 7.8 1.78 0.24 2 CM-01 120- 180 5.46 0.92 _ 43 238 21.99 0.96 1.27 3 CM-02 100- 160 5.88 1.2 39 158 17.21 0.76 0.87 4 CM-03 80 - 160 6.3 1.98 97 115 145.53 0.56 0.12 5 CM-04 130 - 300 7.92 2.45 _ 55 42 184.2 0.72 0.16 6 CM-05 50 - 150 5.67 0.96 7 43 208 3.76 1.12 1.03 7 CM-06 130 -200 7.61 2.68 7 33 220.88 1.13 0.09 CHAPTER THREE 3-39 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional vil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit tion Project 8 CM-07 185 -210 7.25 1.3 .78 219 50.13 1.09 0.75 9 CM-07 40 -110 7.15 1.25 _ .82 240 202.06 1.4 0.93 10 CM-08 90 - 170 6.4 1.27 866 202 19.41 1.42 0.87 Table 3.15 Characteristics of soil sa les collected along section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien No Code Depth pH pH -Fe2+ Fe-3+ Cl S042- (H20) (H202) cm ms m mg/lOOg mg/lOOg % % 1 KG-09 25- 130 5.65 0.9 7. 3 220 30.4 1.37 1.07 2 KG-10 40- 120 6.42 0.74 6. 7 232 8.58 1.3 1.13 3 KG-10 120 - 200 6.53 1.13 4. 6 160 39.3 0.65 0.74 4 KG-1I 150 - 270 4.01 0.57 6. 1 270 15.69 1.47 1.35 5 KG-I 1 270 - 300 4.72 1.08 4. 7 163 50.49 0.68 0.58 6 KG-12 130 -230 4.07 0.66 2. 2 254 158.33 0.19 0.9 7 KG-13 40-110 3.37 2.08 0. 120 25.09 0.056 0.5 Source: Table 3.13-3.15: EPC (VESDEC), A farch 2004 3.7.4 Commend Following the suggestions of the Chief of the Department of Land Management (in 1967) and base on saline p centage of soil, classification could be made as presented in the Table 3.16: The S, 504 - parameters and total dissolved solids (TDS) are useful references for lan use planning and also for looking of improving measures. Table 3.16 Soil Classification of the Dep rtment of Land Management No Category TDS (%) c| (%) S042 (%) pH 1 Non - saline <0.2 <0.05 <0.2 > 5.5 2 Slight-saline 0.2-0.5 p.05-0.1 0.2-0.3 >5.5 3 Moderate-saline 0.5 - 1.0 0.1 - 0.2 0.3 - 0.8 > 5.5 4 High - saline >1 > 0.2 0.8 <5.5 5 Acid-saline soil 0.5 0.1 0.3 <5.5 6 Saline acidsoil 0.2-0.5 _ p.05-0.1 0.2-0.3 <5.5 From this table value ofpH<5.5 may be onsidered as an ambient condition of acidic soils. CHAPTER THREE 3-40 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project * Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can The main water way from Ca Mau t Nam Can has a distance about 55 km, passing Dam Doi and Cai Nuoc districts and takes its end at Nam Can town. Because of low land level almost area alor the way is covered by saline and acid sulphate soils. Despite of acid sulfate soil the pH vz |ue is rather high ranging in 5.33 - 7.92. Because of strong saline water, salinity of river water at the present time is (25 - 27 g/l), the concentration of Cl - being in a ra ge (0.56 - 1.78 %) and correlative EC index (5.3 - 7.8 mS/cm) are very high. On the contrary, the pH (H202) valu rather low (0.96 - 2.68). It shows that the soil is organic rich, and is the main cau e of potential pyrite origination (FeS2). The S042- (%) percentage is correlatively h h (0.24 - 1.27); the Fe +concentration is very high, being higher than > 200 (mg/10 g). Combining the description of soil p file to diagnose acid soil layer and the analyzed results some commends could be nade as follows: - At the following points as CM-01, CM 02, CM-05, CM-07, CM-08 soil is in strong potential acid sulfate category. A some points the acid layer is shallow, and at the other it is at deep level. - At the remaining points of section of Ca Mau - Nam Can: CM-03, CM-04, CM- 06 potential acid degree is insignificant. * Section of Ha Tien - Kien Luong The main waterway from Kien Luonj to Ha Tien has a distance about 18 km, passing Thuan Yen and Hoa Dien comm es. Concerning with river water it is clear that the salinity is gradually decr ses from Kien Luong to Ha Tien. Specifically, the salinity at Ha Giang Ferry ,iearby Dong Ho lagoon) is of 25.2 g/l, while it is of 5.5 g/l at Kien Luong town. Co cerning with topography the land level is getting higher from Kien Luong to Ha T n. So as, in the area nearby soil is of potential acid category (pyrite), and along the Kien Luong direction active acid sulfate soil gradually occurs (Jarosit). In general, pH value is at slight acid' (5.65 - 6.53). Except for two points in Kien Luong KG-12 and KG-13, which h ve high acidity, low pH (3.37 - 4.07) due to impact of actual acid sulfate sulfate s 1, but pH(H202) index remains in very low level (0.66 - 2.08). CHAPTER THREE 3-41 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civi Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project The concentration of S042- (0.5 - 1.3 %) and Fe2+ (160 - 254 mg/1OOg) are rather high. This area is strongly effected by salin water, therefore the percentage of Cl- is varying in a range of (0.68 - 1.47 %) and concentration of EC is very high (4.7 - 6.9 ms/cm). According to the analyzed in the areq along the Ha Tien - Kien Luong soil are in moderate and strong acid category. CHAPTER THREE 342 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project CHAPTEF FOUR ASSESSMENT OF ENVIR NMENTAL IMPACTS 4.1 ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVI ONMENTAL IMPACTS BY THE PROJECT IN THE PRE-CONSTI UCTION PHASE - In the pre-construction phase, beca se investigations and geological survey drilling are being carried out, in the short me (1 to 2 months), at the sites of the project, therefore, impacts on the natural en ironment are expected as minor. - The most significant impacts in this phase is negative effect on local production (agriculture, orchards aquacult Ire) and income of households having land was cleared for enlarging canal. These impacts are negative, modera e , long term but mitigable if the PMU combines with local authorities to cary out a proper compensation and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). This iml act is detaily assessed in a RAP report prepared by PMU-w. 4.2 IMPACTS DURING THE CONS UCTION PHASE 4.2.1 Impacts by additional dredging of wo extension waterways The following impacts on the natura environment along the canal sections in the construction phase are expected: - Canal water will be acidified because f the leakage of acidic materials from dredged sediment particulary at the secti n Kien Luong - Ha Tien. - Increase in turbidity and heavy metals in canal water as a result of dredging and enlarging the canals. - Agriculture (rice, vegetable, orchards) a uaculture activities will be effected due to disposal of dredged materials. - Sligh change in canal hydrology. * Impact on water quality - The dredging by dredgers will cau an increase in turbidity and suspended solid (SS), particularly when the canals are redged with the mud-suction technique. CHAPTER FOUR 4-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci l Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project The increase in turbidity, heavy me is and pesticides from canal sediment during the dredging period can threaten t} e supply of water for aquaculture and domestic uses. Although the concentrations of toxi substances in the bottom mud of the two canals are lower than the Dutch standar on bottom mud, scouring can cause an increase in the concentration of heavy me als in the water of the canals that are dredged. - The increase in water pollution because f suspended solid and turbidity causes damages to fish and shrimp. A major pa t of fish species cannot live in the water that has the suspended solid concentrat on of over 2000 mg/I. Therefore, they must migrate out of the water of high urbidity. High turbidity and suspended solid concentration hinder oxygen from the air dissolving into water, limit the ability of fish in preying upon and therety damage fish. - It is a worldwide experience that dredgi ig with dredging buckets causes lighter impacts than dredgers. - However, from the monitoring results for this project at other canal section, where had been dredged, it may indical d that during dredging, fixh or shrimp death was not observed at the canals. T refore, this impact is assessed as minor and short-term. - Dredging will cause disorders and amages to the habitats of biological organisms on the banks and at the car al-bed. Only after a space of time big benthic animals can return. The excal ation of two banks can decrease fish habitats. Therefore, the constructors shc Id dredge only one bank at the narrow sections in order to limit these negative i pacts. - Enlarging the canal will also cause dam ge to Nipa palm belt along some part of section Ca Mau-Nam Can. This impact is assessed as minor due to the area of Nipa palm to be cut off may be replan ed at other area along the canals after dredging and compensation for loss of Npa palm will be done (see RAP report). - There are many species of aquatic anin als of saline and brackish waters in the canal sections of Kien Luong - Ha Tier and Ca Mau - Nam Can. Nevertheless, the dredging and enlarging of the cana s will not change the salinity of water. Therefore, the change in the composi ion of aquatic species will not occur during and after dredging. - Increase in concentrations of heavy me ls in water is expected as negative, bui minor and short-term at the both sectio s Ca Mau - Nam Can and moderate at Kien Luong - Ha Tien section and short erm. CHAPTER FOUR 4-2 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C ' il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project - Increase of acidity in water, particulary at the section Kien Luong - Ha Tien is expected as significant but short-term. The expansion and dredging of cana in regions of sulfate acid soils results in the exposure of pyrite (FeS2) to the air and with the presence of water, the oxidation of pyrite and formation of acid od cur with the mechanism as follows: 2FeS2 + 2H20 + 702 - 2 FeS l4 + 2H2S04 (strong acid) 2FeSO4 + 02 + 2H2S04 -+2 Fe2 S04 )3 + 2H20 FeSO4 + 6H2S04 - 2Fe(C tH)3 + 3H2S04 At a lower pH pyrite can be oxidizes with the presence of Fe3+ ions: FeS2 + 14Fe3+ + 8H20 -* 15Fe2+ -l 2SO42- + 16H+ The conversion of ferrous sulfate tc ferric sulfate is very slow at a pH lower than 4 but it very quick with micro-organic catalyst (soil-oxidizing microorganism). The acidification of water is depend : nt on. the following factors: - The dredged volume of acidic botto mud and the acidity of bottom mud; - Dimension of SRAs where acid sulf te soil and bottom mud are disposed; - Run off of acidic water from SRAs 1 surroundings. Assessment on environmental impacts duo to high water acidity (low pH) Many studies show that in the Me iong Delta in the dry season, the acidic water goes up by capillarity to the soil sur ace. The acid materials stagnate together with aluminum and iron sulfates on those urfaces. In the first months of the rainy season (May to July), the acids accumulated on the soil surface are washed away to canals and fields to acidify water and soil. i cording to the previous observations, in the Kien Luong - Ha Tien section, in begin iing of the rainy season, acidifying water from Long Xuyen Quadrangle flow down causing acidification the whole canal, result in the high water acidity. Increase in the water acidity of car als and fields may lead to affect life of fish and shrimp. The harm of acidity (thr ugh pH) of water to shrimp and fish is outlined and shown in Table 4.1 Table 4.1 Acute effect of acidity tofish species pH j Effect 6.5 - 9.0 No negative influence 6.0 - 6.4 No negative impact unless wh n concentration of CO2 is very high (> 1000 mg/l) [ ~~CHAPTER F OUR 4 - 7 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project 5.0 - 5.9 No negative impact unless whei concentration of CO2 is high (> 20 mg/i) or Fe2+ is present 4.5 - 4.9 Damages to spawn. Some fish species are influenced when the concentrations of Ca2+. Na+ and 1- are low 4.0 - 4.4 Damages to many fish species l 3.5 - 3.9 Fatal damages to some fish spe ies but some species of black fish (anabas, catfish, etc.) are survived. _ 3.0 - 3.4 Almost all fish die after several 'ours Source: Wellburn (1988), from the documen of C.F.Manson (1991) The acidification and transfer of aci ic water that is generated by dredging and digging canals crossing acid sulfate s il area will cause negative impacts on water quality, aquatic biota, aquaculture, ater supply and irrigation inside and around the dredging zone. Due to location in actual acid sulph te soil area, water acidification in the section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien will be hig er than that in the section of Ca Mau - Nam Can. However, in the both canal se ions influence of salinity intrusion is strong, pH of canal water is normally > 3.4 5.3 (at section Kien Luong - Ha Tien) and 7.0-7.3 (at section Ca Mau - Nam C n). Therefore, mass death of fish and shrimps during dredging may not occur. Leakage of acidic water from SRAs The acid in mud and soil is not in diately transferred to the environment yet it exists in the dredged soil for many ye irs. Pyrite in mud is oxidized gradually in many years by oxygen penetrating in soil. When pyrite is oxidized, the diffusion of end products of the oxidation t the surface is also slow. In heavy clay the transfer of products from the oxidatio of pyrite (namely HW. Fe2+. Al3+ and SO42-) occurs mainly by capillarity. When t ose substances go up to the superficial layer, they accumulate in the form of acidi salts that are dissolved and brought to nearby fields and ponds, causing acidificatio therein. Lesson learned from the dredging of ections D-F and B-C of this project in 2002-2003 show that water leak from spo 1 relocation area may increase water acidity of the surrounding canals and fields. ee Environmental Monitoring Reports conducted by EPC in 2002-2003). * Increase the heavy metal in the canal ter Although heavy metals in sediment o Ca Mau - Nam Can, Kien Luong - Ha Tien canals is much lower than Dutch St ndard (Chapter Three), but dredging activities will increase their content in the ater. Heavy metals in sediment along the canal are showed in Table 3.11 and Table 3.13 and Dutch Standard is at Appendix 3. CHAPTER FOUR 4-4 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project Table 4.2 Dutch Standardfor the spoil No. Parameters Refer -nce Testing value Alarmingly (mg/kg dry weight) val ie value 1 Chromium 1C) 480 1000 2 Nickel 3l 45 200 3 Copper 3 l 90 400 4 Zinc 14 1000 2500 5 Cadmium 0. 7.5 30 6 Mercury 0. 1.6 15 7 Lead 8' 530 1000 8 Arsenic 2' 85 150 9 Aldrin 0. 