E1 190 VOL. 13 e-CENTRE DE RECHERCHES EN ECOTOXICOLOGIE POUR LE SAHEL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... .. .. .. ... ................. .... ......... .. SEPTEMBER 2005 . _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SUMMARY ABSTRACT ........................................................4 INTRODUCTION .......................................................5 1. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ........................................................6 2. PRINCIPAL STEPS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................6 2.1. Main parameters ........................................................6 2.1.1. Exposure level of the operational teams ........................................................6 2.1.2. Quality of treatments ........................................................7 2.1.3. Non-target Fauna ........................................................7 2.1.4. Residue analysis ........................................................7 2.1.5. Organization of the control ........................................................8 2.1.6. Management of treatments data ........................................................8 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMAPCT ASSESSMENT OF LOCUST CONTROL CAMPAIGN 2004 .............. 8 3.1. Organisational system ........................................................8 3.1.1. Intervention ........................................................9 3.1.2. Communication ....................................................... 10 3.2. Descripton of the visited zones ....................................................... 11 3.3. Pesticides used during 2004 in Gambia and their ecotoxicological characteristics .................. 12 3.4. Spatial distribution of the anti-acridians treatments ....................................................... 13 3.5. Management of treatment data ....................................................... 14 3.6. Environmental impact assessment ....................................................... 15 3.6.1. Toxicovigilance ....................................................... 15 3.6.2. Individual protecfion measures ....................................................... 16 3.6.3. The quality of the treatments ....................................................... 1 6 3.6.3.1. Treatment terrestrial ....................................................... 16 3.6.3.2. Aerial treatments ....................................................... 17 3.6.4. Empty containers ....................................................... 17 3.6.5. Management of stocks of pesticides ....................................................... 18 3.6.6. Impact on the non target ....................................................... 19 3.6.7. Level of contamination of the environment ....................................................... 19 4. RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................... 23 ACTION PLAN ................................. ......... 25 1. QUALITY CONTROL OF THE TREATMENTS TEAMS ........... ...................... 26 1.1. Quality control of the treatments ................................. 26 1.2. Capacity building ................................. 27 2. MEDICAL SECURITY ..................................... 28 2.1. Prevention ..................................... 28 4. ALTERNATIVES TO USE OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDES ................. .................... 28 5. INFORMATION, SENSITIZATION AND COMMUNICATION ..................................... 28 PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................... 41 2 ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS The CERES-Locustox Foundation mission for the assessment of the environmental impact of locust control and the elaboration of an Environmental Assessment Action Plan wishes to acknowledge with thanks the Gambian authorities for the warm welcome accorded to them and their availability. The Administrator General of the Ceres/Locustox Foundation and the team of consultants that visited The Gambia are grateful to the Honourable Secretary of State for Agriculture, the two Permanent Secretaries of Agriculture, and Mr. Ebrima Secka, Project Coordinator of Africa Emergency Locust Project. The Consultants team wishes to thank all the stakeholders and participants who attended the validation workshop for their valuable contributions and quality of work. 3 ABSTRACT The Environmental Impact Assessment Studies on the locust control campaign 2004 was conducted in September 2005. The study revealed efforts which have been achieved by the National Locust Control Committee and failures in term of organization, techniques of pesticides application and medical security during the 2004 -2005 agricultural season. The lack of adequate store rooms can be source of environmental pollution; the empty containers are stored in unsafe area and the rain water runoff could pollute the neighbouring ponds. Remaining pesticides are not stored in normal store rooms. Proper storage facility and location has not yet been found to store the quantity of pesticides received as donation. On the other hand, the field study also allowed the team to observed failures related to terrestrial treatment: (i) the treatment devices were not regularly calibrated; (ii) a registration form did not exist (iii) the infested area was not correctly delimited due to lack of GPS. Lack of communication between the pilot and the ground teams was noted during aerial spraying. The Locust Campaign did not conduct any Cholinesterase analyses to determine the exposure levels of the operational teams during the campaign. Recommendations have been made to help solve these breaches. Otherwise the action plan outlined in the Pest Management Plan allows for tools to be used for best management of pesticides for the exigencies of locust control. 4 INTRODUCTION During the 2004-2005 agricultural seasons The Gambia conducted a Locust Control Campaign to control the locusts which invaded the country. The locust plague, as shown by its spread, magnitude and distribution, indicates that the pest posed a serious threat to food security, particularly to countries whose economies are dependent in agriculture. This could explain the reasons for mobilization of the intemational community to help affected countries to reduce the densities of locusts by using equipment for treatment and distribution of pestcides to the Sahelian countries affected by this plague. In The Gambia, the Locust invasion happened at the end of the agricultural season, when the majority of the field crops have been reach maturity stage. The farmers received technical advice form the Department of State for Agriculture to harvest progressively and transport all their produce from the field. During the invasion, the immature adults which invaded the country from Senegal searching for good laying sites caused significant damage to rice fields (faro), village community gardens, fruit trees and pastures. In response to the imminent locust invasion, the Department of State for Agriculture (DOSA) in collaborabon with other stakeholders, established coordinabon mechanisms at national, regional and community levels. The Department of State conducted series of awareness campaigns to sensitize farmers and the general public on locust control and its related aspects. At the same time mobilize resources and solidarity and support, which are testimony of the pesticides donations and spraying equipments received from official structures, national, regional and international partners, on behalf of the campaign. The first thing is to recognize the generalized invasion pattern, the personnel's involved in the locust control with diverse experiences to the management of pesticides which remain, unfortunately, one of the most effective tool against controlling locusts and other pests. Thus, huge quantities of pesticides were used, which surely generate negative effects on human health, livestock and on the environment. Even if the pesticides used were approved, the pesticides used can cause adverse effects if good practices of treatment, good storage and respect of protection measures are not respected. Many studies on pesticides in the environment were carried out by the Locustox Project of FAO and now the CERES/Locustox Foundation after the locust plagues of 1989 and 1995-1996. These studies have generated important ecotoxicological information's on pesticides currently used for locust control. FAO, in addition, have developed and published Guidelines for Desert Locust Control into volumes. However, the staffs involved in the Locust Campaign did not have adequate knowledge on the use of these documents. The main objectives to the Africa Emergency Locust Project (AELP/ World Bank) are to minimize the collateral effects of pesticides used during locust plagues and establish a system, which will be capable of bringing corrective actions to possible failures noted at the time of pesticides applications; and establish a good management policy of locust plagues. The Africa Emergency Locust Project in partnership with the CERES/Locustox Foundation is focussing on the quality control of treatments against locust. This new approach is based on collaboration with operational teams with an environmental team capable to monitor and follow-up treatments and correct all failures of impact assessments. This could help safe and rationalize the applicabon of these pesticides, and to reduce the hazards to human health and the environment. 5 1. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH The collecUon of information which made it possible to formulate the observations and the recommendations of this environmental impact assessment is based on: 1.1 Series of discussions with the actors of the locust control in order to have information on: - the organization of the operational teams - the management of recording forms of treatment parameters - the quality of the treatments and the protection measures. 1. 2. Visits made to treated sites to observe: - the impact of pesticides on the non target organisms (terrestrial and aquatic) and fast evaluation of the activity and the density of the organizations; - the respect of buffer zones and identification of sensitive zones; - the toxicovigilance: (exposure level of operational teams; awareness of population; existence of safety sheet); - the residues of pesticides level (sampling of water and vegetation) - management of pesticides stocks and packing empty 2. PRINCIPAL STEPS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 2.1. Main parameters The main parameters followed are in accordance with Volume 6 of FAO Desert Locust Guidelines published in 2003 and shown below: 2.1.1. Exposure level of the operational teams The exposure level is analysed with the cholinesterase as biomarker, to determine the contamination by carbamates and organophosphates. These pesticides will inhibit the enzyme representing more than 95% of pesticides currently used. The assessment of exposure is done following two steps: (i) establish an individual basic level of the rate of cholinesterase; this operation must be carried out before any contact with pesticides; (ii) the exposure level is recorded at each time the operational team use 1700 kg of active ingredient. Mullie and Dossou (1996) found that the cholinesterase activity exceeds the standards of WHO each time that a person is in contact with this quantity of active ingredients. The exposure levels of operational teams can be carried out by the team in charge of the quality control of the treatments. The TestMate is a Spectrophotometer, is the equipment used to make measurements in the field (see Photo 1 for details of the equipment). 6 Photo 1: Kit for cholinesterase analyses 2.112. Quality of treatments A good quality of treatments during locust control is ensured by the following parameters: - the calibraflon of treatment equipments, - the respect of treatment parameters (speed of applicaUlon, width of the tracks, respect of the buffer zones, delimitation of zones to be treated), - the types of equipments used, - the individual protecuon kits of the team; and - the pesticides used. 2.1.3. Non-target Fauna The impact of pesticides on non-target fauna are observed within a field trial design set up in treated and non treated areas for control, Non-target fauna is vertebrate and invertebrates organisms which have an important ecological role in the Sahelian ecosystems. The pidncipal groups are the natural enemies of pests; the polllnaUng insects, the soil macn-faunae and aquatic invertebrates taking into account the importance of the water points in the Sahel. The vertebrate species are mainly lizards, birds and fish (see appendix 1). 2.1.4. Residue analysis An analysis of the pesticides evolution in the environment is also carried out in various matrixes (ground, water, vegetation) in order to specif the residues of pesticides and getting information's on their persistence. These analyses could help in taking decisions related to the management of the 7 pastures and to control the contamination of the food chain by the pesticides (respect of the waiting periods, respect of the choices of the less persistent pesticides) during locust control. 2.1.5. Organization of the control The organization of a locust control is an important factor of success for the operational teams. It determines for instance, the pesticides used; the management of empty pesticide containers; the mode of communication and the operatons of the teams. The availability of good equipments and good planning of treatment operations can have an influence on the impact of the pesticides on the environment, human and animal health. 2.1.6. Management of treatments data The availability of data recording forms from the operational teams ensures a proper traceability of the pesticide used. These forms can be obtained from FAO and can facilitate the analysis by using the RAMSES system. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMAPCT ASSESSMENT OF LOCUST CONTROL CAMPAIGN 2004 The locust control campaign in The Gambia was characterized by the involvement of the authorities, at the beginning of the invasion to suppress the plague. The Food Security and Disaster Relief Committees were merged to establish a National Locust Committee. In addition, an Information Centre and Command Centre were established for the interventfon and communicaton. 3.1. Organisational system The organizational and operational structures established for the management and control of locust in The Gambia are the National and Divisional operational structures established by the Department of State for Agriculture. The national structures includes: a National Locust Committee, Information Centre, Command Centre, Locust Technical Committee and Locust Campaign Coordinator. At the regional level, the structures includes: 15 Regional Locust Control Teams, 6 Regional Locust Campaign Coordinators, 6 Regional Committees and 40 District Committees and 300 Village Brigades. The Command Centre is assisted by (i) the National Locust Technical Committee responsible for the coordination of the terrestrial and aircraft spray teams; and (ii) the Information Centre responsible for diffusing information's relating to the locust situation and treatments. The Regional and District committees are created and chaired by the Commissioners, District Chiefs, Councillors and Alkalos. The population was organized into Village Farmer Brigades with the tasks to: - create awareness for the rural populations for the sightings and movements of the locust; - participate in the control of locust and the respect of security measures which they must observe before and after the plant health treatments; - mobilize resources human, material and financial where available at a regional scale; - supervise the regional perimeter and to set up an alarm system; and regularly inform the Command Centre about any evolution of the locust situation in districts. 8 In spite of this organisation some problems have been observed during the implementation of Locust Control Campaign. 3.1.1. Intervention The Locust intervention was comprised of 15 operational teams strategically positioned throughout the country and supported by Aircrafts. Two (02) teams in LRD, Four in URD, Two teams in CRD/N, two (02) in CRD//S, three (03) teams in NBD and two (02) in WD. Each team is headed by a specialist trained in Plant Protection and is called the Team Leader. He is assisted by three (03) agents of the Department of the Agriculture and a driver. The Soldiers and the Village Farmer Brigades were involved in the Locust Control Campaign. At each level operational teams held daily meetings at the end of each day to give a description of the activities carried out and a planning of the following day. Messages of swarms indicatons or larval bands sent by the villagers are analyzed before being the subject of checking. The programming is made on the basis of discussion of the operating team, consisted of the elements of the army and the technicians of the Plant Protection Unit. The relatively modest size of the operating teams conducting the treatments, prospecting and verification of treatments is a worsening factor, which can make a bad quality of treatments, because of the lack of technical quality and experience of the agents. The paramilitary and soldiers and other agents received a three training days on the biology and the ecology of the locust and on the techniques of pesticides application. The duraton of the training seems very insufficient for the comprehension of the mechanism of locust control. This contributes to increase the failures such as: - non respect of the standards of pesticides use, - the inefficiency of the treatments and risks of exposure of the applicators and the populatons to the pesticides. Currently, corrective measurements were brought by the recently conducted training of trainers (120 agents and 120 soldiers) at the national level. These agents following their training have trained and sensitized 4500 peasants in 45 villages. These efforts are certainly creditable, but a continuous training and a recycling of the agents will be necessary to strengthen their capacities to participate in locust control. 9 CFood Security & Department of lDisaster relief lState for CommiCntt,tndeeom ite \ / Information .' X J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cne Command Te3hnical i Center, Yundum a Comminte ne |LRiD |URD l CRDIN CR/|NB WD l pp2 teams 4 tea uts i 2 teams 2 teamn a t teams 2 teams |Reportingl |Information = Figure 2: Organisational system during the locust control campaign 2004 in The Gambia. 3.1.2. Communication The Locust Control Campaign has developed a strategy of communication aiming to sensitize the population on the precautlons to be taken before, during and after the locust treatments. During the locust campaign, broadcasts of awareness were done through the official media. These frequent broadcasts, gained more audience and contribute to the awareness of the populations on precautions to be taken. Radio transmissions informed, at each aircraft spray occasion, populations were informed to take precautions. However, these security measures were not always followed by the populatons; the curiosity of the inhabitants for an aircraft flying at low altitude is very strong. This reaction of the population creates the problem of aerial intervention in small country with sensitive ecosystems. It is, for this reason that it is very important to define appropriate strategies of awareness on the risks of exposure during treatments. 10 The communication between the National Commiffee and the operational teams was sometimes difficult in spite of the portable telephones available to each team. This lack of understanding obstructed in particular aircraft interventions. With the absence of GPS, the site to be treated was not identifiable with the geographical co-ordinates. The pilot was guided by lit tires. Problems of coordinaton for logistics on the ground and the pilot were observed. It happened that the pilot cannot carry out treatment because of non visible beacons. Treatments out of the infested zones for lack of reference mark on the ground were also observed. To regulate this major malfunctioning, it is imperative: - to use only planes equipped by modem navigation system GPS and DGPS. - to systematically found a radio connection between the agents on the ground and the pilot. However, the purchase this year of additional five (5) Codan Radios and five (5) portables satellite phones by the Locust Project can help to solve this problem of communication and to ensure good communication to enhance the effectiveness of air intervention. It is always very important to take all necessary precaution and ensure a correct calibration and spraying. The data on treatments transmitted were often incomplete: they are sent to the headquarters without the geographical co-ordinates. The Command Centre did not have GPS during the treatments; the names of the treated sites and sometimes the name of the active ingredient applied were not sometimes indicated. The donation of 36 GPS is very appreciable and will improve the future treatments. The Gambia Government acquired two (02) small planes (AT822) for aerial surveillance and treatment. The pilot has already calibrated the planes. However, he emphasized the need for good logistics support on the ground and good communication. 3.2. Description of the visited zones The sites mentioned below were seriously affected by the locust invasion. - From Ndungu Kebbeh - Kerewan - Farafenni in the North Bank Division (NBD). - From Kaur - Kauntaur in the Central River Division North (CRD/N. - In the Upper River Division South (URD/S). The zones mostly affected by the invasion were the pastures, field crops (groundnut and millet), the village horticultural perimeters and the wetlands (of the baobolong) constitute the principal eco-systems, which were the subject of work of ground teams. The Locust invasion, initially affected the areas of CRD/North, CRD South and NBD. Followed by the NBD, URD and LRD. The Westem Division (WD) was the last to be affected at the end of the campaign in December 2004 and January 2005. Nearly 14 799 ha of infested surfaces were treated in The Gambia. The wetlands constitute the major ecosystem in the infested zones. The prevalence of these sensitive ecosystems to the contaminations and pollution makes the use of the pesticides very delicate in The Gambia. The visited pastures are a shrubby savannah dominated by gramminae vegetation and other )igneous trees which are characteristic of the zone. The breeding is the principal activity beside the annual cultivations of millet and peanut. l l 11 I l 11 11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 .O Choownfo o * Cyhabotn'* / \ * FFneroohion / \ A MalAtMton / Snegal \ v Nomolt g X 113~~~~~~~ Tralometnne . \ O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chlorpyrifos Figure 4 spatial distribution of Locust treatments conducted in The Gambia during the campaign 2004. 3.5. Management of treatment data The data were sent by telephone and/or in forms without details. The given information's are incomplete containing sometimes only the pesticide used or the quantity and/or the treated surfaces (evaluated on the basis of pulverized volume and the recommended dose). The data of the aerial treatments were managed by the pilot who communicated them to the Command Centre for recording without prior verification. It would be suitable to designate a coordinator of the aerial treatment who supervises operations. The coordinator will be the intermediary between the teams on the ground, the local authorities and the pilot. He must verify geographical coordinates of the zones to be treated and their surfaces. He will be also responsible for the good execution for the aircraft interventions and the respect of security measures for his teams. 1 4 3.6. Environmental impact assessment A system of environmental impact assessment which can accompany the operational teams to respect the standards of treatment in their daily activities in order to reduce the negative effects on the environment did not exit during the campaign 2004. However, some missions of control and protection of sensitive zones were initiated by the National Agency of Environment (NEA). Taking into account the sensitivity of ecosystems, it is important to establish a team in charge of the environmental assessment to keep ensures secure treatments near wetlands which constitute the main ecosystems of the country. The establishment of these teams nearby operational ones must perform the following activities: 4. to help identifying a good strategy of communication and awareness of population. A lack of awareness could push peasants to buy in their own initiative without assistance of technicians, non authorized pesticides and control the circuit of the pesticides; 4. to assist in selecting the right type of pesticides being on the list of the CSP and that recommended by the PRG for the choice of the pesticides and to better organize the donations which can be at the origin of the circulation of obsolete and/or dangerous pesticides; 4. to assist the operational teams to respect the norms of locust control (calibration of the equipment, respect of the dose, judicious choice of the pesticides, respect of individual protection measures) recommended by the FAO Desert Locust Guidelines volume 6; 4. to control the effectiveness of equipments. The lack of GPS for the teams of treatment and prospection and the absence of radio VHF aboard vehicles, limited much the precision of the delimitations of treatments carried out. Many aerial treatments were carried out with fires of old tires like beacons. Many problems of communication between the teams on the ground and the pilot were observed. With these problems many treatments cancelled. 3.6.1. Toxicovigilance During the locust control campaign, the exposure level of operational team was not measured. The team leader and technicians interviewed were very sensitive to the problems of health related on the use of the pesticides and the problems of exposure. They everywhere regrefted the lack of assistance for the determination of the exposure level for operational teams (technicians, pesticides applicators, workers, drivers and the brigade villagers). This failure in the medical survey of the operational teams is due to with the non availability of cholinesterase kits during the campaign. Corrective measurements have been taken and 7 cholinesterase kits have been ordered by the Locust Project through FAO. Each Locust Team will have one (01) Kit. There is an urgent need for training technicians on the manipulation of this equipment and the interpretation of data. No epidemiology survey was carried out. Interviews which were taken with technicians and populations revealed one rather severe case of intoxication. On the other hand, the village farmer brigades must be well assisted. Their commitment to actons without any knowledge on pesticides risks could be sources of intoxication. 1 5 3.6.2. Individual protection measures The individual protection equipments were not adequate for all the operational teams. This exposes more operational teams which were permanentiy in contact with the pesticides. The quality of the combination distributed during the campaign was not appreciated by the interviewed technicians. It was extremely soft and thus was not adapted for locust control. It was requested to the Plants Protection Unit to take care of specifications of the individual protection equipments. All the specifications for the individual protection equipment (EPP or EAR) are available on directives 6 of FAO. For the locust control, it is then important to insist on the need for taking into account the Individual protection equipments (EAR). Before any contact with the pesticides, implied people in the interventions must individually have the following equipment: - Rigid cotton hat (1) - Dust-protecting disposable glasses (10) - Facial screen resistant to the chemicals (1) - Mask with cartridge (1) - Long PVC or synthetic rubber gloves (3 pairs) - PVC Boots (1 pair) - Cotton combination (2 pairs) the minimum number of units of each article necessary for a mission of two weeks fights is indicated in the brackets (volume 6 of the Directives of FAO on the locust pilgrim). 3.6.3. The quality of the treatments 3.6.3.1. Treatment terrestrial In the field, the discussions with the technicians revealed failures at different levels of a terrestrial treatment: 4 the calibration of the treatment equipment the process was not regularly gauged. The technicians who were in charge of the treatments did not have material times or were not ready to make calibration. The treatment equipments were calibrated only one time at the beginning of campaign, at the training occasion of operational teams. This absence of adjustment of the operation of equipments did not make possible to know the real flows. The overdose or under proportioning was then inevitable; 4 the respect of operational dose: the lack of experience of the teams and the insufficient training received was the cause of f the non respect of the doses recommended by FAO; 4 the respect of tracks : the non availability GPS during treatments did contributed to a bad delimitation of the infested zones. The non respect of the parameters of treatment such as the speed of vehicles during treatments, the respect tracks spacing out, the respect of the wind direction and the height of emission is especially related to the inexperience of the applicators; 4 a good operation of pesticide application; 4. the insurance of correct transmission of the field data. The vehicles must be equipped with radio VHF and of GPS, the prospectors must have GPS for the correct delimitation of the infested zones; the applicators and the prospectors must have the cards of data worked out by 16 FAO which must be correctly filled. It is still important to improve the system of recording of the data and to conform to the requirements of system RAMSES in order to allow a relevant analysis of the transmitted data. One needs a reinforcement of the capacities of the prospectors and treatment teams in order to avoid to the maximum, errors on the transmitted data. All this information will contribute to a good analysis of the treatments carried out in order to proceed quickly to corrective actions where necessary. 3.6.3,2. Aerial treatments Some populations signalled some cattle mortality Sapu and Basse. A fisherman man had also indicated important fish mortality in the baobolong after aerial treatment. The chief of Bakang village also announced mortality of birds following the air treatments in the faros of the village. However all these account could not be proven, but highlight the preoccupation of population toward aerial treatments and their potential risk on ecosystems. In this country it is essental to choose proper pesticide according to ecosystem targeted and to ensure aerial applications follow intemational norms and the aircraft well equipped. 3.6.4. Empty containers The empty barrels and cans were found well arranged in the storerooms which we visited. The empty containers were systematically taken. At this present Ume a national assessment of empty container is not yet done. Thus it is not yet possible to exactly know the rate of recuperation. The conditions of storage of empty containers at the airport are not efficient. Bored empty barrels were stored in an open area and certain barrels contained rainwater, which can contaminate the environment by water runoff. That's why it is urgent to improve the conditons of storage on the one hand and on the other hand, to consider the methods of their transportation to a central location in readiness for compaction as soon as the equipment in Mauritania (country test) is available in The Gambia for use. An operabonal storeroom does not yet exist in The Gambia. It is then necessary to request for financial support to build storerooms of pesficides and of empty packing in different locabons. All the visited stores are not in norms of FAO standards. They were borrowed from other structures to solve specific problems. It is also important to carry out a good public awareness campaign on the pesUicide containers: 4 for the populations in order to avoid the re-use of these soiled containers; and A technicians to minimize the losses on the level of the sites of storage. 