1 0.04 0.5 10 Dieldrin 0.C 1 11 Endrin 0.0 1 0.04 0.5 Due to the high toxicity of heavy m tals (mercury, lead, chromium...) and pesticides at high concentration can effe -t on human heath and aquatic life. Drinking water standard of WHO for merct ry, lead, chrome is 0.05mg/l, 0.O5mg/l, 1 p,g/l, respectively, Water Standard of st veral international, organizations and Vietnam are showed at Table 4.3. Table 4.3 Water standard (for heaA metals) of several international, organizations and countries Parameter Drinking water Domest c use Irrigation Fish culture (WHO) wat r water water (Vietn am) (US) (Netherlands Class A ) Fe (mg/l) 0.3 1. l 1.0 Al (mg/I) 0.2 1 0.1 Cu (mg/I) 1.0 0.] 1.0 0.02 Pb (mg/l) 0.05 0.0L 0.05 Cr (mg/l) 0.05 0.0 i 0.05 Hg (mg/I) 0.001 0.0( 1 0.0005 Zn (mg/l) 0. ] 0.1 As (mg/1) 0.05 0.0 l i 1000 0.05 However, the monitoring result of aquatic environment during the construction phase in 2001, 2002, and 2003 shows that the concentration of heavy metals in canal water, where dredge carrie out, is much lower than Vietnamese Standard for Surface water (TCVN 5942-19S ). CHAPTER FOUR 4-5 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ |I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project * Possible changes in salinity intrusion - Section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien: mainl dredging 1-1.8m deeper, canal bottom is 22m width, one side enlarging in the cope less than 6m. There is not heavily change of flow of the channels. Theref re, there is not considerable change of salinity intrusion. - Section of Ca Mau - Nam Can: mainly mproving Luong The Tran canal to be used for waterway transport with abov technical size will not increase salinity intrusion and change hydrological regime. - Because of the slight change of canalbe not increase of seawater enter canal on the spring-tide; the enlargement and dre ging of two waterways may not change the salinity intrusion at the area. - The impacts on salinity intrusion in th Mekong Delta is mainly caused by the upstream activities in water intake. Th re are not data shown the impacts o;: NT2, Chinese dams on the salinity, but t e Project of Mekong Delta Master Plan (1991-1993) conducted by NEDECO has calculated that in case offresh water intake will be increased 500m3/s more, the 4%o salinity contour in the Mekong Delta will go to the inland about 2 ) more. This is an impact caused by upstream development but not by this pr *ect. * Disturbance of bottom sediment and i icrease in water turbidity - The construction and dredging activiti will move bottom mud to banks and move soil at two banks. They may sigl ificantly increase in suspended solid as well as pollutants from bottom mud and rom acid sulfate soil at the banks. - The disturbance of bottom mud and aci sulfate soil will acidify and reduce pH of the canal water, thereby increase in ncentrations of metals (iron, aluminum and heavy metals) in canal water. In sbme other sections, the suspended solid contains pollutants such as heavy meta , pesticides, grease and oil and bacteria accumulating in bottom sediment. Ther ore, dredging also pollutes canals. - The disturbed water and the pollutants thereof badly influence aquatic animals and many species may migrate. Fui hermore, pollutants in water can be accumulated in shrimp, fish, shellfish and vegetation in the canals, causing damages to human beings through the f( od chains. However, from the monitoring results i 2003 at other sections of this project, this impacts is assessed as minor, and n significant. CHAPTER FOUR 4-6 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat ion Project * Increase in water pollution during dre lging The Kien Luong - Ha Tien canal se tion crosses large areas of acid sulfate soil. When exposing to the air and water, aci i soil may create acids. - The acidification of water source inc eases the solubility of metals (iron, aluminum) in the soil. The impact is cl arly seen at the section being dredged and furthermore, it influences the surrc undings because of runoff water. The reduction of pH and increment of met 1 contents can cause damage to both aquatic and terrestrial systems as well as o quality of agricultural land. - This impact can be more severe in the rainy season when rainwater runs off from the SRAs to surroundings or adjace it waterway sections. - The transport of dredged soil via pip ines of dredgers can cause extensive impacts in case of leakage or spillage. T e leakage will lead to sharp increases in turbidity and acidity near the dredging ite and the spillage can damage water and agricultural land that surround the dr dging site. From the monitoring reports for the cther sections of this project (in 2002- 2003 by EPC), this impact is assessed as mir or and mitigable. * Impacts on biological environment Generally, dredging activity causes iegative impacts on the biological environment. It affects both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, especially to fish and shrimp species: - Enlarging canal banks 3-5m causes dar age to plants (mainly Nipa palm and aquatic weeds) grown on the banks. - Dredging canal bottom causes direct influence on planktons and benthic animals. They are the basic componei ts of the habitat, feeding to fish and other aquatic animals. The loss of the iving environment due to changes in the existing banks will reduce the food source and the vegetation cover ther- fish and other aquatic animals must r 'grate away. The reduction in food, turbid water, reduced dissolved oxyg n and increased pollutants together with the increase in acidity will force X ome mollusk and crustacean species, shrimp and crabs to migrate or die. At t e dredging sites the concentrations of pollutants will likely do not meet the wa er quality standards for aquaculture. - To restoring the biological environmen- and species composition, it can take several years or longer after the river bed and banks become stable. CHAPTER FOUR 4-7 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civi Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati( n Project - Other aquatic species such as water hyaci th and reed and the bottom vegetation cover can also be damaged. Those specie have an important role to play in the supply of oxygen, food and at the same time in stopping the waves that ship in operation cause. The above mentioned impacts may occur t 2 canal sections. However, dredging capacity will not be high (almost 3.0 mil tot s of soil and seciment), these impacts are expected as moderate and temporary. * Impact on Chala Bird Sanctuary Cha La Bird Sanctuary is formed f lom a former mangrove forest. It is surrounded by crop land. Its area is about 1 .7 ha and enlargeable (buffer zone is 50 ha). The predominant plants are Phoeni; paludosa, Nypa fruticans, Aegiceras, Brutguiera, Acrostichum,... Birds, especial, grant birds live and breed here with the great number (about 50,000 b rds in 2003) such as: little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), purple heron (Arde purpurea), frigate bird, night heron, green-billed malcoha, oriental darter (Anhi a melanogaster), minivet, ibis, asian open-bill stork (Anastomus oscitans), spottec I-neck dove (Streptopelia chinensis)... Activities of construction, dredging, spoil disposal cause negative effect on this ecosystem. However, the field surv y shows that Chala Bird Sanctuary is further 2km from the canal section to be dr dged, so the noise from dredger will not effect on the sanctuary. Additionally, the spoil relocated areas will be about 2km from the sanctuary, so the impact to the Bird Sar ctuary in the construction phase is assessed as minor and mitigable. * Impact on aquaculture The construction phase will last sor e months at each section. This will cause negative effect on local aquaculture, ( ue to the following reasons: - Water intaken for shrimp culture wil be contaminated by turbidity and acidity. Particularly, soil along section of Kien Luong - Ha Tien is heavy acidified, therefore, the dredging activi ies may increase the water acidity, caused damage for aquaculture in the are a. CHAPTER FOUR 4-8 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci l Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project - Wastewater leak from the SRAs may c use death of shrimp in the surrouding shrimp ponds. The incident of overflow of wasteA ter and embankment breakdown may kill shrimp and fish in canals and ponds. - Wastewater from construction sites a d dredgers discharged into the canal may damage water quality that effec on aquacultural ponds where intake canal water. It is able to evaluate that the redging activities of two additional waterways may cause significant effect o aquaculture at Ha Tien and Nam Can areas, this negative impact is assessed as moderate, but controllable. Therefore, Project Management Unit will co-operat with the consultants (SMEC) and the constructor to choose the right area for SR As and implement a proper monitoring program to prevent the predicted impact. * Solid waste and wastewater The increase in volume of efflu nt, lubricants oil, and garbage from construction machines, dredgers and wo kers during the construction phase is expected. That will pollute canal water and may damage aquatic animals and aquaculture. This impact is assessed as ne ative but minor and controllable due to dredging capacity will not be great and dre ing duration will be short. * Impact on floating market Along two canals, there is not any fl ating market as well as rural market site on the canal. Therefore, it is possible to e pect that the construction activities will not effect to trading activities of local peopl. 4.2.2 Impacts due to the construction o anding stages (LSs) * Identification of impacts during build ng LSs. Construction of LSs may cause s me negative potential impacts on the environment and aquatic habitat as follows - Air, noise, vibration pollution ue to construction, material transport, material loading and unloading. - Water pollution due to increase in turbidity, and grease and oil from pneumatic hammers. CHAPTER FOUR 4- 9 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Cii I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat in Project - Damage to aquatic habitat due to astes and grease and oil from dredgers and other construction activities. - Damages to the aquatic ecosystems due to changes in bottom habitats and riverbeds. The mentioned impacts are assessed i details as follows: * Air, noise and vibration pollution In the construction phase of the Land ng Stages air and noise pollution at the construction site ill be a problem. The reasa of air and noise pollution is activities of construction machines (trucks, excavat rs,...), material transport, loading and unloading. Detail assesment of air and noise pollution generated by construction activities is given in Section 4.2.3. Due to the construction duration is hort, construction scales is small and there is not sensitive receptors (offices, schc Is, religious buildings) located nearby the proposed LSs, this impact is expected as hinor, temporary and mitigable. * Water pollution - Increase in turbidity and suspended solids At present the concentration of suspe ded solid (SS) at the place where the LSs will be built is 20 - 50 mg/l. The SS concentration at the distance of 50 m to the dredging site can be up to > 500 mg/l. uch an increase of SS may reduce the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO). With high SS and turbidity and low DO, fish, fish species are forced to migrate. TI Vietnamese Standards on water for aquaculture requires SS < 80 mg/l, and DO> mg/l. Experience from the monitoring pr ams for the other sections of this project indicated that the impacts by the inc ases in turbidity and SS are negative, but minor, local (within an area of several hL dred meters around the dredging site) and temporary (during the dredging only). 0 completion of construction activities. the turbidity and SS of the river water will re ce to the ambient levels. - Increase in oil pollution During operation, dredgers may disc arge waste oil into the canals which harms the quality of water for domestic use d aquaculture. The standard on water for aquaculture allows the oil concentration < 0.005 mg/l. Due to amount of oily CHAPTER FOUR 4-10 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project wastes will small and oily waste will be w 11 managed, this impact is expected as negative, but minor, local, temporary and mi igable. - "Water acidification" At Tac Cau Landing Stage, where icid sulfate soil occur, dredging river banks and bottom for building landing stag s, the pyrite layer can be disturbed and moved up. Under the effect of the air and w ter, the process of acidification is likely to occur, causing a decrease in pH of watt , and an increase in concentrations of toxic matters such as dissolved iron and al minum. Nevertheless, this impact will not be significant because the dredging vol me is small and the dredged materials will be used for filling and leveling the site c i which they will be built. At other LSs, water acidification will not occur during dredging. * Impacts to river hydrology during con truction of landing stages (LSs.) Dredging and constructions scales of the landing stages are of small. Therefore, the construction of LSs. may r ot change the hydrological regime of rivers and canals. * Impacts on aquatic animals The construction activities will distur I water, increases turbidity, etc. thereby breaking up the habitats of aquatic anim, Is and killing some sensitive species particularly benthic animals and forcing oth rs to migrate. This impact is expected but it will be minor and temporary due to dre iging scale will be small. 