17 Figure 5: storage of empty containers in two different sites. In this non secured place, empty container could be easily be used re-used. The rainwater runoff could also contaminate the neighbouring pond. 3.6.5. Management of stocks of pesticides Some problems of pesticides storage were noted during the field study. The remaining quantities of pesticides during 2004 were found in storage in visited villages without required security. In addition, 10 000 liters of Malathion offered by Morocco are till now at the airport these pesticide do not yet find a place for storage. It is then essential to carry out the rehabilitation and/or the building of three (06) storerooms. One (01) store in each region and one (01) in Banjul. Figure 6: store room of pesticides in a village (A) and pesticides without available store room (p); there were temporary kept In the packaging in the Banjul airport. 18 3.6.6. Impact on the non target In the treated ecosystems, observation of the activity of terrestrial fauna was superficially done in the pastures and in cultivation areas. It was shown that the treatments can caused, in the cultivated fields, resurgences of the pests by the effect on their antagonists (van der valk & Kamara 1993). A researcher at NARI revealed the disappearance of the parasito'(d of the coccineal of the manioc in the plantabtons where it had proceeded to release. A harmful effect on the natural enemies of the acridians, sensitive to the pesticides (Danfa & van der valk, 1993) could occur. We observed a weak acbvity of various Orthoptera and ants. The strong rains fallen during our visit undoubtedly cleaned all activity traces of soil macro-fauna. The activity of beetles and other organisms may assure a non side effect of treatments. There were several Bolongs with forests of mangrove. This ecosystem contains high associating biocenoses only small fish Oreochromis niloticus were collected. No zooplanctinic species or pelagic invertebrate was captured. The temperature of rather high water at the time of sampling and the low depth which we could aftribute to probably the cause of absence of these organisms in the samples. 3.6.7. Level of contamination of the environment In these various sites, samples of vegetation, water and soil were taken for residues analysis. The results of residues of fenitrothion in the various matrix revealed of low content of pesticide (table 1). The degradation of organophosphates in the environment is relatively fast. Gadji et al. (1998) found a waiting period 5 days for fodder after a treatment with fenitrothion of 450g m.a/ha and a period of half 24 hours life. This speed of degradation can limit the contaminabion of the environment well if the pesticide is applied according to the recommendation of FAO (Desert Locust Guidelines, volume 6, 2003). Table 2: Residues of pesticides in various matrixes taken in sites treated with Fenitrothion in The Gambia during the program 2004. Matrixes Sampling location Results Units Water Baobolon lac 0,563 pg/i Water Baobolon rice field 0,317 pg/ Water Taif well <0.15 pg/ Water Taif pond <0.15 pg/A Soil fallow at SAPU <0.004 pg/g ou mg/kg Soil Peanut field at SAPU 0,020 pg/g ou mg/kg Soil Baobolon - fallow <0.004 pg/g ou mg/kg Vegetation Mango leaves at Taif <0.01 pg/g ou mglkg Vegetation Fallow at Basse <0.01 pg/g ou mg/kg Vegetation Tree leaves at Basse <0.01 pg/g ou mg/kg The content of Chioropyrifos in the water samples taken in the baobolong is relatively high (4,573 pg/l and 1,152 pg/I) (table 2). Residues of pesticides are also found in some leaves of tree. The contents of pesticides in the other matrixes are weak. The Chloropyrifos is degraded quickly under the conditions of the Sahel. The content rather high in the water samples of the baobolong indicates recent use of the Chloropyrifos for the protection of other cultures. Taking into account the period of half relatively short 19 life (45 hours), traces of pesticides in the various matrices. In addition, it is to be announced that no trace of the Pyrethrioides (tralomethrine, cyhalothryne and deltamethrine) was found in the various matrices. Table 3: Residues of pesticides in various matrixes taken in sites treated with chlorpyrifos in Gambia during the program 2004. Matrixes Sampling location Results Units Water Baobolon lac 4,573 pg/l Water Baobolon rice field 1,152 pg/ Water Taif well 0,486 pg/A Water Taif pond <0.1 pg/I Soil fallow a SAPO <0.003 pglg ou mg/kg Soil Peanut field at SAPO 0,279 pg/g ou mg/kg Soil Baobolon - fallow 0,060 pg/g ou mg/kg Vegetation Mango leaves at Taif 0,030 pg/g ou mg/kg Vegetation Fallow at Basse 0,135 pg/g ou mg/kg Vegetation Tree leaves at Basse 1,683 pg/g ou mg/kg 20 4. RECOMMENDATIONS The lack of experience of principal actors (operational teams) and the urgent need for intervention caused many failures on operations during locust control. The following recommendations could help to solve failures and allow correct locust control management. The application of pesticides could be secured and their side effects on environment and human health be reduced. 1. To improve the mobility of the operational teams, activities of agents in charge of prospecting and those for treatments must be separated to improve allowances. Each team must be equipped with navigation means (GPS). They must have a strong training on: );> techniques of prospection, > the bio-ecology of the locust, > use GPS > correct management field data 2. It is necessary to set up one (01) team for quality control of treatments. This team must be composed by technicians on environment, technicians on health and technicians on plant protection in order to make safe the use of the pesticides. 3. GPS and other equipments of radios must be available for all the operational teams to improve the communication between the structures central and decentralized. Communication between the pilot and logistics on the ground must be assured during the aerial treatments. 4. The management of registration forms of data on calibration, the quantities of pesticides used and their distribution, must be well kept to enhance good traceability of the operations of treatments and a correct analysis of the data. The technicians in charge of the management of the data must be trained on the RAMSES system developed by the FAO. 5. It is recommended to build pesticide storerooms according to the standards of FAO or the rehabilitabon of the existing stores. 6. Although efforts have been made recently, to build the capacities of the operational teams. Continuous training and recycling must be effective in the following campaign: * Training on the familiarisation with the GPS * Chemical standards of treatments * Calibration and the maintenance of devices * Precautions of use at the bme of storage, handling of the pesticides, filling in particular) 7. Sensitization of the populations must be permanent in collaboration with NGO's for the identification of a good strategy of communication. The antidotes must be available in the centre of health for a fast treatment of the cases of intoxications. 8. The nature and the quantity of the Individual protection equipments must respect the standards. The sensitizing of the technicians on the respect of the safety measures must be maintained. 9. It is recommended to train Gambians to specialize in the aerial treatments, to interpret the data of the computer aboard aircraft of treatments. 21 10. The high residue of Chloropyrifos found at the Baobolong and nearby is not due to locust campaign pesticides. Investigations must be done to find the origin of this pesticide and the conditions of it use. 11. Financial support could be urgently done by World Bank and/or FAO to build store rooms for pesticides and empty containers. Their storage in non recommended conditions could induce an environmental pollution in sensible ecosystems of the Gambia. 22 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t... - ' ' ' '. I'-| Some terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, non target organisms in locust control. They have a ecological role in sahelian ecosystems. Narural ennem- Pim,e& rene,.niu, Co opteres, Tenebnorud2e J 7 - v :- -i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... ................... .. ... Soil niacrofaune: Ants (A) and termites (B) Pollinators: Apis medI4fra adansrnd, Hynenoptera, Apidae- , , - ¶ r /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ W / I .;qua tcmacrocrustean _ -, -- - > . - ~ Candinaqy5i-a,ra - 2 Fb ; ;-- e- - - oCruslace Piaos.*trkl~2 25 INTRODUCTION The emergency nature of the Locust Control Campaign during 2004-2005 agricultural season, revealed failures in term of organization, mobilization of human and financial resources. It is for these reasons that the intemational organizations like the World Bank, in partnership with the countries affected by the plague, mobilized financial means and put mechanism in place to forecast and treat possible invasions over the period 2005/2008. To this end, three scenarios were developed by FAO, by holding account of the general ecological conditions unfavourable to the development of the locust in the Sahel and the countries of gregarization. The forecasts of surfaces to treated for the 7 countries of the Sahel (Burkina Faso, Gambia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Chad) between June and December 2005, was estimated at 1 000 ha for the best scenario; 50 to 250 000 ha for the probable scenario and 1, 200 000 ha for the worse scenario. It is within this framework that the plan developed for The Gambia integrates the following activities: 1. Training and installation and the equipment for the Locust Quality Control Team to promote the judicious use of pesticides. 2. Construction of 6 Regional Pesticide Stores according to FAO recommended Standards, 3. Develop and implement good communication strategy for information, education and communication that will benefit the farmers and technicians in collaboration with NGOs. 4. Develop and promote alternatbve control methods to control locust, 5. Implementation of the Pest Management Plan The logical framework, the chronogram and the estimated budget are presented in Tables 1, 2, 3. The Pest Management Plan which has been elaborated (see Annexe 4) seeks to strengthen the establishment of this action plan. It has developed several activitbes which could help in the reduction of pesticides risks by promoting the use of altemative control methods. 1. QUALITY CONTROL OF THE TREATMENTS TEAMS 1.1. Quality control of the treatments The new approach, seeks to establish a National Quality Control Team to monitor treatment operations. This will ensure and promote the judicious use of pesticides and reduce the hazards caused by pesticides human health and the environment. This team will work with the Locust Control Teams and help them to respect the operational standards and guidelines used for Locust Control treatments. 26 a,~~AT Figure 1: Composition of National Quality Control Team for locust control treatments 1.2. Capacity building 4 The technicians that will be involved in Quality Control Team should have a background in entomology, toxicology and eco-toxicology, and pesticides application equipment. The training of these technicians is urgent and will be done in two phases: Phase 1: The National Quality Control Team will be gathered from the Departments of the Health, Environment and Agriculture. The Team will be train on Quality Control of Treatments and following their training, they will prepare national plans of quality control with the support of a Consultant. This training of the Quality Control Team will focus on: 4 the transfer of useful knowledge to the quality control team; * determination of the crib'cal operabions for locust control in order to ensure and comply with recommended FAO Desert Locust Guidelines; . develop standard operational procedures on these operab'ons to facilitate their application; i; prepare a nationai charter of quality control treatments which can be used as reference materials for the audits; * elaborate a national training programme for implementation; ^4 equipped the team to establish a national programme of quality control for locust control Phase 2: The Quality Control Team will establish and train regional teams of quality control that would supervise and assist the Locust Teams to comply with treatment guidelines established by FAO. It is envisaged that following their training the regional quality control teams will acquire adequate knowledge and skills required to execute their work with the Locust teams. w. On the other hand, other trainings are planned others domains, which contribute to enhance the understanding of mechanism on environmental preservation. These trainings will be done gradually in other disciplines. 4 A national laboratory for residues analyses will be established to analyse samples for 27 environmental contaminations by pesticides. 2. MEDICAL SECURITY 2.1. Prevention People involved in locust control must benefit from preventive measures by performing cholinesterase analyse. Their exposure levels are regularly assessed and staffs who show signs of dysfunction of the cholinesterase activity, will be put at rest until a complete recovery. The populations will be informed and sensitized on precautionary measures to take, during and after the locust treatments by the means of a plan of communication which will be elaborated later. Otherwise the establishment of an Inter-sectoral collaboration will enhance sharing of information on pesticides and human health between medical centres. Security sheets will be realised and antidotes provided to medical centres. Each medical structure will keep Label of pesticides used for the campaign; Accident Form for patients that have been treated of poisoning cases and First -Aid Information Sheets (see locust control guidelines FAO). The most severe cases will be evacuated to the hospitals. A system of free-call number could be managed by the supervision team and will function continuously (24/24 hours).So that each Medical Centre will have access to information on pesficides used and antidotes. 4. ALTERNATIVES TO USE OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDES The chemical pesticides remain still the most effective means to fight against the Locusts although these agrochemical products have negative effects on human health, animal and on the environment. During various Locust invasions, the populations were sensitized on the methods of mechanical control against the larval bands, by digging trenches and bury them to stop their displacement. This method of control contributed significantly to reduce the use of the chemical pesticides at the larval stage. In addition, researches have already carried out on an entomopathogen (Metarhizium anisopliae), the results obtained are generally conclusive. However, a production of spores in sufficient quanfity for treatments against locusts seems to constitute a limit for its use. Researches continue and NARI could develop programmes to better understand the mode of action of the entomopathogen on non target organisms and the dosage rate for application. The used of biopesticides or other natural insecticides could be a good option for The Gambia. The reasons are that the biopesticides does not get side effects on aquatic ecosystems which are very important in this country. However studies need to be done with Metarhizium to promote ifs against locust during locust invasion. Otherwise, the use of the oil of Azadirachta indica is initiated and starts to give rather interesting results on the locust. The implementation of IPM is also a good approach to reduce reliance on pesticides. The Pest Management Plan has already elaborated details of this programme (See Annexe 1). 5. INFORMATION, SENSITIZATION AND COMMUNICATION During the 2004 locust invasion, the sensitization of the population on the behaviours to be adopted before, during and after locust treatments has been regularly done. However,it needs to be improved. Under the current conditions of storage of the pesticides with a weak probability of invasion, the development of a plan of information, sensitization and communication must take into account the following activities: 28 4 sensitization of the population on actions to take in case of exposure and contamination or bad management of the pesticides on the environment; 4 sensitization of the populations on the risks related to re-use empty containers for food and/or drinking water; 4 sensitization of the population on the altemafive control methods compared to the use of pesticides; 4 sensitization of the technicians in charge of managing the stocks of pesticides in order to enhance proper storage procedures and guidelines recommended by FAO. The sensitization campaigns will make it possible to limit the circulation of empty packing of pesticides towards the abstract circuit. It should be noted that the intervention of the authorities would help with better managing these stocks. The use of the various types of media: national television, private radios and community radios will make it possible to broadcast messages on various national languages during the hours of great listening. The posters, leaflets, commercials, sketches and the comic spots are communication tools used to change the behaviour and attitude of the population towards pesticide abuse. The most popular Kora players could be involved in the sensitization. All this strategy could be implemented by collaborating with associations of young people, the organizations of producers (stockbreeders and farmers), associations of the women, the structures of popularization and NGOs. These various structures will be used to reach different target groups and audience (a president of grouping reaches the targets more easily than a technician). 29 Table 1: Logical frame work PARAMETERS OBJECTIVES EXPECTED ACTIVITIES ACTORS INDICATORS SOURCES OF HYPOTHESES _RESULTS I VERIFICATION General Objective To control the quality of pesticides application and to monitor their risks on the environment and human and animal health Specific Objectifs - SO I. R 1. Al.1. Number of team Reports To monitor 15 locust 15 of locust Develop monitored control teams teams monitored schedules to Non available funds monitor locust - SO 2. R2. teans Knowledges on Number of training sessions Quality control To train locust control trained and locust control by team of locust team in general crop capacitized locust A1.2. DOSA, APMU local comminuties treatments protection and bio- control team identify capacity Health and operational ecology of locust building needs of NEA & DWR, teams locust control NARI teams Quality of A2.1.. acquired materials Identify materiel and equipments needs OS3 R3.1 A 3.1 Existence of the The laboratory To create a laboratory of Well equipped Build a laboratory laboratory residues analyses on laboratory for of residue analyse NEA &DWR different matrix (water, plant and soil A3.2 DOSA, APMU soil, plants..) residues Train technicians Number of Certificates on chemist technicians trained residues 30 OS 4. R4.1 A4.1. To improve the storage Store rooms Initiate a Store rooms built Stores rooms in regions of pesticides and empty intemational programme and in international containers standard design build store rooms norms R4.2 A4.2. Improvement of Disposal of empty Empty containers store conditions containers well stored and the protection of environmental Health, CHN and human health PHO OS 5. R5.1 A5.1. number of To conduct A regular To monitor operators and Reports of monitoring cholinesterase Test for monitoring of periodically military tested for operational teams exposure level exposure level the prance of before, during and at the cholinesterase end of the campaign OS 6. R6.1 A6.1 To involve CHN, PHO, Sharing Establish an Inter Number of health Lab assistants in the informations on sectoral workers involved control exercice pesticides and collaboration human health OS 7. R7.1 A7.1. To train of health Reinforce Capacity building Number of personnel particularly knowledges on of involved hospitals health the Lab-assistants and pesticides and personal centres with the monitoring team protection inventory measures pesticides and anti OS8 R8.1 A8.1 dotes To enumerate pesticides Availability of Realise security in use and their security sheets sheets and appropriate antidotes and antidotes in provide antidotes medical centres to medical centres 31 General objectives Tranfer usefull knowledges for a quality control of pesticides Consultant treatments AELP coordinator Document The identified modules so 1 RI.1 A1.1 available Identify the training The themes for Elaboration of the themes on environment, trainings are document of health and plant identified control quality - protection and locust control _rotection A1.2. Elaboration of a Document quality control available Reports of training sessions The training of guide quality control teams SO2 R2.1 AZ.1. Assure the training of The central Training of Central team trainers (ToT) trainers are central team Consultant Central team trained (NEAtDWR, AELP trained Health and coordinator APMU/DOSA S03 A AI OA Assure the training of R3.1 A3.1 NARI, DOSA, regional teams The regional Training of NEA/ DWR, Number of teams are trained regional teams APMU, MRC. regional teams (one team per trained targeted region) S04 ~~~R4 1. A4 1. Training of technicians Knowledges in Gradual trainings in other domains different domains of extemal agents of environmental preservation are enhenced 32 Global Objective: To reduce risks related to pesticides use. Objectifs Specifiques SO 1. R 1. Al.l. DOSA/APMU Number of Reports, publications Non unavailable funds Using control methods The research elaboration of AELP research more respective of programmes biological locust coordinator programme environment, animal and biological control control NARI implemented Promotion of human health are executed programmes alternatives to non appropriation of chemical control results by communities SO 2: R2: A1.2. Promoting IPM in the The IPM Enlargement of Number of FFs Reports whole country programme is the IPM implemented programme 33 General Objective Contribute to the reduction of pesticides risks Communication, sensitization, IEC working Radio spots Documents of information on SO 1: R1.1 A.I.1. group announcement broadcasting risks related to Sentization/awareness The strategy of Elaboration of National assembly Radio drame play pesticides use Creation on key issues communication communication DAS Radio on quarterly basis for a better plan on risks of NaNA documentary and protection of pesticides into ACD broadcast human health are different media: GRTS Television panel strengthened radio, television NGOs discussion new paper News paper, A1.2. magazine Establishment of the communication plan A13 Production and translation of Number of leaflets Documents leaflets into produced Mandinka, Wollof and Pularr AIA4 A famous popular Number of songs Disc produced Gambian produced compositor and kora player to compose a song on Locust 34 S02: R2 1 A2 1. Educate on the dangers People are General public Number of reports of empty chemical sensitized on the sensitization, meetings comprises & badness of bad use of production of T- chemical pesticides and the shirt, caps,. containers 35 Table 2 Time frame of activities for the period 2005-2008 *____________ 2005 2006 2007 2008 Parameters Activities Trim.l Trim2 Trim 3 Trim 4 Trim ITrim 2 Trim 3 Trim 4 Triml Trim 2 Trim 3 Trim 4 Trim I Trim 2 Trim 3 Trim 4 All 2 _ _ _ __ Al.2 'Quality control team for locust A2.1 - - treatments - A3. A3.2__ A41 _ ___ A4.2 A61___ _ A7 1 I_ _ _ _ _ * The training of Al I _ _ quality control Al 2 I =_= =-= l~~~~~~~~l A21=== =_====_ teams A321 A41_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 All = Promotion of l alternatives to A12 chemical control ______ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ A 12_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 1 __ _- Communication, A13 _ -,- -: sensitization, A14 ._ information on_ __ H risks related to A21 pesticides use _ .. 37 Table 3: Budget for the environmental action plan HEADING QUANTITY SOURCES OF FUND AMOUNT (USD) WORLD FAO BANK 1. Training trained and capacitized locust control team 1 / first year x 1,227 Training of central team (NEAIDWR, Health 1 session x 23,147 and APMU/DOSA of quality control . Training of regional teams of quality control 6 sessions of training (1 x 18,000 (one team per targeted region) session per region) Training of technicians x x Plant protection 2 staffs for medium term 15,000 Plant analyst Plant taxonomist Entomologist Medical and health Health inspection 3 technicians for short term x x 20,250 Doctors and nurses Pharmacists Environment Environmentalist 4 technicians for short terms x x 30,000 Chemist-residues BiologisVfisheries _ Total Training 107,624 2. Functioning of control quality teams _ Field works 3 months per campaign X X 23,000 equipments X X 31,110 Total Functioning of control quality teams 54,110 38 3. Store rooms _ __300_00 Building store rooms X X 300,000 Disposal empty containers X x 160,000 Total store rooms and empty containers 460,000 4. Sensitization campaign Elaboration of communication plan on risks of Radio spots: 50 spots x x 20,000 pesticides into different media: radio, per campaign television new paper TV spots: 50 spots per campaign News paper : 12 publications per ____ ____ ___ ____ _. _ campaign Production and translation of leaflets into x x 26,786 Mandinka, Wollof and Pular Radio rural X X 17,857 Public meetings . 10,000 Composition of songs on Locust X x 1,785 Total sensitization 76430 Consultant and services x - 25,000 TOTAL GENERAL 723,164 39 BUDGET 2005-2006 DU PLAN D'ACTION ENVIRONNEMENTAL 2.D5 2006 Amount Parameters Activities 2005 2006 (USD) Trim.1 Trim2 Trim 3 Trim 4 Trim 1 Trim 2 Trim 3 Trim 4 Elaboration of the document of control U quality and locust control Elaboration of a quality control guide . 5,000 1. The training of quality Training of central team (NEAIDWR, ; 20,000 control teams Health and APMU/DOSA) Training of regional teams (one team per targeted region) _ . . Gradual trainings of extemal agents L i"_ 21,600 TOTAL 1 _ 64,600 Elaboration of communication plan on . risks of pesticides into different media: radio, television new paper - 12,620 2. Communication, Estabiishment of the communication sensitization, information plan ._ on risks related to Production and translation of leaflets 8,930 pesticides use into Mandinka, Wollof and Pular . i | _ A famous popular Gambian compositor and kora player to .-.1,787 compose a song on Locust !__--_ General public sensitization, 10 000 production of T-shirt, caps, l _ TOTAL 2 33 337 _ 3. Store rooms Buligstore rooms I-240,OO00 TOTAL 3 400,000 TOTAL GENERAL 497,937 4 L .? * Io B Ek>BF^1 t'-a OUTLINE OF PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS Part 1. Background 1.1. The Gambia's Agriculture 1.2. Pest Problems in The Gambia 1.3.Pest Management and Pesticide Use Policy 1.3.1. Control Strategies and Management Approaches 1.3.2. Choosing Pesticides for Locust Campaign 1.3.3. Integrated Pest Management Experiences 1.3.4. Institutional Arrangements 1.3.5. Pesticides to be purchased by the Project 1.3.6. Risks Associated with Pesticide Management 1.4. National Acts and Regulation for Management of Pesticides Part 2. Coomponents of the Pest Management Plan 2.1. Pest Management Plan 2.2. Objectives 2.3. Activities and Expected Results Part 3. Capacity Building 3.1. Capacity building 3.2. Institutional Arrangements 3.3. Coordination Responsibilities 3.4. Monitoring and Evaluation 3.5. Sustainability of Process and Results Part 4. Work Plan and Budget 4.1. Work Plan and Budget 4.2. Measures to Reduce Risks 4.3. Accountable Institutions 4.4. PMP Development Methodology Annexes Annex 1. List of Banned Pesticides and Chemicals in The Gambia Annex 2. Africa Emergency Locust Project - for the activities planned List of Tables Tablel. Major Pests and Diseases of Crops in The Gambia Table 2.Pesticides to Purchase By Project Their Groups, Trade Names, Active Ingredients Classification and Quantities Table 3. Potential Environmental and Occupation Health Risks Table 4. Planning Matrix for the PMP of The Gambia Locust Project Capacity Building on IPM/FFS to restore and increase production 41 AELP Gambia rcport290905 Table 5a. Activities, Types, Quantity, Actors/Partners, Performance Indicators, Assumptions/Risks and Budget of The PMP, Components of The Locust Project Table 5b. Activities, Types, Quantity, Actors/Partners, Performance Indicators, Assumptions/Risks and Budget of The PMP, Components of The Locust Project Table 6. Actors and Partners Table 7. Budget Summary 42 AELP Gambia report29O9O5 Summary of Recom-mendations The Pest Management Plan (PMP) addresses The Gambia's Locust Control Project and the Special Program for Food Security (SPFS), to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social economic impacts of the project arising from the use of agro- chemicals, by promoting and implementing the Integrated Production and Pest Management (IPPM) through the Farmer Field School approach. The PMP provides an information basis to farmers and other stakeholders involved in these projects, to identify, understand and manage their own pest problems and agro-ecosystems in the development of agriculture, reduce personal and environmental health risks associated with pesticide use, and protect beneficial organisms and the environment, in the process to increase production to enhance Food Security and reduce poverty in the farming community. The PMP also raises the need for Gambian farmers to understand and respond to the extemal IPM environment affecting farmers' livelihoods. For example, quarantine pests, alien invasive species and stringent minimum pesticide residue levels limits the potential for farmers to benefit from international trade opportunities. Collaborative linkages between this project and FAO through the implementation of the TCP/GAM/3001 on IPPM /FFS on vegetables and international IPM groups will help to bring relevant expertise and supporting IPM resources developed elsewhere to strengthen national and local capacity to address pest problems faced by Gambian farmers. It is envisaged that a national IPM Policy will be develop to encourage national and local compliance with existing national regulations and intemational conventions and guidelines on pesticides, and to further develop IPM. Recommended Actions 1. Strengthen institutional capacity to monitor and control Locust and other pests of crops. With partnership inputs from FAO, vehicles, pesticides and spraying equipment can be purchase quickly to strengthen the institution. 2. Train 500 stakeholders on Locust control and its related aspects to enhance their preparedness. The Plant Protection Services will conduct the trainings. 3. Training of 60 IPM Trainers and 120 Farmer Facilitators to restore and increase vegetable and cereal production in 480 villages significantly, and enhance Food Security. With partnership inputs from the FAO project TCP/GAM/3001(T) on IPPMIFFS on vegetables for synergy of efforts in participatory learning approaches and CGIAR System-wide Program on IPM (SP-IPM) for supporting IPM resources. 4. Introduce and promote the use of microbial pesticides and botanicals as altematives to harmful pesticide regimes and thereby reduce environmental and personal health risks in Gambian agriculture. The project in collaboration with the National Agricultural Research Institute and SP-IPM for supporting IPM resources. 43 AELP Gambia report290905 5. Strengthen the Plant Protection Laboratory with equipment and materials, rehabilitate the national collection, establish database on pests of field crops, stored-product pests and natural enemies, and update the pests and diseases identification manual for extension agents. In partnership with FAO, Agrhymet Regional Centre, West Africa Network for Taxonomy (WAFRINET) and IITA biodiversity center for identification services, the Laboratory will be strengthened. 6. Develop a national IPM policy for adoption by agricultural projects in The Gambia, to enhance compliance with the World Bank's Safeguard Policies, OP4.09 and BP 4.01, and other conventions and guidelines on pesticide use. With partnership inputs from FAORAFA in Ghana, and the Global IPM Facility for assistance to develop a national IPM Policy document. A national IPM advisory and oversight committee (multi-stakeholder composition) will be established for the project. 