4.2.3 Impacts by the construction of Luo I g The Tran Bridge * Identification of the potential impacts Bridge construction activities will cau ;e negative impacts as follows: - Air, noise and vibration pollution at the construction site and along the roads used for materials transport and at con ete mixing station; - Water and soil pollution due to leakage of lubricants and oil from construction machines; - Water and soil pollution due to d mestic wastes from temporary worker camps; The identified impacts are more detail y assessed as follows. CHAPTER FOUR 4-11 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat l n Project Impact on air quality During the construction phase, air ollutants from construction machines, and excavators include dust (total suspende particles), toxic gases (SO2, NO,, CO, volatile organic compounds and lead) will (iccur inside the bridge construction site and surrounding area. The major air pollutant in the const ction phase is dust, which is emitted from digging, filling, embanking, etc.. W hin interval of about 200m from the construction site, in the dry days, in the pea l periods of construction, the quality of the air may be damaged and fail to meet the Vietnamese standards on ambient atmosphere, (TCVN 5937- 1995) allowed dt t level, 0.3mg/m3. * Noise pollution Noise pollution is generated in the co struction phase by: - Construction equipments; - Concrete mixers; - Piling for building the bridge; - Transport of soil, stone and other co lstruction materials; and - Generators. The maximum noise level is 90 dBA at the concrete-mixing zone, 104 dBA at piling machines, 98 dbA at drilling mac Iines and as for other machines such as bulldozers, excavators, tractors, leveling rr achines and truck, each can cause the noise up to 90 dBA at the distance of 15m. The data provided by the US Highway Administration about the variation of noise class A by construction machines are given in Table 4.4. At the construction site heavily noise pollution will be significant. Nevertheless this impact is assessed as l cal and temporary (only during the operation of construction machinery). Noi e of high intensity is quickly reduced over the distance from the construction site l the residential area nearby. Table 4.4 Noise limits of construction X achine Machine Noise at 15 distance US standard Piling machine 90 - ] ;4 95 Drilling machine 76 - 9 75 Truck 70 - 6 75 Excavator 72- 6 75 Vibrator 72 - 8 75 Tractor 73 - 6 75 CHAPTER FOUR 4-12 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ I1 Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project Bulldozer 77 - 5 75- 80 Concrete mixer 71 - 0 75 Generator 70 - 2 75 Oscillator 70 -, 0 75 Source: US highway Administration. In order to more detaily determine the impact of the bridge construction, the noise levels of construction activities are ass lssed as follows: - Concrete-mixing zone The maximum noise at the 15-m dis ance is 90 dBA and the noise at other distances can be calculated by using the la-o that noise is reduced by 6 dBA after a double distance. Thus, the noise is 84 dBAl t 30 m, 78 dBA at 60 m and 72 dBA at 120 m. The maximum tolerable limit of no se is 70 dBA for 24 hours. If concrete mixers are operated all day through, this ZOI le should be located far from receptors (such as residential areas) and can be calcula - ed as for other sensitive zones, i.e. 240 m being the minimum distance for reducing le noise to 68 dBA. The noise calculated as mentioned aIove is the maximum according to the documents. Should the construction unit be lble to measure at site or have practical reference values, the distance may be sh )rter. For instance, a concrete mixer meeting standards of GSA (US Geology A 3sociation) causes only 75 dBA at the distance of 15 m. i.e. 63 dBA at the distance 1f 60 m. - Pilingfor construction of bridge anc overpass Noise can reach 105dbA if piling is londucted with a hammer machine 105 dBA (GSA requires it being lower than 9 dBA) at the distance of 15 m. It is possible to take measures to reduce noise yet the construction is costlier. - Transport of soil and stone This employs some kinds of ma hinery such as excavators, leveling machines and trucks. Each machine can p oduce the noise up to 90 dBA at the distance of 15 m (GSA allows 75 - 80 dBA, Vietnamese Standard TCVN 5949- 1995 allows only 7OdBA). If those machine work at the same time, their resultant noise may reach 97-98 dBA. - Generators The noise produced by a generator is usually lower than 82 dBA at 15 (GSA requires it to be lower than 75 dBA, Vietn mese Standard requires 7OdBA). That means the maximum noise at 60 m is approxi mately 70 dBA. CHAPTER FOUR 4-13 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat )n Project At the construction site, this impact is expected as negative but local and temporary because the construction durati n sill short and there is not sensitive noise receptors (schools, offices, churchs) k cated in and distance of 200m from the bridge construction site. * Influence of vibration One noteworthy impact during the 4 nstruction phase is the vibration that piling machines produce. Below are typi al types of piling machines and the impacts thereof on solid layers of clay and mnad. - Bound sheet piles with the length o 7.5 to 5 m and a U-shape cross-section are piled to necessary depth then formec a panel of steel bound together. A hammering machine of 8 MT with an in ut energy of 48 kJ can produce the vibration of 12.9 mm/s at the distance of 10 n. - Piling a pile to a muddy soil lay r with an input energy of 30 kJ can produce the vibration of 4.30 mm/s at the di ance of 10 m. - A diesel-fueled hammering machin on a clay soil layer can give rise to the vibration of 7 mm/s at the distance of 10 m. For protection of religious and cultu l architectures, offices and houses, the maximum vibration should be less than 2 nm/s. Because such buildings are not present in the interval of 200m from the b idge construction site, it is possible to assess that the impact minor. * Environmental impacts due to worker ' team The construction site will have ten to one hundred construction workers during the construction phase. Their living ctivities can cause some environmental impacts. Environment pollution will be caus by mainly waste from worker camps. The average wastes created by 100 workers s calculated as follows: - Daily domestic wastewater - Volume: lomi3 - Daily solid waste About 60-100 kg containing 60 - 7 % organic, 30 - 40% other component (paper, glass, plastic...) CHAPTER FOUR 4-14 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci, *l Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project In case of leak of waste man iement, domestic wastes created by construction workers will pollute water a Id land. However, this impact will be minor and mitigable because of wastes is s hall and it will be treated at the camping site. Diseases are also possible to sprea in the construction sites if effective measures will not be taken. This impact is xpected as minor and controllable by a proper waste management conducted by the Bridge Constructor. - Conflict with local people Conflicts among construction work s who come from elsewhere and local people are very common in some countries. rhey can be generated by: - Difference in habits and living st les - Difference of incomes - Construction workers' encroachl lent on cultural and traditional sites of local people. There is an experience of many con truction projects that the conflict hardly occurs when workers have good education and discipline. Particularly in Vietnam, the relationship between workers and fam ers is a good traditional one, and more importantly, the people residing near the b idge support the project then a conflict among construction workers and local peop e has no ground to be developed. * Impact on road and waterway Because Luong The Tran canal is justly an irrigation canal before improvement and during the construction d iration the canal will be fully opened for movement of boats, the construction of Lu ng The Tran bridge will not influence to the local waterway traffic. In a duration of the construction of ew bridge the old Luong The Tran will not be demolished but it will be used for normal traffic, therefore, the construction activity will not may a constraint for local rad traffic. * Impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems The negative impacts due to piling a .d building bridge will be: - Disturbance of the habitats that leads to migration of aquatic animal; - Water pollution because of increases in turbidity, suspended solid (SS), organic matters from bottom mud; - Water pollution due to heavy metals, gr ase and oil from dredged muds; CHAPTER FOUR 4-15 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civi Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project - Temporary changes in riverbed structu e, deterioration and changes in zoo benthos composition. This impact is negative but minc and local. Some years after the construction, the quality of water, the riverb d structure and the aquatic ecosystem will be recovered. 4.3 IMPACTS DURING THE OPERA IION PHASE OF THE PROJECT 4.3.1 Negative impacts during operation f the two extension waterways Currently, boats increase in numbe and traveling speed which result in erosion of the banks of rivers, canals and ater pollution as well. Particularly, oil spill from boats will make pollution of water and severe damages to aquatic biological resources, aquaculture and water s ipply at the areas along the waterway. Scales of those impacts are not easy v predict precisely but the impacts can be limited by appropriate managerial and te cnical measures. * Pollution due to boat protection materialy The increasing river fleets can lead water pollution by of wooden hull- protecting materials. The common materia , for this purpose in Vietnam include bitumen, charcoal, and paints. The aromatic hydrocarbons from those materials car' be dissolved partially in water. Nevertheles this impact is not significant because of the amount of boat protection materi s is small, the materials are hardly dissolved in water and the discharge of the ri er is large. * Bank erosion The increase in operation of boats c cause erosion to banks of rivers and canals. This impact has occurred in many p ces in the Mekong Delta. This impact will be significant, long-term but miti able. Measures for mitigation are recommended in Chapter Five. * Oil spill The upgrading of two extension wat rways, Ca Mau - Nam Can and Kien Luong - Ha Tien, will to a significantly incr ese the waterway traffic. Therefore, the risk of water pollution due to grease and other oily wastes may occur. Traffic accident as a result of heavy traffic density , easier to occur and cause oil spill. In such a case, the damages to aquatic, terrest ial ecosystem, agriculture, aquaculture and water supply will be significant. In Vi tnam, there were various cases of oil spill (mainly in the Dongnai-Saigon ri r) damage aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture. They are lessons for manageme t of this waterway. CHAPTER FOUR 4-16 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat n Project 4.3.2 Impacts during operation of landin stages (LSs) The operation of the LSs. will ca se environmental impacts, which are assessed below: * Dust pollution The loading and unloading of cargo s at the LSs will emit dust to the air. This may cause health problem for dockers. * River pollution due to wastewater The operation of the LSs. is consid red continuously in 300 days per year. Each LS has few equipment and about 20 workers. The effluent from the LSs. may pollute the river by means of main sources a follows: - Wastewater from washing the wharve and warehouses. This contains high concentrations of suspended solids and o s. - Wastewater from washrooms inside th wharves with high concentrations of organic matters, suspended solid, nutrien s and bacteria. - Run off rainwater. - Ballast water and sanitary wastewater frc the boats that anchor at the LSs. * River pollution due to maintenance dr dging For alluvia usually deposit in the egion of wharves and thereby hindef waterway traffic, dredging for LSs mainte ance is essential. The dredging after a time of operation causes some slight im cts on the water quality and aquatic ecosystem. Mixing up the bottom mud can ead to water pollution due to increased turbidity and concentrations of toxic substm ces (grease and oil, and heavy metals). Nevertheless, this impact is minor and local at the zone of the dredging). * River pollution due to oil and grease Fuel spills to watercourses cause ne ative impact on the water environment and aquatic ecosystem. When oil or petroleum products fall into water, the mechanic, physical and chemical processes occur and turn its st e in a very complicated manner. Oil spillage increases the hydrocarbons (PAHs) n sediments. The ecological toxicity of CHAPTER FOUR 4-17 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civ | Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project petroleum products are assessed as shown i Tables 4.5 and 4.6. In some cases of oil spill in Vietnam concentrations of crude oil and FO were 1-10mg/l, which may cause death for some aquatic animals. Table 4.5 Ecological toxicity ofpetroleu products Products E C50(mg/1) Gasoline 10-100 Lubricant 1.000 Coal-derivative oil 1.10 Diesel oil 10÷ 100 Petrol No. 1&2 10.100 Petrol No. 3 &5 100÷ 1000 Petrol No. 6 1000 Crude oil 10-100 (Source: CONCA WE, 1992) Table 4.6: Eco-toxicity of crude oil (LC50 a 96h) and dissolved hydrocarbons Species Testing mat rial LC50(mg/1) Fish Fresh cru e 88-18.000 Spawn, larva Fresh cru e 0.1.100 Hairy crab Fresh cru e 100÷40000 Benthic crab Fresh cru e 56 Shell Fresh cru e 1.000-100.000 Fin-fish Soluble hydro( arbon 5-÷ 50 Spawn Soluble hydro rbon 0.1÷1 Hairy crab Soluble hydroc rbon 1÷10 Mollusk Soluble hydrod rbon 1÷100 Shell Soluble hydroc rbon 5-50 Benthic crab Soluble hydroc rbon 1÷10 Other Soluble hydroc rbon 1÷10 invertebrate sp. (Souirce: Cradock, 1977;Moor&Dwyer,1974 CHAPTER FOUR 4-18 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civi Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project * Pollution due to waste materials The waste materials from a boat ui ally include: oily waste from ballast water, sanitary wastewater and various type of solid wastes. They, if not collected but discharged to water, may cause river and anal. Due to scales of LSs will be small, a1 above predicted impacts are assessed as minor and mitigable. * Environmental incidents due to transp rt of materials on the river Environmental incidents may occur i the following cases. - Overloaded transport - Boat operation not abiding navigation re ulations - Failure of built-in lighting and signal sys m of boat in nighttime - Navigation in bad weather - Colliding with underwater obstacles suc as a sunken boat. In case of oil spill caused by the inci ents the impacts on the environment is expected as major, due to population, aquac ltural farns along the canals have high density. 