7. Conduct environmental impact assessment studies to determine the effects of the pesticides used during the Locust Control. The project will collaborate with the Ceres Locustox Foundation, in Dakar, Senegal, to conduct this study. 8. Conduct crop loss assessment studies in Locust infested areas and input needs to help affected farmers restore productivity. In collaboration with CILSS and National institutions, crop loss assessments and needs will be conducted. 9. Establish Pesticide Residue Laboratory and trained 2 technicians, to monitor pesticide residue levels on field crops as well as imports and exports, to meet EU limits (MRLs). With partnership inputs from Ceres Locustox Foundation in Senegal and FAORAFA in Ghana, the laboratory will be operational. 10. Train staffs to Bachelor of Science and Master of Science levels, in various plant protection disciplines to build the capacity of the institution on IPM and Locust control. The project will identify the training institutions and train the staff within the period of the project. 11. Deploy control teams to Senegal and Mauritania to help fight the Locust invasion. Budget US$ 2, 477, 998 will be required to effectively implement PMP activities over a four- year period. The detail budget is shown in Part 4 Action Plan and Budget. PART 1. Background 1.1 The Gambia's Agriculture Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economic development of The Gambia. The sector provides livelihoods for over 70% of the population, employing 75% of the workforce, contributing 31% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over the past five years, and the bulk of the country's foreign exchange earnings. Agricultural 44 AELP Gambia report290905 commodities dominate domestic export, with 70% of exports for the year 2003 being of agricultural origin (Central Statistic Department). Agricultural export commodities include groundnut products, fish, fruits and vegetables, and to a lesser extend cotton, sesame and hides and skins. The Gambia has a total land area of 1.3 million hectares, of which some 558,000 hectares or 49% is considered arable. According to the national agricultural statistics for 2002, only 305,000 hectares was cultivated. Of this total, 137,000 hectares were devoted to groundnut production, 80,000 hectares to coarse grains, and 20,000 hectares to rain-fed rice production. Cotton is grown on land area averaging about 3,000 hectares annually, while cassava, sweet potato and horticultural crops occupy up to 2,000 hectares. The country is in the Sahelian geo-climatic zone, which exposes it to unpredictable weather conditions, including drought and floods, declining soil fertility and pests and diseases outbreaks and locust upsurges. These overall has negative effects on agricultural production and consequently on food security and poverty alleviation, which are the policy objectives of the agricultural sector. The country has established national targets in the medium term to increase production and enhance food security by 20-40%. In this regard, new technologies and systems and services adopted throughout the country, has been introduced through various projects such as the Special Program for Food Security (SPFS), the Low Land Agricultural Development Project (LADEP) and the Rural Finance Communities Initiatives Project. So far encouraging results have been obtained. The Gambia Locust Control Project (P092473) will compliment the efforts of on-going projects and programs, by contributing its quota significantly towards the attainment of the agricultural medium term objectives to enhance food security and reduce poverty in the farming communities. 1.2. Pest Problems in The Gambia In 1995, Agricultural Pest Management Unit (APMU) conducted an inventory of pests and diseases of crops in The Gambia, with objectives to identify the key pests of each crop and their management, develop a field manual for extension agents, to use as a reference material and help farmers to solve their own pest problems. Following the completion of the crop pest inventory, separate manuals for Major Insect Pests of Crops and Diseases of Crops were developed.. Table I shows the major insect pests and diseases of individual crops in The Gambia, which over the years has reduced yields significantly. Table 1. Major Pests and Diseases of Crops in The Gambia Crop Pest Diseases -Cereals Early Millet Amsacta sp. Spodoptera littrolaris. Tolyposporium penicillareae Late Millet Acigona spp., Buseolla fusca Cla viceps fusiformis Heliocheilus (Raghuva) gabhiunctella Sclerospora graminicola 45 AELP Gambia report290905 Psalydolytta spp., Mylabris sp. Gloeocercospora spp. Rhoplosiph um maidis, Zonocerus variegatus. Poleus cucullatus Maize Spodoptera & Amsacta spp. Aphis gossypi, Rhoplosiphum maidis, A. cracccivora, heliocoverpa armigera Mylabris spp., Sesamia calamistis, Busseola fusca, Agrotis sp. Oedaleus senegalensis Rice Spodoptera sp. Atherigona soccata, Pyricularia oryzae, Numphula depunctalis, Nephotettix sp. Helmintosporium oryzae, Sesamia calamistis, Diopsis thorocica, Cercospora oryzae Hieroglyph us daganensis, Zonocerus variegatus, Rhoplosiphum maidis, Poleus cucullatus Sorghum Spodoptera exempta, Atherigons soccata, Cla viceps sorghi, Rhopalosip.hum maidis, Sesamia calamistis, Sphacelotheca sorghi Helicoverpa armigera, Busseola fusca, Gloeocercospora sorghi, Diopsis thoracica, Oedaleus senegalensis. Tolyposporium ehrenbergii Legumes/Oil Seeds Groundnut Spodotera spp. Ootheca mutablis, Aphis Groundnut rosette virus, cracecivora, Millpeda sp. Epicauta sp. Pythium spp., Aspergillus Odontotermes sp. niger, A. flavus, Mycosphaerella arachidis. Cowpea Spodotera exigua, Amsacta spp. Aphis R?hizotonia solani, cracccivora, Bemissia tabaci, Mylabris sp., Fusarium oxysporium, Helicoverpa armigera. Cowpea mosaic virus Cotton Spodoptera littrolaris, Aphis gossypii; Fusarium boll rot, Frankliniella schulzei Bemissia tabaci, Fusarium wilt Helicoverpa armigera, Calipeda sp. Sesame Pythium spp. Ootheca mutablis, Bemisa tabaci Helicoverpa armigera. Beans Pythium spp Ootheca mutablis, Bemisa tabaci Helicoverpa armigera, Coryna spp. Root & Tubers Cassava Zonocerus variegatus, Bemissa tabaci, Cassava mosaic virus Aleyroydicus dispersus, Odontotermes sp. Phenococcus manihotti Vegetables Egg plant Daraba spp., Tetranychus spp., Jacobiasca lybica, Fusarium solani, Leveillula Aphis gossypii taurica, Rhizotonia solani Cabbage Plutella xylostella, Hellula undalis, Spodoptera Odontotermes sp. littrolalis, Heliothis armigera Onions Thrips tabaci, Pythium spp. Sweet Potato Cilas puncticollis, Tetranychus spp. Pepper Ceratitis capitata, Cryptophlebia leucotreta 46 AELP Gambia report290905 _ __ _4_ Tomato Tetranychus spp., Heliothis armiger, Bemisa Tomato mosaic virus, tabaci, Fusarium wilt, Pythium spp. .Meloidogyne spp. Okra Aphis gossypii, Nisotra spp. Oxycarinus spp.,, Odontotermes sp. Jacobiasca lybica, Pachnoda spp. Mylabris spp Bitter Tomato Tetranychus spp. Fusarium solani, Leveillula taurica, Rhizotonia solani Vegetables, sesame and cotton are good examples where 1PM can reduce farmers' dependency on agro-pesticides and increase income-earning opportunities. Farmers often respond to pest infestations in these crops by heavy application of pesticides, which are not cost-effective and threatens environmental quality and pose risks to human and animal health. The pesticides farmers used in vegetable agro ecosystems are mostly purchase from local weekly markets, without appropriate labels, and used without protective gears and training. The incautious dependence on chemical pest control options undermines national economic growth through farmers' non- compliance with trade barriers on pesticide residue in export produce, as well as our own domestic markets for local consumption. To ensure compliance with our trading partners standards and regulations in force, The Gambia in 2002, adopted IPM, Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) as crop protection and plant quarantine strategies, as the way forward during the 20th General Assembly Meeting of the Inter African Phytosanitary Commission held in Yamoussoukro, Abidjan. To implement these strategies, the Department of State for Agriculture submitted to FAO project proposals for IPM/FFS on vegetables and strengthening the national phytosanitary capabilities. The former has been approved and the latter is in the process waiting for funding. There are no confirmed reports of Locust presence in the Gambia at the time of writing this report. However, The Gambia is bracing herself for an imminent Locust invasion as a results of the Locust situation in Senegal and neighboring countries, to enhance our preparedness to respond to the anticipated Locust problems expected which includes: significant crop damage and losses, shortage of food, reduction in exports; restoring agricultural productivity in the locust infested areas; reduction of farmers incomes and increase poverty in the farming community. The 1998 and 1994 Locust invasions is testimony to the problems cited above. 1.3. Pest Management and Pesticide Use Policy The general pest control objectives in the existing agricultural policy of The Gambia on plant protection are > To protect crops from seed to seed and stored produce, prevent and minimize damage and losses due to pests and diseases, and maintain good surveillance and control system for the major economic pests whose outbreaks are responsible for large-scale damage or loss to agricultural production. 47 AELP Garnbia report290905 > Prevent the entry and spread of quarantine pests into the country and ensuring that imports and exports of agricultural commodities meet the quality and standards required by our trading partners, and our phytosanitary regulation in force. > Training all stakeholders involved in agricultural production on IPM and Pesticide Management, to promote the safe and judicious use of pesticides and protect human health and the environment. 1.3.1. Control Strategies and Management Approaches Among the strategies and approaches defined are: 1) organizing crop protection campaigns, 2) strategic control-reducing the population sufficiently for swarms to disperse and plaques to end, and 3) preventive control, aimed at preventing plaques arising and spreading to agricultural areas were they can caused damage to subsistence and cash crop. The Locust management approaches used for preventive and plaque control are: a) Outbreak prevention- by preventing localized populations to gregarize and prevent swarming. b) Upsurge prevention- is based on the hypothesis that any outbreak could lead to an upsurge. Destroying the initial gregarious populations stops upsurge development and prevent a plaque arising c) Upsurge elimination or management- - involves delay of control until most locust are gregarious in order to maximize efficiency in terms of kill per unit of insecticide and minimize the area sprayed. d) Plague suppression- occurs when an upsurge has become widespread, and swarms become vast and numerous. A major aerial and ground campaign to destroy swarms is under taken. e) Use of conventional chemical insecticides and biological products - organophosphates, organochlorines, carbamates and pyrethriods. The use of biological products offers advantages such as lower environmental impact, lower operator hazards, greater logistical efficiency in terms of area coverage. D Use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The strategy allows for the risks associated with Desert Locust to be assessed and mitigated using available means designed to keep economic, social and environmental impacts within acceptable threshold limits. 1.3.2. Choosing pesticides for Locust Control The characteristics that would be considered when choosing Locust control pesticides are as follows: a) Efficacy- the more toxic the active ingredient is to the locust, the smaller the amount needed b) Safety- the product should have low toxicity to mammals, including bird and fish. 48 AELP Gambia reporl290905 c) Specificity- ideally the product should be toxic to Locust and not to other type of arthropods. |d) Persistence -the longer the product remains biologically active in the field, the more effective it is, but it could have serious effects on other organisms. e) Route of entry- determines the products suitability of different targets, e.g. flying swarms need a product with contact action. f) Speed of action-the faster the product works, the less crop damage will be caused and team can determine the efficacy of their treatment. g) Shelf life- the longer a product can be stored before use the better. h) Availability-locust insecticides must be available in ULV formulations in large quantities at short notice. i) Cost- cheaper products will greatly reduce control cost. 1.3.3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Experiences The Gambia Government including other Sahelian countries adopted Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as their Locust Control strategy during the Ministerial Meeting held in Dakar, Senegal. The strategy allows for the risks associated with Desert Locust to be assessed and mitigated by available means designed to keep economic, social and environmental impacts within acceptable threshold limits. The National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) of The Gambia over the year, have conducted Stations and On-Farm IPM trails on the control of key pests of crops such as Psalydolytta fusca on Millet, Busseola fusca on Maize, Plutella xylostella on Cabbage, Tetranychus spp. on Tomatoes and Ceratitis capitata on Pepper, and have obtained successful results which farmers have adopted. Farmers are encouraged to adopt early planting for Psalydolytta fusca, burning of maize stalks after harvest for the control of Busseola fusca, early planting monitoring and use of Neem solution for Tetranych us spp. on Tomato, and the use of attractants to control Cera titis capitata on Pepper. For plant diseases of cereals such as Downey mildew, Ergot and Smut, promotion of crop resistant varieties, seed treatment and dressing, compatible crop rotation schemes, timely identification, rouging, and burning of affected plants, and adoption of recommended agronomic practices are recommended to prevent the build up of pests. IPM recommendatons for control of Rice Gall Midge include timely planting and pest monitoring to guide pesticide application. To improve Locust control in the future new and alternative types of chemical insecticides such as Insect Growth Regulators, Botanicals, Semiochemicals and Biopesticides should be developed and introduced. Some existing products replaced to protect human health and the environment. The examples of the advantages for the new and alternative products cited above, are shown below: a) Insect Growth Regulators (e.g. Diflubenzuron, Diflubenzuron and Triflumuron), which interfere with the production of chitin. IGRs are persistent, very low environmental impact, and selective due to its stomach action. 49 AELP Gambia repo_t2909OS b) Phenylpyrazoles (e.g. Fipronil), is persistent, formulation has low National Level mammalian toxicity, and is a stomach and contact poison. c) Chloronicotinyls (e.g. Imidacloprid), formulations have already low mammalian toxicity and are stomach and contact poison. Little data available for Desert Locust control. d) Botanical Insecticides (e.g. Neem) is available locally and can be prepared at village level in small quantities, and have low environmental impact. e) Semiochemicals (e.g. Pheromones) may be highly specific and safe products, can be used to reverse the process of gregarization, disperse bands and swarms. Experimental results on reduced feeding, marching, increased predation, cannibalism, susceptibility to insecticide and pathogen are encouraging. None is available commercially. f Biopesticides (e.g. Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum) are highly specific, have low mammalian toxicity, with possibility to produce formulation locally in small quantities and is safe to the environment. 1.3.4. Institutional Arrangement and Coordinating Mechanisms at National, Regional and Village Levels In response to imminent Locust invasion, the Department of State for Agriculture (DOSA) in consultation with other actors and partners, have established the following Coordinating mechanisms at the national, regional and village levels, to enhance our preparedness against any invasion. In addition, DOSA develops contingency plans and project proposals for adoption, marketing and implementation. Conduct monitoring to determine presence of Locust, issued press releases and held press conferences, and sensitization through meetings and using the print and electronic media to discuss the campaign and state of preparedness. Strengthening bilateral cooperation and participating in Locust control activities in Senegal and Mauritania to help control the Locust. a A National Food Security and Disaster Preparedness Committee, chaired by her Excellency, the Vice President was established to mobilize resource for the campaign. 50 AELP Gambia report290905 co A national Locust Campaign Coordinator appointed who also have established a National Technical Committee, Command and Information Centers, and regional teams to coordinate the activities of the campaign. o At the regional levels, a regional Task Force chaired by the Commissioner is established and replicated at district level. The Task Forces established comprised of Civil Servants, NGOs, Farmers and Politicians, with responsibilities to sensitize and mobilize resources for the campaign. lo A total of 15 Locust control teams is established and distributed strategically throughout the country, and equipped with pesticides, equipment, protective gears and other needs. 6 Regional Locust Control Coordinators appointed to coordinate the campaign in their respective regions. c Training of 100 stakeholders (extension agents and service institutions) on locust control and its related aspects has been conducted. Other training activities are in progress. o 300 Village based Farmer Brigade is established and trained on locust control and its related aspects. Pesticides and sprayer will be provided to enhance their preparedness. Distributions of these materials have started. The Locust Campaign so far has purchased pesticides, sprayers, protective gears based on its means and distributed it regional teams for onward distribution to villages. The campaign have trained and sensitized the public on Locust and its related aspects. The effects of pesticides to humans, animals and the environment and its safe use and management are emphasized. All the non-governmental organizations are involved in the campaign contributing financial and human resources and expertise as always. 1.3.5. Pesticides To be Purchase by The Project The Locust Project intends to purchase for Locust control the following insecticides, with their active ingredients divided into two groups, and shown in the Table 2 below: Table 2. Pesticides To Purchase By Project Their Groups, Trade Names, Active Ingredients Classification and Quantities Groups Trade name Active WHO Quantities Ingredients Classification Organophosphates Fenithrothion Fenithrothion Class III slightly 5,000 5 1 AELP Gambia report290905 ULV hazardous Litres Sumithion 2% Fenithrothion 20 Tons Dust Synthetic Lymbda Deltamethrine Class III slightly 10,000 Pyrethriods Cyhalon EC hazardous Litres 1.3.6. Risks Associated with The Importation, Transport, Storage, Distribution and Use of Pesticides relative to Human Health and the Environment The Locust Campaign has evaluated the potential environmental and occupational health risks associated with the importation, transportation, storage, distribution and use of these pesticides. Examples of the potential environmental and occupation health risks are as follows Table 3. Potential Environmental and Occupation Health Risks Type of Risks Potential environmental Occupational Health Other Risk Risks 1. Importation Leakage /spillage during People expose to risk, Old stock, shipment causing including wildlife & Pesticide damage to the aquatic species quality environment 2. Leakages and spillage Operator hazard Lack of Transportation fire. Spills not cleaned. during spillage and protective Decanted or repacking decontamination. gears and absorbent materials 3. Storage Location, designed Spillage, Corrosive Obsolete construction and containers, loose bags pesticide recommendations for and containers, cake Lack of Storage not observed; formulations Shelves, spillage, decontamination of Corrosive containers, store, lack of good improperly stored store keeping & pesticide , poorly build sanitation practices store, lack of ventilation and floor space, Long storage of products leading to formulations been caked 4. Distribution Improper transportation Improper Lack of exposing product to transportation, lack protective humans & animals of knowledge of the gears pesticide distributors 5. Use Spillage, left over Improper labeling pesticide, improper leading to wrong disposal usage, cleaning of 52 AELP Gambia report290905 sprayers and equipment, decontamination of store__ _ _ _ _ _ 6. Disposal Burning of pesticide Pollution of containers, improper environment and disposal of containers; ground water persistence and residue affecting the food lasting in soil chain The appropriate measures to mitigate these risks are through implementation of the following: I. Establish registration and enforce import control system and testing of pesticides to determine its quality on arrival II. Training and sensitization of stakeholders on the safe use and management of pesticides. III. Licensing of pesticide applicators, and private dealers to enhance compliance in notifying their clients and locals around on re-entry period following treatments of their fields. IV. Provision of protective gears to all stakeholder and taking their blood samples and test their cholinesterase levels periodically, to determine their level of contamination and advising them to recognize acute and chronic poisoning symptoms. V. Promote the construction of suitable store with the recommended design and located in the right location. Promote good store management with the principle of first-in-first out, provision of store materials and equipment to minimize store accident, spillage and leakages. 'vI. For disposal of pesticide containers the "Return to Sender Principle should be agreed during the time of the purchase. Alternative strategies recommended in the FAO guidelines should be adopted. VII. Pesticides should not be transported with any foodstuff. During transportation it should be covered and labeled, and drivers trained in accident prevention and dealing with emergencies in case of fire or spillage during transportation. VIII. Pesticide Inspectors should be enhanced to monitor and enforce the regulation by monitoring, stores, making inspections, advising on stock management, import control and quality control to ensure compliance and protect human health and the environment. IX. In consultation with the village elders, agreements can be reach to create buffer zones to protect sensitive areas-wells, grazing areas, and open waters to protect human and animal health and the environment. X. To prevent having obsolete stock and unused pesticides. Always plan and purchase what is needed and don't accept aid that you don't need. Always replenish stock than to have over stock. 1.4. National Acts and Regulations Enacted for the Management of Pesticides 53 AELP Gambia report290905 soophabAu The Gambia Government through the National Environment Agency has established the institutional and legal framework and coordinating mechanisms for the import, export, registration, licenses, storage, transport, sale, distribution, use and management of chemicals and pesticides. The Gambia Government has enacted Laws enabling the establishment of the Hazardous Chemical and Pesticide Management Board, which is mandated to enforce the Regulation to enhance the management of pesticides. The Board membership is gathered from different Ministries to control and manage pesticides. The Board is also empowered to appoint a Registrar of Pesticides and Chemicals, a Chemist and Pesticide Inspectors, to enforce the Act and implement the decisions of the Board. A Pesticide Formulation Laboratory is been established to test the quality of the product prior its registration and use. However, the Board has recently transferred its registration powers only, to the Sahelian Pesticide Committee (known as CSP) in accordance with the CILSS Common Pesticide Regulation, which The Gambia ratified in June 2003. This does not reduce the capacity of the Board to management pesticides but rather to harmonize its management regionally. The available legislative tools, international conventions and agreements, including supplementary regulations recently submitted for approval to the National Assembly, completed and on-going activities on pesticides management are summarized below. The National Environment Management Act, 1994 and Ozone Depleting Substances Regulation 1998. The Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticide Management Act, 1994 and Pesticides Regulation 1994. The CILSS Common Pesticide Regulation 1997 and Revised Version 2002, was ratified in June 2003. The Rotterdam Convention was ratified in November 2001. The Stockholm Convention was ratified in June 2003. The Montreal Protocol was signed in 1990 and its Amendments signed in 2003. The Bamako Convention was signed in 1999. The Basel Convention was ratified in 1997 and its Amendments signed in 1999. The Vienna Convention was ratified in 1990. The London Amendments was signed in 1995. The Pesticides (Registration and Licensing) Regulation 2004, incorporates the Revised CILSS Common Pesticide Regulations in our Laws. 54 AELP Gambia report290905 The Pesticides (Prior Informed Consent) Regulation 2004, incorporate the he Completed and On-going Pesticide Management Activities in The Gambia Rotterdam g I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Convention in our Laws. The Pesticides (Persistent Organic Pollutants) Regulation 2004, incorporate the Stockholm Convention in our Laws. I. From 1994 -2004 the board has conducted series of trainings for various stakeholders and trained 60 Pesticide Inspectors and 120 Commercial Pesticide Applicators and Private Dealers, complimented by series of sensitization programs through the media II. In 1999, The Gambia completed its cleaning-up exercise and shipped 13 Tons of obsolete pesticides stock to The UK, for incineration. III. In 1997, the Gambia completed the development of its National Profile on pesticide and chemical management, and updated it again in 2003. The report indicates no presences of obsolete stock and POPs in The Gambia. IV. The Gambia qualified and received financial assistance from IJNEP to develop her National Implementation Plan (NIP) under the Stockholm Convention to manage Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The NIP is divided into Five Phases and The Gambia has already completed the Third Phase, and will start the Fourth Phase soon. In 2003, the Board has approved the List of pesticides and chemicals banned and severely restricted in The Gambia. The individual pesticides and chemicals are shown in Annex 1 (see attached). For pesticides approved for provisional sale and registered is given by The Sahelian Pesticide Committee (CSP). The former is limited to Three Years and subject to renewal once, and the latter for Five Years and subject to renewal twice. The List of products registered and approved for sale is published annually by the CSP, and is also issued by request. PART 2. Components of the Pest Management Plan 2.1. Pest Management Plan The Pest Management Plan (PMP) addresses The Gambia's Locust Control Project and compliments the efforts of the Special Program for Food Security (SPFS), to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social economic impacts of the project arising from the use of agro-chemicals, by promoting and implementing the Integrated Production and Pest Management (IPPM) through the Farmer Field School approach. The PMP provides an information basis to farmers and other stakeholders involved in these projects, to identify, understand and manage their own pest problems and agro- ecosystems in the development of agriculture, reduce personal and environmental health risks associated with pesticide use, and protect beneficial organisms and the 55 AELP Gambia report290905 environment, in the process to increase production to enhance Food Security and Poverty Alleviation. The PMP also raises the need for Gambian farmers to understand and respond to the external IPM environment affecting farmers' livelihoods. For example, management of quarantine pests, alien invasive species and stringent minimum pesticide residue levels limits the potential for farmers to benefit from international trade opportunities. Collaborative linkages between this project and FAO on the recently approved TCP/GAM/3001 on IPPM /FFS on vegetables and international IPM groups will help to bring relevant expertise and supporting [PM resources developed elsewhere to strengthen national and local capacity to address pest problems faced by Gambian farmers. It is envisaged that the national IPM committee if established and IPM Policy developed will encourage national and local compliance with existing national regulations and international conventions and guidelines on pesticides, and to further develop and strengthen IPM in The Gambia. 2.2. Objectives Table 4 summarizes the PMP Matrix of objectives and component activities of the Gambia Locust Project. The PMP will enable the project to monitor pests and disease and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts associated with the use of agro-pesticides in agriculture and promote agro-ecosystem management. The Plan provides Gambian decision makers and stakeholders with clearer guidelines on IPM approaches and options to prevent and reduce pests' damage and crop losses with minimal personal and environmental health risks. Overall, the PMP will empower farmer groups to contribute significantly to enhance Food Security and reduce poverty in the farming community, which is the project overall objective. 56 AELP Gambia report290905 Table 4. Planning matrix on Narrative Summary, Expected results Performance Indicators and Assumptions/Risks for the Pest Management Plan of the Gambia Locust Project Goal: Prevent and -Crop damage and losses reduced and -Evidence of food availability. Food security enhanced and -Conducive working minimize economic food shortage minimized. poverty reduced. Environmental damage minimized and environment damage and crop losses -Locust populations and other pests Locust invasion controlled. due to Locust and other reduced below their economic - National security pests. threshold levels. remains stable. Purpose Short Term & Medium Term results 1. In the short term -Farmers prioritizes their pest - Institutional and human resources strengthened halt and reverse losses problems and identify IPM in Locust control. Govemment policies cause by pests to opportunities to mitigate negative - Perception of state agencies on the value of IPM in continue to support food restore and increase environmental and social impacts Gambian agriculture changed. security program crop production associated with pesticides - Level of compliance with World Bank policy safeguards improved. 