4.3.3 Impacts during operation phase of uong The Tran Bridge The environmental impacts likely t occur during the operation phase of Luong The Tran Bridge are: - Increase in air pollution due to dust, S , NOx, CO, VOC and Lead because of the increasing traffic in the region; - Increase in noise, vibration pollution du o the increased traffic in the region; - Increase in traffic accidents. Because the number of increased c us, buses, motobikes at this road will not be high all above identified impacts are expected minor and mitigable. CHAPTER FOUR 4-19 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Cii I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project 4.4 GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF "HE PROJECT IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT During the construction and operat on phases of the additional waterway sections, bridge and LSs the following dire ct negative impacts happen at different scales: - Air, noise and vibration pollution. This i pact is minor and mitigable. - Water pollution: this impact is minor; t Ie water quality will be recovered after the construction complete. Only at the section Kien Luong - Ha Tien water pollution by acidity may be at mo lerate scale but it is temporary and controllable. - Damage on aquaculture at Ha Tien and Nam Can: this impact in the construction phase is moderate if the project does not have an appropriative measure of environmental management. - Riverside land: Plants along the canal w 1 be cut, increase erosion and landslide. This impact is minor. - Change in aquatic ecosystem: the aqua ic ecosystem structure will be changed but it will be recovered in several years fter completion of canal dredged. - Local living conditions: impact on loca conditions of households living closed to the spoil relocated area during the dre lging period. This impact is minor if the constructors will have good manageme t plan for SRAs, but it is major if the spoil disposal management will be failur In order to prevent and mitigate t e predicted impacts an Environmentai Management Plan (EMP), including me sures for impact mitigation, project monitoring and strengthening management capacity is suggested in Chapter Five and Chapter Six. CHAPTER FOUR 4-20 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci; I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project CHAPTEFI. FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MA NAGEMENT PLAN 5.1 MEASURES TO MITIGATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION OF TWO EXTENSION WATERWAYS 5.1.1 Outlines of mitigation measures in he construction phase - Limiting the increase in turbidity on dredging the LSs and the canals by using suitable dredging equipmen . - Treating wastewaters in SRAs bei re returning to the canals. - Selecting construction times appi opriate to the production conditions of each section. - Conducting geological and hydro ogical investigation before dredging in order to limit banks erosion. - Making full use of the dredged se il, for instance, using it for leveling for: construction of residential areas a d rural roads. - Absolutely not discharging of er gine oil and oily waste from dredgers and construction machines to t e canals, they must be collected and treated. - Proper organization and monito ing waterway transport to avoid boat incidents. - Frequently Organizing meetings with local people for public consultation for adequate information to the I oject affection peoples (PAPs) so that they could apply countermeasures - Improving the environmental monitoring till the levels of local administrations so as to timely de. 1 with people's damages and damage in the natural environment. CHAPTER FIVE 5-1 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci iil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project 5.1.2 Design of spoil relocation areas (S As) In order to limit the negative impact of mud (produced by dredging) on the environment as well as the water quali of the canals, the mud should be transported to the SRAs. The bottom mud is pumped to SRAs to a containing area, then it overflow to settlement pond, where the turbidity and le total suspended solid are decreased, and then the liquid is returned to the canals. (Figure 5.1) As for the regions of acid sulfate soi.. (Kien Luong - Ha Tien section), SRAs' dikes should be covered wvith PVC sheets so as to prevent the leakage of acidic water and the impacts thereof on the en% iroi ment as well. er Water backto Dredger Mud/soil ipe Water back to Figure 5.1 Layout of SpoiZ Relocation Areas (SRAs) A dike around each SRA. is designec as follows: - Height: 2m - Footing width: 5 m - Surface width: Im A typical design of one SRA. is sho n in Figure 5.2 CHAPTER FIVE 5-2 Environmental Inpact Assessment of Additional Civil Wo, !nd Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitation Project Fig. 5.2 Typical design of a Spoil Relocation Areas (SRAs) THIET KE DIEN HINH BAI CHLA DAT r--I/L_________________ __ 2I3L _-~------~--*2(TYT3)ICEL DRSIGN OF SPoiL R OGNAQN N ) DE RAO jL zG YA ll i __ 7 , t -~I _____ >1.. S . iD iKHU LANG 2-2 KHUCHaA _ _CH_A__ __. N 1V 1 I11 I ....,. ~ ~ ~ IL .. . .. . . ULDgOLSNG 1 _ - * 2 2 KHSUCHOA M aKaz*S Ttiu;cA _, \ -=+~a _____ D ' 9 !5- _e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1LW XA NL" _,., _S.__NG_ CHI TIET A CHI TIET B CHI TIET C Clio DAN: 2>n ~wt ~ 05 _ -- 142ln 4 XCUIGACdl., CCItJITOA.GP? TUN Lr'.G L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NG ~~~~~Id Thif a wmLtH3X .-.--------- £~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C~ IRA L&M DVNG SAO( CAI tqA - 4 \L.ocAr -4 Ll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V,gNYN :)Ie CiK~W 8(J1p a22G 5(42 oAr oAn aAN o) PaLL2PTkM oON if 2) OPNO THeo (o6. G aAsG ,oA n.A. O 2) PU4)i0 D6,0 U-010 W N OO omosCas 1 N.J=C h SONVl a,s 11CNG 6) aUNU_O 0 M IhUG )A LGIC Sr 0,oiN )10- Lop &5 -~ xow*JG md L6 )R&.G VE WO "NG Di SAT LO .jtu WOlAmbN P0(A15 Y'i NLOO C auc my co mn .10L OhNIO 1no4 Q2 MJOC LA K.U LANG TIRCO 52120: 5-3 CHAPTER FIVE Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Cl il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita -ion Project 5.1.3 Limiting the disturbance of watel course Improvement of this waterway incl ldes dredging and enlarging the canals. The following measures should be taken o as to minimize the disturbance of the watercourse and to prevent muddy water transferring to surroundings. . In the zones where the concentratic s of heavy metals and pesticides in sediments are higher than the Stan( ard, a monitoring program for heavy metals and pesticide contamination in water and in fish tissue should be done. * On laying dredging machines on a ba ge, constructors can use a proper mud- stopping net for enclosing the dredgi lg site and keeping back mud on land, not to let it goes back to the canal. H owever, a major part of the dredged is clay with high adhesion then mud-s opping net is not compulsory. At the sections where the canal expansion is more than 2 m, the dredged spoil should be kept dry on the bank so as n t to drop and turbid water in the canal. * After the bank part is dredged, a sucti )n dredger should be used to transfer all the mud and soil in water to the SRA which is located within 2 km from the bank. The length of dredging section should be limited less than 1 km and the dredging should be done one by oi e. * The dredging direction should be a ranged such that aquatic animals can move to better places; meaning that flesh water fish can move to field while estuarine fish can move out to the sea * As for the sections where sulfate acic soil is determined like the project site, the dredging should be carried out in the rainy season for having more fresh water for diluting acidic water. 5.1.4 Measures to mitigate impacts due to widening of the canal In order to reduce the volume of site clearance, compensation and rehabilitation, the widening of the canal should be carried out on the one bank where the density of houses and populatiou is low, where neither agriculture nor the natural ecosystem is important. And after he canal is expanded, its bank should be covered by proper trees as soon as possible CHAPTER FIVE 5-4 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci iil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita ion Project Plankton communities can recover t gether with the return to normal state of turbidity and suspended solid in water ( neaning that water will get back the transparency for light penetration) then oo benthos will recover after several months. 5.1.5 Measure of selection of suitable tin e for construction The work schedule and selection of E time suitable for construction with due consideration into the season of aquacultt e and other productions in the region effectively help to limit people's damages The work schedule is selected for the two canal sections as follows: - For the section of Kien Luong - Ha T en, the time for taking in seawater for shrimp farming falls in the dry seas mn, i.e. April to July, therefore, the dredging should be concentrated into the beginning of a year (January to March) or in the flood season from Aug st to December. - For the section of Ca Mau - Nam ("an, the time for taking seawater for shrimp farming ends on March or Apr and in the rainy season, people also breed freshwater shrimp in rice field . During this period, people use rain water and fresh water retained since th flood season by means of embracing dykes as such, the best time for dredgin is from August to December. 5.1.6 Public consultation On preparing for dredging in sensi ive regions, the project management unit should cooperate with construction ur its in communal information, which is targeted at bringing out the matters as foll ws: - Objectives and meanings of the investn ent in the project. - Potential impacts due to dredging on fie water environment, shrimp farming such that people could apply counterme sures to minimize damages, if any. - Measures of mitigating the impacts on I cal aquaculture. - Improvement of community's partici pation in environmental protection. Addresses and telephone numbers of responsible units should be provided then people can inform any environmei tal incident in due time (at the projec. CHAPTER FIVE 5-5 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilite ion Project area percentage of the households h ving, access to telephones is about 7- 10%). Guidelines and requirement in publi participation are detaily indicated in Chapter Seven. 5.1.7 Selection of Spoil Relocation Are s (SRAs) The right selection of location SRA will limit impacts on the environment and people's livings and productions. A s ected SRA should meet the conditions as follows: - Land use Public land, land for construction f rural roads, public works, privately held land houses, etc. should be used, gin n people agrees on it. It should meet local plans for land use. - Size A selected SRA should be large e ough or larger than the designed size which has been approved. - Location A selected SRA should be at le t 1 km from any Bird Sanctuary or protected sites, at least 500 m from public orks (schools, administrative offices, markets), temples and churches, and at lea t 200 m from aquacultural farms. 5.1.8 Improvement of environmental monitoring and management The environment should be monito d in the pre-construction, construction and operation phases. PMU will consolid e the relationship with the provincial Departments of Natural Resources and nvironment and local authorities in relation with the project for information disclosure, particularly to PAPs, and assist the contractors to find out suitable S As and inspect the implementation of mitigation measures during the constructior. CHAPTER FIVE 5-6 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ WI Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat in Project I Budget for environmental monitori ig during construction and operation phases is taken from the project's budget ( , e Section 6.5). Budget for environmental monitoriilg after will be provided by the PMU- if this monitoring will be necessary. 5.2 MEASURES TO MITIGATE IM] ACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION OF LANDING STAGES 5.2.1 Mitigation of impacts during const -uction phase - The increase in turbidity on dredging the LSs should be limited by using proper dredging machines in ebb tide. Enclosing sheets should be deployed around the dredging site so as to lim : the transfer of muddy water to the surrounding. - The trucks that transport raw material (soil, sand, and cement, etc.) to the construction site should be covered to event air pollution in the access route to the project site. Waterway should be given priority for transport of heavy structures and soil and sand to be used br preparing the site. Erosion of the canal bank should be limited through geological and hydrological investigation and study pri r to dredging, then by embankment. - Soil pollution should be limited by usir the dredged spoils for preparing the site of LSs. - Absolutely not discharging engine oil and oily waste from the dredgers or construction machines to the canal, they should be collected for treatment. 5.2.2 Mitigation of pollution during ope] ation phase * Mitigation of noise and vibration poll tion Some measures as follows can be t ken to limit noise and vibration from the LSs: - Regular checkup of machines for opei ation, lubrication and maintenance as stipulated; CHAPTER FIVE 5-7 Environmental Irpact Assessment ofAdditional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat n Project - Installation of noise-reducers at heavily noisy machines - Plantation of trees around the LSs an access routes for reducing noise and dust. The area of trees should be at leas 10% of the total area of each LS. * Mitigation of water pollution - Treatment of oily Almost all oily waste from boats ar collected and treated. At each LS one place for oily wstes storage will be installe . Oily wastes will be recycled or bum depending on their amount and practical c ditions of the LS. - Preliminary treatment of sanitary wastewa er Sanitary wastewater should be sepai lted from rain water then treated. The technology that should be employed there is biological treatment (septic tank). This is suitable to the scale of a LS with 5 m of wastewater per day. - Drainage of rain water Rainwater running off the LS can e directly discharged via the common drainage system after deposit of big was matters. The drainage for rainwater should be designed with close reference to t e data of yearly rainfall. * Treatment of solid waste - Sanitary garbage Sanitary solid waste includes the gar age from the control office, washroom and the like with the daily quantity of 5- 0kg. The garbage will be collected in plastic bins and disposed at the local garbag disposal sites. - Dredged mud The dredged mud in the operation ase is not much which is about 1,000 m'/year. However, the project should ana yze the contents of heavy metals and pesticides in the bottom mud before using t s material for land raising. CHAPTER FIVE 5-8 Environmental Impact Assessm3nt of Additional Cil 1 Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project 5.3 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE ENVIRONENTAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION OF T E BRIDGE 5.3.1 Organization for construction wor ers' accommodation The requirements on workers' accol odation are as follows: - The constructors should arrange lamps with proper hygiene facilities; - On enrolling and employing wo kers, the constructors should pay due attention and provide regular education for workers to comply with regulations on environmental pr tection. In general, workers should be encouraged for a clean environrr nt. - The plan for workers accommo lation should be a part of the bidding contents. 