2. In the medium term, - Farmers adopt ecologically - Use of alternatives to synthetic pesticides Promotion of IPMIFFS strengthen national sound options to reduce crop improved. and local capacity to losses with minimal personal and reduce environmental environmental health risks. - Use of chemical control practices reduced, farmers' and health risks incomes increased and health conditions improved. associated with pest - Policy and decision- makers management practices convinced to promote IPM - Pesticide residue levels on field crops reduced and in The Gambia approaches and options in MRLs for export determined and met. Gambian agriculture. - Early warning systems for biodiversity alerts - Collaborative linkages established. established to develop a national -IPM benefits and impact on food security IPM policy to promote compliance evaluated. with international conventions and guidelines on pesticide management 57 AELP Gambia report290905 50606ztjodoi e!qu"? d-19 XS The specific objectives of the PMP in the short and medium terms, in relation to the Locust Project, as shown in its various components are to: In The Short-Term * Strengthen the institutional and human resource capacities to monitor and control Locust and other pests of crops. * Build the capacity of 500 stakeholders involved in Locust control and establish 300 Village- Farmer Brigades. • Deploy Locust Control Team to Senegal and Mauritania to strengthen collaboration in bilateral Locust control activities. * Conduct environmental impact assessments on the Locust Project and other studies relevant for the formulation and implementation of the Project. In The Medium Term * Establish a national IPM advisory and oversight committee for the project and establish linkages to develop a national IPM Policy to promote IPM and compliance with intemational conventions and guidelines on pesticide use in Gambian agriculture. * Establish 120 IPM/FFSs involving 3,000 farmers nationally an enhanced their technical and management skills, enabling them to make informed crop production and pest management decisions, to restore and increase cereal and vegetable production significantly in 120 villages, and provide them with input revolving loan fund. * Train 30 IPM Trainers and 120 Farmer Facilitators to restore and increase cereal and crop production in 120 FFSs. The 120 Farmer Facilitators will facilitate training of others in a scale-up national FFS programme and sustain the existing FFSs. * Introduce and promote the use of microbial pesticides and botanicals as alternatives to agro- pesticides. * Establish a IPM/FFS network in The Gambia to sustain their FFSs and training in micro- enterprise and expand their production using better technologies by interacting between them and extension, farmer organizations and research staff to enhance food security and reduce poverty. * Establish a pesticide residue analysis laboratory to monitor pesticide residue in field crops, and agricultural commodities imported and exported, to comply with EU directives. * Train staffs of the Plant Protection Service to Higher Diploma, Bachelor of Science ad Master of Science levels in various plant protection disciplines to build the capacity of the institution on IPM and Locust control. Short term technical attachments to recognized locust and other pest management institutions. * Establish biodiversity monitoring to serve as early warning system on pests status, alien invasive species, beneficial species and migratory pests. • Monitor and evaluate the benefits of IPM including its impact on food security, the environment and health. 2.3. Activities and Expected Results able 5a and 5b below outlines the activities, types, quantity, actors/partners, performance dicators, assumptions/risks and budget of the PMP, components of the Locust Project. 59 ABALP Gambia repon29095 Objective 1. In the short term halt and reverse losses cause by pests to restore and increase crop production and productivity by strengthening institutional ties Table 5a. Activities, Types, Quantity, Actors/Partners, Performance Indicators, Assumptions/Risks and Budget of The PMP, Components of The Locust Project 1. Project - Salaries and - lump sum PMU, 167, 000.00 Coordination and Allowances DOSA, Management - Operational Cost - lump sum FAO, WB - Office Equipment - lump sum - Monitoring and - lump sum Evaluation & Reporting - Sundries - lump sum -Commnunication - lump sum 2. Strategic Planning I PMU, - I Detailed plan This plart will help guide 5, 000.00 Workshop DOSA, developed successful project APMU, implementation NARI, NGOs, DOP, NAMs, DAS, NEA, DOSH, 3. Studies: 8 PMU, DAS, Reports, Validation Yearly out- breaks to warrant 100, 000.00 Pre and post NARI, DOP, Workshop two studies annually Environmental impact NGOs, assessments studies NEA, & International Consultant 60 AELP Gambia report290905 4. Procurement Motorize sprayers 100 Units PMU, Number of items procured Funds should be available for - 75, 000 Goods and Materials Knapsack sprayers 250 " DOSA the procurement of all - 31, 250 for Locust control Hand dusters 250 " identified materials - 9, 000 campaign Handheld ULV sprayers 500 " - 5, 500 Fenithrothion ULV 5,000 Liters -134, 000 Lambda cyhalothrin EC 10,000 Liters - 268, 000 Sumithion 2% Dust 20,000 Kgs. 107, 000 Toyota Double Cabin 6 Vehicles -150, 000 Pick-up Toyota Land Cruiser 3 Vehicles - 90, 000 Toyota Light Trucks 5- 1 Vehicle 10 Tons Number of items procured Funds should be available for - 50, 000 Motor cycles 7 Units PMU, the procurement of all Handheld UHFIVHF 20 Units DOSA identified materials - 32, 000 Radio set Handheld Global 10 Units Positioning systems Video Camera & I Unit - 700 Accessories - 15,000 Camping gears 10 Units Hire of pilot for Aircraft 2 - 50, 000 5. Strengthening of - APMU laboratory - lump sum PMU, Laboratories - NARI laboratory - lump sum APMU, -15,000 ______________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~NARI - 15,000 6. Research and - Support to research - lump sum PMU, - Number of trials - Alternatives to pesticide will - 60,000 Development and development of APMU, conducted reduce environmental and alternatives to NARI - Number of alternatives health risks .____________________ pesticides developed for adoption I 61 AELP Gambia report290905 7. Training: - Orientation - 500 District & -500 stakeholders Oriented - 5, 000 Village Authorities - 200 extension agents & - Training of Trainers -200 extension 300 service men Preparedness enhanced and - 60, 000 agents & 300 APMU, confidence build service men NARI, - 300 Village-Based Farmer - Farmer Training on -300 Farmers NGOs, Brigades establish - 40, 000 Spraying methods & DAS, - 2 Pilots, 2 Engineers Pesticide use and safety GCAA & - Training of Pilots - 2 Pilots, 2 PMU - 60, 000 Engineers - Medium Term Staff - I IPM specialists - 7 People trained on - 150, 000 Training (I MSc), 2 Pesticide medium term Chemists (I BSC, I MSc), 2 Ecotoxicologists (I BSc,), Crop Protection (I BSc,) - Short Term Trainings - 4 Technicians - 4 Short term trainees on - 40,000 attached to a locust locust control centre for 3 months - 4 Laboratory - 4 Laboratory technicians - 40,000 Technicians trained attachments 8. Sensitization - TV, Radio, Forth nightly PMU, Farming Community & -10, 000 Campaign - Meetings, Monthly GRTS, General public sensitized - Posters and Monthly DAS, ACD, Newspapers TCGs APMU, NARI, NGOs, Media 62 AELP Gambia report290905 Objective 2. Capacity Building on IPM/FFS to restore and increase crop production in locust affected areas Table 5b. Activities, Types, Quantity, Actors/Partners, Performance Indicators, Assumptions/Risks and Budget of The PMP, Components of The Locust Project Preparatory Phase I Established national - National and -1 PMU, DAS, Meet quarterly to receive Social, economic, and - 5, 000 IPMJFFS committee - Divisional Multidisciplinary - 6 ACD, APMIJ, progress reports of project political environment is Committees of Stakeholders NARI, NGOs, implementation and provide favorable. guidance and implementation of the work plan. 2. Development of IPM PMU, FAO IPM/FFS developed in The IPMIFFS policy - 8, 000 policy for The Gambia DOSA, DAS, Compliance with World should be incorporated WB, APMU, Bank, and MDGs. into the National NARI, NGOs, Agriculture and Natural DOP Resource Policy 3.Study Tour to Mali, - Farmer Brigades 3 study tours in Farmers, NGOs, Experience gained will be - 18, 000 Senegal & Tunisia, - Extension workers first and alternate DAS, NARI, applied to enrich the Morocco - Civil society (NGOs) years of project DOSA, APM-U, implementation and - Project Management & sustainability of the FFS Coordination training programme 4.1dentification and - Identification of groups -30 FFS (5 per PMU, DAS, 30 FFS will be established - 1, 000 establishment farmer - Establishment of Iha. field division) APMU, NARI, annually making a total of field school groups schools - 750 members (25 NGOs, 120 FFS cover the four members /school years - Equipment for FFSs - Farm implements - 27, 000 (lump sum) - FFS Semi- self Financing - 5, 000 - Revolving Fund Establishment of revolving fund - 120, 000 63 AELP Gambia reporn290905 5. Participatory Rural A bench mark survey: - One survey by a PMU, DAS, Report submitted Inadequacy of bench - 5, 000 Appraisal (PRA) ecological, multi sectoral APMU, NARI, mark data - socio-economic, biological working group NGOs, and & other production and pest National management constraints in the Consultant Gambia 6.Curriculum Curriculum development One Curriculum PMU, DAS, Results of bench mark -10, 000 development Workshop Developed APMU, NARI, study will auger into the NGOs, curriculum developed for FFS training needs Implementation Phase 7. Conduct Three- -30 IPM/FFS Trainers I Training program - Each FFS /village will Production credit will be - 60, 000 month Training for Trained in cereal and PMU, DAS, cultivate I hectare Farm. given to each FFSs to IPM Trainers on cereal vegetable production. APMU, NARI, The 30 FFS will cultivate purchase farm inputs and vegetable -30 villages will be covered NGOs, 30 hectares yearly to (4fertilizer, seeds etc.) production to enhance yearly increase production and and repaid at the end of Food Security - Total of 120 villages enhance Food Security the year. covered at end project in - Revolving loan in place to 2008. support the FFS program - This revolving loan will - Training materials - Stationary & used to enhance - 20, 000 materials (lump At the end of the project production. sum) production is increased by - Hire of IPM Consultants - lump sum 120 hectares involving 120 - 30, 000 - Hire of National Consultants villages. - lump sum -37, 000 8 Training of FFS -The 30 IPM Trainers will -I Activity PMU, DAS, 3,000 Farmers would have 120 Farmer Co- -40,000 each establish I FFS on APMU, NARI, benefited from the IPM/FFS Facilitators will be yearly NGOs, training at end of project trained. -30 Farmer Co-Facilitators - 24 (6 Divisional will be selected and trained to trainings annually serve their respective FFSs X 4 years) 9.Conduct Annual - Promote exchange of - 120 Exchange PMU, APMU, 30 in country farmer Differences in - 8, 000 Farmer Exchange knowledge, experience visits (30 annual DAS, NARI, exchange visits conducted socioeconomic 64 AELP Gambia report290905 Visits through in country visits visits x 4 years) NG0s, ACD annually. background of farmers and technical know-how can lead to farmers doing things differently hence the need for them to learn from each other 10. Documentaries - IPMIFFS Video - 1 Documentary (20 PMU, DOSA, - 20 Copies of documentary - 5, 000 copies) APMU, NARI, developed - IMP FPS Guides - 250 Field School guides ACD - 250 FFs guides provided - 7, 000 11. Annual Training of - Intensive two weeks farmer - 4 Trainings (I PMU, DAS, 2 selected Farmer Adoption is quicker from - 60, 000 Farmer Facilitators facilitators Training to serve each year) NGOs, APMU, Facilitators trained from farmer to farmer training their village FFSs. NARI each FFS annually and by the end of the project 240 farmer facilitators would have been trained 12. Annual Review and - Annual impact assessment - 4 (I end of each PMU, DAS, Assessment Reports Recommendations of - 80, 000 Evaluation of Training of training programs on level year) NARI, FAO assessment studies if of Trainers & FFS of success achievements, APMU, WB, implemented will help Training weakness, threats and NGOs DOP, achieve project goals challenges identified. NEA NAMs, DOSA, FARMERS 13. Farmer Field Days Policy and Decision-Makers, - 24 Field days (6 PMU, DAS, - 6 Farmer Field days - Acceptance of IPM by - 50, 000 Donors and others exposed to divisional x 4 APMU, NARI, organized annually Policy Makers, Decision the benefits of IPM. Visitors years) DOSA, NGOs, Makers and farmers interact with farmers to gain FAO, NAMs, anticipated. some knowledge and experience in IPM. 14. Establish Pesticide -I laboratory PMU, DOSA, - I Residue Analysis - Pesticide Residue Limits 150, 000 Residue Analysis AMPU, NEA, Laboratory established determined on field crops, Laboratory imports and exports to meet EU and domestic quality requirements. 65 AELP Gambia report290905 15. Establish Early - Establish Multidisciplinary - I team PMU, DAS, - I Functional - This will enable accurate - 10, 000 Warning System on Working Group DOSA, APMU, Multidisciplinary team and timely decision Biodiversity - Group Monitors NARI, DWR, established. making Pest status, alien invasive Parks & species, beneficial species and Wildlife, NEA, migratory pests and weather. NGOs 16. Pest Monitoring - Survey and Reporting of - All year round DAS, APMU, - Reports and data collected - Out breaks can and may 12, 000 pest out breaks NGOs, NARI occur any time 17. Crop Loss - After every locust DOP, APMU, - Reports and data collected - lump sum 10, 000 Assessment out break NARl, NGOs 66 AELP Gambia report290905 PART 3 Implementation Strategy l3.1. Capacity Building The strategy adopted by the Locust control project is based on the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The project will strengthen the institutional capacity to monitor and control locust using approved pesticides to minimize damage to the environment. Stakeholders involved in the Locust Campaign will be trained in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Regional Ground Teams will be establish and equipped to enhance their preparedness to monitor and conduct timely interventions, to prevent and minimize economic damage and crop losses. The Ground Teams will also conduct sensitization and awareness campaigns, establish and train Village-Farmer Brigades, and the Military, to participate in the campaign. Light Aircraft will be used for aerial surveillance and spraying, to compliment efforts of the Ground Teams and Farmer Brigades. Bilateral and Sub-regional collaboration will be strengthened to enhance coordination of efforts and pooling resources together, to gather and enhancing information exchange. Environmental Assessments will be conducted including inventories of sensitive and protected ecosystems and hazard information for chemicals to be used. Operational procedures will be clear and interventions will be based on threshold levels, and national disaster preparedness and mitigation policies elaborated in terms of short-term and long-term risks stabilizing measures and safety nets. Monitoring and evaluation of interventions will be conducted to assess the efficacy of the treatments and impact of the pesticides on the environment. The projects implementation strategy in restoring and increasing productivity in Locust infested areas is to promote and implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) through the Farmer Field School approach. The project will build the capacity of farmers to effectively manage the biological and socio-economic constraints that hold back the production and marketing, and to manage self-finance farmer field schools, to enhance sustainable production. The success of IPM depends largely on developing and sustaining institutional and human capacity to facilitate informned decision -making by farmers, and empower farmers to integrate scientific and traditional knowledge to solve location specific problems, improve and respond to market opportunities IPM is holistic in its approach, which builds on knowledge about the different elements in the system (soil, water, nutrient, plants, pests, natural enemies, diseases, weeds, weather) and their interactions, to arrive at sound management decisions. As the decision makers, farners are central to the process and should have the opportunity to improve their knowledge through suitable adult education methods. Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) provide such an opportunity. Their programme aims at strengthening farmers' knowledge and understanding of the agro- ecosystem they manage. They also aim to develop farmers' skills to observe and analyze agro-ecosystems, to come to informed management decision. FFSs use non-formal adult education approaches, farmers leam by taking part in solution seeking in a problem-based setting. Education is field-based and study fields are part of any FFS. Farmer Field Schools are season-long and follow the development of a crop from seedling through harvest. The holistic and farmer-centered approach of IPM is reflected in the principles of growing a healthy crop, observing the crop regularly, conserving natural enemies, empower and give credit to farmers as the experts. 