5.3.2 Prevention of work accidents and abor protection In addition to arranging sufficient c mps and hygiene means for workers to control the spreading of pathogen, c nstruction companies should provide workers with instruments against noise, vit ration and dust. Those instruments should have ] igh quality and adequate quantity. Construction companies will be requirec by the PMU for providing training courses and guidance for work safety. 5.3.3 Protection of water quality In the construction phase, the cons ructors should prohibit workers from discharge of solid waste (construction wa te, sand, stone, etc.) and oily wastes from construction machines to watercours s. All these waste matters should be collected and disposed at the local garbag - disposal site. This dumping site will be constructed by the Contructor. CHAPTER FIVE 5-9 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat )n Project 5.3.4 Measures to mitigate impacts on a rquality Air pollution will be one of th most noteworthy matters in both construction and operation phases of the bridge. The following measures are recommended for mitigating air pollution: - The heavy trucks and constructiol machines that the project used should be tested in terms of noise, vibrati n and emission such that they meet the Vietnamese standard (TCVN 594 -1995). This requirement is to include in bidding document. - Construction sites should be wate red when serious dust pollution occur. - All vehicles transporting constr ction materials (sand, clay, cement, stone, etc.) should be covered to revent dust diffusion. Noise-reducers should be equipped with vehicle - Concrete and asphalt mixers s uld be located at least 200 m from residential areas. If air pollutan s (dust, S02, N02, VOC) still exceeds the Vietnamese Standard on air uality (TCVN 5937-1995), the mixers should be move further. - Emissions from machines (ca , trucks, bulldozers etc.) and from concrete mixers should be mon ored by means of typical parameters such as dust, SO2, NOR, CO. hyd] carbons and lead. 5.3.5 Mitigation of impacts due to noise nd vibration The constructors should locate all noisy sources, for instance, concrete mixers, piling machines and generator, a least 200 m from sensitive receptors (pagodas, churches, culture houses, hosp als). In fact, at present there are not any sensitive receptor located within 200m from the proposed bridge construction site. Furthermore the constructor shoul monitor and watch up the vibration that piling machines produce. CHAPTER FIVE 5-10 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci 1 Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project 5.3.6 Traffic safety - Disciplinary measures and cove ge (fencing) should be assured at the construction to prevent out-of-duly people come and go. - The boundary of the constructi ln site should be clear with signs and fences. - All signs and signals should be ! et up in compliance with Vietnamese standards and painted with lum nescent paints so as to be visible in nighttime. - Signs should be lighted at dan: erous road sectors in nighttime. The construction site and its limits shl uld be lighted. - The roads around the site and emporarily changed routes should be clearly defined. The systems of signs, signals and temporary routes are obliged and they should be removed when d le. 5.4 SUMMARY OF MEASURES SU GESTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION The measures suggested for the E HP of the project are summarized in Table 5.1 and Table 5.2. CHAPTER FIVE 5-11 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat on Project Table 5.1 Summary of impacts and mit, ,ation measures for dredging two extension waterways Potential impacts | Mitigation i easures Responsible body_ CONSTRUCTION PHASE Water pollution Dredging leads to - SRAs include a settlement - SMEC is responsible environmental pollution tank; muddy wa r is pumped for designing of SRAs. due to suctioning and to a stori partition, disturbing of the bottom overflowed to t e settle tank mud and expanding the then back to the anal. - Contractors (builders) canal. During are responsible for construction, water near building SRAs as the dredging site has - In the region f acid sulfate designed as well as high turbidity and soil such as Ha Tien, sufficiently suspended solid contractors st ould build implementing concentration. Besides, SRAs. with P C sheets to environmental effluent from SRAs has prevent the lea ge of acidic protection measures. high turbidity and low waste water. pH, contributing to pollution of water sources in the region. Impact on agriculture, aquaculture Building SRAs as designed, In the contract, PMU Dredging can damage using PVC filmi in regions of requires contractors to agriculture and acid sulfate soil, r agriculture apply sufficiently aquaculture during so as to preven leakage and environmental construction. The break of dikes Contractors protection measures impacts are possibly shall compensat damages in and compensate any due to leakage of case of incident. damages in case of dredged mud or break incident. of dikes. Disturbance of living In order to mi gate impacts PMU, constructors and conditions and deteriorati n of living local authorities will Dredging for expanding environment, c nals shall be initiate a campaign for the canal can destroy expanded on e side, and planting trees along the the living conditions of edapholigically uitable trees canal with suitable aquatic biota and flora should be plant on the new species such as nipa. on the banks as well. bank. CHAPTER FIVE 5-12 Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Civj Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project Acidification - Setting up a water quality - PMU will contract Dredging and expansion monitoring plan for assessing with the EPC in of the canal in some the change in pH and monitoring the water regions of potential and concentrations o I'metals; quality and relevant actual acid sulfate soil - Dredging acid sulfate soil in impacts during the will release H+ ion and the rainy seasor to dilute the implementation of the metal ions to the acid released, to the project. environment during environment; - PMU and construction and from - Building SRi s for storing construction units will. SRAs, causing impacts waste matters; propose proper work on the livings of - Applying lim: at SRAs of schedules. terrestrial and aquatic high acid sulfate soil. - Constructors will biota. take environmental treatment measures. Impacts by pesticides - Monitoring be fore dredging, PMU will contract and other toxic mud samples ire taken to with EPC in sampling chemicals determine the ce ncentration of and analyzing Contents of some heavy any toxic chen ical found in samples of soil before metals and pesticides the canal botton . dredging. may increase in the environment due to - Implementing a moiitoring PMU will contract dredging and from SRAs program to monitor the with EPC will do having low pH. change in water quality. monitoring programs on water, soil quality' - Monitoring t e fish quality and fish quality in the for timely notification to construction phase. people. Loss of agricultural Using abandon d land, public PMIU and local and residential land land and land for building authorities will A large area of rural roads c r flood-shield determine the position agricultural and houses for build Lng SRAs. of SRAs and include residential land will be it into the request. The used for building SRAs. PMU shall compensate contractors will agree damages to cr ps on private with local authorities land. on treatment and compensation for damages to people's crops. CHAPTER FIVE 5-13 Environm ontal Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ Wkorks and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat n Project Impacts of fishing resources Building as sche( uled. Dredging influences on fishing resources and people fishing. Impacts on chala bird Noises from construction PMUJ will require the sanctuary machines are considered contractors to Noise from equipment much lower tha that of boats cooperate with local and construction at present. Besi es, SRAsare authorities for activities near a bird selected at least km from the selecting SRAs in ground will influence Chala Bird Sanc ary then the accordance with the this sensitive ecosystem. impacts are min . proposed procedure. The SRAs should be at least 2 km from sensitive objects. Solid and liquid waste during construction - Not dischar ng oil and Constructors are Oil and waste from grease to the can 1 responsible for dredgers, if directly - Garbage from hips shall be management of wastes. discharged to the water, collected then tiansported to will pollute the disposal s es OT the watercourses. districts. OPERATION PHASE Increase in erosion of Local authoritieS shall lease The technical details banks the public lan along the will define the regions Considering the canal, which ne ds plantation under protection increase in waterway of trees, to the lirivate sectors against erosion as well: density as a result of the for 30 - 50 year;. All benefits as necessary improvement of the shall be of th land leases countermeasures and canal and the increase in holders . In the egions where standards for design. the flow after expansion the bank less sta le, the speed In order to improve the and dredging, it is of ships and boats shall be living of aquatic fauna possible to predict an controlled so s to reduce and protect the bank, increase in waves waves. In som regions that inundated protective caused by ships and need protection, wave fences foothill should be built furthermore, the current should be built. in canal sections of will be stronger. abrupt slopes. Consequently, erosion and sedimentation will be stronger. CHAPTER FIVE 5-14 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati )n Project Table 5.2 Summary of impacts and mi igation measures for building bridge and landing stages Potential impacts Mitigation measures Responsible body Noise PMU will monitor Construction activities Applying p lper work contractors' work. increase noise in the schedule, sus lending noisy region. jobs in the nigh time Vibration Construction activities Using suitable machines to PMU will monitor increase vibration, limit vibration contractors' work. damaging houses and other works nearby. Oily water - Not dischargi g oil effluent Contractors require Oily effluent and waste or waste oil to t e canal fleet to take oil discharged by ships - Collecting ivaste oil for environmental are causative of water selling. protection measures. pollution. Garbage Contractors will During construction, the - Collecting a d discharging organize meetings for volume of garbage of garbage at thl right places educating workers increase. - Improving workers' aware about environmental by education protection and hygiene in the l __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ construction sites Canal pollution, impacts on aquatic Employing sui able dredging PMU-W will monitor biota machines duri ig ebb tide, contractors' work as Dredging increases using sheets for embracing the set forth in the turbidity and suspended dredging site to limit the construction solid, impacting the transfer of m ddy water to contracts. aquatic biota in the surroundings. region. ; CHAPTER FIVE 5-15 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civ Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitat Dn Project CHAPTE SIX ENVIRONMENTAI MONITORING 6.1 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL B KGROUNDS Monitoring for project implementat n is required by the Government of Vietnam as well as the World Bank. l e major legal documents related to requirement in environmental monitoring ar indicated as follows: - Law on Environmental Protection of V tnam, issued on 10thi January 1994 by Order of the President. - Decree N175/CP on 18th October 199 issued by the Government, guiding implementation of the law on Environm tal Protection. - Circular N276-TT/Mtg on 6th March |997 issued by the Ministry Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE guiding implementation of pollution control and environmental monitoring af er approval of EIA report. - Guidelines of World Bank. 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINI IN THE PRE-CONSTRUCTION 6.2.1 Monitoring of water quality * Monitoring parameters The monitoring parameters required y the WB for this project are applied in the pre-construction phase, included tempe ature, pH, EC, salinity, turbidity, TDS, SS, DO, BOD, COD, N02-, N03-, NH4, n, Al, Cd, Ni, Hg, T. Coli and Fecal coliform. * Monitoring sites The monitoring sites for the pre-cons ruction phase are shown in Table 6.1. 6.2.2 Monitoring of bottom mud * Monitoring parameters The parameters for monitoring the b( om mud of the river include: - Particle size - Heavy metals (Hg. Cd. Pb. Cr) CHAPTER SIX Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project - Pesticides (DDT, DDE, DDD, ] indane, Aldrin, Dieldrin, BHC (alpha, beta, gamma)). Monitoring sites The sites for monitoring bottom mud n the pre-construction phase are shown in Table 6.1. Table 6.1 Monitoring sites and number hf sampling in the pre-construction phase Section Canal Transect Monitoring Canal Bottom site water mud Km 316+000 1 1 Kmn 320+000 1 B-C Kien Luong 5 Km 324+000 1 extension - Ha Tien Kr 328+000 1 nKm332+000 1 1 Km 324+000 1 1 Km 328+000 1 Km 332+000 1 1 Y,m 336+000 1 Km 340+000 1 1 D-F Ca Mau - Yin 345+000 1 extensin Nam Can -13 Km 350+000 1 1 extension Nam Can Km 355+000 1 Km 360+000 1 1 Km 365+000 1 Km 370+000 1 1 (m 375+000 1 Km 380+000 1 1 6 inland 6 6 landing stages Total: 24 [ 24 9 6.2.3 Monitoring acid sulphate soil Monitoring requirement Monitoring requirement identifies cl irer region having acid sulphate soil. Based on soil data of Mekong Delta, acid suIphate soil presents mostly over Kien Luong - Ha Tien canal. Particularly on e Ca Mau - Narn Can sector, only CHAPTER_________________ _ SIX6-2 CHAPTER SIX Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Cii Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project enlarging Luong The Tran canal, so acid s Ifate soil monitoring will be conducted only at this site. Using drilling equipment to collect il samnples which represent the layer of 5m depth. Field treatment to identify water and pH, one part is treated with strong peroxide hydro (H202), a strong oxidiz , participating in acid reaction and changing sulfite, and the remains is analyze in the laboratory. * Monitoring sites Monitoring sites of acid sulfate soil a presented in Table 6.2 Table 6.2 Monitoring sites of acid sulfa soil Section Canal Transects Km Sulfate soil Km 316+000 1 Kien. Luong Km 320+000 1 C extension Kien Luong 5 Km 324+000 1 - Ha Tien _Km 328+000 1 Km332+000 1 Km 328+000 1 Km 332+000 1 Km 336+000 1 F etCa Mau - Km 340+000 1 F extension Nam Can 8 _ Km 350+000 1 Km 360+000 1 Km 370+000 1 Km 380+000 1 Total: 13 _ 13 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITO G PROGRAM DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE 6.3.1 Monitoring in the construction phas f two extension waterways * Monitoring sites, frequency and parame rs - Monitoring the transfer of dredged mud an pollutants along the waterways One of the important impacts during th construction phase is the disturbance of bottom mud that releases pollutants to wate and transfers of acidic materials. CHAPTER SIX Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Ci I Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project In order to determine the quality o water in the natural condition prior to dredging, PMU had been already monitorin the water quality at 2 sections. In the monitoring for each constru tion sector, the water quality will be measured 3 times a week at 2 transects, on upstream and one downstream, about 1.5 km from the dredging site. The sampling sites for monitoring the environmental quality during the construction phase are sh n in Table 6.3. Water quality will be evaluated at ea site using 5 basic parameters (namely pH, DO, suspended solid (SS), temperature d Coli form), other parameters will be analyzed at laboratories. The monitoring re Its should be compared with the data collected at the same sites before constructi n so as to assess whether the dredging causes water pollution or not. - Monitoring the drainage of water fromt e SRAs As for the SRA, all drainage water ill be driven to the drains thereof for discharging back to the canal. All the S s should be designed such that the deposit volume therein is maximal. As the dredged is in the state of mud soil particles are suspended for 24 to 48 hours. In the time of drainage and di harge, pH and the concentration of suspended solids should be measured 3 times week at the discharge point. - Monitoring of the intake for domestic w er supply At the 2 extension canal sections ther are not intake sites for domestic water supply. Therefore, monitoring of the inta for domestic water supply is not required. - Monitoring the intake for aquaculture a agriculture Water of the canals somewhere is t n into aquaculture or agriculture. In order to protect such uses, the monitoring pro am will be conducted at the start, the middle and the end of the canal section with basic parameters every week during the dredging. The monitoring results will als be compared with the FAO Standard on aquaculture and Vietnamese Standard on a iculture water for assessment. CHAPTER SIX Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project Table 6.3 Sampling points andfreque yfor environmental monitoring during construction phase Canal Monitoring Canal ater Agricultural Wastewater Transets water from SRAs Km 316+000 2 x l xI 1 x 3 Kien Luong Km 320+000 2x Ken Luong- Km 324+000 2 x l x I I x 3 Ha Tien Km 328+000 2x x Km 332+000 2 x X x 1x 3 Km 324+000 2 x Km 328+000 2x I x II x 3 Km 332+000 2x xl Km 336+000 2 x 'xi 1 x 3 Km 340+000 2x: Km345+000 2x l.x I 1 x 3 Ca Mau - Km 350+000 2 x 3 _ _ Nam Can Km 355+000 2x _ I x I I x 3 Km 360+000 2 x 31_ Km 365+000 2 x ___ 1 x I1 x 3 Km370+000 2x ___ _x_ 3_____1 Km 375+000 2 x 1 x I 1 x3 Km 380+000 2x3_ 6LSs. 6 2x3x x I x6 1 x3 x6 Total 24 144 _ 15 45 The monitoring parameters, frequen and methods along the waterways during the dredging are shown in Table 6.4 Table 6.4 Outline of the monitoring plan or the construction phase Water qu ity Monitoring parameters 10 parameters: p . Dissolved oxygen, temperature, suspended solid, Coliform and contents of 5 metals (cadmium, lead, al inum, zinc and mercury) Analyzing method Site measurements H, dissolved oxygen measured by using standard sit e easuring instruments made in the USA, Germany or pan. And standard methods for lab analyses are confo ed to TCVN or GEMS Sampling positions - Upstream and ownstream transects, about 1 km from the constru tion site, 3 points at each transect, 2 samples at each oint at the depths of 0.25m from the A__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6 - 5 CHAPTER SIX Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project water surface nd 0.25m from the bottom. - At the gate of he drain from the yard to the canal - Intake of wat for living - Intake of wat for agriculture and aquaculture Monitoring time and - Waterways: 5 arameters at 2 transects, one upstream frequency and one dow stream of the construction site and at the same posi on of sampling prior to construction, 3 times a week - Drain from y rd to canal: 5 parameters, 3 times a week when w er is drained - Intake of wat for living: 5 parameters and contents of metals, 3 ti es per week during the dredging. - Intake of wa r for aquaculture: 5 parameters and once a week a the places where water is taken in Implementing agencies - The PMU will sign a contract with the Environmental Protection Ce ter (EPC) for implementation of the monitoring pro grams. 6.3.2 Monitoring during construction of nding stages and bridges Monitoring transfer of the dredged m and pollutants The water discharged back to the caIl should be under control similar with that of enclosing SRAs, that means pH and spended solid concentration should be within the allowable limits. The monitoring esults will be compared with the water quality of the surroundings so as to eva ate whether the values exceed the allowable limits or not (Table 6.3). * Vibration Stake machine used in construction a tivities will vibrate surrounding areas, it need considering and evaluating if it excee the allowable limits. * Noise Noise in the construction phase is te porary lower than from the activities boat machines, furthermore local people m ed to resettlement areas, from more l OOm. Noise monitoring no need be carried o * Monitoring plan The monitoring plan during construc on of landing stages and bridge is shown in Table 6.5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ i _ _ _ __ 6 -6 CHAPTER SIX Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C il Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project Table 6.5 Outline of the monitoring an for construction of landing stages and bridge 1. Water quality Parameter pH. Total uspended solid (SS) Analyzing method At site m asurement of pH; standard methods for analyzing H and SS in lab Sampling sites At the rive in front of the construction site Monitoring time and frequency Once a m th, during 8 months Implementing agencies The PM will have a contract with the Environm ntal Protection Center on monitoring 2. Vibration Parameter Speed and 4cceleration Analyzing method Measuring nstruments made in the USA Sampling point 2 points a acent to the impacting zone, 200 m from the constru tion site Monitoring time and frequency Twice a da Implementing agencies The PMU will contract with the Environmental Protection enter for monitoring 6.4 MONITORING DURING THE OPE TION PHASE 6.4.1 Monitoring water quality of the wa rways In the first year after dredging on a v aterway section finished, the PMU-W will carry out the monitoring of the water quality for evaluating the restoration thereof. Monitoring points after construction ll be determined at the transects along the canal where samples were taken into ch kup before construction (Table 6.1). Samples will be taken in a day at each transec in March and November. Samples will be analyzed with 17 para eters: pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, BOD, COD, nitrate, nitrite, suspended solid, ssolved solid, ammonia, temperature, cadmium, lead, aluminum, zinc, mercury and . coli form. Some parameters will be measured at site and samples will be transpo ed to labs for analyzing. The data to be used for comparison is of water quality of he surroundings prior to construction and the national environmental standard on ality of surface water (TCVN 5942- 1995). ii__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6 -7 CHAPTER SIX Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddditional vil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project 6.4.2 Monitoring effluent from SRAs In the first year after the accomplis iment of dredging, water returning fromn SRAs is subject to monthly monitoring (in e rainy season) with 5 basic parameters (pH, DO, SS, Fe, and turbidity) and the ncentrations of 5 toxic metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Al). 6.5 ESTIMATE COST FOR ENVIR NMENTAL MONITORING Cost for the environmental monitoring for e additional warks is estimated in Table 6.6 and source of budget is given in Table 7. Table 6.6 Cost estimate No CONTENTS ESTIMATED COST I Environmental monitoring during re- construction phase 133,179.000 1 Investigating, monitoring at the proj t site 46,220.000 2 The public consultation process 26.200.000 3 Reporting 32.500.000 4 Considering and deciding 21.600.000 5 Standby charge (5%) 6,659,000 II Environmental monitoring during onstruction _ _hase __ _ 153,474,000 1 Sample analysis 43,800,000 2 Travel 78,000,000 3 Others l 24,000,000 4 Standby charge (5%) 7,674,000 III Environmental monitoring during eration phase | 155,936,000 1 Sample analysis l 66,480,000 2 Travel 51,000,000 3 Others 24,000,000 4 Standby charge (5%) 7,797,000 Total: 442,589,000 VND (1 USD = 15,800 VND) l 28,012 USD .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6 -8 CHAPTER SIX Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C iil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project Table 6.7 Source of budgetfor environ nental monitoring No List of Cost of envir iental monitoring (N contents Total Pr Construction Operation constru tion Total: 442,589,000 133,1 e000 153,474,000 155,936,000 1 2004 286,653,000 133,1 000 153,474,000 - Govemment of Vietnam - IDA 286,653,000 133,17 ,000 153,474,000 2 2005 155,936,000 - 155,936,000 - Government 155,936,000 - 155,936,000 of Vietnam = - IDA _ 6.6 MONITORING SCHUDULE Environmental monitoring in the pre construction phase will be carried out in the end of 2003 and finished before the er of Quarter I, 2004. Environmental monitoring in the con truction phase will be conducted when the dredging will be done 2004, but it will b finished before December, 2004. Environmental monitoring in the ope tion phase will be in 2005. Based on approval of WB on E I.A, PMU will plan environmental monitoring for each year and then it will be submitted to Ministry of Transport for approval. 6-9 CHAPTER SIX U (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N- 1) 1 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Y ;~~.VRP IL vt-i ~ ~ ~ I~I;~~ ~ ).N imoI.ivO~~ (Im.I 5L[7)1SNV'ˇiL f,!,t g t t i- A'J[Ii~1O AJA )NI N101 NOI ' ~IMA' 5JSNv,jL Ivalll Nfllllllll *1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 t .,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ~~~~~~~~~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fl 'II()S .u..\II'! 1.) I))l.N)N [!(I. VtLUSNK/ - -0( I8wi I MIIP\I V . A.ll tfi110 t 1.1 .\\ )NlE().l.N()IN 21(N OlVS %W - o'~~~~~~~~ "". 0rX /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ll1ll(1D 11" 3, \ g/ ()11,')1N' 'ltl,S11 - 'N(il' N'l' _ \ \ ~~~~~~/. .___._._ .... _. Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditiona Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilita on Project CHAPTER EVEN PUBLIC CONSULT ION IN EIA OF ADDITIONAL CIVIL WO S AND DREDGING 7.1. POLICIES OF THE WORLD ANK AND GOVERNMENT OF VIETNAM ON PUBLIC CONSUL ATION IN ELA 7.I1.1. World Bank Policy World Bank (the Bank) policy r arding community involvement is provided in detail in the WB Environmen al Assessment Source Book, Vol. 1 (1991). It is summarized as follows. Bank policy directs the borrower to ublicly solicit, hear and consider the. concerns of the local community, other a cted groups and local NGOs (non- governmental organizations) and to full incorporate into the design and implementation of the project and the E ironmental Assessment (EA). The rationale for consideration and incorporation f the concerns of the affected parties is to assure community acceptance and enh ce the viability of the project. The Bank has found that where such views hay been successfully incorporated into the design and plan of implementation, e projects are more likely to be successful. The Bank has not found commu ty participation to be an impediment to project execution. On the contrary, project in which affected parties views have been excluded are more likely to suffer fr delay and quality issues resulting from community resistance. The Environmental Assessment Ope ational Directive (EAOD) clarifies Bank policy, which for more than a cade has encouraged community participation in Bank-supported projects. So ological considerations were added- to the Bank's operational manual statemen on project design and appraisal in 1995, specifying that effective project mplementation requires the full commitment of all beneficiaries and asso ated stakeholders and that to be effective a project appraisal should verify th affected parties were fully informed and involved in project identification and prep ation. The operational directive on col boration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also urges Bank sta "as a matter of Bank policy" to develop contacts and operational collabora on with NGOs (OD 10.70). The directive defines NGOs as "private organiza n that pursues activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, p tect the environment, or undertake community development". CHAPTER SEVEN 7-1 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition I Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit tion Project At identification of an EA category 'A" project, or as soon as the project is classified as a category "A" project, any b rrower who does not consult with local NGOs, or does not seek and consider the informed views of the affected parties through the release and public comment c the relevant EA, are considered to be out of compliance with this policy. It is t refore unlikely, in such cases, that the Bank would continue to support that proje t. EA requirements should be reviewed well in advance of the implementation o any project to ensure compliance with. the principles outlined in the EA OD. The EA OD's provision for public c nsultation reflects a larger social trend. Forces are converging to convince both g memnent and development agencies to be more responsive to public concerns and articipation because popular support is a key factor in project viability. In sorr countries, this trend has helped to motivate a popular shift towards democr cy. Experience with "people-centred" development is growing and gaining accept nce and attention. 