67 AELP Gambia report29O9O5 The IPM/FFS will be implemented in two phases. The preparatory phase will establish a national IPM Committee, develop an IPM policy, conduct study tours to gather experience on implementation of FFS, studies on biological and socio-economic constraints holding back producton, and curriculum development for the training of IPM Trainers. The implementation phase will focus on training of iPM trainers who will be frontline extension agents. The trainers will establish and train farmers at their field schools. Field days will be organized to expose policy makers and donors on the benefits of IPM. Farmer exchange visits organized to exchange knowledge and skills amongst farmers. Monitor alien invasive species, other pests and migratory pests regularly to determine biodiversity changes. Microbial pesticides and alternatives introduced and promoted for adoption at FFSs. Refresher training for farmer facilitators conducted to facilitate training of other farmers and ensure sustainability of FFSs. Regular reviews and evaluations conducted at mid-term and end of project evaluation. Other complimentary activities includes establishment of pesticide residue analysis laboratory and strengthening the plant protection laboratory to provide support to the IPMIFFSs network. The training will gather all stakeholders (extension, researcher, farmer organizations, plant protection and other disciplines) to interact with farmer groups and enhance Farmer Participatory Learning and Group decision- making on ecosystem analysis and management, and adoption of good IPM practices that are cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally frendly. 3.2. Institutional Arrangements The principal actors will include the a number of institutions directly involved in implementing the PMP while other agencies (partners) will include intemational and national institutions to provide technical and other support for implementation of the plan. Table 6. Actors and Partners Involved in the Implementation of the PMP The actors will collaborate with Agricultural Pest The partners will be IPM experts who: Management Unit/ and the Locust Control * Serve as resource persons to Project to: IPM/FFS Training. * Contribute staff to be train as IMP * Provide technical support in Trainers. pests and natural enemy * Organize its members into groups for identification training and promotion of IPM. * Assist to organize study tours * Facilitate extension and farmer training. and networking with * Prepare and produce field guides and international IPM groups. other relevant IPM information * Provide expertise in planning, materials. training and field * Monitor, supervise and supervise IPM implementation of IPM. activities * Provide policy support guidance/ Examples of partners oversight for Implementation of IPM I.The Global IPM facility. * Document user compliance on pesticide 2.The Systemwide Program on lPM (SP- use IPM). Examples of Actors 3. The West Africa Network of 1. Department of Agricultural Services Taxonomy (WAFRINET). 2. Agricultural Pest Management Unit 4. IITA Biodiversity Centre for pest 3. National Agricultural Research Institute and natural enemy identification 4. The Gambia College and assessments 5. National Environment Agency 6. Department of Health Services 7. Department of Health 68 AELP Gambia report290905 .~~~~~~~~~~6 I' S. Action Aid 9. Department of Cooperatives 10. Rural Finance Project 3.3. Coordination Responsibilities 1. The Department of Agricultural Services (DAS) in collaboration with other actors will conduct identification of farmer groups; Participatory Rural Appraisal on ecological, socio-economic, biological and production constraints; organize farmer exchange visits, contribute staffs to be train and IPM/FFS Trainers; enhance the training of farmer groups and other activities to enhance the implementation of the project. 2. The National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) will develop and promote alternative pest control methods to agro-pesticides and promote the use of botanicals and microbial products; and contribute staffs to participate as Trainers in the IPMIFFS Training of Trainers; and other activities to enhance project implementation. 3. The Gambia College will collaborate with other actors in developing the curriculum for the IPM/FFS Training of Trainers, and other activities to enhance project implementation. 4. The National Environment Agency will lead in the development of IPM Policy for The Gambia, participate in the IPM/FFS Training of Trainers, monitor and document user compliance on pesticide use; and participate in other activities to enhance project implementation. 3.4. Monitoring and Evaluation A detail participatory monitoring and evaluation plan will be elaborated with the Department of Planning to monitor and evaluate project activities. The following indicators will be incorporated into the plan. a Capacity to inform: types and numbers of participatory learning modules delivered; category and number of extension agents and farmers reached with each module; number of other farmers trained beyond baseline figures; practical skills/techniques most frequently demanded by extension agents and farmers and management practices preferred by farmers. o Capacity to motivate: category of farmers who have correctly applied the skills they had learnt; new management practices adopted most by farmers; number of other farmers trained by farmer facilitators; types of farmer innovations implemented, level of pest damage and losses; rate of adoption of IPM practices; and benefits of IPM on production performance of project farmers. O Major benefits: increase in crop production; increase in farm revenues; improvement in health status of farmers; reduction in pesticide purchase and use. 69 AELP Gambia report290905 3.5. Sustainability of Processes and Results Study visits made to Senegal and Kenya, and the lessons learned and skills will be applied to enrich the implementation and sustainability of the proposed FFS training programme. In Senegal, technical expertise in vegetable IPM will be reviewed. In Kenya, attention wiRl be given to semi-and self financing mechanisms which provide the financial resources to farmer field schools. The project will also conduct studies locally and determine sustainable activities for FFSs. In addition, the project will establish a FFS Revolving Loan Fund for the purchase of inputs, which will be repaid at the end of the season, to enhance their sustainability. To support these gains, the project in collaboration with FAO, will develop an IPM Policy and IPM advisory and oversight committee to ensure compliance with international conventions and the World Banks Safeguard Policies, and to further strengthen IPM in The Gambia. PART 4. Work Plan and Budget 4.1 Work Plan and Budget A detail work plan and budget will be elaborated annually in consultation with relevant actors for approval and implementation over a four year period and the details is shown below. . Table 7. Budget Summary Orientation workshop 1,000 5,000 Study Tour 9,0,00 20 9,000 18,000 Training of IPMlTrainers 30,000 30,000 60,000 IPM Field Day 12, 500 12,500 12, 500 12,500 50,000 Training of FFSs 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 40,000 Farmer exchange visits 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 8,000 Training materials for ToT 10,000 10,000 20,000 Equipment for FFSs 15,000 12,000 27,000 Strategic Planning workshop 5,000 5,000 Staff training medium-term 50.000 50, 000 50, 000 150, 000 Staff short term attachments 40, 000 40, 000 80,000 Training of pilots 30, 000 30, 000 60, 000 Sub Total 218,500 196,500 83,500 24,500 523,000 Strengthen of Laboratory 30,000 30,000 Biodiversity early warning systems 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 10,000 Pesticide Residue Laboratory 150,000 150, 000 Establishment of FFS committee 5, 000 5, 000 Sub-total 187 500 2 500 25600 2500 195000 Pests monitoring 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 12,000 Public awareness campaigns 3,000 3,000 2,000 2.000 10,000 IPMJFFS Video Documentary 5,000 5,000 IPM field guides & Materials 2,000 2,000 1,500 1,500 7,000 Sub Total 13,000 8,000 6,500 6,500 34,000 70 AELF Gambia report290905 70~l PrE on production constraints 5,000 5,000 w \ ~~~~~~~IPM Policy 8,000 8, 000 l l ~~~~~~~Identification of Farmer Groups 5,000 6.000 * \ ~~~~~~~ToT Curriculum development 10,000 10,000 m \ ~~~~~~~Pre and post Environment impact 25, 000 25, 000 25, 000 25, 000 100, 000 assessments Crop loss and needs assessments 10,000 10,000 in locust affected areas FFSs Self-Financing Activities 5,000 5,000 1Hire of IPM Specialist Consultants 30,000 30,000 Hire of National Consultants 12,500 12,500 6,000 6,000 37,000 1 1 Sub Total 110, 500 37, 500 31, 000 31, 000 210,000 Support to Research & 20,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 60,000 Development of alternatives 2IZ0000 20,00 10,000 10,000 60,000 Monitoring & Evaluation 4,000 6,000 5,000 5,000 20,000 Project coordination/Travel 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 20,000 Operational cost 10,000 10,000 20,000 20,000 60,000 Allowances 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 40, 000 Reporting and communication 2, 000 2, 000 2, 000 2, 000 8, 000 Sundries 5, 000 5, 000 5, 000 5, 000 20, 000 * \ Sub Total 36,000 38,000 47,000 47,000 168,000 FFSs Revolving fund 30,000 30,000 30,000 30.000 120,000 Sub-total 30, 000 30, 000 30, 000 30, 000 120, 000 Vehicles Toyota double cabins 150,000 150,000 Toyota land cruiser 90, 000 90, 000 Toyota light truck 50, 000 50, 000 Motor cycles 32, 000 32, 000 Video camera & accessories 1, 000 1,000 Camping gears 15,000 15,000 Hire of pilots 50, 000 50, 000 Spraying equipment 121,000 121,000 Insecticides 219,666 219, 666 219, 666 659, 000 Sub-total 728,666 219,666 219,666 1,167998 1,344,166 552, 166 430,166 151, 500 2, 477,998 Grand Total 4.2 Appropriate Measures to Reduce Environmental and Health Risks in The Locust Control Operation /Campaign Measures to reduce the environmental and health risks of the Locust control operation in the short term are through implementation of the following: 71 AELP Gambia report290905 I. Conduct pre and post environmental impact assessments to map out the risk areas and protect rivers, parks, wells and research areas. II. Conduct test on the pesticide formulations purchased to determine its quality prior its use for the campaign. TII. Monitoring threshold levels prior application of pesticides and post treatment inspection to determine efficacy of treatments and non -target species controlled. IV. Provide stakeholders with protective gears and conduct regularly test to determine their cholinesterase levels. V. Maintain proper storage, record keeping and stock management and provide materials needed for the store to reduce accidents and leakages of containers. VI. Conduct training and sensitization campaigns for all stakeholders involved in the campaign. VII. Purchase approved pesticides with minimum hazard to human health and impact to the environment. VIII. Purchase only adequate amounts of pesticides for the campaign and not to over stock to prevent obsolete stocks. IX. Purchase antidotes for the pesticides to be used to enable treatment of operators. X. Ensure safe transportation and storage of pesticides to prevent accidents and reduce environmental and health risks. XI. Sensitize farmers on areas treated and their re-entry dates, including buffer zones for livestock grazing and protect wells, streams and wild life, aquatic species and non target species. 4.3. Accountable Institutions The institutions accountable for the Locust Campaign are shown below: I. The Locust Control Project II. The Department of State for Agriculture III. The Department of Agricultural Services IV. The Agricultural Pest Management Unit V. The National Agricultural Research Institute VI. The Association of Non-Governmental Organization VII. The Locust Technical Committee VIII. The National Environment Agency IX. Department of Health Services X. The National Food Security and Disaster Relief Committee Xl. The Divisional and District Task Forces and their Ground Teams. 4.4. The PM? Development Methodology and Documents Consulted This Pest Management Plan was prepared by following similar guideline documents on the subject matter, and in consultation with senior staffs of the Department of State for Agriculture during a Senior staff Meeting. The Senior staffs of the National Environment Agency of The Gambia, provide me with information and documents related to the List of pesticides and chemicals banned and severely 72 AELP Gambia report290905 _.~~~~~~~~7 restricted, international conventions signed and ratified, completed and on-going activities on pesticide management, and draft regulations submitted to the National Assembly for approval. The following document were consulted: Anthony Youdeowei (2002). Pest Management Plan, for Agricultural Services and Producers Organizations Project. Johan M., Bos R. & Fredrix M. (2002). Reducing and eliminating the use of Persistent OrganicPollutants. A publication of Inter Organizational Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. Katie Shaw et al. (1995). Major Insect Pest of Field Crops in The Gambia. A publication of Agricultural Pest Management Unit, Yundum, The Gambia. Phillippa J. Mansfield et. al. (1995). Diseases of field crops in The Gambia. A publication of the Agricultural Pest Management Unit, Yundum, The Gambia. Anthony Youdeowei (2002). In tegra ted Production and Pest Management Training through Farmer Field Schools, Smalholder Women Vegetable Production System, TCP/GAMf3001(T). Steen R. Joffe, (1995). Desert Locust Management. A time for Change. World Bank Dicussion Papers, 284. Guide Line Documents 1. Pest Management Plan of National Fadama Development Project 2. Safeguard Training, The safeguard Policy on Pest Management (0P4.o9) Annex 1. Annex 2. Africa Emergency Locust Project Country: The Gambia Institution: Department of State for Agriculture, Agricultural Pest Management Unit Title: Pest Management Plan (PMP) for Planned Activities under the PPF Advance a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 73 AELP Ganmbia report290905 1.1. Planning of PPF Activities = Dept. of State for Agriculture 1.2. Management of PPF Funds Dept. of State for Agriculture 1.3. Management of Procurement of Goods And Materials - FAO & Agriculture 2.1 Site Specific Assessment locust infested areas 2.2. Aeral Application of Pesticides = Not yet known 3.3. Ground Application of Pesticides = Have not started yet. 3.1. Evalualion of Environmen'4E lIpact & Sanituy -Consultants to be recruited 3.2. Evaluation of Crop Losses and Needs Assessiment = Consultants.to be recruited 3.3. Studies to redynarnizafon of Agricultural bases = Consultants to be recruited 3.4. Capacitybuilding (Training & Sensitization) -= =Programmne have started. 4.1. Purchase of Pesticide =see PMP Table 3 4.2. Spraying and oth&rEquipment . - see PMP Table 3 4.3. Protection Kits same as above 4.4. Furniture for Administrative Support. . ; c ; 4.4. Hire of National & External Cponsul ants. = indicate no of consultant 5.1. Availability of PM? -=PMP available 5.2. Environmental Assessment & Risk Mitigation PMP Plan 74 AELP Gambia report290905 * Request Letter for PPF Advance signed 21st September 2004 Department of State for Finance & Econonmie A ffairs. | - I 2 - . * Letter of.Agreemeni signed 26h September 2004 Secretary of State for Finance & Economic A ffairs. * Procurement Plan prepared and submitted Department of * Disbursement Plan prepared and submitted State for Agriculture Department of State for Agriculture Procurement List for The PPF Advance Goods and Materials $856,000-pesticides, vehicles, surveillance materials. Studies & Consultancies 150,000 Operational Cost 53,000 Capacity Building 30,000 5% Contingency 40.950 Grand Total 859,950 75 AELP Gambia report2O9OS I ,1