7.1.2. Policy of the Vietnamese Governm nt (GOV) Vietnam is a socialist country. The tate is determined by the fundamental principle "ofpeople, from people andfor p ople". The democratic approach to the social management of GOV is expressed the basic principle of "people kno-, people discuss and people control" all acti ies of the Government. At present, based on these basic rinciples, all policies, programs or projects of the Government, private and/o foreign investors should be disclosed and discussed with the people in the a fected areas so that the reasonable comments and concerns of project affected eople (PAHs) are fully considered and incorporated. In the recent years, the rapid pace o industrialization and urbanization has impacted environmental quality, causing verse impacts on public health, the general ecology and associated economy various regions in Vietnam. As a result, inclusion of relevant environmental onsiderations in the socio-economic development decision process have became m important issue, and compliance is of concern by not only to the Government MOSTE, DOSTE, MPI, Ministry of Industry, MOT) but also affected parties ass iated with the project. To avoid negative impacts of the proj ct, Governmental Decree No. 175/CP issued on 18th October, 1994 requires th all projects in the development of industry, energy, transport, water resourc agriculture, etc. should conduct a compliant EIA study meeting the requireme ts of the environmental management authorities and that the contents of EIA r ports include predicted impacts and mitigation measures must be discussed with t e PAHs. CHAPTER SEVEN 7-2 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition | Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project The PAP should submit their c ents and concerns to the project proponents through their authorized repr entatives, e.g Governmental agencies (the People's Committee, People's Coun 1) and/or socio-political organizations (Front Fatherland Committee, Farmers A ociation, Women tJnion etc.) or non- government organizations (e.g Vietnam sociation for the Conservation of the Nature and Environment, Biological Assoc tion, Economic Association, Foresters Association etc.). These organizations sho ld collect all comments from the local people and send them to the environment I management authorities (DONRE at provincial level or MONRE at central vel) or even to Provincial People's Council or National Assembly. During e environmental review process, all comments and requirements of the PAP hould be discussed and conclusions reported to the project proponents, so at the project can develop proper alternatives and implement measures for *tigation of the negative impacts. The project will receive an investment license, nly after appropriate modification of location, design, capacity and/or technolo of the project to meet the requirement of environmental protection and resettlemen Relating to compensation for the P s who lost land, dwellings and/or income as a result of the projects, the GO issued Decree No. 22/1998/ND-CP (24/4/1998). This Decree is the legal base for eparation, implementation of proper resettlement action plan (RAP) which suppl s the PAHs in finding new jobs and new settlement sites, maintain living stand d and avoid adverse impacts of the project on the local socio-economy. 7.2. THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION OCESS 7.2.1. Guideline The following items comprise the ful public consultation process required by WB. * Levels of public consultation - Informed public participation in e environmnental review process encompasses consultation with those arties both directly and indirectly affected. In the first case are the grou that would be directly impacted by a proposed project, for example fisher ' folk downstream from a dam. It is important to remember that the mo tcritical effects may occur some distance from the project itself, that e informed views of all potentially: affected communities should be taken nto account in the pre-design stages of the project. and that these communit s should be involved in the EA. CHAPTER SEVEN 7-3 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition l Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project - The second group to be involved public consultation consists of those who, because of their particular concern or expertise, have relevant information and specific input reg rding the nature or scope of potential environmental impact. Obvious amples are societies of consulting engineers, experts on cultural prop , environmental NGOs, or grassroots organizations concerned with env onmental quality. Less obvious, but frequently important because of th *r perspective, are educators or human rights, anti-poverty or religious grou s. - The distinction between these grou s cut across two criterions: one is the degree to which a group will be aff cted by the proposed project; the other is the kind of knowledge the group an bring to the EA. Local and external groups at various points along each xis should be consulted during the EA process. By far the most important p int is that such consultations must start very early in the process if they are to be meaningful and influence decisions made during the develor ent process, which will affect their lives. The views and concerns of t e potentially affected people and the. local NGOs should be solicited no la r than the process beginning. It is advisable during the identificat n phase, to have preliminary contacts with affected parties. Public participatio in the BA should start when the preparation of the feasibility study begins. he EA is an integral component of the feasibility study. Public participation is v ually fostered by the social scientist members of the EA team, although the ful co-operation of the EA -physical and biological disciplines is needed. Where s ial impacts have significant scale or severity or where they are particularly co iplex, a social science team of local residents may be required at several inM rvals during the process of project feasibility and preparation studies. Where w people are affected, a single social scientist can often reside in the area for a fel months total time spread over a year, so that the studies will encompass the entire mnual cycle. Although the bulk of the work is di *ng preparation, there is still a great deal of social input needed during con |ruction, less during operation and thereafter. The affected people and local GOs and the public at large should participate in monitoring during operation an assist in post hoc evaluation. * Consultation at the Community Level Communities may be large or small; hey are easily defined by recognized geographical boundaries in either urban o rural areas, and may encompass a number of villages over a large area. The people of an affected area may be homogeneous and speak the same languag , be at roughly the same economic level, share the same customs and values d make their living in similar ways. Conversely, they may be highly differentiate in language, culture, occupation and CHAPTER SEVEN 74 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition, Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project income levels. If the community is dive Fe and the people heterogeneous, the consultative process will be particularly der anding. Public consultation is accepted as essential part of the EA process in industrial countries, but EA performed n industrial countries provide little guidance for the inclusion of local co unities in developing countries. The premise of public consultation in most ind trial countries is: (a) if the citizens are informed about a project and the opp -tunity to discuss its environmental implications, those citizens most intereste will respond; (b) most citizens have access to newspapers, radio and televisio and can read and understand notices; and (c) citizens who participate are accus med to the frank dialogue associated with democratic discussions, and are not e osed to any personal or political risk in questioning proposed governmental actio . In many developing countries, an E team cannot operate on this premise and often cannot function in the responsiv stance suitable to industrial countries, but must take a proactive, initiatory approa to encourage and to promote citizen participation. This means sharing whatever information is available about the project so that informed views can be obtain d. A primary objective of consultatio with a community is to encourage opening discussion of all issues and conc rns. To this end, the challenge is to. provide means that are congruent with local cultures and customs and that provide a safe and comfortable setting to voice the issues as they see them. If the sociologists or anthropologists attached to a multi-disciplinary team are expatriates, the team will need members from the country who are familiar with the people, culture and language of the af cted area. In many cultures, women specifically will be needed to talk with the w men involved. Selecting team members in this w , who speak the language and are culturally acceptable to the communities is crucial to the project's success. Advice on recruitment can be sought from local s ff of development agencies or from NGOs with specific experience in the area. he recruits may be researchers from colleges and universities, staff of local N Os, or social workers or extension workers with ties both to government minist s and to the community. Exploration at the community leve should not be rushed. The teamn members should be involved at various stag , including the early stage when the official and informal leadership of the co unities - all the key figures in the authority structure - are briefed on the p ject and invited to participate and express their views. The sociological membe of the EA team should reside in the area while gathering information. Often, thi is the only way to achieve reliable consultation. CHAPTER SEVEN 7-5 Environmental Impact Assessment ofA dditon Cvil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabili ion Project Large meetings are sometimes inap opriate forums for public consultation at the community level. Small meetings a individual interviews are often more useful. All communities have social group through which they normally organize activities, such as work groups, savings so eties, schools or cooperatives, or small enterprise groups. Groups that primarily volve women should be sought out. Religious groups also provide useful forun s. The structure of the small meetings will vary according to country and cultu ; but in general, new organizational forms with which people are unfamiliar (e g., committees) should be avoided in preference for existing social groups within eople feel comfortable. A major difficulty in consulting wi people who may be affected is the inability of many either to understand how eir world can be different from what it is, or to realistically understand what thei real needs might be when the project: materializes. Where feasible, graphic illus ations should be used to clarify the issues; scale models of the area showing illages and the project are generally better understood than speeches alone. Vid tape can be useful in presenting this sort of information. Posters, illustrated mphlets and cartoons have proved effective in literate communities; they c be displayed at schools, religious buildings, shops, clinics, co-operatives and her centres of community activity. Involving affected people, especial the poor, often requires additional expenditures. The costs include travel and s bsistence for attendance at meetings, translation and expert advice that the co unity needs to help to formulate a response to the proposal, etc. Such costs s uld be systematically budgeted. The EA team must ensure that issues raised in af cted communities are communicated to the other participants in the EA process, cluding various public agencies and NGOs that may be involved in the larger pro( ss of public consultation. As the EA proceeds, the people in the ffected area should be kept informned routinely and systematically. Written mat rial must be translated into local languages. Where many are unable to read, o 1 discussion and visual presentations sessions (often, by the resident social pro ters or facilitators) should be used. Throughout the EA process, the project a ncy should continue seeking views from and providing feedback to the affected mmunity. 7.2.2. Organization of Public Consultation or the Project In Vietnam, there is currently no det I guideline for Public Consultation. Combining the policy of GOV and WB g delines the following organization activities in Public Consultation is consid ed for the implementation of the Project. CHAPTER SEVEN 7-6 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition I Civil WYorks and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project * Official Meetings - The Project Management Unit (PMU) responsible for organization of public consultation meetings. - PMU has contacted with local au ority, e.g. Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DON ) of Ca Mau province, People's Committees of Kien Giang province to rrange a meeting. - PMU combined with the EIA consultan unit (EPC) for preparation of booklets (summary of the EIA and F/S report) t be distributed to local authorities and PAP. PMIU and EPC was responsible for presentation in the meetings and explanation of the concerned issues. - Meetings will be organized during pre ration of the EIA study. The purpose of these meetings is to present the Pro ct, open a constructive dialogue and collect questions and understand the con ems of the participants. - In February 2004, official meetings hav been organized at Kien Giang and Ca Mau provinces. Participants in the m etings were representatives of local People's Committees, local socio-politic organization, DONRE and. - Eight meetings with 441 PAHs have en held in Kien Giang and Ca Mau provinces to inform the potential imp ts on the environment and receive comments from PAHs. - Meetings with PAHs during environm tal surveys. This type of unofficial meeting is recommended during the dfid surveys for EIA study. The EIA Study Team of EPC (VESDEC) conduc d various meetings with households in the effected area. Comments and poin of view of interviewed people were used in this EIA study. * Contents of Public Consultation meeti s - In the previous meets, PMU, EPC have informed the participants about the major technical and enviro ental issues of the project and mitigation measures for negative i pacts. - In the meetings all question of PAFHs were addressed, all recommendations and concerns of AHs and PC have been recorded. - List of participants has been noted ith their signatures. CHAPTER SEVEN 7-7 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project - Photo-camera was used in the m ting. Materials to be presented in the meeting The PMU and Consultants has prese ted the following materials as: - Booklet/summary of F/S Report d EIA Report. - Maps of the project site. - Figures, tables, photos, pictures e , presenting the project activities. * Additional Public Hearing The project will be published in va ous central and local newspaper and broadcast media to solicit additional commn ts from scientists, economists, NGOs within and outside of the project area (publi hearing). 7.2.3 Comments of participants from p lic consultation * In the meetings in Ca Mau province 1. The result and positive impacts of the pr ect must be explained clearer 2. Examining, forecasting water quality in he implement phase, if it meets the demands for aquaculture 3. Executive unit must follow environmen al mitigation measures such setting up in the EIA report 4. Report should have specific reco ndation to executive unit, local authorities, and departments 5. Supplementing data of acid sulfate soil ong canal system and references of the environment along dredging canals. 6. Examining low pH at the dredged area 7. Sending environmental monitoring rep rt for each quarter and year to DONRE 8. Supplementing survey data of the nu er of effected household in the project area 9. Setting a matrix to general assess th impact on environment, socio- economic CHAPTER SEVEN 7-8 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditiond Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit ion Project 10. Project Management Unit should affin where are the spoil relocation areas 11. Measure for reducing affection from ta *ing water for shrimp raising 12. Measure for work organisation, appro riate work time, avoid implementing on the season (raising aquatic season) 13. Mitigation measure of impacts due to xecutive activities at residential area and resettlement problem 14. On time notice, warning to local pe( Dle about environmental problem in construction phase in order they have nieasures to prevent. In the meetings in Kien Giang provinc 1. This region has a large aquaculture a] a (over 9,000 ha), mainly is shrimp culture. Therefore, environmental imp' ts on water quality may cause great effect on aquaculture. 2. Find a feasible treatment measure fo water from SRA. It is necessary to increase area of settle tank or settle dur tion. 3. Choose the right construction time such as: the beginning of the flood season or after intake water for shrimp culture in April and May). 4. Require a monitoring environment eport to Department of Natural Resources and Environment quarterly. 5. Supplement the monitoring environmen program at Tac Cau landing stage. 6. The construction unit must recover env onmental trouble, prevent negative effect on production 7. Organize communications, notice loca people, local authorities about the project and potential impacts in order th local people can prevent 8. Giving local people the address, teleph e number, in case of environmental troubles, local people can inform the vironmental monitoring unit, PMU on time 9. Starting to lime at acid sulfate spoil land 11 10. Planning compensation for local peoplei case of environmental incident 11 Supplementing monitoring data into th report to show that the impact on environment is not high CHAPTER SEVEN 7-9 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAddition! r Civil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilite ion Project 12. Considering the saline intrusion of the roject 13. Intensify the public participation in the nvironmental protection 14. Intensify environmental monitoring uring the construction phase at the area. * Comments of Project affected househ Ids (PAHs): Eight public consultation meetings ith 441 PAHs had been organized to view the public consultation for the eff cted households in the project area (Appendix 7). Comments from public con ltations are integrated as follows: 1. PAHs have to be informed the time to redge the canal in order that to pump the water into the aquaculture area com portably. 2. There is the measure to assist compens don the loss of trees in the SRAs. 3. PAHs agree to build the road but the houses and tombs in the SRAs have to compensate to relocate. 4. Avoid mud water overflow into garde s, rice fields, fish ponds and shrimps cultures area. 5. Crops in the SRAs have to assist c mpensation because PAHs can not continue to produce on the land that use to build the road. 6. PAHs agree to use the SRAs to build t road but PAHs have to compensate properly. 7. The SRAs is designed very good, PAHs ave not any idea. 7.2.4 Benefits of public consultation - PMU and the consultant have explain d all questions and comments at two meetings with local authorities and eig meetings with PAHs. - All questions and recommendations o the meeting have been studied and supplement in this EIA report. CHAPTER SEVEN 7.10 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C vil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitatioi Project CONCLI SION The project for rehabilitation of two S:)uthem waterways and Can Tho port has important role in the socio-economic devel pment of the whole Mekong Delta and Hochiminh city. Therefore, it is selected as o ie of the 6 priority projects in the Master Plan for the Mekong Delta. The EIA report on the project was approved by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (now the M\I inistry of Resources and Environment) according to Decision 102 1/QD-BKHCNMT d ited 3 June 1999. By 2004, the project is added with t Ee construction of 6 ports, 1 bridge and dredging of two canal sections from Ca Mau city to Nam Can and Kien Luong town to Ha Tien town. The EIA on the additional works and dredging is performed by the Project Management Unit to meet the requirement of t e government and WB. The construction and operation of the additional works and dredging sites will cause the environmental impacts as follows. - Water pollution due to dredging two cana sections and building landing stages and bridges. This impact is assessed as negat e but minor and mitigable canal water quality will be recovered shortly after comp etion of construction activities. - Negative impacts on aquaculture in Ha I ien lagoon and Nam Cam. This will be moderate if the project has no measures for environmental management. - Loss of riverside vegetation cover and con equent increase in erosion of banks. This impact is minor and controllable. - Impacts on the structure of the aquatic hat tat in the project site. This will be minor and short-term. The structure of the two car al sections will be recovered several years after the project is finished. - Impact on fishing sources during the constr iction and dredging of the two waterways. This impact is expected as minor and tempo lary. - Impact of the living conditions of people at l RAs during dredging. In order to mitigate the negative impacts, te Project Management Unit has proposed various feasible managerial and technical measi res. Those include: Environmental ImpactAssessment ofAdditionalC vil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitatioi Project - Measures to managing and treating the ef uent having high turbidity and suspended solid; - Measures to protecting local agriculture an aquaculture in the construction phase; - Measures to minimizing the impacts on s nsitive zones such as shrimp ponds and Bird Sanctuary; - Measures to limiting the transfer of acidic ater during construction and dredging; - Measures to controlling pollution and en onmental sanitation at the construction sites; - And a program for environmental monito g in the pre-construction, construction, and operation phases which has been appro d by the WB. The Project Management Unit will be fully responsible for any environmenital problems. On the bases of the conclusions as men ned above, the Project Management Unit requests the Ministry of Natural Resources d Environment as well as the WB to approve the EIA report on additional construc ion and dredging of the Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitation Project. ____________________________________________________________ 2 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional ( vil Works and Dredging Vietnam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitatio7 Project REFE NCE 1. Vietnam Law on Environmental Protection 01.1994 2. Decree 175/CP 18/10/1994 by the gover ent with guidelines on implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection. 3. MOSTE. Vietnamese Environmental Stand ds, Vol. 1, 2, 3 and 4 4. MOSTE. Circular 490/1988/TT-KHCNMT 29-4-1998 5. VESDEC. Results of Environmental Study or the project, December 2003 and March 2004 6. NEDECO, Volume IV, Environmental A essment & Environmental Management Plan, 1996 7. Le Trinh, Environmental Profile of the Mek ng Delta, prepared NEDECO, 1992 8. P. Economopolous Rapid Assessment foi Water Solid and Air Pollution, WHO, Geneva, 1993 9. WB. Environmental Source Book Vol. 1, 2, . Washington D.C, 1991 10. World Bank. Environmental Source B oks - Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, 1991 11. WB. Report on Environmental and Social S dies in the Inland Wetland Areas of the Mekong Delta, prepared by GEC, 1998 12. WHO, Environmental Management, Geneva 1986 3 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civil orks and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati n Project APPE IX 3 - 4I __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ __I_ __ _ _I_ Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civil orks and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati( Project Appendix 2 Viet Nam Surface Water Quali y Standard (TCVN 5942 - 1995) No Parameter and substance Unit Limitation value ___ A B 1 pH _ 6.8,5 5,5-9 2 BOD5 (200C) mg/ <4 <25 3 COD mg1l <10 <35 4 Dissolved oxygen mg/l ˇ 6 > 2 5 Suspended solids |_mgA 20 80 6 Arsen |_mg/l 0,05 0,1 7 Barium |_mg/, 1 4 8 Cadimium _mg/l 0,01 0,02 9 Lead mg/ _ 0,05 0,1 10 Chromium, Hexavalent mg/ 0,05 0,05 11 Chromium, Trivalent 1mgA 0,1 I 12 Copper mg1 0,1 I 13 Zinc mg/l 1 2 14 Manganese mg/l 0,1 0,8 15 Nickel mg/l_0,1 1 16 Iron 1 2 17 Mercury mg/l 0,001 0,002 18 Tin m 1 2 19 Ammonia (as N) mg/l 0,05 1 20 Fluoride mg_l 1 1,5 21 Nitrate (as N) mg/l 10 15 22 Nitrite (as N) mg/l 0,01 0,05 23 Cyanide mg/ 0,01 0,05 24 Phenol compounds mg/l 0,001 0,02 25 Oil and grease ng/l not 0,3 _______ detectable 26 Detergent rngtl 0,5 0,5 27 Coliform MP i/OOml 5000 10000 28 Total pesticides (except DDT) ng/l 0,15 0,15 29 DDT ng/l 0,01 0,01 30 Gross alpha activity _q_ _ 0,1 0,1 31 Gross bate activity 3q_ Bq/l 1,0 1, 2 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional Civil orks and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilitati( Project Appendix 3 Dutch Standard for sediment No. Chemical Referen e Test value Threshold value ____ (mg/kg dry material) 1 Chromium 100 480 1000 2 Nicken 35 45 200 3 Cooper 36 90 400 4 Zinc 140 1000 2500 5 Cadmium 0.8 7.5 30 6 Mercury 0.3 1.6 15 7 Lead 85 530 1000 8 Arsenic 28 85 150 9 Aldrin 0.01 0.04 0.5 10 Dieldrin 0.01 11 Endrin 0.001 0.04 0.5 12 DDE 0.01 0.02 0.5 13 Endosulphan 0.01 0.02 0.5 14 Chlordane 0.01 15 Heptachlorepoxide 0.01 0.02 0.5 16 Hexachlorbutadience 0.01 0.02 0.5 3 Environmental Impact Assessment ofA dditional Ci il Works and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilit tion Project APPENDI 3.2 PUBLIC CONSULTA1 ION MEETINGS 1 I l Environmental Impact Assessment of Additional Ci . il Works and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilii ,ition Project ,_-' lj ,,t Fig. 1: Public consultat~~~~io mee ngaCaMupoic Fig.2: ublc cnsulatin met!ng a CaMauproinc i l l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C vil Works and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabilii .tion Project Fig. 3: Public consultation meetir at Kien Giang province Fig. 4: Public consultation meeting with gc vermient ofricals at Ly Van Lam commune, Ca Mau city, a Mau province 3 Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C il Works and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabili ttion Project Fig. 5: Public consultation meeting with P Ps at Chanh hamlet, Ly Van Lam Fig. 6: Public consultation meeting with P !Ps at Ong Muon hanlet, Ly Van Lam commune, Ca Mau cit , Ca Mau province 4 |Environmental Impact Assessment ofA2dditional C; vil Works and Dredging |'Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabili ation Project Fi.7_ulccnuttinmeigwt_AsatC uchme,LiA _~~cmue ranVnTo _lnt aMupoic Fi.__ulccnuttinmeigwt AsatC uchme,LiA ~~~~comn,TaVaThI dit: it, Ca Maroic ' .§. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C ii Works and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabili ation Project __ba-=3_- -i si.L w r as tM'_. w M.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~1 _F i a ~~~~~~~~. N =, Fig.9: Public consultation meeting with P. Ps at Thanh Loi hamlet, Hoa Dien commune, Kien Luong distric, Kien Giang province 1 J6~~~~~~~. ~ t ~ ~ - - ! w- '~~~~~' Fig. 10: Public consultation meeting with r Ps at Nui Trau hamlet, HIoa Dien commune, Kien Luong district Kien Giang provncec Environmental Impact Assessment ofAdditional C vil Works and Dredging Viet Nam Inland Waterways and Port Rehabili ation Project . .'.~ Fig.11: Public consultation meeting with P LPs at Kinh 1 Loi hamlet, Hoa Dien _It- M..-Pijflig constn!tation imeeting with P Ps at CoTrang hamlet, Hoa Dien commune, Kien -- y ?½ t2r~; 7 CONG Ii)6 N..\. 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